1.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
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United States
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The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge from Marin Headlands
San Francisco, California
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco, California
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1853 United States Coast Survey Map
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
4.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
Yale University
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Charter creating Collegiate School, which became Yale College, October 9, 1701
Yale University
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Yale University Seal
Yale University
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A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel, Daniel Bowen, 1786.
Yale University
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First diploma awarded by Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.
5.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
6.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
Stanford University
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Leland Stanford, the university's founder, as painted by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier in 1881 and now on display at the Cantor Center
Stanford University
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Seal of Stanford University
Stanford University
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Statue of the Stanford family, by Larkin G. Mead (1899)
Stanford University
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The ruins of the unfinished Stanford Library after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
7.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States dollar
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Series of 1917 $1 United States bill
United States dollar
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Federal Reserve Notes
United States dollar
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Spanish silver real or peso of 1768
United States dollar
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Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President William McKinley.
8.
1,000,000,000 (number)
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1,000,000,000 is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. One billion can also be written as b or bn, in scientific notation, it is written as 1 ×109. The SI prefix giga indicates 1,000,000,000 times the base unit, one billion years may be called eon in astronomy and geology. Previously in British English, the word billion referred exclusively to a million millions, however, this is no longer as common as earlier, and the word has been used to mean one thousand million for some time. The alternative term one thousand million is used in the U. K. or countries such as Spain that uses one thousand million as one million million constitutes a billion. The worded figure, as opposed to the figure is used to differentiate between one thousand million or one billion. The term milliard can also be used to refer to 1,000,000,000, whereas milliard is seldom used in English, in the South Asian numbering system, it is known as 100 crore or 1 Arab. 1000000007 – smallest prime number with 10 digits,1023456789 – smallest pandigital number in base 10. 1026753849 – smallest pandigital square that includes 0,1073741824 –2301073807359 – 14th Kynea number. 1162261467 –3191220703125 –513 1232922769- 35113^2 Centered hexagonal number,1234567890 – pandigital number with the digits in order. 1882341361 – The least prime whose reversal is both square and triangular,1977326743 –7112147483647 – 8th Mersenne prime and the largest signed 32-bit integer. 2147483648 –2312176782336 –6122214502422 – 6th primary pseudoperfect number,2357947691 –1192971215073 – 11th Fibonacci prime. 3405691582 – hexadecimal CAFEBABE, used as a placeholder in programming,3405697037 – hexadecimal CAFED00D, used as a placeholder in programming. 3735928559 – hexadecimal DEADBEEF, used as a placeholder in programming,3486784401 –3204294836223 – 16th Carol number. 4294967291 – Largest prime 32-bit unsigned integer,4294967295 – Maximum 32-bit unsigned integer, perfect totient number, product of the five prime Fermat numbers. 4294967296 –2324294967297 – the first composite Fermat number,6103515625 –5146210001000 – only self-descriptive number in base 10. 6975757441 –1786983776800 – 15th colossally abundant number, 15th superior highly composite number 7645370045 – 27th Pell number,8589934592 –2339043402501 – 25th Motzkin number. 9814072356 – largest square pandigital number, largest pandigital pure power,9876543210 – largest number without redundant digits
1,000,000,000 (number)
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Visualisation of powers of ten from one to 1 billion
9.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
Democratic Party (United States)
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Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
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The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908), Josephus Daniels, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
Democratic Party (United States)
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John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
10.
Hedge fund
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It is administered by a professional investment management firm, and often structured as a limited partnership, limited liability company, or similar vehicle. The name hedge fund originated from the long and short positions that the first of these funds used to hedge market risk. Over time, the types and nature of the hedging concepts expanded, today, hedge funds engage in a diverse range of markets and strategies and employ a wide variety of financial instruments and risk management techniques. Hedge funds are available only to certain accredited investors and cannot be offered or sold to the general public. Hedge funds have existed for decades, and became increasingly popular, growing to be a substantial fraction of asset management. Hedge funds are almost always open-ended and allow additions or withdrawals by their investors, the value of an investors holding is directly related to the fund net asset value. Many hedge fund investment strategies aim to achieve a return on investment regardless of whether markets are rising or falling. Hedge fund managers often invest money of their own in the fund they manage, a hedge fund typically pays its investment manager an annual management fee, and a performance fee. Both co-investment and performance fees serve to align the interests of managers with those of the investors in the fund, some hedge funds have several billion dollars of assets under management. The word hedge, meaning a line of bushes around a field, has long used as a metaphor for the placing of limits on risk. Early hedge funds sought to hedge specific investments against general market fluctuations by shorting the market, nowadays, however, many different investment strategies are used, many of which do not hedge risk. During the US bull market of the 1920s, there were numerous private investment vehicles available to wealthy investors. The sociologist Alfred W. Jones is credited with coining the phrase hedged fund and is credited with creating the first hedge fund structure in 1949, although this has been disputed. Jones referred to his fund as being hedged, a term commonly used on Wall Street to describe the management of investment risk due to changes in the financial markets. In the 1970s, hedge funds specialized in a single strategy, many hedge funds closed during the recession of 1969–70 and the 1973–1974 stock market crash due to heavy losses. They received renewed attention in the late 1980s, during the 1990s, the number of hedge funds increased significantly, funded with wealth created during the 1990s stock market rise. The increased interest was due to the aligned-interest compensation structure and the promise of high returns. Over the next decade hedge fund strategies expanded to include, credit arbitrage, distressed debt, fixed income, quantitative, US institutional investors such as pension and endowment funds began allocating greater portions of their portfolios to hedge funds
Hedge fund
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Financial market participants
11.
