1.
Ajaccio
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Ajaccio is a French commune, prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud, and head office of the Collectivité territoriale de Corse. It is also the largest settlement on the island, Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island of Corsica,210 nautical miles southeast of Marseille. The original city went into decline in the Middle Ages, after the Corsican Republic was declared in 1755 the Genoese continued to hold several citadels, including Ajaccio, until the French took control of the island. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ajacciens or Ajacciennes, the most famous of these is Napoleon Bonaparte who was born in Ajaccio in 1769, and whose ancestral home, the Maison Bonaparte, is now a museum. Other dedications to him in the city include Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport, Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island of Corsica,210 nautical miles southeast of Marseille. The commune occupies a position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio between Gravona and the pointe de la Parata and includes the îles Sanguinaires. The harbour lies to the east of the original citadel below a hill overlooking a peninsula which protects the harbour in the south where the Quai de la Citadelle and the Jettée de la Citadelle are. The modern city not only encloses the entire harbour but takes up the part of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The flow from that river is entirely consumed as the citys water supply. Many beaches and coves border its territory and the terrain is rugged in the west where the highest point is 790 m. Although the commune of Ajaccio has an area, only a small portion of this is urbanized. Therefore, the area of Ajaccio is located in the east of the commune on a narrow coastal strip forming a densely populated arc. The rest of the territory is natural with habitation of little importance, suburbanization occurs north and east of the main urban area. The original urban core, close to the old plain of Cannes was abandoned in favour of the current city which was built near the Punta della Lechia. It has undergone improvements, particularly under Napoleon, who originated the two current major structural arteries. Ajaccio experienced a boom in the 1960s, which explains why 85% of dwellings are post-1949. A dichotomy appears in the landscape between the old city and the modern buildings. Ajaccio gives the image of a city built on two different levels, the city has a Mediterranean climate which is Csa in the Köppen climate classification
Ajaccio
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The center of Ajaccio
Ajaccio
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Ajaccio Marina
Ajaccio
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The Bay
Ajaccio
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The lighthouse of the citadel of Ajaccio overlooking the bay
2.
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Neuilly-sur-Seine is a French commune just west of Paris, in the department of Hauts-de-Seine. A suburb of Paris, Neuilly is immediately adjacent to the city, the area is composed of mostly wealthy, select residential neighbourhoods, and many corporate headquarters are located there. Originally, Neuilly was a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Villiers. In 1224 another charter of Saint-Denis recorded the name as Lugniacum, in a sales contract dated 1266 the name was also recorded as Luingni. In 1316, however, in a ruling of the parlement of Paris, the name was recorded as Nully, in a document dated 1376 the name was again recorded as Nulliacum. Then in the centuries the name recorded alternated between Luny and Nully, and it is only after 1648 that the name was definitely set as Nully. The name spelt Neuilly after the French Academy standard of pronunciation of the ill as a y, various explanations and etymologies have been proposed to explain these discrepancies in the names of Neuilly recorded over the centuries. The original name of Neuilly may have been Lulliacum or Lugniacum, some interpret Lulliacum or Lugniacum as meaning estate of Lullius, probably a Gallo-Roman landowner. This interpretation is based on the many placenames of France made up of the names of Gallo-Roman landowners and these researchers contend that it is only after the fall of the Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions that the area of Neuilly was deforested and settled. Thus, they think that the name Lulliacum or Lugniacum comes from the ancient Germanic word lund meaning forest, akin to Old Norse lundr meaning grove, however, this interesting theory fails to explain why the d of lund is missing in Lulliacum or Lugniacum. Or perhaps the consonants were simply inverted under the influence of the settlements of France called Neuilly. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, a part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was annexed by the city of Paris, and forms now the neighbourhood of Ternes, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. On 11 January 1867, part of the territory of Neuilly-sur-Seine was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Clichy to create the commune of Levallois-Perret. On 2 May 1897, the name officially became Neuilly-sur-Seine. However, most people continue to refer to Neuilly-sur-Seine as simply Neuilly, during the 1900 Summer Olympics, it hosted the basque pelota events. The American Hospital of Paris was founded in 1906, in 1919, the Treaty of Neuilly was signed with Bulgaria in Neuilly-sur-Seine to conclude its role in World War I. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne, which was divided between the communes of Neuilly-sur-Seine and Boulogne-Billancourt, was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris. It was the site of the Château de Neuilly, an important royal residence during the July Monarchy, Neuilly-sur-Seine is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 1, Porte Maillot, Les Sablons and Pont de Neuilly
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Town hall
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Collège et Lycée Pasteur
Neuilly-sur-Seine
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Liceo Español Luis Buñuel
3.
