1.
King Edward VII's Hospital Sister Agnes
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King Edward VIIs Hospital is a charity-registered private hospital in the City of Westminster in London, known as King Edward VIIs Hospital for Officers from 1904 to 2000. The hospital was established in 1899 at the suggestion of the Prince of Wales, Agnes Keyser, a mistress of the Prince, and her sister Fanny used their house at 17 Grosvenor Crescent to help sick and wounded British Army officers who had returned from the Boer War. King Edward VII became the hospitals first patron, in 1904 it officially became King Edward VIIs Hospital for Officers. In 1930, the hospital was awarded a Royal Charter to operate an acute Hospital where serving and retired officers of the Services, in 1941 the interior of the building was badly damaged by bombing, and Sister Agnes died from natural causes. In 1948 the hospital moved to Beaumont Street and it was officially opened on 15 October by Queen Mary. In 1962, the became a registered charity. In 2000 the hospital and charity changed its name to King Edward VIIs Hospital Sister Agnes. Originally a hospital for officers, today it is a hospital which supports the treatment of all ranks of former servicemen. In recent years, the hospital has been used by members of the British Royal Family. In February 2002, Princess Margaret died at the age of 71 at the hospital, in December 2013 it was announced that the hospital had received a donation of £30 million from Michael Uren. In October 2014 Zambian President Michael Sata died at the age of 77 at the hospital and it generates revenue per bed of £347,000 a year. In December 2012, the hospital received international media attention when Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge was admitted, suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum. While the Duchess was staying at the hospital, two DJs from the Australian radio station 2Day FM made a telephone call to the hospital, pretending to be Queen Elizabeth II. They managed to obtain information about the Duchess and her treatment from a nurse at the hospital. The call was recorded and broadcast after receiving approval from the station management, the hospital apologised, and said that privacy and security protocols would be reviewed. The Metropolitan Police are describing it as an unexplained death, on 14 December, The Guardian reported that it understood that the third of the notes left by Saldanha addressed her employers, the hospital, and contained criticism of staff there. List of hospitals in England Official website
King Edward VII's Hospital Sister Agnes
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King Edward VII's Hospital Sister Agnes
2.
Suicide by hanging
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Suicide by hanging is the act of intentionally killing oneself via suspension from an anchor-point or ligature point by a ligature or by jumping from a height with a noose around the neck. Hanging is often considered to be a suicide method that does not require complicated techniques. However, a study of people who attempted suicide by hanging and it is one of the most commonly used suicide methods and has a high mortality rate, Gunnell et al. gives a figure of at least 70 percent. The materials required are easily available, and a range of ligatures can be used. Therefore, it is considered a method to prevent. Hanging is divided into suspension hanging and the much rarer drop hanging, ron M. Brown writes that hanging has a fairly imperspicuous and complicated symbolic history. There are commentaries on hanging in antiquity, and it has various cultural interpretations, throughout history, numerous famous people have committed suicide by hanging. According to Anton J. L. van Hooff, hanging was the most common method in primitive. In England and Wales, hanging is the most commonly used method and it is the second most common method among women, behind poisoning. In 1981 hanging accounted for 23.5 percent of male suicides, the proportion of hangings as suicides in 2005 among women aged 15–34 was 47.2 percent, having risen from 5.7 percent in 1968. In the United States it is the second most common method, behind firearms, hanging accounts for a greater percentage of suicides among younger Americans than among older ones. Differences exist among ethnic groups, research suggests that hanging is the most common method among Chinese and Japanese Americans, hanging is also a frequently used method for those in custody, in several countries. In general, there are two ways of performing suicide by hanging, suspension hanging and drop hanging, manual strangulation and suffocation may also be considered together with hanging. In addition to rope, other materials can easily be fashioned into an improvised noose e. g. a bed-sheet, ripped T-shirt, shoelaces or telephone extension cable. Regardless of the used to form the noose, suspension hanging will kill its victims in three ways, compression of the carotid arteries, the jugular veins, or the airway. About 11 lb of pressure is required to compress the carotid artery,4.4 lb for the jugular veins, the amount of time it takes to lose consciousness and die is difficult to predict accurately and depends on several factors. Some believe unconsciousness occurs in five seconds, though Alan Gunn writes that it takes longer. It took a man who filmed his hanging 13 seconds to become unconscious,1 minute and 38 seconds to lose muscle tone, full suspension is not required, most hanging suicides are done by partial suspension, according to Wyatt et al
Suicide by hanging
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Ixtab (Rope Woman) the ancient Maya goddess of suicide. Under certain circumstances, suicide was considered an honorable way to die and Ixtab would act as a psychopomp for these individuals.
Suicide by hanging
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Painting by Giotto depicting a person committing the sin of desperatio, the rejection of God's mercy, because while choked they are unable to ask for repentance.
3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the River Thames
4.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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Stonehenge, a Neolithic monument
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Flag
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Boudica led an uprising against the Roman Empire
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial helmet from the Kingdom of East Anglia, found at Sutton Hoo
5.
Hot30 Countdown
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The Hot30 Countdown was an Australian radio show hosted by Mike Christian and Mel Greig. It was broadcast on the Today Network from the studios of 2Day FM in Sydney, New South Wales to every state and it was cancelled on 10 December 2012, following the death of Jacintha Saldanha. Established in 1994, the show was first hosted by Ugly Phil, Labrat and Alexis took over the Hot30 Countdown from 2004 after Kyle and Jackie O moved to the drive slot. Previously unknown announcer Higgo stepped in as Labrat took the morning shift on 2DayFM, Alexis and Higgo hosted the nightly show until 2005, when Craig Lowie Low came in to host the program until mid-2006. Lowie occasionally included Carla Biggzy Bignasca as co-host as she was the producer of the show from the middle of 2006. Hot30 Countdown phased out the promotion of the Black Thunders in early 2005. Sam Sam Mac McMillan and Carla Biggzy Bignasca hosted the show from late 2006 until early 2007, from early 2007, Tim Lee was announced as the permanent replacement to host the show with Carla Biggzy Bignasca to this date. Lee and Bignasca presented their last show on Friday 12 March 2010, Austereo announced on 10 March 2010 Charli Robinson and Chris Page would be the new Hot30 hosts and they commenced on Monday 15 March 2010, subsequently introducing a new show at 7pm called The Dirt. Page left the Hot30 Countdown at the end of 2010, moving to Triple Ms Grill Team in Sydney, New South Wales, in February 2011, Austereo announced that Matty Acton and Maude Garrett would be the new hosts of the Hot30 Countdown. Acton and Garrett also hosted a music show on Southern Cross Ten which waslaunched as Hot30 Countdown TV, airing Saturdays from 10am to 12pm. In November 2012, Matty Acton announced that he was leaving the show to work at Sea FM on the Gold Coast, the prank worked, with a nurse forwarding the call on to Catherines private nurse, and Greig and Christian were able to obtain Catherines medical details. The prank was condemned by a journalist writing in The Huffington Post, following the incident the nurse who put the prank call through to Catherines private nurse was found dead in a suspected suicide. Following the death both Greig and Christian, took down their Twitter accounts, an executive producer for 2Day FM, told TMZ, I advise you to stop trying to call them as the hosts have been ordered not to speak to media. It was later announced that Greig and Christian would be stepping away from their duties, SCA and the hosts have decided that they will not return to their radio show until further notice out of respect for what can only be described as a tragedy. 2Day FM acted illegally by airing the phone call without consent, on 10 December 2012, Southern Cross Austereo announced that the show would be cancelled effective immediately. A joint venture with Jelli, the uses a playlist from current and previous Hot30 Countdown music. The station has since been renamed Choose The Hits, royal hoax pranksters off air for good news article ninemsn Replacement The Bump Show on Facebook Replacement The Bump Show website Replacement The Bump Show on Twitter
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Hot30 Countdown
6.
Southern Cross Austereo
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Southern Cross Austereo is an Australian group of companies formed in July 2011 by the merger of Southern Cross Media Group and Austereo Group. The Groups parent company, Southern Cross Media Group Limited, is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, previously known as Macquarie Media Group, Southern Cross Media began its life after Macquarie Media internalised its management and recapitalised in late 2009. It owns a collection of radio and television stations. SCAs head office is in South Melbourne, where the headquarters of Fox FM, the company owned several regional radio stations, as a result of takeovers of stations formerly owned by DMG Radio Australia and RG Capital Radio Network. In December 2009, MMG security holders voted in favour of a conversion from a structure to a single ASX-listed company. MMG was renamed Southern Cross Media Group with former RG Capital Radio CEO Rhys Holleran as the Chief Executive Officer, Austereo also purchased AM radio station 6IX in Perth, Western Australia with the intention of converting the station to FM. 6IX, which had been re-launched by Austereo as The Eagle 1080 AM, was sold off after being outbid for either of the two new FM licences by rivals 6KY and 6PM, which Austereo now own. In March 2011, Southern Cross Media launched a A$714 million takeover bid of national radio broadcaster, on 6 April 2011 shareholders of the Austereo Group accepted the takeover bid, giving SCM a more than 90% share in the company. Southern Cross Media and Austereo merged in July 2011 to form Southern Cross Austereo, on 23 August 2012, Guy Dobson was announced as Chief Officer of Content for the Southern Cross Austereo network, working across radio and television. Southern Cross Television, sole affiliates of the Seven Network with some exceptions and these stations often brand themselves both with the Seven and Southern Cross logos, from time to time. Southern Cross Nine, sole affiliates of Nine Network and these stations brand themselves only as Channel Nine. Triple M LocalWorks – talkback and rock music targeted at men over 49, mainly on the AM and heritage FM stations, as well as Triple M, Gold FM, Mix FM. The most notable was KOFM in Newcastle, who picked up rights to cover games of the Newcastle Knights. TNT in Tasmania have their daily bulletins produced from the stations Launceston studios, the current news director is Alison Drower. An experienced 46-year-old nurse, Jacintha Saldanha, took the call, during the call, she and colleagues were conned into revealing sensitive details regarding the patients condition. The nurse was found dead the morning in a suspected suicide at the hospital where she worked. 2Day FM acted illegally by airing the phone call without consent, I got raped when I was 12 years old. And is that, is that the only experience youve had, 4GC has a translator on 765 kHz in Hughenden 1
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Southern Cross Austereo
7.