Philanthropist
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Philanthropy means etymologically, the love of humanity, in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing, and enhancing what it means to be human. In this meaning, it both the benefactor in their identifying and exercising their values, and the beneficiary in their receipt. A person who practices philanthropy is called a philanthropist, Philanthropy has distinguishing features from charity, not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa, though there is a recognized degree of overlap in practice. The literal, classical definitions and understandings of the term philanthropy derive from its origins in the Greek φιλανθρωπία, the most conventional modern definition is private initiatives, for public good, focusing on quality of life. This combines the social scientific aspect developed in the century with the humanistic tradition. These distinctions have been analyzed by Olivier Zunz, and others, instances of philanthropy commonly overlap with instances of charity, though not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa. The difference commonly cited is that charity relieves the pains of social problems, the first use of the noun form philanthrôpía came shortly thereafter, in the early Platonic dialogue Euthyphro. Socrates is reported to have said that his out of his thoughts freely to his listeners was his philanthrôpía. In the second century CE, Plutarch used the concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings and this Classically synonymous troika, of philanthropy, the humanities, and liberal education, declined with the replacement of the classical world by Christianity. During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded by Caritas charity, selfless love, Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s, who is largely credited with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture. Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with goodness, which correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue, then in the 1700s, an influential lexical figurehead by the name of Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as love of mankind, good nature. This definition still survives today and is cited more gender-neutrally as the love of humanity. However, it was Noah Webster who would more accurately reflect the usage in American English. The precise meaning of philanthropy is still a matter of some contention, nevertheless, there are some working definitions to which the community associated with the field of philanthropic studies most commonly subscribes. The Greeks adopted the love of humanity as an ideal, whose goal was excellence —the fullest self-development, of a body, mind, and spirit. The Platonic Academys philosophical dictionary defined Philanthropy as a state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity, just as Prometheus human-empowering gifts rebelled against the tyranny of Zeus, philanthropic was also associated with freedom and democracy. Both Socrates and the laws of Athens were described as philanthropic and democratic, gradually there emerged a non-religious agricultural infrastructure based on peasant farming organized into manors, which were, in turn, organized for law and order by feudalism. Francis Bacon in 1592 wrote in a letter that his vast contemplative ends expressed his philanthropic, Henry Cockeram, in his English dictionary, cited philanthropy as a synonym for humanity—thus reaffirming the Classical formulation
Philanthropist
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The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.
Philanthropist
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Andrew Carnegie 's philanthropy. Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903
Philanthropist
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John D. Rockefeller in 1885
Philanthropist
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Front building of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle
12.
Farallon Capital
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Farallon Capital Management, L. L. C. is an American investment firm that manages capital on behalf of institutions and individuals. The firm was founded by Tom Steyer in 1986, headquartered in San Francisco, California, the firm employs approximately 165 professionals in eight countries around the world. Farallon primarily manages capital for university endowments, foundations, and high-net-worth individuals, Tom Steyer founded Farallon in January 1986 with $15 million in seed capital. Farallon made a name for itself by being one of the first firms to raise money from a university endowment, in 1987, Steyer, who received his bachelors degree from Yale, approached the universitys endowment to allocate funds for Farallon to manage. The Yale endowment declined based on the fees charged by Farallon, david Swensen, Yales chief investment officer, later came to an arrangement with Tom Steyer in which Farallon would initially manage an allocation of the Yale endowment for no fee. After Yales investment proved to be lucrative, many other college endowments, Farallon pioneered absolute return investing, a model focusing on potential returns as well as risk adjusted returns. Absolute return investing treats every investment—whether a residential mortgage, a stock, or a parcel of land—as a bond. Farallon typically holds positions anywhere from two to five years, Farallon also practices event driven international investing, finding distressed international companies and helping the businesses restructure. In 1999, Farallon bought a stake in an Argentine shoe company. And in 2002, Farallon bought control of Bank Central Asia, at the time, many of Indonesias banks were on the verge of collapse because of bad loans made during President Suhartos leadership and the country was seen as dangerous for foreign investment. Over the next four years, Farallon installed a new chairman, after Farallon sold its stake for a profit in 2006, many other institutional investors began to look to Indonesia for returns. In the year before Farallons investment in Indonesia, $286 million flowed into the country as foreign direct investment, after Farallon exited, that number grew to $1 billion in 2007 and $4 billion in 2008. According to Council on Foreign Relations economics fellow Sebastian Mallaby, Farallons investment was a blessing for Indonesia, according to Institutional Investors Alpha, Steyer considers himself as a research-oriented fundamental investor, not a trader. In March 2010, Farallon announced plans to refocus its investing on risk arbitrage and credit wagers, in addition, the firm said it would disclose more information to clients to foster a more open culture at the hedge fund. Farallon Capital Institutional Partners - for Farallons institutional investors to invest in, in 2007, Farallon in partnership with Simon Property Group and other hedge funds purchased Mills Corp, a real estate investment trust. In 2006 it was reported that Farallon Capital was the largest hedge fund in the world in 2005, Steyer named the firm after the Farallon Islands off the coast of the San Francisco Bay Area. Spokes act as the firms Co-Managing Partners, Spokes was promoted to the position in 2007. Prior to his promotion, Spokes oversaw portfolio management and strategy for Farallon exclusive subadviser Noonday Global Management, Spokes opened Farallons first international office in London in 1998
Farallon Capital
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Farallon Capital Management, L.L.C.
13.
Hellman & Friedman
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H&F has focused its efforts on several core target industries including media, financial services, professional services and information services. The firm tends to avoid asset intensive or other industrial businesses, H&F is based in San Francisco, with offices in New York and London. As of 2011, H&F employed approximately 50 investment professionals, including 15 managing directors,6 principals and 13 associates as well as senior advisors, Hellman & Friedman was founded in 1984 by Warren Hellman and Tully Friedman. Before H&F, Hellman was a partner of Hellman, Ferri Investment Associates. Today, Matrix is among the most prominent venture capital firms in the U. S, before that, Hellman worked in investment banking at Lehman Brothers, where he served as president as well as head of the Investment Banking Division and Chairman of Lehman Corporation. Tully Friedman was formerly a director at Salomon Brothers. In 1997, Friedman left the firm to found Friedman Fleischer & Lowe, a core element in H&Fs strategy is investing in growth opportunities whether in an industry sector or a specific company. H&F invests in a variety of structures, frequently making minority investments with only limited controls, H&F views its willingness to accept minority positions as the competitive advantage while acknowledging the inherent risks associated with a minority position.4 billion.1 billion in cash. In February 2015, it was announced that Hellman & Friedman were putting together a bid for used car company Auto Trader
Hellman & Friedman
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3i Group
Hellman & Friedman
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Hellman & Friedman LLC
14.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
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San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge from Marin Headlands
San Francisco
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
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1853 United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
15.