Cabaret
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Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama. It is mainly distinguished by the venue, which might be a pub. The audience, often dining or drinking, does not typically dance, performances are usually introduced by a master of ceremonies or MC. The entertainment, as done by an ensemble of actors and according to its European origins, is oriented towards adult audiences. In the United States striptease, burlesque, drag shows, or a solo vocalist with a pianist, the word cabaret was first used in 1655. It is derived from tavern probably from Middle Dutch cambret, the word cabaret came to mean a restaurant or night club by 1912. Cabaret can be divided in 10 different types. However, these are artificial dividing lines, cabaret shows are most of the time a compound of elements from the different types, the cabaret performer plays with language, sometimes poetic, but often is he or she rock hard and hateful. The cabaret performer analyses in his/her stubborn manner actual, social and political topics, the cabaret performer tells an often slightly absurd story with a moral packed in it. The cabaret performer plays with music, for example by twisting or combining familiar melodies, the cabaret performer tells nonsensical and absurd stories and plays idiotic types. The emphasis is less on text in the show of cabaret performer. Here the cabaret performer eludes on his liberating through laughter role, an iteration of storytelling cabaret The cabaret performer quickly switches between the different styles/types of cabaret, types, or songs. In this the cabaret performer is a guest at a government, institution or a company, cabarets existed in Paris in the 16th century, they were ancestors of the modern restaurant. Unlike taverns they sold wine not by itself but only with a meal, customers might sing if they had drunk enough wine, but early cabarets did not have formal programs of entertainment. Cabarets were frequently used as meeting places for writers and artists, in 1773 French poets, painters, musicians and writers began to meet in a cabaret called Le Caveau on rue de Buci, where they composed and sang songs. The Caveau continued until 1816, when it was forced to close because its clients wrote songs mocking the royal government, in the 18th century the café-concert or café-chantant appeared, which offered food along with music, singers, or magicians. The most famous was the Cafe des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal, in the early 19th century many cafés-chantants appeared around the city, the most famous were the Café des Ambassadeurs on the Champs-Élysées and the Eldorado on boulevard Strasbourg. By 1900 there were more than 150 cafés-chantants in Paris, the first cabaret in the modern sense was Le Chat Noir in the Bohemian neighborhood of Montmartre, created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur
Cabaret
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1896 advertisement for a tour of the first French cabaret show, Le Chat Noir.
Cabaret
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The Café des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal (beginning of the 19th century)
Cabaret
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The composer Eric Satie playing the piano at Le Chat Noir (1880s)
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The Moulin Rouge in 1893
4.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
Columbia Records
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Original home of Columbia in Washington, D.C., in 1889
Columbia Records
Columbia Records
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A Columbia type AT cylinder graphophone, first released in 1898
Columbia Records
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This article is about the American record label active worldwide except in Japan. For the Columbia label which was a unit of EMI, see Columbia Graphophone Company. For the Columbia label in Japan, see Nippon Columbia.
5.
Film actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
Film actor
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Actors from the Comédie-Française c. 1720.
Film actor
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Actors Jim Brochu and Steve Schalchlin performing in the play The Big Voice: God or Merman
Film actor
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Actress Margaret Hughes c. 1670
Film actor
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Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949), Spaarnestad Photo
6.
Sacha Guitry
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Alexandre-Pierre Georges Sacha Guitry was a French stage actor, film actor, director, screenwriter, and playwright of the Boulevard theatre. He was the son of a leading French actor, Lucien Guitry and he became known for his stage performances, often in boulevardier roles, in the many plays he wrote, of which there were more than 120. He was married five times, always to rising actresses whose careers he furthered, probably his best-known wife was Yvonne Printemps to whom he was married between 1919 and 1932. Guitrys plays range from historical dramas to contemporary light comedies, some have musical scores, by composers including André Messager and Reynaldo Hahn. When silent films became popular Guitry avoided them, finding the lack of spoken dialogue fatal to dramatic impact, from the 1930s to the end of his life he enthusiastically embraced the cinema, making as many as five films in a single year. The later years of Guitrys career were overshadowed by accusations of collaborating with the occupying Germans after the capitulation of France in the Second World War, the charges were dismissed, but Guitry, a strongly patriotic man, was disillusioned by the vilification by some of his compatriots. By the time of his death his popular esteem had been restored to the extent that 12,000 people filed past his coffin before his burial in Paris. Guitry was born at No 12 Nevsky Prospect, Saint Petersburg, Russia, the couple had eloped, in the face of family disapproval, and were married at St Martin in the Fields, London, in 1882. They then moved to the Russian capital, where Lucien ran the French theatre company, Guitry senior was a persistent adulterer, and his wife instituted divorce proceedings in 1888. Two of their sons died in infancy, the surviving son, Jean became an actor. The familys Russian nurse habitually shortened Alexandre-Pierres name to the Russian diminutive Sacha, the young Sacha made his stage debut in his fathers company at the age of five. Lucien Guitry, considered the most distinguished actor in France since Coquelin, was immensely successful, when he returned to Paris he lived in a flat in a prestigious spot, overlooking the Place Vendôme. and the Rue de la Paix. The young Sacha lived there, and for his schooling he was first sent to the well-known Lycée Janson de Sailly in the fashionable Sixteenth arrondissement. He did not stay there, and went to a succession of other schools. After giving up school Guitry embarked on a career as a playwright with a musical piece called Le Page, with a score by Ludo Ratz. Eighteen months later he joined his fathers company at the Théâtre de la Renaissance, at first he appeared under the stage name Lorcey, the pseudonym deceived no-one, as the press immediately announced the debutants real identity. His first role was in LEscalier, by Maurice Donnay in November 1904 and he fell out with his father over what the latter saw as Guitrys lack of professionalism. In the aftermath of their quarrel they neither saw nor spoke to one another, a member of Lucien Guitrys company was a young actress, Charlotte-Augustine-Hortense Lejeune, whose stage name was Charlotte Lysès
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Sacha Guitry in 1931
Sacha Guitry
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Guitry and Printemps in Mozart (1925)
Sacha Guitry
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Guitry by Léon Gard
7.
