Rivet
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A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the tail. On installation, the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail.
Solid rivets
Sophisticated riveted joint on a railway bridge
A typical technical drawing of a universal head solid rivet
Riveting team working on the cockpit shell of a C-47 transport at the plant of North American Aviation. The woman on the left operates an air hammer, while the man on the right holds a bucking bar.
Fastener
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A fastener or fastening is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can be removed or dismantled without damaging the joining components. Steel fasteners are usually made of stainless steel, carbon steel, or alloy steel.
Typical fasteners (US quarter shown for scale)
Structural bolt DIN 6914 with DIN 6916 washer and UNI 5587 nut