The Giving Pledge
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The Giving Pledge is a campaign to encourage the wealthy people of the world to contribute their wealth to philanthropic causes. The organizations goal is to inspire the people of the world to give half of their net worth to philanthropy. The pledge is a commitment to give, not a legal contract. In June 2010, the Giving Pledge campaign was announced and Bill Gates. As of August 2010, the wealth of the first 40 pledgers was $125 billion. As of April 2011,69 billionaires had joined the campaign and given a pledge, as of 2012, signatories of the pledge included, Hasso Plattner, David Rockefeller, Azim Premji, Richard Branson, Elon Musk, Tim Cook, Sara Blakely, and Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw. By June 2016,154 individuals and/or couples were listed as pledgers, $732 billion has been pledged by 139 individuals
The Giving Pledge
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The Giving Pledge
16.
The environment
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The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some part of Earth and this environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather, and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. Even acts which seem less extreme, such as building a mud hut or a system in the desert. Though many animals build things to provide an environment for themselves, they are not human, hence beaver dams. People seldom find absolutely natural environments on Earth, and naturalness usually varies in a continuum, more precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform. If, for instance, in a field, the mineralogic composition and the structure of its soil are similar to those of an undisturbed forest soil. Natural environment is used as a synonym for habitat. For instance, when we say that the environment of giraffes is the savanna. Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life respectively. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, Earth science, is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. There are four major disciplines in sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology, the Earths crust, or lithosphere, is the outermost solid surface of the planet and is chemically and mechanically different from underlying mantle. It has been generated greatly by igneous processes in which magma cools, beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the decay of radioactive elements. The mantle though solid is in a state of rheic convection and this convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics, volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material or of rising mantle at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes. An ocean is a body of saline water, and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered by ocean, a body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans. More than half of area is over 3,000 meters deep
The environment
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Land management policies have been developed to preserve the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia while allowing ample access for visitors.
The environment
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Bachalpsee in the Swiss Alps: Mountainous areas in Switzerland are summer farm pasture.
The environment
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A satellite image of the Sahara desert; the world's largest hot desert and third-largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic.
The environment
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A volcanic fissure and lava channel.
17.
Buckley School (New York City)
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Buckley School is an independent, K-9 day school for boys located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. The school has three divisions, Lower School, Middle School and Upper School, with a student body of approximately 370 pupils and 90 faculty, the headmaster is Gregory J. O’Melia, who is the sixth headmaster to be appointed since the schools founding in 1913. Buckley is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools, the New York State Association of Independent Schools, additionally, it is a charter member of the Manhattan Private Middle School League and the Metropolitan Private Middle School Track and Field Association. The school’s motto is “Honor et Veritas”, and its seal is a shield. B. Lord Buckley, an educator, founded Buckley in 1913 as a boys elementary school with the aim of offering a classical curriculum. The original school was located above a shop on Madison Avenue. In 1917, the moved to a larger building on East 74th Street. In the late 1990s, Buckley purchased a townhouse on E 73rd Street to house the Walsh building, the 74th Street Hubball building continues to be a part of the school and houses Beginners classrooms and athletic facilities. In 2014 two townhouses were purchased on E 73rd Street to serve as the schools Arts and Sciences building, five headmasters have succeeded B. Lord Buckley, Evelyn Adams, James Hubball, C. Brett Boocock, Brian Walsh and its current headmaster, Gregory O’Melia. Buckley offers a rigorous, classical, strenuous, curriculum set across 6 townhouses off New Yorks famed Park Avenue, Buckley offers a wide range of athletic activities to encourage fitness and strong sportsmanship. Games and practices are held on Randall’s Island, every year, varsity football teams from Buckley and a rival, the - Allen-Stevenson School - compete in a match known as the East Side Bowl. The winning team takes home the East Side Cup, the Buckley varsity wrestling team competes in the King of the Ring Tournament every year. In 2012, they won the championship for the 25th consecutive year. Field Day takes place at the end of the year on Randall’s Island. Boys in every class compete in track races as well as fun events, such as tug of war, sack races, egg relays. Finch, attorney and business executive James Harder, actor and son of American Businessman & Titanic Survivor Achilles Harder John V, chairman of Rockefeller Family Foundation, member of Council on Foreign Relations and philanthropist Michael C. Boston Area Music Promoter Mad Men character Pete Campbell is portrayed as an alumnus, as well as of Deerfield Academy, the Bonfire of the Vanitiess Shermon Master of the Universe McCoy is portrayed as an alumnus, as well as of St. Pauls and Yale. Alumnus Michael C. Rockefeller was presumed eaten by sharks, saltwater crocodiles or captured by natives in the Asmat region of Papua New Guinea, site of Vice President Nelson Rockefellers last public appearance before his death Official website
Buckley School (New York City)
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The Buckley School
18.