2Day FM
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2Day FM is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on a frequency of 104.1 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereos Hit Network. 2Day FM was one of three stations to be granted new FM broadcasting licenses in Sydney in 1980, and commenced broadcasting on 2 August of that year. The original owners were well known media personalities John Laws, Mike Willesee, Village, originally the studios were located on the second floor of the Sovereign Inn at 220 Pacific Highway, Crows Nest. The building became the All Seasons hotel during the 2000s and in 2009 was demolished and re-developed into a commercial building. The original equipment comprised BMX Pacific Recorder mixing consoles, and CEI cartridge machines, the station was sold to the Lamb Family in February 1987, who sold it again to radio group Austereo in May 1989. Austereo also took over Level 26 of the building for group departments. With the move to new premises, 2Day FM also adopted digital audio playout, incorporating the DCS audio system built by Computer Concepts Ltd, sold and supported in Australia by Techtel. During the 1990s, 2Day FM enjoyed ratings success, especially with its breakfast program The Morning Crew, from 1995 to 1998, 2Day FM broadcast the highly successful Martin/Molloy drive program with Tony Martin and Mick Molloy. This program was networked to over 50 stations around Australia, and is considered one of Australias most successful FM radio shows, Martin and Molloy left the Today Network in late 1998 at the top of the ratings, citing the need for a break from the pressures of radio. Nights on 2Day FM have also been controversial and he told the girl her results were incorrect and that her marks had been adjusted. He played the segment to air after receiving permission to do so from the girls mother. However, her father was a lawyer and took legal action, the media responded and Rymer was suspended until further notice. The new show was not without its controversy either, with complaints about obscenity, oNeil resigned in 2000 and the show disintegrated, followed by their divorce in 2001. ONeil moved to the UK to present breakfast on Kerrang,105.2 and was replaced by the Brisbane-based Kyle Sandilands, while Jackie O remained as co-host. Peter Moon left the breakfast show in 2002 after infighting with Harmer became unbearable for him and he was replaced by yet another Melbourne comedian, Greg Fleet, who was poorly received by the Sydney radio listeners. When Harmer resigned in 2003, the station replaced her with Melbourne comedian Judith Lucy, Lucy was given free rein over the new show and installed two friends, Peter Helliar and Kaz Cooke, to co-host. The show was not a success in the ratings and the station received some of the worst breakfast ratings in its history. 2Day FM continued to broadcast from Bondi Junction until October 2005, the new premises included state of the art Klotz Digital equipment, and a street level studio
2Day FM
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2day FM Logo 2005-2014
2Day FM
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2Day FM
8.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
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The Sydney Opera House and CBD at dusk from Jeffrey Street, Kirribilli in December 2008
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A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist Thomas Watling in 1794
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Sydney Cove from Dawes Point, 1817
9.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
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The Queen in March 2015
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933
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Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
10.
Charles, Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
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The Prince of Wales in Jersey, July 2012
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Signature
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Telegram announcing the birth of Prince Charles to the Governor-General of New Zealand
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Queen Elizabeth II formally invests the Prince of Wales with his coronet, 1969
11.
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Following his father Charles, Prince of Wales, William is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, the duchess grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied art history in Scotland at the University of St Andrews and their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010 before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. The duke and duchess have two children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, who are third and fourth in line to the British throne. Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 to an upper-middle-class family and she was christened at St Andrews Bradfield, Berkshire, on 20 June 1982. The family of her father Michael has ties to British aristocracy and her Middleton relatives were reported as having played host to British royalty as long ago as 1926. She has a sister, Philippa Pippa, and a younger brother. The family lived in Amman, Jordan, from May 1984 to September 1986, her father worked for British Airways, following her return to Berkshire in 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrews School, a private school near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrews in her later years and she then studied briefly at Downe House. In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as a buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw. She also worked until January 2011 at Party Pieces, her role within the business included catalogue design and production, marketing. In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in residence at St Salvators Hall at the University of St Andrews. The couple began dating in 2003, although their relationship remained unconfirmed, on 17 October 2005, Middleton complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity. Middleton attended Prince Williams Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006, on 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince Williams cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend. On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor, Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke. In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her over Christmas 2009 and she obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs. In April 2007, Prince William and Middleton split up, the couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt. Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources, Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart
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The Duchess of Cambridge in 2014
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The newly married Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
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The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge with their son Prince George of Cambridge the day after his birth
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The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at the Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, 1 July 2011
12.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
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Flag
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The granite tower of Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola I.
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Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
13.
Oman
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Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast, the Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman forming Musandams coastal boundaries. From the late 17th century, the Omani Sultanate was an empire, vying with Portugal and Britain for influence in the Persian Gulf. At its peak in the 19th century, Omani influence or control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to modern-day Iran and Pakistan, as its power declined in the 20th century, the sultanate came under the influence of the United Kingdom. Historically, Muscat was the trading port of the Persian Gulf region. Muscat was also among the most important trading ports of the Indian Ocean, the Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of the country since 1970. Sultan Qaboos is the current ruler in the Middle East. Oman has modest oil reserves, ranking 25th globally, nevertheless, in 2010 the UNDP ranked Oman as the most improved nation in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years. A significant portion of its economy is tourism and trade of fish, dates and this sets it apart from its neighbors solely oil-dependent economies. Oman is categorized as an economy and ranks as the 74th most peaceful country in the world according to the Global Peace Index. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old and this supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the Late Pleistocene. Dereaze, located in the city of Ibri, is the oldest known settlement in the area. Archaeological remains have been discovered here from the Stone Age and the Bronze Age, findings have included stone implements, animal bones, shells and fire hearths, with the latter dating back to 7615 BC as the oldest signs of human settlement in the area. Other discoveries include hand-molded pottery bearing distinguishing pre-Bronze Age marks, heavy flint implements, pointed tools, sumerian tablets refer to a country called Magan or Makan, a name believed to refer to Omans ancient copper mines. Mazoon, another used for the region, is derived from the word muzn. The present-day name of the country, Oman, is believed to originate from the Arab tribes who migrated to its territory from the Uman region of Yemen. Many such tribes settled in Oman, making a living by fishing, herding or stock breeding, from the 6th century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Oman was controlled and/or influenced by three Persian dynasties, the Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids. A few scholars believe that in the 6th century BC, the Achaemenids exerted a strong degree of control over the Omani peninsula, Central Oman has its own indigenous so-called Late Iron Age cultural assemblage, the Samad al-Shan
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A grave at Al Ayn, Oman, a World Heritage site.
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Flag
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The Sultan's Palace in Zanzibar, which was once Oman's capital and residence of its Sultans.
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The coast of Sur, Oman.
14.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
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Bristol
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Black and white etching showing the towers of St Stephen's Church, St Augustine the Less Church and Bristol Cathedral, published c.1850
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West front of Bristol Cathedral
15.
Mangalore
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Mangalore, officially known as Mangaluru, is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary and it is located about 352 kilometres west of the state capital, Bangalore between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges. It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district in south western Karnataka. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalores port handles 75 per cent of Indias coffee and cashew exports, Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until Indias independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore in 1956, Mangalore is the largest city in Dakshina Kannada district and is one of the most cosmopolitan non-metro cities of India. It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnad regions of Karnataka, besides being a commercial, industrial, educational, Mangalore city urban agglomeration extends from Ullal in the south to Mulki in the north, covering a distance of over 40 km. The citys landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams, Mangalore was ranked Indias 13th and Karnatakas second most favourable destination for business. Mangalore will be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the deity of the Mangaladevi temple or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. According to local legend, a princess from Malabar named Parimala or Premaladevi renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore as she fell ill on the way, eventually she died, and the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar by the local people after her death. The city got its name from the temple, one of the earliest references to the citys name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram. The city and the region was a part of the Pandyan Kingdom. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first heard in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule, many shilashasanas of Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Even before that, during the Alupas period, it was referred to as Mangalapura, the city is well known as Mangaluru in Kannada, a reference to Mangaladevi
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Town Hall of Mangaluru
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The local Hindu deity Mangaladevi, after which the city of Mangaluru derives its name
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The Sultan Battery in Mangalore, built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan to defend the city from enemy warships entering the Gurupura river
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A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken by the English East India Company
16.