Jules Massenet
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Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty. The two most frequently staged are Manon and Werther and he also composed oratorios, ballets, orchestral works, incidental music, piano pieces, songs and other music. While still a schoolboy, Massenet was admitted to Frances principal music college, there he studied under Ambroise Thomas, whom he greatly admired. After winning the top musical prize, the Prix de Rome, in 1863, he composed prolifically in many genres. Massenet had a sense of the theatre and of what would succeed with the Parisian public. Despite some miscalculations, he produced a series of successes that made him the composer of opera in France in the late 19th. Like many prominent French composers of the period, Massenet became a professor at the Conservatoire and he taught composition there from 1878 until 1896, when he resigned after the death of the director, Ambroise Thomas. Among his students were Gustave Charpentier, Ernest Chausson, Reynaldo Hahn, by the time of his death, Massenet was regarded by many critics as old-fashioned and unadventurous although his two best-known operas remained popular in France and abroad. After a few decades of neglect, his works began to be favourably reassessed during the mid-20th century, Massenet was born at Montaud, then an outlying hamlet and now a part of the city of Saint-Étienne, in the Loire. He was the youngest of the four children of Alexis Massenet and his second wife Eléonore-Adelaïde née Royer de Marancour, Massenet senior was a prosperous ironmonger, his wife was a talented amateur musician who gave Jules his first piano lessons. By early 1848 the family had moved to Paris, where settled in a flat in Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Massenet was educated at the Lycée Saint-Louis and, from either 1851 or 1853 and his biographer Demar Irvine dates the audition and admission as January 1853. Both sources agree that Massenet continued his education at the lycée in tandem with his musical studies. At the Conservatoire Massenet studied solfège with Augustin Savard and the piano with François Laurent and he pursued his studies, with modest distinction, until the beginning of 1855, when family concerns disrupted his education. Alexis Massenets health was poor, and on advice he moved from Paris to Chambéry in the south of France. On his return he lodged with relations in Montmartre and resumed his studies, the familys finances were no longer comfortable, and to support himself Massenet took private piano students and played as a percussionist in theatre orchestras. His work in the pit gave him a good working knowledge of the operas of Gounod and other composers, classic. He gained some work as a piano accompanist, in the course of which he met Wagner who, in 1861 Massenets music was published for the first time, the Grande Fantasie de Concert sur le Pardon de Ploërmel de Meyerbeer, a virtuoso piano work in nine sections
Jules Massenet
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Massenet photographed by Pierre Petit, 1880
Jules Massenet
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Massenet's birthplace in Montaud, photographed c. 1908
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Massenet in the early 1860s
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Auditorium of the Opéra-Comique
8.