Philips Exeter Academy
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Phillips Exeter Academy is a coeducational independent school for boarding and day students between the 9th and 12th grade. It is located in Exeter, New Hampshire, and is one of the oldest secondary schools in the United States and it is particularly noted for its innovation and application of Harkness education, a system based on a conference format of student interaction with minimal teacher involvement. It bears similarities to the Socratic method of learning through asking questions, Phillips Exeter Academy students and alumni are called Exonians, and students, faculty and staff often refer to the school as Exeter or PEA. The school has the largest endowment of any New England boarding school, in 2015–2016, over 45% of students received financial aid from grants totalling over $19M. Phillips Exeter Academy had a rate of 11% for the 2014–2015 school year. The schools day-to-day operation are headed by a Principal, while management of the financial and physical resources are overseen by the Trustees. Trustees are drawn from former Exonians and appoint the Principal, the faculty of the school are responsible for governing matters relating to student life, both in and out of the classroom. Students are housed in 26 single-sex dormitories, each headed by a dormitory head, nearly a third of graduates go into the Ivy League. The schools first enrolled class counted 56 boys, in 1970, present-day enrollment stands at over 1,000 of a roughly equal ratio from both sexes. It is a member of the Ten Schools Admissions Organization, Phillips Exeter Academy was established in 1781 by John Phillips. As a result of family relationship, the two schools share a rivalry. The school that Phillips founded at Exeter was to educate students under a Calvinist religious framework, however, like his nephew who founded Andover, Phillips stipulated in the schools founding charter that it would ever be equally open to youth of requisite qualifications from every quarter. Phillips had previously married to Sarah Gilman, wealthy widow of Phillipss cousin, merchant Nathaniel Gilman, whose large fortune, bequeathed to Phillips. In 1814, Nicholas Gilman, signer of the U. S. Constitution, the academys first schoolhouse, the First Academy Building, was built on a site on Tan Lane in 1783, and today stands not far from its original location. The building was dedicated on February 20,1783, the day that the schools first Preceptor. This would be a revolution in methods. The result was Harkness teaching, in which a teacher and a group of work together, exchanging ideas and information. In November 1930, Harkness gave Exeter $5.8 million to support this initiative, since then, the Academys principal mode of instruction has been by discussion, seminar style, around an oval table known as the Harkness table
Philips Exeter Academy
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John Phillips, the founder of Phillips Exeter Academy
Philips Exeter Academy
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Non Sibi (Not for Oneself) Finis Origine Pendet (The End Depends Upon the Beginning) Χάριτι Θεοῦ (By the Grace of God)
Philips Exeter Academy
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First Academy Building c. 1910, where the school opened in 1783
Philips Exeter Academy
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Edward S. Harkness, benefactor
19.
Economics
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Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system
Economics
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Economists study trade, production and consumption decisions, such as those that occur in a traditional marketplace.
Economics
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World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2014)
Economics
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In Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured: São Paulo Stock Exchange, Brazil.
Economics
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A map showing the main trade routes for goods within late medieval Europe.
20.
Phi Beta Kappa
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
Phi Beta Kappa
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Present day Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall entrance at The College of William & Mary.
Phi Beta Kappa
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society
Phi Beta Kappa
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society National Headquarters located in the historic Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
21.
Soccer
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
Soccer
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The attacking player (No. 10) attempts to kick the ball beyond the opposing team's goalkeeper and between the goalposts and beneath the crossbar to score a goal
Soccer
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Children playing cuju in Song dynasty China
Soccer
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Ebenezer Cobb Morley, who is regarded as the "father of football"
Soccer
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A women's international match between the United States and Germany
22.
Morgan Stanley
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Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing investment banking, securities, wealth management and investment management services. It is headquartered at 1585 Broadway in the Morgan Stanley Building, Midtown Manhattan, with offices in more than 42 countries and more than 55,000 employees, the firms clients include corporations, governments, institutions and individuals. Morgan Stanley, formed by J. P. Morgan & Co, in its first year the company operated with a 24% market share in public offerings and private placements. The main areas of business for the firm today are Institutional Securities, the company operates in three business segments, Institutional Securities, Wealth Management, and Investment Management. Morgan Stanley traces its roots in the history of J. P. Morgan & Co, following the Glass–Steagall Act, it was no longer possible for a corporation to have banking and commercial banking businesses under a single holding entity. J. P. Morgan & Co. chose the commercial banking business over the investment banking business. As a result, some of the employees of J. P. Morgan & Co. most notably Henry S. Morgan and Harold Stanley, left J. P. Morgan & Co. and joined some others from the Drexel partners to form Morgan Stanley. The firm formally opened the doors for business on September 16,1935, at Floor 19,2 Wall Street, within its first year, it achieved 24% market share among public offerings. The firm was involved with the distribution of 1938 US$100 million of debentures for the United States Steel Corporation as the lead underwriter, the firm also obtained the distinction of being the lead syndicate in the 1939 U. S. rail financing. The firm went through a reorganization in 1941 to allow for more activity in its securities business. The firm was led by Perry Hall, the last founder to lead Morgan Stanley, Morgan Stanley credits itself with having created the first viable computer model for financial analysis in 1962, thereby starting a new trend in the field of financial analysis. Future president and chairman Dick Fisher contributed to the model as a young employee, learning the FORTRAN. In 1967 it established the Morgan & Cie, International in Paris in an attempt to enter the European securities market and it acquired Brooks, Harvey & Co. Inc. in 1967 and established a presence in the real estate business. By 1971 the firm had established its Mergers & Acquisitions business along with Sales & Trading, the sales and trading business is believed to be the brainchild of Bob Baldwin. In 1996 Morgan Stanley acquired Van Kampen American Capital, on February 5,1997 the company merged with Dean Witter Reynolds and Discover & Co. the spun-off financial services business of Sears Roebuck. Dean Witters Chairman and CEO, Philip J. Purcell, held the roles in the newly merged Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Discover & Co. In 1998 the name was changed to Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. and in late 2001 Dean Witter was dropped, Morgan Stanley had offices located on 24 floors across buildings 2 and 5 of the World Trade Center in New York City. These offices had been inherited from Dean Witter which had occupied the space since the mid-1980s, the firm lost thirteen employees during the September 11 attacks in 2001 in the towers, while 2,687 were successfully evacuated
Morgan Stanley
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The Morgan Stanley Building
Morgan Stanley
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Morgan Stanley's office on Times Square
23.