Antidepressant
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They may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications. St Johns wort is used in the treatment of depression. For depression, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is often used to measure the severity of depression, the maximum score for the 17-item HAM-D questionnaire is 52, the higher the score, the more severe the depression. Options may include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation or light therapy, conflicting results have arisen from studies analyzing the efficacy of antidepressants by comparisons to placebo in people with acute mild to moderate depression. Stronger evidence supports the usefulness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression that is chronic or severe and their study consisted of a meta analysis incorporating data from both published studies and unpublished data obtained from the FDA via a Freedom of Information Act request. Overall, antidepressant pills worked 18% better than placebos, a significant difference. In a later publication, Kirsch concluded that the effect of new-generation antidepressant medication is below recommended criteria for clinical significance. In 2014 the U. S. FDA published a review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1985 and 2012. The Cochrane Collaboration recently performed a review of clinical trials of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. The study concluded that in spite of evidence for publication bias. A2004 review concluded that antidepressant studies that failed to support efficacy claims were dramatically less likely to be published than those that did support favorable efficacy claims, similar results were obtained for a study of publication of clinical trials of antidepressants in children. A2015 investigation of meta-analyses of antidepressant studies found that 79% of them had sponsorship or authors who were industry employees and/or had conflicts of interest, a 2012 meta-analysis found that fluoxetine and venlafaxine were effective for major depression in all age groups. The authors also found no evidence of a relationship between baseline severity of depression and degree of benefit of antidepressants over placebo, a review published in 2012 found a negative correlation between study year and efficacy of antidepressants as measured by response rate. The change in rate was largely driven by increase in placebo response. However the authors concluded that antidepressants were effective in treating depression. The authors found that TCAs were the most effective drug, followed by SNRIs, MAOIs, SSRIs, the largest and most expensive study conducted to date, on the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for depression, was commissioned by the National Institute of Mental Health. The study was dubbed The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Study, participants in the trial were recruited when they sought medical care at general medical or psychiatric clinics. No advertising was used to recruit subjects in order to maximize the generalizability of the study results, participants were required to have a minimum score of 14 point on the Hamilton Depression Scale in order to be enrolled in the trial
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Blister pack of Prozac (fluoxetine), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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St John's wort
17.
St James's Palace
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St Jamess Palace is the most senior royal palace in the United Kingdom. Built by King Henry VIII on the site of a hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less. The palace increased in importance during the reigns of the early Georgian monarchy, after decades of being used increasingly for only formal occasions, the move was formalised by Queen Victoria in 1837. Today the palace houses a number of offices, societies and collections and all ambassadors. Mainly built between 1531 and 1536 in red-brick, the architecture is primarily Tudor in style. A fire in 1809 destroyed parts of the structure, including the private apartments. Some 17th-century interiors survive, but most were remodelled in the 19th century, the palace was commissioned by Henry VIII, on the site of a former leper hospital dedicated to Saint James the Less. The new palace, secondary in the kings interest to Henrys Whitehall Palace, was constructed between 1531 and 1536 as a residence to escape formal court life. Much smaller than the nearby Whitehall, St Jamess was arranged around a number of courtyards, including the Colour Court, the Ambassadors Court and it is decorated with the initials H. A. for Henry and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry constructed the palace in red brick, with picked out in darker brick. The palace was remodelled in 1544, with ceilings painted by Hans Holbein, two of Henry VIIIs children died at Saint Jamess, Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset and Mary I. Elizabeth I often resided at the palace, and is said to have spent the night there while waiting for the Spanish Armada to sail up the Channel, in 1638, Charles I gave the palace to Marie de Medici, the mother of his wife Henrietta Maria. Marie remained in the palace for three years, but the residence of a Catholic former queen of France proved unpopular with parliament, Charles I spent his final night at St Jamess before his execution. Oliver Cromwell then took it over, and turned it into barracks during the English Commonwealth period, Charles II, James II, Mary II and Anne were all born at the palace. The palace was restored by Charles II following the demise of the Commonwealth, the first two monarchs of the House of Hanover used St Jamess Palace as their principal London residence. George I and George II both housed their mistresses, the Duchess of Kendal and the Countess of Suffolk respectively, at the palace. In 1757, George II donated the Palace library to the British Museum, in 1809, a fire destroyed part of the palace, including the monarchs private apartments at the south east corner. These apartments were not replaced, leaving the Queens Chapel in isolation, George III found St Jamess increasingly unsuitable
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Main entrance of St James's Palace in Pall Mall
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St James's Palace, left, and The Mall, 1715.
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The Chapel Royal, St James's Palace marriage of the future King George V 1893
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North Front, 1819
18.
Mel Greig
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Mel Greig is an Australian radio and television personality. In 2011, she competed on the first season of The Amazing Race Australia with her sister Alana, in 2012, Greig began co-hosting the Hot30 Countdown show on 2Day FM with Matty Acton, who was later replaced by Mike Christian. In December 2012, a call to a hospital where Catherine. One of the nurses who answered the call, Jacintha Saldanha, the show was then cancelled on 12 December. In 2015, Greig was a contestant on the season of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia. She was fired after Task 8, in January 2016, Greig began co-hosting the 96.5 Wave FM breakfast show, The Hot Breakfast, with Travis Winks. She had taken a hiatus following the royal prank call incident. Greig writes an online dating column for Yahoo7 Be and has contributed articles to Mamamia, Greig has endometriosis and is an ambassador for the non-profit organisation Endometriosis Australia
Mel Greig
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Hot30 Countdown
19.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
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A blueprint sketch, c. 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS -based social network.
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Twitter's homepage as of August 2015 (only in select countries)
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Jack Dorsey, a co-founder and the chairman of Twitter, in 2009
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Twitter's San Francisco, California headquarters, as seen from a corner on Market Street
20.
Hanging
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Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck. Hanging has been a method of capital punishment since medieval times. The first account of execution by hanging was in Homers Odyssey, in this specialised meaning of the common word hang, the past and past participle is hanged instead of hung. Hanging is also a method of suicide in which a person applies a ligature to the neck and brings about unconsciousness. There are four ways of performing a judicial hanging, suspension hanging, the drop, the standard drop. A mechanised form of hanging, the upright jerker, was experimented with in the 18th century. Suspension, like the drop, causes death by using the weight of the body to tighten the noose around the trachea. Prisoners are reported to have little or no struggle before they go limp because their jugular vein and carotid arteries are blocked and blood flow to the brain is reduced. The short drop is performed by placing the condemned prisoner on the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, the object is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. A ladder was also used with the condemned being forced to ascend, after which the noose was tied. Another method involves using a stool, which the condemned is required to stand on, the executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 4 feet high beside the condemned, and guides the head downward with his hand simultaneous to the efforts of his assistants. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank was executed in this manner in 1946 in Prague and its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those where judicial systems had an English origin. It was considered an improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the persons neck, causing immediate paralysis. This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that, The hangman botched the execution, a Life magazine report on the execution merely says, The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight and this process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. The careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose contributed to breaking the neck, between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were taken into account
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Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia, 1916.
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Detail from a painting by Pisanello, 1436–1438.
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The execution of guards of the Stutthof concentration camp on July 4th 1946 by short-drop hanging. In the foreground were the female guards: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, Ewa Paradies, Elisabeth Becker, Wanda Klaff, Gerda Steinhoff (left to right)
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Sepia-tone photo from a contemporary 1901 postcard showing Tom Ketchum 's decapitated body. Caption reads "Body of Black Jack after the hanging showing head snapped off."
21.
Suicide note
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A suicide note or death note is a message left behind before a person has committed suicide, or who intends to commit suicide. It is estimated that 25–30% of suicides are accompanied by a note, according to Gelder, Mayou and Geddes one in six leaves a suicide note. The content can be a plea for absolution or blaming family, however, incidence rates may depend on ethnicity, method of suicide, and cultural differences, and may reach rates as high as 50% in certain demographics. A suicide message can be a note, an audio message. Some fields of study, such as sociology, psychiatry and graphology, have investigated the reasons why people who commit suicide leave a note, to increase the pain of survivors by attempting to create guilt. To set out the reason for suicide, to express thoughts and feelings that the person felt unable to express in life. To give instructions for disposal of the remains, occasionally, to confess acts of murder or some other offence. He left a note denouncing them and his own nephew and heir to the leadership of his party, korechika Anami—I-with my death-humbly apologize to the Emperor for the great crime. Historians are divided as to what crime he was referring to and it is possibly a reference to his part in the aborted coup against the Emperor Hirohito in the hours following Japans decision to surrender at the end of World War II. Roger Angleton—murderer and brother of famous bookmaker Robert Angleton, clara Blandick—American film actress, most famous for playing Aunt Em in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Her note began, I am now about to make the great adventure, eustace Budgell—English writer, What Cato did, and Addison approved, cannot be wrong. Leslie Cheung—Hong Kong actor and musician who suffered from clinical depression, christine Chubbuck—American anchor of WXLT TV who committed suicide during a newscast. The note is addressed to his imaginary friend, and gives his reasons for leaving Nirvana, followed by a message to his wife, Courtney Love. The note made reference to Freddie Mercury and famously quoted Hey Hey, ida Craddock—Facing prison in 1902 for sending through the U. S. Ian Curtis—Lead singer of Joy Division. In the early hours of 18 May 1980, Curtis hanged himself in the kitchen of his house at 77 Barton Street and he had just viewed Werner Herzogs film Stroszek and listened to Iggy Pops The Idiot. Adam Czerniaków—head of the Judenrat in the Warsaw Ghetto and he refused to help round up Jews and committed suicide on July 23,1942 by swallowing a cyanide pill, a day after the commencement of mass extermination of Jews known as the Grossaktion Warsaw. He left his wife a note read, They are demanding that I kill the children of my people with my own hands. There is nothing for me to do but to die and his other note to one to his fellow members of the Judenrat, explained, I can no longer bear all this
Suicide note
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The German poet Heinrich von Kleist 's suicide note from 1811 is a farewell letter to his sister Ulrike.
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Suicide letter of Hungarian prime minister Pál Teleki from 1941, addressed to Regent Miklós Horthy
Suicide note
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Suicide crisis
22.