Reynaldo Hahn
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Reynaldo Hahn was a Venezuelan, naturalised French, composer, conductor, music critic, diarist, theatre director, and salon singer. Best known as a composer of songs, he wrote in the French classical tradition of the mélodie, Reynaldo Hahn was born in Caracas, Venezuela, the youngest of twelve children. His father knew the Venezuelan President Antonio Guzmán Blanco, but the volatile political atmosphere at the end of his first term caused his father to retire. Hahns family moved to Paris when he was three years old, although he showed interest in his native music of Caracas in his youth, France would determine and define Hahns musical identity in later life. The city and its resources, the Paris Opéra, the Paris Opéra Ballet. A child prodigy, Reynaldo made his début at the salon of the eccentric Princess Mathilde, at the age of eight, Hahn composed his first songs. Despite the Paris Conservatoires tradition of antipathy towards child prodigies—Franz Liszt had famously been rebuffed by the many years before—Hahn entered the school at the age of ten. His teachers included Jules Massenet, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, alfred Cortot and Maurice Ravel were fellow students. In 1888 Reynaldo composed Si mes vers avaient des ailes to a poem by Victor Hugo, from this exposure and publicity, Hahn came into contact with many leading artists in Paris. The famed soprano Sybil Sanderson and the writer Alphonse Daudet invited Hahn into their social sphere, Hahn had a special gift of attracting important people to his side. Like many other French song composers of the time, Hahn was attracted to Hugos poetry, paul Verlaine, another poet whose lyrics inspired many of Reynaldos songs, had on one occasion a chance to hear the young composers settings of his poems. The poet wept to hear Hahns songs, stéphane Mallarmé, also present, wrote the following stanza, Le pleur qui chante au langage Du poète, Reynaldo Hahn, tendrement le dégage Comme en lallée un jet deau. By the age of nineteen in 1894, Hahn had written songs about love, however. He had close friendships with women, and they were clearly fond of the gallant. Cléopatre-Diane de Mérode, a beauty of le beau monde and three years older than Hahn, inspired him to write, I worship her as a great. Despite this tribute to her, he loved her only at a distance his whole life. The famed courtesan Liane de Pougy referred to Hahn in her diary as the sweetness in her life, though close friends, their relationship ended when de Pougy married. Hahn famously told her, Goodbye Lianon, Hahn was a closeted homosexual, even though in his personal letters he was frequently critical of homosexuals and homosexuality
Reynaldo Hahn
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Reynaldo Hahn
Reynaldo Hahn
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Reynaldo Hahn, painting by Lucie Lambert, 1907.
9.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
Marseille
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Clockwise from top: Notre-Dame de la Garde • Old Port • La Joliette with CMA CGM Tower • Calanque of Sugiton
Marseille
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View of the "Petit Nice" on the Corniche with Frioul and Château d'If in the background
Marseille
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Marseille seen from Spot Satellite
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View from Marseille's Old Port (Vieux-Port) towards Notre-Dame de la Garde
10.
French Riviera
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The Côte dAzur, often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France, also including the sovereign state of Monaco. There is no boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from the Italian border in the east to Saint-Tropez, Hyères, Toulon. This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas and it began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century. In the summer, it played home to many members of the Rothschild family. After World War II, it became a popular tourist destination and convention site, many celebrities, such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot, have homes in the region. Officially, the Côte dAzur is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents and its largest city is Nice, which has a population of 347,060. The city is the center of a communauté urbaine – Nice-Côte dAzur – bringing together 24 communes, Nice is home to Nice Côte dAzur Airport, Frances third-busiest airport, which is on an area of partially reclaimed coastal land at the western end of the Promenade des Anglais. A second airport at Mandelieu was once the commercial airport. The A8 autoroute runs through the region, as does the old main road known as the Route nationale 7. Trains serve the region and inland to Grasse, with the TGV Sud Est service reaching Nice-Ville station in five. The French Riviera has a population of more than two million. The region has 35,000 students, of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate, the French Riviera is a major yachting and cruising area with several marinas along its coast. As a tourist center, French Riviera benefits from 310 to 330 days of sunshine per year,115 kilometres of coastline, the name Côte dAzur was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book, La Côte d’azur, published in December 1887. Liégeard was born in Dijon, in the French department of Côte-dOr, the term French Riviera is typical of English use. It was built by analogy with the term Italian Riviera, which extends east of the French Riviera. As early as the 19th century, the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera, usually referring to the part of the coast. Originally, riviera is an Italian noun which means coastline, in Occitan and French, the only usual names are Còsta dAzur in Occitan and Côte dAzur in French. A name like French Riviera is unusual and sounds odd, it could work as a word-to-word translation of the British point of view
French Riviera
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The lighthouse of Nice, on the French Riviera
French Riviera
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Map showing the extent of the Côte d'Azur.
French Riviera
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View of Port Hercule, Monaco
French Riviera
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The Old Town district of Menton, which is the last town on the Côte d'Azur before the Italian frontier.
11.
Paris, France
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris, France
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris, France
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Clockwise from top: Pyramid of the Louvre, Arc de Triomphe, Palace of Versailles, skyline of Paris on the River Seine with the Pont des Arts bridge, and the Eiffel Tower - clickable image
Paris, France
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris, France
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The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
12.