Goldman Sachs
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Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, with additional offices in other international financial centers. The firm provides asset management, mergers and acquisitions advice, prime brokerage, and securities underwriting to its clients, which include corporations, governments, and individuals. The firm also engages in making and private equity deals. The loan was made in November 2008 and repaid with interest in June 2009, the list of former employees of Goldman Sachs who moved on to government positions includes former U. S. In addition, former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange, the World Bank, Goldman Sachs was founded in New York in 1869 by Marcus Goldman. In 1882, Goldmans son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm, in 1885, Goldman took his son Henry and his son-in-law Ludwig Dreyfuss into the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co. The company made a name for itself pioneering the use of paper for entrepreneurs. By 1898, the firms capital stood at $1.6 million, Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal occurred due to Henry Goldmans personal friendship with the owner of Sears, other IPOs followed, including F. W. Woolworth and Continental Can. In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-family member, in 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. Control of the firm was now in the hands of the Sachs family, waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. In 1920, the firm moved from 60 Wall Street to $1.5 million 12-story premises on 30–32 Pine Street, by 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm. On December 4,1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp. a closed-end fund, the fund failed during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading. In 1930, the firm ousted Catchings, and Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of partner and shifted Goldmans focus away from trading. It was Weinbergs actions that helped to some of Goldmans tarnished reputation. On the back of Weinberg, Goldman was lead advisor on the Ford Motor Companys IPO in 1956, under Weinbergs reign the firm also started an investment research division and a municipal bond department. It also was at time that the firm became an early innovator in risk arbitrage. For most of the 1950s and 1960s, this would be Weinberg, Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance
Goldman Sachs
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Goldman Sachs Tower, at 30 Hudson Street, in Jersey City.
Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs
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Goldman Sachs Headquarters, at 200 West Street, in Manhattan.
Goldman Sachs
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Salt Lake City office at 222 South Main
24.
Securities Exchange Commission
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The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission is an independent agency of the United States federal government. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the SEC has a three-part mission, to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. To achieve its mandate, the SEC enforces the requirement that public companies submit quarterly and annual reports. MD&A will usually touch on the upcoming year, outlining future goals. In an attempt to level the field for all investors. Quarterly and semiannual reports from companies are crucial for investors to make sound decisions when investing in the capital markets. Unlike banking, investment in the markets is not guaranteed by the federal government. The potential for big gains needs to be weighed against that of sizable losses, the SEC makes reports available to the public through the EDGAR system. The SEC also offers publications on investment-related topics for public education, the same online system also takes tips and complaints from investors to help the SEC track down violators of the securities laws. The SEC adheres to a policy of never commenting on the existence or status of an ongoing investigation. Prior to the enactment of the securities laws and the creation of the SEC. They were enacted and enforced at the level, and regulated the offering. Though the specific provisions of these laws varied among states, they all required the registration of all offerings and sales, as well as of every U. S. stockbroker. However, these blue sky laws were found to be ineffective. For example, the Investment Bankers Association told its members as early as 1915 that they could ignore blue sky laws by making securities offerings across state lines through the mail. After holding hearings on abuses on interstate frauds, Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933, the subsequent Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates sales of securities in the secondary market. The Securities Act of 1933 is also known as the Truth in Securities Act and its goal was to increase public trust in the capital markets by requiring uniform disclosure of information about public securities offerings. For the first year of the enactment, the enforcement of the statute rested with the Federal Trade Commission
Securities Exchange Commission
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US Security and Exchange Commission Office
Securities Exchange Commission
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Seal of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Securities Exchange Commission
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Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., the inaugural Chairman of the SEC
Securities Exchange Commission
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U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C., near Union Station.
25.
Corrections Corporation of America
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CoreCivic, formerly the Corrections Corporation of America, is a company that owns and manages private prisons and detention centers and operates others on a concession basis. Co-founded in Nashville, Tennessee by Thomas W. Beasley, chairman of the state Republican Party, Doctor Robert Crants, Don Hutto in 1983, it received initial investments from Jack C. Massey, the founder of Hospital Corporation of America, Vanderbilt University, as of 2015, the company is the largest private corrections company in the United States. It manages more than 65 state and federal correctional and detention facilities with a capacity of more than 90,000 beds in 19 states, the company’s revenue in 2012 exceeded $1.7 billion. By 2015, its contracts with federal correctional and detention authorities generated up to 51% of its revenues and it operated 22 federal facilities with the capacity for 25,851 prisoners. By 2016, Corrections Corporation of America along with Geo Group were running more than 170 prisons, CCAs revenues in 2015 were $1. 79bn. Corrections Corporation of America was founded in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 28,1983, by Thomas W. Beasley, Doctor Robert Crants, a founding member of its board of directors was Maurice Sigler, the former chairman of the United States Board of Parole. The initial investment came from Jack C, massey, co-founder of the Hospital Corporation of America. An early investor prior to the IPO was Vanderbilt University, where Beasley was a law graduate, additionally, the Tennessee Valley Authority was another early financial backer. In a 2013 video published on CCAs website, Beasley and Hutto fondly reminisced about the beginnings of CCA. S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003, as a result of the initial meeting, CCA were awarded an RFB with it was under contract to the U. S. Department of Justice for the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Which was the first contract ever to design, build, finance and this marked the beginning of the private prison industry. Hutto, described how at the time, INS had unrealistic expectations putting pressure on CCA to have the facilities ready by early January, on Super Bowl Sunday at the end of January, the first 87 undocumented aliens were personally processed by Hutto and CCA received their first payment. The company opened its first facility, the Houston Processing Center, in 1984, it was under contract to the U. S. Department of Justice for the Bureau of Immigration, the Houston Detention Center was built to house individuals awaiting a decision on immigration cases or repatriation. In 1984, CCA also took over the operations of the Tall Trees non-secure juvenile facility, for the Juvenile Court of Memphis, Two years later, CCA built the 200-bed Shelby Training Center in Memphis to house juvenile male-offenders. In 1989, it opened the New Mexico Womens Correctional Facility in Grants, New Mexico, in the 1980s, CCA officials met with representatives of the Mitterrand administration in France. They did not win any contracts there for CCA prisons, in 1990, CCA opened the first medium-security privately operated prison, the state-owned Winn Correctional Center, in Winn Parish, Louisiana. It opened the Leavenworth Detention Center, operated for the U. S. Marshals Service and this 256-bed facility was the first maximum-security private prison under direct contract to a federal agency
Corrections Corporation of America
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Eden Detention Center in Eden, Texas
Corrections Corporation of America
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Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility
26.