Boycott
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The purpose of a boycott is to inflict some economic loss on the target, or to indicate a moral outrage, to try to compel the target to alter an objectionable behavior. Sometimes, a boycott can be a form of consumer activism, when a similar practice is legislated by a national government, it is known as a sanction. As harvests had been poor that year, Lord Erne offered his tenants a ten percent reduction in their rents, in September of that year, protesting tenants demanded a twenty five percent reduction, which Lord Erne refused. Boycott then attempted to evict eleven tenants from the land, while Parnells speech did not refer to land agents or landlords, the tactic was first applied to Boycott when the alarm was raised about the evictions. Despite the short-term economic hardship to those undertaking this action, Boycott soon found himself isolated – his workers stopped work in the fields and stables, local businessmen stopped trading with him, and the local postman refused to deliver mail. The concerted action taken against him meant that Boycott was unable to hire anyone to harvest the crops in his charge, eventually 50 Orangemen from Cavan and Monaghan volunteered to do the work. This protection ended up costing far more than the harvest was worth, after the harvest, the boycott was successfully continued. Within weeks Boycotts name was everywhere, the New York Tribune reporter, James Redpath, first wrote of the boycott in the international press. The Irish author, George Moore, reported, Like a comet the verb boycott appeared and it was used by The Times in November 1880 as a term for organized isolation. According to an account in the book The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland by Michael Davitt, john OMalley of County Mayo to signify ostracism applied to a landlord or agent like Boycott. The Times first reported on November 20,1880, The people of New Pallas have resolved to boycott them, the Daily News wrote on December 13,1880, Already the stoutest-hearted are yielding on every side to the dread of being Boycotted. By January of the year, the word was being used figuratively. She Boycotted London from Kew to Mile End, girlcott is a portmanteau of girl and boycott intended to focus on the rights or actions of women. The term was coined in 1968 by American track star Lacey ONeal during the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, speaking for black women athletes, she advised that the group would not girlcott the Olympic Games, because female athletes were still focused on being recognized. It also appeared in Time magazine in 1970, and was used by retired tennis player Billie Jean King in reference to Wimbledon. The term girlcott was revived in 2005 by women in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania protesting what they said were sexist, during the 1973 oil crisis, the Arab countries enacted a crude oil embargo against the West. The first Olympic boycott was in the 1956 Summer Olympics with several countries boycotting the games for different reasons, iran also has an informal Olympic boycott against participating against Israel, and Iranian athletes typically bow out or claim injuries when pitted against Israelis. A boycott is typically a one-time affair intended to correct a single wrong. g
Boycott
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Protesters advocating boycott of Kentucky Fried Chicken due to animal rights issues
Boycott
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Vanity Fair caricature of Charles C. Boycott
Boycott
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Nameplate of Dr. Werner Liebenthal, Notary & Advocate. The plate was hung outside his office on Martin Luther Str, Schöneberg, Berlin. In 1933, following the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service the plate was painted black by the Nazis, who boycotted Jewish owned offices.
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Protesters advocating boycott of BP due to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
23.
Nine Network
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The Nine Network is one of three main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia. The Nine Network is one of the two highest-rating television networks in Australia, along with the Seven Network and ahead of Network Ten, ABC, and SBS. The Nine Network was overtaken in the ratings in 2007 by its rival, the Seven Network, as a result, Nines slogan Still the One was discontinued. Since 2009, the slogan has been Welcome Home. After a few years in decline, with a period plagued by mass sackings, programme cancellations, and budget cuts. TCN-9 launched on 16 September 1956, john Godson introduced the station and Bruce Gyngell presented the first programme, This Is Television. Before its formation, TCN-9 was then affiliated with HSV-7, by the late 1960s, the network had begun unofficially calling itself the National Nine Network, and became simply the Nine Network in 1989. In 1967, the New South Wales Rugby Football League grand final became the first football final of any code to be televised live in Australia. The Nine Network paid $5,000 for the broadcasting rights, in the late 1980s, STW-9 Perth, which opened in 1965, became a Nine Network owned-and-operated station when Bond Media purchased the network. In 2011 GTV9 Melbourne moved from 22 Bendigo Street, Richmond, to 717 Bourke Street,22 Bendigo Street started out as the Wertheim Piano Factory, then became the Heinz Soup Factory, then GTV9. The building in Bendigo Street still stands, now as luxury apartments, Nine began using the slogan Let Us Be The One in 1977 and became the number-one free-to-air network in Australia, its National Nine News became the most-watched news service. In 1978, Nine switched its slogan to Still the One, during the 1980s, Nines ratings peaked. From 1999 to 2001, the network began losing ground to the Seven network in news and entertainment, the death of CEO Kerry Packer in 2005 triggered more problems for the network. Digital terrestrial television was introduced on 1 January 2001, Nine stayed strong throughout 2004, but was hit hard when Seven introduced a new line-up in 2005, though Nine finished ahead of Seven that year. Meanwhile, National Nine News was overtaken by Seven News, while Today was beaten by Sevens Sunrise, in 2006, Nine continued on its downward trend, losing most news weeks to Seven News and just winning the year thanks to its coverage of the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. To try to revitalise the network in its 50th anniversary, Nine adopted a new, but critically received, logo removed the nine dots. In May 2007, Nine partially reintroduced the Nine dots, which resulted in the square logo changing into a cube that rotates. After a period of declining ratings, David Gyngell returned to the job of executive officer in October 2007
Nine Network
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Nine Network
24.
A Current Affair
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A Current Affair is an Australian current affairs program airing weeknights on the Nine Network of TV channels. The program is presented by Tracy Grimshaw. A Current Affair was first broadcast on 22 November 1971, with Mike Willesee, screening week nights at 7,00 pm, for part of its early run, the comedian and actor Paul Hogan had a comic social commentary segment. Under Willesee, ACA was a Transmedia production for the Nine Network, when Willesee left Nine in 1974 to move to the rival 0–10 Network, journalist Mike Minehan took over presenting ACA. Other presenters included Sue Smith, Kevin Sanders and Michael Schildberger, in 1984, Willesee returned to the Nine Network to revive the format in a series titled Willesee, screening Monday to Thursday nights at 9,30 pm. When Willesee left the role, former 60 Minutes presenter Jana Wendt took over on 18 January 1988. This was the week the Seven Networks soap opera Home. The Seven Network introduced direct competition with Real Life, which later became Today Tonight, Jana Wendt left the program in November 1992, unhappy with an ACA story showing topless women. In 1993, original ACA presenter Mike Willesee took over for the whole year, in February 1994, Ray Martin took over. Martin signed off at the end of November 1998, when Mike Munro was axed from the program in 2002, he returned to This Is Your Life,60 Minutes, and later National Nine News in Sydney. After Mike Munros departure, Ray Martin returned in February 2003, during the 2005/2006 holiday period, the Nine Network announced that ACA was to be rested for four weeks to enable a major revamp of the production to take place. On 30 January 2006, two weeks after the return, ACA was re-launched with new presenter Tracy Grimshaw. Launching in 1991, QTQ-9 in Brisbane produced a version of the program. It carried local stories including the lead up to its NRL Grand Finals, the decision was part of a push to nationalise lead-in content for the networks struggling news bulletins. The game show Hot Seat was moved to replace Extra at 5. 30pm, in 2002, NWS-9 in Adelaide produced a local version of the program presented by weekend news presenter Georgina McGuinness. It carried national stories, but featured more local stories including the lead up to the 2002 AFL Grand Final, the Adelaide edition was short lived due to the very heavy competition of the Seven Network Adelaides Today Tonight. In January 2008, WIN Corporation announced that a new version of ACA would be produced in Western Australia to replace the east coast version presented by Tracy Grimshaw. It was presented by Louise Momber, with special investigators Peter van Onselen, the first state based edition since Adelaide in 2002, the programs initial presenter, former newsreader Sonia Vinci, resigned prior to the shows commencement and was replaced by Louise Momber
A Current Affair
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A Current Affair logo
25.
Seven Network
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The Seven Network is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is owned by Seven West Media Limited, and is one of five main television networks in Australia. In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the season for total viewers. Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001, as of 2014, it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach. In 2016, the network had its biggest lead in total people over the Nine Network since the current OzTAM ratings system began, in Melbourne,30 of the 40 ratings weeks were won and all ratings weeks were won in Adelaide and Perth. Sevens administration headquarters are based in a warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney. The networks main playout centre is located in Docklands, Melbourne, National news and current affairs programming are based between flagship station ATN-7 in Sydney and HSV-7 in Melbourne. In 2009, Seven moved its Sydney-based production operations from Epping to a purpose-built high-definition television production facility at the Australian Technology Park in Eveleigh, the present Seven Network began as a group of independent stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. HSV-7 Melbourne, licensed to The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, was launched on 4 November 1956, ATN-7 Sydney, licensed to Amalgamated Television Services, a subsidiary of Fairfax, was launched on 2 December 1956. BTQ-7 Brisbane followed on 1 November, signing on as Brisbanes second commercial television station, ADS-7 Adelaide was launched on 24 October 1959 as the final capital city VHF7 station. In the early 1960s, coaxial cable links, formed initially between Sydney and Melbourne, allowed the sharing of programmes and simultaneous broadcasts of live shows, left without their original partners, ATN-7 and HSV-7 joined to form the Australian Television Network in 1963. The new grouping was soon joined by other capital-city channel 7 stations, ADS-7 Adelaide, however, it was not until 1970 that a national network logo was adopted, albeit still with independently owned and operated stations with local advertising campaigns. Colour television was introduced across the network in 1975, when a new logo was adopted. Rupert Murdoch made a bid for the Herald and Weekly Times, owners of HSV-7, in 1979. Fairfax, however, successfully bought a 14. 9% share of the later in the same year. The 1980s saw the introduction of sound, as well as a number of successful shows, most notably A Country Practice in 1981, and Sons and Daughters. Wheel of Fortune began its 25-year run in July 1981, produced from ADS-7s studios in Adelaide, the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow were shown live on the network the year before. Perth based businessman Robert Holmes à Court, through his business the Bell Group, bought TVW-7 from its original owners, the Herald and Weekly Times, owner of HSV-7 and ADS-7, was sold to Rupert Murdoch in December 1986 for an estimated A$1.8 billion
Seven Network
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The network's centralised digital playout facility, Broadcast Centre Melbourne, located in the city's Docklands precinct.
Seven Network
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Seven Network
Seven Network
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Seven's news studios at Martin Place, Sydney
Seven Network
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Telecast to 6.5 million Australians via the Seven Network – The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics.