Lucienne Boyer
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Lucienne Boyer was a French diseuse and singer, best known for her song Parlez-moi damour. She was born as Émilienne-Henriette Boyer in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris and her melodious voice gave her the chance, while working as a part-time model, to sing in the cabarets of Montparnasse. An office position at a prominent Parisian theater opened the door for her and within a few years she was cast as Lucienne Boyer, singing in the major Parisian music halls. In 1927, Boyer sang at a concert by the great star Félix Mayol where she was seen by the American impresario Lee Shubert who immediately offered her a contract to come to Broadway. Boyer spent nine months in New York City, returning to perform there, by 1933 she had made a large number of recordings for Columbia Records of France including her signature song, Parlez-moi damour. Written by Jean Lenoir, the won the first-ever Grand Prix du Disque of the Charles Cros Academy. Boyer lost her father in World War I and had to go to work in a munitions factory to help her family get by. In 1939, she married the cabaret singer Jacques Pills of the popular duo Pills et Tabet. Their daughter Jacqueline, born on 23 April 1941, followed in their footsteps, throughout World War II, Boyer continued to perform in France, but for her Jewish husband, it was a very difficult time. Following the Allied Forces liberation of France, her career flourished and for another thirty years. At the age of 73, she sang with her daughter at the famous Paris Olympia and she died in Paris, and was interred in the Cimetière de Bagneux in Montrouge, near Paris. Adapted from the article Lucienne Boyer, from Wikinfo, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, Lucienne Boyer at the Internet Movie Database
Lucienne Boyer
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Lucienne Boyer (1945)
13.
Marie-Louise Damien
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Marie-Louise Damien, better known by the stage name Damia, was a French singer and actress. Born in Paris, Marie-Louise Damien was 18 years old when she met the singer/songwriter Robert Hollard who gave her lessons that led to her professional debut, at the time, Hollard was married to the singer, Fréhel, but the marriage was a difficult one and soon ended. After leaving his wife, Hollard began an affair with his protégé, after being seen by Félix Mayol, one of the leading male singing stars at the time, he hired her to perform at his concerts. At the beginning of World War I she opened Le Concert Damia, in Montmartre, from this point in her career she became the most important exponent of the chanson réaliste genre until Édith Piaf came along in 1936. In 1927, she appeared in the film, Napoléon directed by Abel Gance with early silent film stars Antonin Artaud, Philippe Hériat, Annabella and her other film successes included Sola and Notre Dame De Paris, alongside Anthony Quinn. Damia had enduring appeal that stretched to audiences as far away as Japan where she toured in 1953, a few years later she did a farewell tour, ending her more than forty-year career in a double bill with Marie Dubasin front of a full house at the Paris Olympia. Her actual swansong, however, was singing Les Croix on La joie de vivre dEdith Piaf, when asked in 1974 by the Anglo-French biographer David Bret to divulge the secret of her long life and fabulous voice, Damia replied, Three packs of Gitanes a day. Damia died at La Celle-Saint-Cloud, a suburb of Paris. Today, she is considered to be the third greatest singer of chansons réalistes, after Edith Piaf, calais-Dover Damia at the Internet Movie Database
Marie-Louise Damien
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Damia in 1920
14.
Jean Sablon
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Jean Sablon was a French singer and actor. The son of a composer, with brothers and sisters who had successful careers of their own in musical entertainment and he left before graduating to enroll at the Paris Conservatoire in order to concentrate on a vocal career. He started in the cabarets of Paris at the age of 17, later, he partnered the wildly popular Mistinguett at the Casino de Paris and boosted his career considerably. He was the first cabaret singer to use a microphone in his stage act, in the 1920s he spent time in Brazil where his recordings remain extremely popular today. In 1937, he won the Grand Prix du Disque for the song Vous qui passez sans me voir, written for him by Charles Trenet and Johnny Hess. That same year, he went to the United States, where he sang on radio broadcasts for CBS. On Broadway, he worked with such as Cole Porter. He returned to Paris but, with the German occupation of France in World War II, from 1946-1947 the CBS radio network presented, The Jean Sablon Show. Sablon was accompanied by John Serry Sr. and a led by Paul Baron. On 30 March 1950 Jean Sablon recorded Cest si bon in London, on 26 June 1950 Louis Armstrong recorded the American version of the song in New York City with Sy Oliver and his Orchestra and English lyrics of Jerry Seelen. The song became a worldwide hit, Jean Sablon became one of the most widely acclaimed male French singers, considered second only in overall lifetime popularity to Maurice Chevalier. His records sold in the millions around the world and he is referred to as the French equivalent of Americas Bing Crosby. During his career, he recorded some of the worlds top musicians, including Django Reinhardt. Sablon is credited with arranging Reinhardts debut in a cabaret in 1933. He is also recognized for his talents as a lyricist and a composer, Jean Sablon died in Cannes in 1994 and was buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. Jean Sablon was the son of composer Charles Sablon and the brother of composer André Sablon and singer, the actor Jacques Sablon was his nephew. On 30 April 2004 the allée Jean Sablon was inaugurated in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, on 7 September 2006 the promenade Jean Sablon was inaugurated along the Marne, in Nogent-sur-Marne, on the occasion of an exhibition for the centenary of Sablons birth. On 10 April 2010 the allée Jean Sablon was inaugurated on the Promenade de la Croisette in Cannes, on 15 May 2015 the esplanade Jean Sablon was inaugurated in Théoule-sur-Mer
Jean Sablon
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Portrait of Jean Sablon in Hollywood in 1941.
15.