Beneficial State Bank
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Beneficial State Bank is an Oakland, California-based community development bank. In August 2010, the signed an agreement to acquire Shorebank Pacific. Together the merged banks would have $300 million in combined assets and serve California, in January 2013, the bank acquired 90% of the stock of Albina Community Bank based in Portland, OR. Tom Steyer and his wife, Kat Taylor, founded OneCalifornia Bank and OneCalifornia Foundation, the bank maintains a “triple bottom line, ” seeking to be profitable, promote environmental sustainability and expand economic opportunity in underserved communities. Banking services are integrated with financial literacy, technical assistance and business education provided by the OneCalifornia Foundation, Steyer and Taylor founded the bank and foundation to ensure profits are reinvested in the community. Steyer and Taylor take no benefit or repayment from the Bank. All of the non-voting economic shares of the Banks holding company are held by the OneCalifornia Foundation, 100% of the voting shares are held by Taylor and Steyer. OneCalifornia Foundation is overseen by an independent board, the Beneficial State Foundation, formerly known as OneCalifornia Foundation, engages in charitable and educational activities that primarily support the goals of Beneficial State Bank. In August 2010, OneCalifornia Bank announced it will acquire Shorebank Pacific, Shorebank Pacific specializes in sustainable lending to the agriculture, renewable energy and small business sectors, and has offices in Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. Together the banks would have $300 million in combined assets, in July 2014, One PacificCoast Bank rebranded to become Beneficial State Bank. This is the name of the bank, first OneCalifornia Bank, then One PacificCoast Bank. In 2010, the University of San Francisco awarded Beneficial State Bank the USF California Prize, the prize recognizes significant service in pursuit of the common good of society. BeneficialStateBank. com - Beneficial State Bank official website
Beneficial State Bank
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Beneficial State Bank
27.
Bank
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BANK was an artists group active in London during the 1990s. In 1993, Russell and Bedwell were joined by Milly Thompson, David Burrows, Burrows left BANK in 1995, Williamson in 1998, Russell in 2000. BANKs contribution to UK contemporary art was a series of curated group shows, often with comical, as a group they adopted an aggressive stance towards the mainstream contemporary art scene of the time. The approximately twenty shows curated by BANK included the work of the BANK artists alongside the work of several future Turner Prize nominees, although the BANK exhibitions were mostly held in warehouse spaces on Curtain Road, then Underwood Street the name of the gallery changed. Initially it was BANKSPACE, then DOG, and finally Gallerie Poo-Poo, BANK also published a satirical magazine delivering tabloid-style critiques of the art world. Headlines included, AD MAN YOU’RE A BAD MAN, and and they had, according to Matthew Collings, a surly, self-destructive, self-conscious, introspective attitude - combined. with critical intelligence and a flair for spotting weaknesses in the art system. BANK SHOWS1991 -20032003 SIMON BEDWELL & MILLY THOMPSON Store, London ART IS HELL The Suburban, Chicago 2002 BANK Anthony Wilkinson Gallery, DOG, London GOD DOG, London 1996 DOG-U-MENTAL VIII. DOG, London Viper/BANK TV DOG, London/Dukes Bar, Manchester F**K OFF, HE WENT TO A BED AND DREAMED THAT HE WAS ONE. WOKE UP AND FOUND THAT HE HAD BECOME ONE, stephen Friedman gallery got BANK’d, ADP magazine,4 November 2009
Bank
28.
Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
Bay Area
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San Francisco
Bay Area
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San Jose
Bay Area
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Oakland
Bay Area
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A view of the San Francisco skyline from the bay.
29.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the California Central Valley
30.
Bill Gates
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William Henry Bill Gates III is an American business magnate, investor, author, and philanthropist. In 1975, Gates and Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft, which became the worlds largest PC software company, during his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, CEO and chief software architect, and was the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. Gates has authored and co-authored several books, since 1987, Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the worlds wealthiest people and was the wealthiest from 1995 to 2007, again in 2009, and has been since 2014. Between 2009 and 2014, his wealth doubled from US$40 billion to more than US$82 billion, between 2013 and 2014, his wealth increased by US$15 billion. Gates is currently the richest person in the world, with a net worth of US$85.6 billion as of February 2017. Gates is one of the entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. He has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive, Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief architect for himself. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and he gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie. He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014, taking on a new post as adviser to support the then newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella. Gates was born in Seattle, Washington on October 28,1955 and he is the son of William H. Gates Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His ancestry includes English, German, Irish, and Scots-Irish and his father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates maternal grandfather was JW Maxwell, a bank president. Gates has one sister, Kristi, and one younger sister. He is the fourth of his name in his family, but is known as William Gates III or Trey because his father had the II suffix, early on in his life, Gates parents had a law career in mind for him. When Gates was young, his family attended a church of the Congregational Christian Churches. The family encouraged competition, one reported that it didnt matter whether it was hearts or pickleball or swimming to the dock. There was always a reward for winning and there was always a penalty for losing, at 13, he enrolled in the Lakeside School, a private preparatory school
Bill Gates
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Gates in June 2015.
Bill Gates
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The Poker Room in Currier House at Harvard College, where Gates and Allen founded Microsoft
Bill Gates
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MITS Altair 8800 Computer with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disk system
Bill Gates
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Bill Gates in January 2008
31.