26.
Today Tonight
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Today Tonight is an Australian current affairs television program produced by the Seven Network. It airs in Adelaide and Perth, in competition with rival Nine Network program A Current Affair. Editions in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne were previously produced before being cancelled in January 2014, There are two different editions of the program remaining, Rosanna Mangiarelli hosts the Adelaide edition and Monika Kos hosts the Perth edition. The program was originally broadcast in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Following the cancellation of Real Life, presented by Stan Grant late in 1994, three separate bulletins, a Melbourne edition hosted by journalist/columnist Jill Singer, a Sydney edition hosted by Neil Mercer, and a Brisbane edition hosted by Carolyn Tucker. Over summer it was usual for Today Tonight to present a single edition broadcast across the entire East Coast, Today Tonight was hosted by Helen Kapalos. The New South Wales edition was hosted by a myriad of hosts from 1995 until 2001. Neil Mercer initially hosted the Sydney edition, later succeeded by Helen Wellings, Grant was sacked by the Seven Network in 2000 after it was exposed he was having an affair with another then Seven Network personality, Tracey Holmes, and was subsequently replaced by Melissa Doyle. When Doyle went on maternity leave in 2001, the Melbourne edition of Today Tonight hosted by Robson was broadcast into Sydney and this was intended to last only 12 weeks, but the Melbourne version rated higher in Sydney than the local version. This led to Seven Network executives axing the Sydney edition in favour of an East Coast edition, Doyle returned at the end of 2002 to host the summer edition. In 1996, Singer collapsed on-air and was rushed to hospital, Singer subsequently took leave for a number of months and was replaced on-air by Naomi Robson. Singer returned in late 1996 but was replaced again by Robson in January 1997. Until late 2006, Today Tonight continued to be hosted by Naomi Robson, in November 2006, Robson announced she would be leaving Today Tonight to pursue other projects. She hosted her last show on 1 December, according to news reports on 27 and 28 January 2007, Anna Coren was appointed Robsons permanent replacement after six weeks of filling in as the shows summer host. With Coren taking the chair, production of Today Tonight shifted from Sevens Melbourne studios to the Martin Place studio in Sydney, earlier reports suggested the network had been seeking A Current Affair host Tracy Grimshaw for the role. On 28 September 2008, Anna Coren resigned as host to pursue a career at CNN in Hong Kong and her replacement was announced on 30 September 2008 to be Matt White. Anna Coren signed off from the Seven Network on 10 October 2008, Coren was initially to remain host of Today Tonight until December 2008, but was sacked from the role in October with Matt White taking the seat on a permanent basis from 13 October 2008. In November 2012, Matt White resigned as host after four years to other roles at the Seven Network
Today Tonight
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Today Tonight title card
27.
Beyondblue
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Beyondblue is an Australian, independent non-profit organisation working to address issues associated with depression, anxiety disorders and related mental disorders. Jeff Kennett is the current chairman, and its CEO is Georgie Harman, beyondblue takes a public health approach to anxiety and depression, focusing on improving the health of the whole population, across the whole lifespan. Beyondblue began in October 2000 as an initiative of the Australian federal and state. The aim was to close down all public institutions that catered to mentally ill or socially unstable in order to save cost, politicians who have encouraged people to both donate to and utilise the services of beyondblue include Geoff Gallop and John Brogden. Since 2006, the Australian Football League has supported the organisation with the beyondblue Cup awarded annually to the winner of clashes between the Geelong and Hawthorn football clubs, former prime minister Julia Gillard will take over as chair of beyondblue from founder and chairman Jeff Kennett in July 2017. Beyondblue addresses a range of health issues in Australia, including mental health stigma indigenous issues, post-natal depression school based interventions. In 2012, beyondblue launched a $1.5 million year-long campaign to reduce discrimination against gay, lesbian, in 2015, the organization issued a statement in support of same-sex marriage. In 2013 beyondblue campaigned against the insurance industry’s discrimination against people who have experienced anxiety, a 2015 survey of 1,200 Australians by TNS Australia revealed that 1 in 5 Australians still believe that people with anxiety are just putting it on. Beyondblue is launching another campaign on radio and TV to raise awareness of anxiety, an Australian actor Guy Pearce provided the voice over for this campaign. Men are a key audience for beyondblue and the Man Therapy campaign has achieved widespread coverage, the campaign was a first of its kind program in Australia and features a humorous character, Dr Brian Ironwood, urging men to take action when it comes to their wellbeing. Beyondblue and AOMB also reached agreement to fundraise an initiative to raise awareness of anxiety and depression in Australia by organising several charity events
Beyondblue
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beyondblue
28.
Fox FM (Melbourne)
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Fox FM is a radio station that serves Melbourne, Victoria, broadcasting on the FM band at a frequency of 101.9 MHz. Licensed to Mount Dandenong, Victoria, the station is owned by Southern Cross Austereo. The stations transmitter is located on the ATV-10 transmission tower on top of Mount Dandenong and it is home to Australias most successful radio shows, Fifi, Dave, Fev & Byron, Carrie & Tommy, Hamish & Andy and Ash London Live. Fox FM started life at 5,00,00 PM on 1 August 1980, the station was put together by radio consultant Rhett H. Walker, who also acted as first General Manager. This followed a stint for Walker as a consultant for Radio 3KZ in 1979. One of Fox FMs original advertising lines was Catch the Fox, the first song to be played on air, George Bensons Breezin, was played at the wrong speed by the stations first presenter, John Aimes. Aimes suggested this was due to harassment by studio manager Gary Collins, the first station studio equipment was a 16 channel Poul Kirk mixing desk, four cuemaster cart decks, JBL studio pro speakers and Technics turntables. The studio was pleasant to work in with a floor-to-ceiling window giving a view of filming of such Channel Ten programs as Neighbours, Prisoner, the first two years of the stations life were not easy. Melbourne listeners did not initially flock to the new FM stations, sticking to their listening habits with stations such as 3AW, 3MP. It was positioned originally as an easy listening style format. The format, FM is Fox Music, came later, under the management of former 3XY station manager Graham Smith, in 1982, the stations owners lost confidence in the original format and hired Mr. Smith to implement changes. All the former announcers, except for Geoff Harrison were let go, also, the stations instigator and first General Manager, the late Rhett H. Walker moved on to greener pastures. From then on, the station was positioned with a pop rock format and this caused a steady rise in ratings through the mid-1980s, eventually landing the station in top position in Melbourne by 1986. The changes included new presenters, such as Gavin Wood and Barry Bissell, take 40 Australia was a weekly countdown of the current ARIA Top 40 singles chart. During this time, the station also aired American Top 40 with Casey Kasem, Fox was one of two original FM radio licence holders in Melbourne. It aimed to be the first commercial FM station to commence broadcasting in Australia, FOX started life playing popular easy listening music whilst its other FM rival had adopted a more rock album orientated format. In 1986, Fox FM was bought by the owners of SAFM to create the Austereo Radio Network, in 1996, the Today Network, owned by Austereo, merged with the Triple M network to form a single radio company. The merge was unpopular with Fox staff due to the rivalry between the two stations
Fox FM (Melbourne)
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FOX FM Building (1989-2008), St Kilda Road, St Kilda
Fox FM (Melbourne)
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Fox FM
Fox FM (Melbourne)
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Current FOX FM building sign (2008–present), Clarendon Street, South Melbourne
29.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
Melbourne
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(From top left to bottom right) Melbourne City Centre, Flinders Street Station, Shrine of Remembrance, Federation Square, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Royal Exhibition Building.
Melbourne
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Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)
Melbourne
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"Canvas Town", South Melbourne in the 1850s depicting temporary accommodation for the thousands who poured into Melbourne each week during the gold rush.
Melbourne
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Lithograph of the Royal Exhibition Building, built to host the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880
30.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
Karnataka
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Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at Pattadakal, Karnataka, built successively by the kings of the Chalukya Empire and Rashtrakuta Empire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Karnataka
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Map of Karnataka
Karnataka
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Hoysala Empire sculptural articulation in Belur.
Karnataka
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Shilabalika sculpture at the Chennakeshva Temple in Belur
31.
Cabinet of India
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The Union Council of Ministers or federal cabinet exercises executive authority in the Republic of India. It consists of ministers, called Cabinet Ministers, junior ministers, called Ministers of State. It is led by the Prime Minister, a smaller executive body, called the Union Cabinet is the decision-making body in India. Only the Prime Minister and ministers of the rank of Cabinet Minister are members of Union Cabinet per Article 352, per Article 75, the Council of Ministers is responsible collectively to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, called the Lok Sabha. When a bill introduced by a minister in the Lok sabha is not approved by it, entire council of ministers is responsible, the council of ministers upon losing confidence of Lok Sabha shall resign to facilitate new government formation. A minister shall not take any decision with out being considered by the council of ministers per Article 78, all union cabinet members shall submit in writing to the President to propose proclamation of emergency by the president per Article 352. According to the Constitution of India, the number of ministers in the Council of Ministers must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the House of the People. Ministers must be members of parliament, any minister who is not a member of either the lower or upper houses of parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post. Upon self resignation Upon dismissal by the President for ministers unconstitutional acts per Article 75, upon direction from the Judiciary for committing violation of law. Upon ceasing eligibility to be a member of Parliament and it is nowhere stated in the constitution, a minister can be removed by the Prime Minister at his will. Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with rules, there is no concept of cabinet rank minister in the council of ministers. As a collective, each successive Council of Ministers is referred to as a cabinet, the current cabinet is led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who took office on 26 May 2014
Cabinet of India
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Republic of India
32.