Vincent Scotto
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Vincent Scotto was a French composer. Vincent Scotto was born on April 21,1874 in Marseille and he started his career in Marseille in 1906 and later moved to Paris. Over the course of a lifetime, he wrote 4,000 songs as well as sixty operettas and he was friends with Marcel Pagnol and wrote music for his films. Over time, he wrote music for about fifty films in the 1940s and 1950s, in 1973, a biographical TV film was broadcast, La Vie rêvée de Vincent Scotto. He died on November 15,1952 in Paris, a bust of Vincent Scotto by sculptor André Arbus can be found facing the Vieux Port in Place aux Huiles, Marseille. The Square Vincent Scotto in Aix-en-Provence is named for him, kiss Me To the Polls, Citizens Bach the Millionaire The Agony of the Eagles Three Sailors Marinella Bach the Detective Sarati the Terrible Monsieur Brotonneau When Do You Commit Suicide. Vincent Scotto on data. bnf. fr Vincent Scotto at the Internet Movie Database Vincent Scotto at the Internet Broadway Database
Vincent Scotto
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Bust of Vincent Scotto by André Arbus on the Place aux Huiles, Marseille, France
16.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
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The "arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
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Regions where French is the main language
French language
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Town sign in Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of Rechmaya in Lebanon.
French language
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An obsolete 100 Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
17.
German occupation of France during World War II
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The Military Administration in France was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called zone occupée was renamed zone nord in November 1942, for instance, France agreed that its soldiers would remain prisoners of war until the cessation of all hostilities. Replacing the French Third Republic that had dissolved during Frances defeat was the French State, as Paris was located in the occupied zone, its government was seated in the spa town of Vichy in Auvergne, and therefore it was more commonly known as Vichy France. While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France, the Vichy government remained in existence, even though its authority was now severely curtailed. The military administration in France ended with the Liberation of France after the Normandy and it formally existed from May 1940 to December 1944, though most of its territory had been liberated by the Allies by the end of summer 1944. Another forbidden zone were areas in north-eastern France, corresponding to Lorraine and roughly about half each of Franche-Comté, Champagne, War refugees were prohibited from returning to their homes, and it was intended for German settlers and annexation in the coming Nazi New Order. The occupied zone consisted of the rest of northern and western France and it constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres, approximately 45 percent of France, and included approximately 33 percent of the total French labor force. The demarcation line between the zone and the occupied zone was a de facto border, necessitating special authorisation. These restrictions remained in place after Vichy was occupied and the zone renamed zone sud, the Italian occupation zone consisted of small areas along the Alps border, and a 50-kilometre demilitarised zone along the same. As it was done at the place and in the same railroad carriage where the armistice ending the First World War when Germany surrendered. France was roughly divided into a northern zone and an unoccupied southern zone. The French colonial empire remained under the authority of Marshall Pétains Vichy regime, the French government undertakes to facilitate in every way possible the implementation of these rights, and to provide the assistance of the French administrative services to that end. The military administration was responsible for affairs in occupied France. It was divided into Kommandanturen, in decreasing hierarchical order Oberfeldkommandanturen, Feldkommandanturen, Kreiskommandanturen and it also had the help of collaborationists auxiliaries like the Milice, the Franc-Gardes and the Legionary Order Service. The two main collaborationist political parties were the French Popular Party and the National Popular Rally, each with 20,000 to 30,000 members. Some Frenchmen also volunteered directly in German forces to fight for Germany and/or against Bolsheviks, Volunteers from this and other outfits later constituted the cadre of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne. Examples of these are PPF leader Jacques Doriot, writer Robert Brasillach or Marcel Déat, a principal motivation and ideological foundation among collaborationnistes was anti-communism. The Wehrmacht maintained a number of divisions in France
German occupation of France during World War II
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German (pink) and Italian (green) occupation zones of France: the zone occupée, the zone libre, the zone interdite, the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France, and annexed Alsace-Lorraine.
German occupation of France during World War II
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Flag
German occupation of France during World War II
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German soldiers march through the Arc de Triomphe on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris (June 1940).
German occupation of France during World War II
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German control post on the Demarcation Line
18.