Warren Buffett
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Warren Edward Buffett is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is considered by some to be one of the most successful investors in the world and he attended New York Institute of Finance to specialize his economics background and soon after began various business partnerships, including one with Graham. After meeting Charlie Munger, Buffett created the Buffett Partnership and his firm would eventually acquire a textile manufacturing firm called Berkshire Hathaway and assume its name to create a diversified holding company. He is noted for his adherence to value investing and for his personal frugality despite his immense wealth, Buffett is a notable philanthropist, having pledged to give away 99 percent of his fortune to philanthropic causes, primarily via the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Buffett was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska and he was the second of three children and the only son of Leila and Congressman Howard Buffett, Buffett began his education at Rose Hill Elementary School. In 1942, his father was elected to the first of four terms in the United States Congress, after finishing high school and finding success with his side entrepreneurial and investment ventures, Buffett wanted to skip college to go directly into business, but was overruled by his father. Buffett displayed an interest in business and investing at a young age, much of Buffetts early childhood years were enlivened with entrepreneurial ventures. One of his first business ventures, Buffett sold chewing gum, Coca-Cola bottles and he worked in his grandfathers grocery store. While still in school, he made money delivering newspapers, selling golf balls and stamps. On his first income tax return in 1944, Buffett took a $35 deduction for the use of his bicycle, in 1945, as a high school sophomore, Buffett and a friend spent $25 to purchase a used pinball machine, which they placed in the local barber shop. Within months, they owned several machines in three different barber shops across Omaha, the business was sold later in the year for $1,200 to a war veteran. Buffetts interest in the market and investing dated to schoolboy days he spent in the customers lounge of a regional stock brokerage near his fathers own brokerage office. On a trip to New York City at age ten, he made a point to visit the New York Stock Exchange, at 11, he bought three shares of Cities Service Preferred for himself, and three for his sister Doris Buffett. At the age of 15, Warren made more than $175 monthly delivering Washington Post newspapers, in high school, he invested in a business owned by his father and bought a 40-acre farm worked by a tenant farmer. He bought the land when he was 14 years old with $1,200 of his savings, by the time he finished college, Buffett had accumulated $9,800 in savings. In 1947, Buffett entered the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and he would have preferred to focus on his business ventures, however, he enrolled due to pressure from his father. Warren studied there for two years and joined the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity and he then transferred to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln where at 19, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. After being rejected by Harvard Business School, Buffett enrolled at Columbia Business School of Columbia University upon learning that Benjamin Graham taught there and he earned a Master of Science in Economics from Columbia in 1951
Warren Buffett
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Buffett speaking to students from the University of Kansas School of Business, May 6, 2005
Warren Buffett
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Buffett's home in Omaha
Warren Buffett
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Buffett and President Obama at the Oval Office, July 14, 2010
32.
Benjamin Bratt
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Benjamin George Bratt is an American actor. On television, Bratt portrayed NYPD Detective Rey Curtis on the NBC drama series Law & Order, Dr. Jake Reilly on ABCs Private Practice, and Steve Navarro on Foxs 24, Live Another Day. Bratt was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Eldy, a nurse and his mother is an Indigenous activist of the Quechua ethnic group, born in Peru, she moved to the United States at age 14. His father was American and had Austrian, English, and German ancestry and they married December 30,1960 in San Francisco, but divorced in September 1967. Bratts paternal grandfather, George Cleveland Bratt, was a Broadway actor and he married Bratts paternal grandmother, Wiltrude Hildner, on August 6,1920 in Detroit, Michigan. Bratt attended Lowell High School in San Francisco, where he was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society, Bratt earned a B. F. A. at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1986, where he also joined the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. Although accepted into the M. F. A. program at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, as a child, Bratt went with his mother and siblings to participate in the 1969 Native American occupation of Alcatraz. One of Bratts first television series was Nasty Boys, based on a film by the name in which he appeared. His best-known role has been that of Detective Reynaldo Curtis on the television show Law & Order, in 1999, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his work on the series. His more popular films include Miss Congeniality, Blood In Blood Out, on June 23,2009, Bratt appeared on The View to promote The Cleaner. On October 23,2009, it was announced that Bratt would return as Detective Curtis on Law & Order, Curtis reunited with his former boss, Lt. Anita van Buren, in the episode that aired on December 11,2009. He left the show that year to continue his film career. In 2012, Bratt was passionate about his opportunity to play a Tlicho Indian in the film The Lesser Blessed, a project dear to his heart because of his own Native background. He voiced El Macho, the main antagonist, in Despicable Me 2, Bratt has for years been a strong supporter and board member of San Francisco Bay Areas Friendship House Association of American Indians and Native American Health Center. In 1998, Bratt began dating actress Julia Roberts and he escorted her to the 2001 Academy Awards ceremony, at which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. Four months later, they announced that they were no longer a couple, in 2002, he received the Rita Moreno HOLA Award for Excellence from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors. In 2002, he began dating and then married his pregnant girlfriend, actress Talisa Soto, the two met ten years earlier during the casting audition of Blood In Blood Out and afterward they saw each other on and off. It was not until the filming of Piñero that they began to develop a relationship and their first child, daughter Sophia Rosalinda Bratt, was born on December 6,2002, their second child, son Mateo Bravery Bratt, was born on October 3,2005
Benjamin Bratt
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Bratt in May 2010
33.
The Mission, San Francisco, California
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This mission, San Franciscos oldest standing building, is located in the northwest area of the neighborhood. The Mission District is located in east-central San Francisco and it is bordered to the east by U. S. Route 101, which forms the boundary between the eastern portion of the district, known as Inner Mission, and its eastern neighbor, Potrero Hill. Sanchez Street separates the neighborhood from Eureka Valley to the north west, the part of the neighborhood from Valencia Street to Sanchez Street, north of 20th Street, is known as the Mission Dolores neighborhood. South of 20th Street towards 22nd Street, and between Valencia and Dolores Streets is a neighborhood known as Liberty Hill. Cesar Chavez Street is the border, across Cesar Chavez Street is the Bernal Heights neighborhood. North of the Mission District is the South of Market neighborhood, bordered roughly by Duboce Avenue, the principal thoroughfare of the Mission District is Mission Street. South of the Mission District, along Mission Street, are the Excelsior and Crocker-Amazon neighborhoods, the Mission District is part of San Franciscos supervisorial districts 6,9 and 10. The Mission is often warmer and sunnier than other parts of San Francisco, the Missions geographical location insulates it from the fog and wind from the west. The Mission includes four recognized sub-districts, the northeastern quadrant, adjacent to Potrero Hill is known as a center for high tech startup businesses including some chic bars and restaurants. The northwest quadrant along Dolores Street is famous for Victorian mansions, prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the area which now includes the Mission District was inhabited by the Ohlone people who populated much of the San Francisco bay area. The Yelamu Indians inhabited the region for over 2,000 years, Spanish missionaries arrived in the area during the late 18th century. They found these people living in two villages on Mission Creek and it was here that a Spanish priest named Father Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asis on June 29,1776. The Mission was moved from the shore of Laguna Dolores to its current location in 1783, franciscan friars are reported to have used Ohlone slave labor to complete the Mission in 1791. This period marked the beginning of the end of the Yelamu culture, the Indian population at Mission Dolores dropped from 400 to 50 between 1833 and 1841. The lands around the abandoned mission church became a focal point of raffish attractions including bull and bear fighting, horse racing, baseball. A famous beer parlor resort known as The Willows was located along Mission Creek just south of 18th Street between Mission Street and San Carlos Street. From 1865 to 1891, a conservatory and zoo known as Woodwards Gardens covered two city blocks bounded by Mission Street, Valencia Street, 13th Street, and 15th Street. During Californias early statehood period, in the 19th and 20th century, large numbers of Irish, development and settlement intensified after the 1906 earthquake, as many displaced businesses and residents moved into the area, making Mission Street a major commercial thoroughfare
The Mission, San Francisco, California
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Clarion Alley Mural Project
The Mission, San Francisco, California
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Pioneer Race Course 1853, the grandstands shown were located just south of 24th and Shotwell St.