British High Commission
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High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment. The English term is used to render various equivalent titles in other languages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, a commissioner is the senior diplomat in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. In this usage, a Commonwealth nations high commission is its embassy to another Commonwealth nation, an example was the island of Cyprus. Until 12 July 1878 Cyprus was under Ottoman rule based in Istanbul, from that date it was under British administration, but Istanbul retained nominal sovereignty until Cyprus was fully annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914. As diplomatic residents were appointed to native rulers, high commissioners could likewise be appointed as British agents of indirect rule upon native states. The best known of these commissioners, Alfred Milner who was appointed to both positions in the 1890s, is considered responsible by some for igniting the Second Boer War. He was represented in each of the other units by a Resident Commissioner. In the colonial sense, some other powers have or previously had high commissioners, in the Kingdom of Denmark, High Commissioners represent the Government of Denmark in Greenland and the Faroe Islands and take part in negotiations on policies and decisions affecting their region. Greenland and the Faroe Islands have one Commissioner each, originally the French word Haut Commissaire, or in full Haut Commissaire de la république, was rarely used for governatorial functions, rather gouverneur and various lower titles. In Atlantic waters, from 14 September 1939 till September 1943, yet a colony could achieve independence without a High Commissioner, e. g. Guinée. The current High Commissioner of Vanuatu to the US is David J. Wilson. e. In early May 1919, the Kingdom of Greece was given a mandate by the Supreme Allied War Council for the city of Smyrna and its hinterland, which it proceeded to occupy on 12 May. A civilian administration was set up in the Smyrna Zone, headed, from 21 May 1919 until 9 September 1922, in the Monarchy, before 1910, they were known as Comissários Régios. In 1934–1956 the Governors of the Western Sahara were subordinated to him, the office itself was however filled by the governors of Spanish West Africa from 1939 to 1956. Haiti, the half of the island of Hispaniola, had a similar experience. It was a US protectorate from 1915 to 1936, after five US military commanders, there was one High Commissioner, John H. Russell, following World War I, Rear Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol served as United States High Commissioner for Turkey from 1919 to 1927. The Philippines became a United States unincorporated territory on 13 August 1898, after gaining autonomy on 15 November 1935, it had the following High Commissioners, 1935–1937 William Francis Frank Murphy, who was also the last Governor-General over the Islands
British High Commission
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The Tanzanian High Commission in London. Tanzania and the United Kingdom are both members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
British High Commission
33.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha
New Delhi
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Clockwise from top left: Secretariat Building, Connaught Place, Jantar Mantar, Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate
New Delhi
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Lord Curzon and Lady Curzon arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903.
New Delhi
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The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with King George V and Queen Mary seated upon the dais.
New Delhi
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The 1931 series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one rupee stamp shows George V with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.
34.
Chief Minister of Karnataka
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The Chief Minister of Karnataka is the chief executive of the south Indian state of Karnataka. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a de jure head. Following elections to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief ministers term is for five years and is subject to no term limits, since 1947, twenty-two people have been Chief Minister of Mysore and Karnataka. A majority of them belonged to the Indian National Congress party, the longest-serving chief minister, D. Devaraj Urs, held the office for over seven years in the 1970s. As a Janata Party member, Ramakrishna Hegde served the most number of discontinuous terms, while the Congresss Veerendra Patil had the largest gap between two terms. One chief minister, H. D. Deve Gowda, went on to become the eleventh Prime Minister of India, while another, B. D. Jatti, there have been six instances of Presidents rule in Karnataka, most recently in 2007–08. The incumbent chief minister is the Congress partys Siddaramaiah, who was sworn in on 13 May 2013, list of Diwans of Mysore Footnotes References
Chief Minister of Karnataka
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Incumbent Siddaramaiah since 13 May 2013
Chief Minister of Karnataka
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S. R. Bommai of the Janata Party, one of several leaders whose rule was cut short by imposition of President's rule
Chief Minister of Karnataka
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H. D. Deve Gowda cut short his tenure as chief minister (1994–96) to become the Prime Minister of India.
Chief Minister of Karnataka
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Following his tenure as the state's 16th chief minister, S. M. Krishna served as Governor of Maharashtra and Union Minister of External Affairs.
35.
Savita Halappanavar
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Savita went to the hospital with her husband Praveen on 21 October 2012 complaining about back pain. Her water broke early on the morning of 22 October and Savita asked if anything could be done to save the baby and she was told that the miscarriage was inevitable. On 23 October, having understood the baby would not survive, she asked for a termination, in preparation for a termination on 24 October, Savita delivered a stillborn girl. At 1, 09am, on Sunday 28 October, Savita died, on 3 November 2012, friends and family of the Halappanavars contacted local pro-choice groups to find out what they could do, with dozens of her friends and family meeting in person on the 6th. Galway Pro-Choice put them in contact with The Irish Times journalist Kitty Holland, pro-choice groups then organised on the Irish Choice Network email group before the story broke. Savita Halappanavars death became public after the Tonight with Vincent Browne programme showed front-page stories by The Irish Times, on 14 November 2012, more than 2,000 people gathered in her memory and to protest Irelands abortion laws outside the Dáil in Dublin. In addition, a vigil was held in Cork. The governments expert committee in abortion handed in its report to the Department of Health the day before, Halappanavars death led to protests in Galway, particularly from the local Indian expatriate community. On 14 November The Mirror reported that the University Hospital was the subject of several investigations, Halappanavar had been one of the organisers of the annual Galway Diwali festival, which was cancelled in response to her death. There were calls upon the Taoiseach to secure an external enquiry into the circumstances surrounding Ms. Halappanavars death, on 16 November, the Irish Health Service Executive established an independent inquiry into the circumstances surrounding Halappanavars death. On 17 November, Gardaí announced that they were assisting the coroner in the investigation into the death of Halappanavar, Medical terminations had previously been performed at the University Hospital when complications arose in pregnancy, as it is permitted by Irish law to save the life of the woman. In an opinion piece in the Daily Mail, Paul Bracchi speculated that an investigation would be carried out into why this did not occur in Halappanavars case, has been intemperate, intolerant and politicised. The staff of University Hospital, as well as members of Irelands HSE Regional Health Forum, have stated there is no Catholic ethos that is impacting treatment provided. Peter Boylan, of the Irish Institute of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, said, if we do something with a good intention, but it turns out to be illegal, the consequences are extremely serious for medical practitioners. Microbiologist Dr. Taoiseach Enda Kenny, stated, I dont think we should say anything about this until we are in possession of all the facts and he has also stated that an inquiry into Halappanavars death must stand up to international scrutiny. He said that the University Hospital was not run or managed by any religious orders, fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin said that Halappanavars death was tragic and harrowing. Martin said that Ireland had always aimed for a low death rate during pregnancy but that this was cold comfort to Halappanavar and her surviving family and he said that an independent inquiry was needed, with experts from outside the country to establish the full circumstances. He also responded on Saturday 17 November saying that legislating for the X case would not have stopped, pro-choice campaigners highlighted at the time that the lack of legislation clarifying the limited circumstances in which abortion is legal in Ireland caused Halapanavars death
Savita Halappanavar
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Halappanavar died at University Hospital Galway.
36.
Indian prime minister
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The Prime Minister of India is the Head of Government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the adviser to the President of India. He or she can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament, but has to be the leader of the party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, allocates posts to members within the Government, is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive, Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75. The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha, India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The Prime Minister shall become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure, he/She is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Like most parliamentary democracies, a Presidents duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet, the Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. President of India invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form government at the federal level, in practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers as in-charge of the important functions, some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. Per Article 78 of the constitution, the communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet. Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha
Indian prime minister
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Incumbent Narendra Modi
Indian prime minister
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Flag of India
37.
RJ Balaji
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Balaji Patturaj, popularly known as RJ Balaji, is an Indian radio jockey, presenter, comedian and actor based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is best known as the host of the BIG FM92.7 show Take it Easy and its now defunct segment Cross Talk, Balaji was born on 20 June 1985, and was raised in Chennai. He said that his father abandoned his family at an unspecified point, Balaji said in a 2013 interview with The Hindu that he changed 24 houses and 11 schools while growing up in Chennai, because his mother just cannot stay in one place. She would move from Perambur to Thiruvanmiyur to Mylapore, no place close to each other. He failed in the twelfth grade once, while his friends passed, before the news of his failure could spread in his neighbourhood, Balaji and his family shifted to another locality, he saw this failure as a disaster. Balaji roamed around in random company and even assisted his friend, at that time he saw a newspaper advertisement of a radio station that auditioned for radio jockeys and he applied for it, though he never knew what an RJ was back then. He said that he almost did not get selected then when he sang a gaana but was selected in November 2006. He has not completed his journalism course since, Balaji started his career as a radio jockey at Radio Mirchi Coimbatore, where he hosted a three-hour morning drive show called Hello Coimbatore which dealt with social issues. After four years he quit the job as he didnt want to sound all the time and returned to Chennai where his family. He joined at BIG FM92.7 because they gave him freedom to plan and design his four-hour slot, the evening prime-time show was created to give people a break from the serious stuff that they have to deal with during work hours and relax with the nonsense. Balaji created another segment in Take it Easy, titled Cross Talk, on how the segment developed, Balaji said, I was assigned to do a serious socially-relevant show in the beginning but Big gave me the chance to talk about anything in Take It Easy. Once when I was talking to a couple about something serious, Balaji described Radio Mirchis Senthil Kumar, who taught him radio and its basics at Coimbatore, as his favourite RJ, and said, whatever I am right now is because of him. Cross Talk became very popular among youths, Balaji uploaded several clips of the show on SoundCloud, the links went viral, crossing over a million hits in a single week. Besides India, most of the downloads were in the United States, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Seychelles, Germany, the show earned him the moniker Cross Talk Balaji. In November 2011, Balaji and BIG FM RJs Muthu and Ophelia conducted Little RJ Hunt, Balaji won the RJ of the Year and Best Programme Broadcast after 11am awards for Take it Easy at the 2012 Indian Excellence in Radio Awards. Later he was named amongst the Top 10 Promising Personalities of Tamil Nadu in 2012 by Ananda Vikatan Group, Balaji was the host for the 2013 event BIG Manasa Thotta Singer that was conducted by BIG FM. He has also running the RJ Balaji Skool of Radio Studies since August 2013. Three apps on Balaji have been developed, an Android app simply named RJ Balaji, an iOS app titled RJ Balaji Official, in December 2012, Balaji discontinued Cross Talk, in response to the death of Jacintha Saldanha
RJ Balaji
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Balaji conducting Mr. and Ms. Techofes, 2013
38.