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett was a French actress and singer, whose birth name was Jeanne Florentine Bourgeois. She was at one time the female entertainer in the world. The family moved to Soisy-sous-Montmorency where she spent her childhood, her parents worked as mattress-makers. At an early age Bourgeois aspired to be an entertainer and she began as a flower seller in a restaurant in her hometown, singing popular ballads as she sold blossoms. After taking classes in theatre and singing, she began her career as an entertainer in 1885, one day on the train to Paris for a violin lesson, she met Saint-Marcel, who directed the revue at the Casino de Paris. Bourgeois made her debut as Mistinguett at the Casino de Paris in 1895 and went on to appear in such as the Folies Bergère, Moulin Rouge. In 1919 her legs were insured for 500,000 francs, though Mistinguett never married, she had a son, Léopoldo João de Lima e Silva, by Brazilian diplomat Leopoldo de Lima e Silva, the latter was a grandson of the Duke of Caxias. She also had a relationship with Maurice Chevalier,13 years her junior. It is claimed that she and Chevalier informed the police in 1940 that singer/songwriter Charles Trenet was gay and she first recorded her signature song, Mon Homme, in 1916. It was popularised under its English title My Man by Fanny Brice and has become a standard in the repertoire of numerous pop, during a tour of the United States, Mistinguett was asked by Time magazine to explain her popularity. Her answer was, It is a kind of magnetism, I say Come closer and draw them to me. Mistinguett died in Bougival, France, at the age of 80, attended by her son and she is buried in the Cimetière Enghien-les-Bains, Île-de-France, France. Upon her death, writer Jean Cocteau observed in an obituary, Her voice, slightly off-key, was that of the Parisian street hawkers—the husky and she was of the animal race that owes nothing to intellectualism. She flattered a French patriotism that was not shameful and it is normal now that she should crumble, like the other caryatids of that great and marvelous epoch that was ours. Carosello del varietà Paris 1900 Rigolboche, lina Bourget Island of Love Mistinguett détective II Mistinguett détective Flower of Paris. Margot Panard et Mistinguett Sous la menace The Gold Chignon Doppia ferita, La Valse renversante, La Misérables – Époque 4, Cosette et Marius, Éponine Misérables – Époque 3, Cosette, Les. Éponine Misérables – Époque 2, Fantine, Les, Éponine Thénardier Misérables – Époque 1, Jean Valjean, Les. Fernande, dite La Glu Une bougie récalcitrante Parapluie, Le Vocation de Lolo, La À bas les hommes Bal costumé Coup de foudre, Le Folle de Penmarch, La
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett by Nadar
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett in Moulin Rouge tenue in 1911
Mistinguett
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Mistinguett in the United States in 1924
Mistinguett
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Poster "Mistinguett Moulin Rouge", by Charles Gesmar, 1926
19.
Nogent-sur-Marne
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Nogent-sur-Marne is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.6 km from the centre of Paris, Nogent-sur-Marne is a sous-préfecture of the Val-de-Marne département, being the seat of the Arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Marne. Several origins of the name are proposed, Novigentum, new people, nov. indicates fatty or soaked grounds. Novientum which is the Gallic equivalent of medieval French Villeneuve or English Newtown, in the Middle Ages, several castles were built. Le Château de Plaisance, built in the 13th century, which hosted Charles V, the only vestige which remains is a house of the current private hospital,30 rue de Plaisance, as well as the bottom of the enclosing wall of the gardens. Le Château de Beauté sur Marne, 14th century, is a royal stay, cardinal de Richelieu destroyed it in 1626. In the 17th century, whereas the population was made up of a majority of vine growers, the middle-class discovered the charms of the country. Jean-Antoine Watteau lived in Mr. Lefevres house his last moments, the construction of the two railway lines, Paris–Mulhouse and Bastille–La Varenne in the 1850s still accelerated the process. The viaduct, built by Auvergnats and Belgians was destroyed once on 15 September 1870, italians rebuilt it, an Italian community was established there. Coming, for the majority, from the province of Piacenza, isolated since 1854 by the construction of a viaduct for the Paris–Mulhouse line, the commune of Le Perreux sur Marne is born after a fight of more than 10 years in 1887. On 28 February 1887, more than half of the territory of Nogent-sur-Marne was detached, in 1929, the commune of Nogent-sur-Marne lost a small part of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the Bois de Vincennes, the eastern fringe of which belonged to Nogent-sur-Marne. Autoroutes, A4 A86 both at 03 - A4–A86 Junction, Nogent-sur-Marne N34 by boat, by Marne, from Paris, collège Pierre Brossolette is in nearby Le Perreux. The commune has two public academic high schools/sixth-form colleges, Lycée Branly and Lycée Louis Armand, as well as two high schools, La Source and Val de Beauté. Private schools, Lycée Albert-de-Mun Institut Montalembert Bibliothèque Cavanna serves as the municipal library
Nogent-sur-Marne
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The Pavillon Baltard
Nogent-sur-Marne
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Railway bridge of Nogent-sur-Marne
Nogent-sur-Marne
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Nogent-sur-Marne, Leclerc square
20.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
Comic book
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Comic books on display at a museum
Comic book
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René Goscinny (1926 – 1977), writer of the Astérix comic book series.
Comic book
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Hugo Pratt (1927 – 1995), author of the Corto Maltese comic book series.
21.
