Tilt–shift photography
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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.
Example of a photograph taken with a tilt–shift lens. The lens was shifted downwards to avoid perspective distortion: all vertical lines of the skyscrapers run parallel to the edges of the image. Tilting around the vertical axis resulted in a very small region in which objects appear sharp. (The depth of field is actually not reduced but tilted in reference to the image plane.) The picture shows Hong Kong viewed from Victoria Peak.
Tilt-lens photo of a model train. Note how the focus plane is along the train, and how the blurring of the background proceeds from left to right.
The 1961 35 mm f/3.5 PC-Nikkor lens—the first perspective-control lens for a 35 mm camera
Canon TS-E 24mm f/3.5L II
View camera
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A view camera is a large-format camera in which the lens forms an inverted image on a ground-glass screen directly at the film plane. The image is viewed, composed, and focused, then the glass screen is replaced with the film to expose exactly the same image seen on the screen.
A Sanderson 'Hand' camera dating from circa 1899
Viewing through a Sinar F camera
Image: View cameraman on 44 Drive for NYC 2014 Marathon jeh