Chennai
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Chennai /ˈtʃɛnnaɪ/, formerly known as Madras /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015, the Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35,000 in 2009,82,790 in 2011, tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015. Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. In 2015 Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in January 2015, it was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP. Chennai has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city. According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a north of Fort St George. However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit. The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 1639
Chennai
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Clockwise from top right: Chennai Central, Marina Beach, Madras High Court, TIDEL Park, Ripon Building, San Thome Basilica, Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Classical dance Bharata Natyam and Valluvar Kottam.
Chennai
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Clive House at Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement in India during 1609
Chennai
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Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach
39.
Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
Tamil Nadu
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Location of Tamil Nadu (marked in red) in India
Tamil Nadu
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Sage Agastya father of Tamil literature, Sangam period
Tamil Nadu
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Megalithic Sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu.
40.
Metropolitan Police Service
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As of March 2016, the Met employed 48,661 full-time personnel. This included 32,125 sworn police officers,9,521 police staff and this number excludes the 3,271 Special Constables, who work part-time and who have the same powers and uniform as their regular colleagues. This makes the Metropolitan Police the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin, the post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The post is occupied by the now-outgoing Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe. The Commissioners deputy, the Deputy Commissioner, is currently Craig Mackey, a number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London, it is referred to as the Old Bill. The Met is also referred to by the metonym Scotland Yard after the location of its headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The Mets current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, in Victoria, the Metropolitan Police Service, whose officers became affectionately known as bobbies, was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. In 1839, the Marine Police Force, which had formed in 1798, was amalgamated into the Metropolitan Police. In 1837, it also incorporated with the Bow Street Horse Patrol that had organised in 1805. Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the Metropolitan Police through the Mayors Office for Policing, the mayor is able to appoint someone to act on his behalf, the current office-holder is Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime, Sophie Linden. The work of MOPAC is scrutinised by the Police and Crime Committee of the London Assembly, the area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police District. In terms of policing, the Met is divided into a number of Borough Operational Command Units. The City of London is a police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for policing of the network in the United Kingdom. Within London, they are responsible for the policing of the London Underground, Tramlink, The Emirates Air Line. There is also a park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Gardens. Officers also have limited powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, within the MPD, the Met will take over the investigation of any serious crime from the British Transport Police and Ministry of Defence Police, if it is deemed appropriate
Metropolitan Police Service
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London
Metropolitan Police Service
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Flag of the Metropolitan Police Service
Metropolitan Police Service
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Carved whale bone whistle dated 1821. 8 cm long. Belonged to a 'Peeler' in the Metropolitan Police Service in London in the early 19th century.
Metropolitan Police Service
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Met officers talk with a woman in Hyde Park, 1976
41.
New South Wales Police Force
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The New South Wales Police Force is the primary law enforcement agency of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a servant of the Crown, independent of Government, under the Police Regulation Act,1862, the organisation of the NSW Police Force was formally established in 1862 with the unification of all existing independent police units in the state. The authority and responsibility of the police force was given to the inspector general of police. The 1990s were a turbulent period in NSW police history, the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service was held between 1995 and 1997. The Royal Commission uncovered hundreds of instances of bribery, money laundering, drug trafficking, the police commissioner, Tony Lauer, resigned as the level of corruption in the service became clear and his own position untenable. Peter James Ryan was recruited from the UK, wide-ranging reforms occurred as a result of the recommendations of the Royal Commission, including the establishment of a permanent Police Integrity Commission. The minister for justice and police, Troy Grant, is responsible to the NSW parliament for the police portfolio, Grant is a former NSW police officer who served 22 years before entering politics. As of October 2014, the force consists of some 16,467 officers. The motto of the NSW Police Force is the Latin Culpam poena premit comes, the NSW Police insignia includes the motto. The overall mission of the police is to life and property and to detect. Like all other states of Australia, municipalities and shires in NSW have only limited law enforcement responsibilities. The police perform the primary law enforcement role in all areas of the state, the New South Wales Police Force has existed in various forms since the foundation of the colony of New South Wales at Sydney in 1788. Police units were under the rule of the district magistrates, responding to the various forms of crime, a number of independent specialised units were set up. The earliest of these units formed was the Mounted Police, established in 1825 to keep the settlers safe, in 2009, it had 34 horses and was claimed to be the oldest mounted police unit in the world. Other specialist groups formed during this time were the Water Police, the Border Police and the Native Police. After a failed attempt made by Act No.38 of 1850, unified control of the police eventuated in 1862 when the Police Regulation Act was passed, the first inspector general of police, John McLerie, was appointed to assume overall authority and responsibility. The Police Regulation Act, passed in 1935, changed the title to commissioner of police. The position of deputy commissioner was also created, by 1872, there were seventy police stations throughout the colony in sub-districts, with a total of 803 police officers
New South Wales Police Force
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New South Wales Police Force Flag
New South Wales Police Force
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New South Wales Police Force crest
New South Wales Police Force
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Water police on Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour)
New South Wales Police Force
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The former police headquarters Avery Building at centre of picture seen in College Street, Sydney in 2007
42.
Data Protection Act 1998
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In practice it provides a way for individuals to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions, the Act defines eight data protection principles, which apply in various contexts, to ensure that information is processed lawfully. The 1998 Act replaced and consolidated earlier legislation such as the Data Protection Act 1984, at the same time it aimed to implement the European Data Protection Directive. In some aspects, notably electronic communication and marketing, it has been refined by subsequent legislation for legal reasons, the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to positive consent such as an opt in box. Exemptions remain for the marketing of products and services to existing customers and enquirers. The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law, the Acts definition of personal data covers any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Anonymised or aggregated data is not regulated by the Act, providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way, individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held, or intended to be held, on computers, in some cases even a paper address book can be classified as a relevant filing system for example diaries used to support commercial activities, such as a salespersons diary. The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities, the Data Protection Act creates rights for those who have their data stored, and responsibilities for those who store, process or transmit such data. The person who has their data processed has the right to, a subject access request can be obtained for a nominal fee. If the company ignores the request, a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed, require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress. Require that their data is not used for direct marketing, Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed, Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes, about the rights of individuals e. g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects. Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully, in order for data to be classed as fairly processed, at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data. Except under the below mentioned exceptions, the needs to consent to the collection of their personal information. However, non-communication should not be interpreted as consent, additionally, consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case
Data Protection Act 1998
43.
Malicious Communications Act 1988
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It also applies to electronic communications. The original purpose of the MCA was to prevent the sending of printed matter, the MCA can be used to charge people for comments made via social networking sites that are “racially motivated” or religiously motivated. The MCA has been criticised for its misuse as a means to free speech. In 2012 an individual was arrested under the Act for saying that Olympic diver Tom Daley let his father down by not winning a medal at the London Olympics. The MCA was successfully used against Internet troll Sean Duffy who harassed Natasha MacBryde, in the case of DPP v Connolly, the MCA was used to prosecute an anti-abortion campaigner who sent obscene images of fetuses to pharmacists who sold the contraceptive pill. Kent man arrested after picture of burning poppy posted on internet
Malicious Communications Act 1988
44.
Extradite
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Between countries, extradition is normally regulated by treaties. Where extradition is compelled by laws, such as among sub-national jurisdictions and it is an ancient mechanism, dating back to at least the 13th century BC, when an Egyptian Pharaoh, Ramesses II, negotiated an extradition treaty with a Hittite King, Hattusili III. Through the extradition process, a sovereign typically makes a formal request to another sovereign, if the fugitive is found within the territory of the requested state, then the requested state may arrest the fugitive and subject him or her to its extradition process. The extradition procedures to which the fugitive will be subjected are dependent on the law, such absence of international obligation, and the desire for the right to demand such criminals from other countries, have caused a web of extradition treaties or agreements to evolve. When no applicable extradition agreement is in place, a sovereign may still request the expulsion or lawful return of an individual pursuant to the requested state’s domestic law and this can be accomplished through the immigration laws of the requested state or other facets of the requested state’s domestic law. Similarly, the codes of penal procedure in many countries contain provisions allowing for extradition to take place in the absence of an extradition agreement. Sovereigns may, therefore, still request the expulsion or lawful return of a fugitive from the territory of a state in the absence of an extradition treaty. By enacting laws or in concluding treaties or agreements, countries determine the conditions under which they may entertain or deny extradition requests, political nature of the alleged crime, most countries refuse to extradite suspects of political crimes. Possibility of certain forms of punishment, some countries refuse extradition on grounds that the person, if extradited, a few go as far as to cover all punishments that they themselves would not administer. This was due to the conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which the sentence would be executed. Jurisdiction, Jurisdiction over a crime can be invoked to refuse extradition, in particular, the fact that the person in question is a nations own citizen causes that country to have jurisdiction. These countries often have laws in place that give them jurisdiction over crimes committed abroad by or against citizens, by virtue of such jurisdiction, they prosecute and try citizens accused of crimes committed abroad as if the crime had occurred within the countrys borders. A concept related to extradition that has significant implications in transnational criminal law is that of aut dedere aut judicare, many international agreements contain provisions for aut dedere aut judicare. These include all four 1949 Geneva Conventions, the U. N, the refusal of a country to extradite suspects or criminals to another may lead to international relations being strained. Often, the country to which extradition is refused will accuse the other country of refusing extradition for political reasons, another long-standing example is Roman Polanski whose extradition was pursued by California for over 20 years. For a brief period he was placed under arrest in Switzerland, the questions involved are often complex when the country from which suspects are to be extradited is a democratic country with a rule of law. Typically, in countries, the final decision to extradite lies with the national executive. However, such countries typically allow extradition defendants recourse to the law and these may significantly slow down procedures
Extradite
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Luis Hernando Gómez extradited from Colombia to the United States 2007
Extradite
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Swedish extradition of German and Baltic soldiers to the Soviet Union in January 1946
45.