Asterix in Corsica
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Asterix in Corsica is the twentieth volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo. It was originally serialized in Pilote issues 687-708 in 1973 and it is the best-selling title in the history of the series, owing to its sales in the French market, but is one of the lowest-selling titles in the English language. In most editions of this book the map that is shown before the story begins does not present Gaul, instead the reader is shown a map of Corsica and a multiple of camps around the coast-line. The story begins with a banquet celebrating the anniversary of Vercingetorixs victory at the Battle of Gergovia. As part of the celebrations, the indomitable Gauls always attack the local Roman camps, as a result, on this particular year various people who have helped the Gauls against the Romans in previous books have been invited along with their wives. The Roman camp of Totorum, too, has visitors, three Roman soldiers escorting the Corsican leader Boneywasawarriorwayayix, exiled by Praetor Perfidius and he is left to spend the night in the Centurions tent, to its owners dismay. The proud Boneywasawarriorwayayix attends the Gaulish banquet and leaves the day for Corsica with Asterix, Obelix and Dogmatix accompanying him. At Massalia, he hires a ship crewed by none other than Captain Redbeard, when the passengers go aboard it is too dark for the captain and the Gauls to recognise each other. But when, in the middle of the night, the attempt to rob the Corsican. The following morning the passengers awake to find to their astonishment that the ship is deserted, Boneywasawarriorwayayix then invites the Gauls to share a pungent Corsican cheese. Not used to the smell, they feel unwell, but then the Corsican realises that they are off the coast of his native island, abandons the cheese. The arrival of the three men and dog is noticed by a Roman patrol, the Romans go to investigate the ship for anything suspicious, but find nothing. As they leave, the pirates arrive to reclaim their vessel, unfortunately, the presence of a burning torch ignites the fumes from the Corsican cheese, blowing up the ship. A keen young Roman called Courtingdisastus captures the pirate captain and takes him as a prisoner before Praetor Perfidius in the Roman city of Aleria, from him, the Romans learn that Boneywasawarriorwayayix, a known revolutionary leader, has returned from exile. Perfidius announces that he must be recaught and appoints Courtingdisastus leader of the party sent to recapture Boneywasawarriorwayayix, Courtingdisastus and his men go to Boneywasawarriorwayayixs village, but are faced by his second-in-command Carferrix, who intimidates them into fleeing. The attack begins before Perfidius can make his escape, Boneywasawarriorwayayix then makes a proud and defiant speech stating that Corsica will never be ruled by an Emperor unless he is a Corsican himself. The Gauls return home with fond memories of their trip, throughout the album the stereotypical laziness of the Corsicans is satirized, often in combination with their well known siesta. The importance to Corsicans of honor and respect is satirized several times, as are their vendettas, the knives they use are authentic vendetta knives
Asterix in Corsica
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Asterix in Corsica (Astérix en Corse)
Asterix in Corsica
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A vendetta knife, similar to those used in Corsica.
22.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
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Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
23.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Find a Grave
Find a Grave
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Find A Grave.com's current headquarters in Provo, Utah
24.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
25.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
26.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
MusicBrainz
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Tino Rossi
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Constantin Tino Rossi was a French singer and film actor. Rossi, born in Ajaccio, Corsica, was gifted with a well suited for opera. He became a tenor in the French cabaret-style, later, he appeared in various movies. During his career he recorded hundreds of songs and he appeared in more than 25 films and his romantic ballads had especially women swooning and his art-songs by Jules Massenet, Reynaldo Hahn, and other composers, sold out theaters wherever he performed. He remains the only French singer to have more than 700 million records. His disc Petit Papa Noël alone sold 80 million copies worldwide, as a young man, Rossi played guitar and sang in many places of his hometown of Ajaccio, but later he went to perform in Marseille and at resort clubs along the French Riviera. Rossis success was aided by songwriter Vincent Scotto, who wrote his first hits and collaborated with him for many years. Prior to World War II, Rossi was a box office attraction in the French speaking world. Rossi began his career with a role in Les Nuits Moscovites. During the Occupation of France by Nazi Germany Rossis film career reached its peak, notably with Fièvres, Le Soleil a toujours raison, Mon amour est près de toi, in 1946 his song Petit Papa Noël sold more than thirty million copies worldwide. A Christmas classic for the family, the still sells by the thousands each December. The recipient of many awards, including the prestigious Grand Prix du Disque. In 1948 Tino Rossi married Lilia Vetti, a dancer he had met in 1941 thanks to revue leader Mistinguett. They had one son Laurent and remained married to each other until his death, in 1982 President François Mitterrand named Rossi a Commander of the Legion of Honor for his contributions to French culture. That same year Rossi gave his last public performance at the Casino de Paris, Rossi died of pancreatic cancer in 1983 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. His body was transported to Ajaccio for burial in the family grave and his wife died in 2003 aged 79. Ajaccio named a street and the harbor in his honor and in Nogent-sur-Marne. Tino Rossis unique status on Corsica is reflected in several references to him in the comic book Asterix in Corsica by Uderzo and Goscinny
Tino Rossi
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Tino Rossi
