Secular humanism
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Secular humanism is a philosophy, belief system, or life stance that embraces human reason, logic, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism, while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.
George Holyoake coined the term "secularism" and led the secular movement in Britain from the mid-19th century.
Conway Hall in London
David Niose, president of the American Humanist Association, speaks at a 2012 conference.
Levi Fragell, former Secretary General of the Norwegian Humanist Association and former president of the International Humanist and Ethical Union, at the World Humanist Congress 2011 in Oslo
Naturalism (philosophy)
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In philosophy, naturalism is the idea that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe. In its primary sense, it is also known as ontological naturalism, metaphysical naturalism, pure naturalism, philosophical naturalism and antisupernaturalism. "Ontological" refers to ontology, the philosophical study of what exists. Philosophers often treat naturalism as equivalent to materialism.
Angel Falls in Venezuela. According to naturalism, the causes of all phenomena are to be found within the universe and not transcendental factors beyond it.
Ancient Roman mosaic showing Anaximander holding a sundial. One of the contributors to naturalism in ancient Greek philosophy
Hegel who together with Joseph von Schelling developed the form of natural philosophy recognised as Naturphilosophie
Hubble Ultra-Deep Field