Australian Communications and Media Authority
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The Australian Communications and Media Authority is an Australian Government statutory authority within the Communications portfolio. The ACMA is tasked with ensuring media and communications works for all Australians and it does this through various legislation, regulations, standards and codes of practice. The ACMA is a regulator, created to oversee the convergence of the four worlds of telecommunications, broadcasting, radio communications. The ACMA was formed on 1 July 2005 by a merger of the Australian Broadcasting Authority and it is one of only a handful of converged communications regulators in the world. The ACMA is an independent agency with the Authority composed of the Chairman, Deputy Chair, the ACMA is managed by an executive team comprising the Chairman, the Deputy Chair, four general managers and nine executive managers. The corporate structure comprises four divisions - Communications Infrastructure, Content, Consumer and Citizen, Corporate and Research, the ACMA has responsibilities under four principal Acts - the Broadcasting Services Act 1992, the Telecommunications Act 1997, the Telecommunications Act 1999 and the Radiocommunications Act 1992. There are another 22 Acts to which the agency responds in such areas as spam, the ACMA collects revenue on behalf of the Australian Government through broadcasting, radiocommunications and telecommunications taxes, charges and licence fees. It also collects revenue from price-based allocation of spectrum, the ACMAs main offices are located in Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney. Communications convergence is the merging of the previously distinct services by which information is communicated - telephone, television radio, Not only does the ACMA address a wide and disparate range of responsibilities, it does so against a backdrop of rapid and disruptive change. Moreover, there are new platforms, applications, business models, value chains and forms of social interaction available with more to come in what is a dynamic, other challenges for regulators include cross-jurisdictional issues and the need for engagement and collaboration with stakeholders locally, regionally and internationally. The four cornerstone parts to the framework, each divided into two sub-streams, are outlined below along with the functions of the ACMA under each task. These changes were not enacted by the Labour Government and the new Coalition Government has not made major decisions on the future of the ACMA, the ACMA administers a complaints mechanism for Australian residents and law enforcement agencies to report prohibited online content, including child sexual abuse material. The ACMA publishes comprehensive statistics and information about the ACMA Hotline on its website, the majority of investigations the ACMA conducts concern online child sexual abuse material. Complaints to the ACMA Hotline are usually made via a webform on the ACMAs website, popularly held misconceptions about the ACMAs regulatory role include that investigates and takes action on whole websites and that the ACMA causes blocking of content at an ISP level. As of November 2013, the Register has nine million numbers listed, the Australian Government made the Do Not Call Register Act 2006 to give Australians the opportunity to opt-out of receiving most telemarketing calls and marketing faxes. It is against the law for telemarketers to make unsolicited calls or to send marketing faxes to a number on the register without consent. The best way a telemarketer or fax marketer can ensure they comply with the DNCR Act is to check their list against the register at least every 30 days, the Fax Marketing Industry Standard 2011 sets out rules about when and how marketing faxes can be sent. The ACMA oversees and enforces compliance with the DNCR Act and related industry standard, Members of the public can make complaints about telemarketing calls and marketing faxes to the ACMA
Australian Communications and Media Authority
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Australian Communications and Media Authority
46.
Federal Court of Australia
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The Federal Court of Australia is an Australian superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law, along with some summary criminal matters. Cases are heard at first instance by single Judges, the Court includes an appeal division referred to as the Full Court comprising three Judges, the only avenue of appeal from which lies to the High Court of Australia. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Federal Court occupies an equivalent to the Supreme Courts of each of the states and territories. In relation to the other Courts in the stream, it is equal to the Family Court of Australia. It was established in 1976 by the Federal Court of Australia Act, the Chief Justice of the Federal Court is James Allsop. The Federal Court has no inherent jurisdiction, other federal courts and tribunals where the Court exercises appellate jurisdiction include the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority, the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. The jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Australia includes the jurisdiction exercised by two federal courts, the Federal Court of Bankruptcy and the Commonwealth Industrial Court. The Federal Court of Bankruptcy had jurisdiction in matters and was created in 1930. The jurisdiction in bankruptcy was transferred to the Federal Court of Australia on its establishment in 1977, the judicial functions were given to the newly created Commonwealth Industrial Court and the arbitral functions were given to Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. The Court was renamed the Australian Industrial Court in 1973, in 1977 the jurisdiction of the Australian Industrial Court was transferred to the Federal Court of Australia. Duncan Kerr List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia Federal Court of Australia Full text of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976
Federal Court of Australia
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In Melbourne, the Federal Court is housed with other federal courts such as the High Court and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia in the Federal Court Building on the corner of La Trobe Street and William Street
47.
High Court of Australia
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The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia. The High Court is mandated by Constitution section 71, which vests in it the power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under and it now operates under Constitution sections 71 to 75, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices, the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel and they are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70. Since 1979, The High Court has been located in Canberra, the majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building, situated in the Parliamentary Triangle, overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. With an increasing utilisation of video links, sittings are also held in the state capitals. The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction, the High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia, not just the state or territory in which the matter arose. The High Courts broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada, as such, the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories. This role, alongside its role in constitutional interpretation, is one of the courts most significant and this broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to a consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states. The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are heard in the High Court. The Constitution confers actual and potential original jurisdiction, Section 75 of the Constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to all matters, The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court. For example, challenges against immigration-related decisions are brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court. However, the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76, rather than section 75, in practice, section 75 and section 75 are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction. The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament, failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step. The requirement of a matter in section 75 and section 76 of the means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved. The High Courts appellate jurisdiction is defined under Section 73 of the Constitution, however, section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes. Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903 and this requires special leave to appeal. Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance, therefore, while the High Court is the final court of appeal, it cannot be considered a general court of appeal
High Court of Australia
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High Court entrance
High Court of Australia
High Court of Australia
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High Court building
High Court of Australia
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Sir Samuel Griffith, first Chief Justice of Australia
48.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
The Daily Telegraph
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The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
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In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph building in 1974
49.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
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The Guardian's HQ in London
The Guardian
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
50.
ABC News (Australia)
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ABC News is a national news service in Australia produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The division is responsible for all news-gathering and production of output for ABC television, radio. Although the ABC is owned and funded by the Australian Government, the flagship radio news programs, AM, The World Today and PM are broadcast over various ABC radio outlets. ABC television news bulletins are broadcast throughout the day — including the flagship nightly 7pm state-based bulletins, bulletins focus strongly on issues of state relevance, with a greater inclusion of national and international news items than are found in the news bulletins of commercial broadcasters. The programme is shown online and on Australia Plus in the Asia Pacific region. Weekend Breakfast is broadcast weekends from 7am -11, 00am on ABC and ABC News 24 from ABCs main national news studios in Sydney at Ultimo and is presented by Andrew Geoghegan and Miriam Corowa. ABC News Mornings is presented by Joe OBrien from the ABCs main national news studios in Sydney at Ultimo, sport is presented by Paul Kennedy and weather is presented by Nate Byrne. A separate edition of the bulletin is produced for Western Australia two to three hours after the original broadcast, as the delay was deemed too long to remain up-to-date. Both versions air on ABC News 24, the bulletin was launched in February 2005 to replace the less successful Midday News and Business, preceded in turn by the long-running World at Noon. ABC News Early Edition is presented by James McHale from ABCs Perth studios and airs weekdays at 5pm on ABC in each Australian state, weather is presented by Graham Creed. 7.30 is presented by Leigh Sales and Matt Wordsworth from the ABCs main national news studios in Ultimo, Sydney on ABC at 7. 30pm, however, when a big state political event happens, the national program can be pre-empted by the local edition. Lateline is presented by Tony Jones and Emma Alberici from the ABCs main national news studios at Ultimo, Sydney, the program has developed a reputation for head-to-head debates on current issues and political interviews. National news updates are presented on ABC throughout the day with evening updates presented live in most states by the state news presenters. The ABCs Brisbane studios produces the 8. 30pm weeknight update, National updates are also available on demand via ABC News Online. The news bulletins such as ABC News Mornings, ABC News Afternoons, The World, The World This Week, Weekend Breakfast, ABC News Canberra is presented from the ABCs Dickson studios by Dan Bourchier on weeknights and Craig Allen on weekends with sports presenter Chris Kimball. ABC News New South Wales is presented from the ABCs Ultimo studios by Juanita Phillips, weather is presented by Graham Creed on weeknights. The Sydney bulletin was first presented in 1956 by veteran newsreader James Dibble until June 1983 when he was replaced by Richard Morecroft - who remained as presenter for the two decades. ABC News Northern Territory is presented from ABC Northerns Darwin studios by Eleni Roussos from Sunday to Thursday, ABC News Queensland is presented from the ABCs Queensland headquarters on Brisbanes South Bank by Karina Carvalho on weeknights and Jessica van Vonderen on weekends
ABC News (Australia)
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BBC News
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BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole
BBC News
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Television News moved to BBC Television Centre in September 1969
BBC News
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BBC News
BBC News
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Angela Rippon, pictured in 1983, became the first female news presenter in 1975
BBC News
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The combined newsroom for domestic television and radio was opened at Television Centre in West London in 1998.