The Mission, San Francisco, California
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Corner of Beale and Mission Streets, San Francisco, c. 1863
The Mission, San Francisco, California
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Alta California mission, Mission San Francisco de Asis, the namesake of the neighborhood, and the oldest building in the city located in the far western end of the neighborhood on Dolores Street
34.
Walter Mondale
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He was the Democratic Partys presidential nominee in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and Washington, D. C. Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota and he then served in the U. S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955 and he was appointed to the U. S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphreys election as vice president under President Lyndon Johnson. Mondale was subsequently elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and again in 1972, while in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform, and the desegregation of schools. Importantly, he served as a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, in 1976, Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice presidential running mate in the forthcoming election. The Carter/Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his presidential running mate. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes. After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney, President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993, he retired in 1996. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race and he then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesotas Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Walter Frederick Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, the son of Claribel Hope, a music teacher, and Theodore Sigvaard Mondale. Walters half-brother Lester Mondale became a Unitarian minister and his paternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants, and his mother, the daughter of an immigrant from Ontario, was of Scottish and English descent. The surname Mondale comes from Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway, Mondale attended public schools and Macalester College in St. Paul before transferring to the University of Minnesota, where he earned a B. A. in political science in 1951. As Mondale did not have money to attend law school, he enlisted in the U. S. Army. He married Joan Adams in 1955, through the support of the G. I. Bill, he graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956, while at law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk in the Minnesota Supreme Court under Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. He then practiced law in Minneapolis, and continued to do so for four years before entering the political arena, Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At the age of 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphreys successful Senate campaign in 1948, Humphreys campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district
Walter Mondale
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Walter Mondale
Walter Mondale
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Senator Walter F. Mondale
Walter Mondale
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Walter Mondale and Jimmy Carter, in front of Presidential helicopter Marine One in January 1979.
Walter Mondale
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Vice President Mondale bust from the Senate collection
35.
Bill Bradley
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William Warren Bill Bradley is an American former professional basketball player and politician. He served three terms as a Democratic U. S and he ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic Partys nomination for President in the 2000 election. Bradley was born and raised in Crystal City, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis and he was a member of the Boy Scouts, did well academically and was an all-county and all-state basketball player in high school. He was offered 75 college scholarships, but declined them all to attend Princeton University and he earned a gold medal as a member of the 1964 Olympic basketball team and was the NCAA Player of the Year in 1965, when Princeton finished third in the NCAA Tournament. After graduating in 1965, he attended Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship and he spent his entire ten-year professional basketball career playing for the Knicks, winning two championship titles. Retiring in 1977, he ran for a seat in the United States Senate the following year and he was re-elected in 1984 and 1990, left the Senate in 1997, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2000 Democratic presidential nomination. Bradley is the author of seven books, most recently We Can All Do Better. He is a director of Starbucks and a partner at investment bank Allen & Company in New York City. Bradley is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One and he also serves on that groups Advisory Board. In 2008 Bradley was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame, an active Boy Scout, he became an Eagle Scout and member of the Order of the Arrow. Bradley began playing basketball at the age of nine and he was a star at Crystal City High School, where he scored 3,068 points in his scholastic career, was twice named All-American, and was elected to the Missouri Association of Student Councils. During his high school years, Bradley maintained a rigorous practice schedule, a habit he carried through college. He would work on the court for three and a half hours every day after school, nine to five on Saturday, one-thirty to five on Sunday, considered the top high school player in the country, Bradley initially chose to attend Duke University in the fall of 1961. Bradleys childhood hero Dick Kazmaier had won the Heisman Trophy at Princeton, the following year, as a sophomore, he was a varsity starter in Butch van Breda Kolffs first year as coach of the Tigers. In his sophomore year Bradley scored 40 points in an 82–81 loss to St. Josephs and was named to The Sporting News All-American first team in early 1963, the coach of the St. Louis Hawks believed he was ready to play professional basketball. The following year The Sporting News again named him to its All-American team as its only junior, at the Olympic basketball trials in April 1964, Bradley played guard instead of his usual forward position but was still a top performer. He was one of three chosen unanimously for the Olympic team, the youngest chosen, and the only undergraduate, the Olympic team won its sixth consecutive gold medal. As a senior and team captain in the 1964–1965 season, Bradley became a household name, only the third tallest on his team, but called easily the No
Bill Bradley
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Bill Bradley
Bill Bradley
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Playing at Princeton in 1964
Bill Bradley
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A cast bronze statue of Bradley by Harry Weber, erected in 2014 outside Jadwin Gymnasium on the campus of Princeton University
36.
Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008
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The 2008 presidential campaign of Hillary Rodham Clinton, then junior United States Senator from New York, was announced on her website on January 20,2007. Hillary Clinton was previously the First Lady of the United States and she is also the wife of former President Bill Clinton. Clinton was the source of media speculation since having expressed interest in being a candidate in the 2008 presidential election since at least October 2002. Following her announcement of a committee and candidacy filing on January 20,2007 with the FEC. For several months Clinton led opinion polls among Democratic candidates by substantial margins until Senator Barack Obama pulled close to or even with her. Clinton then regained her polling lead, winning many polls by double digits and she went on to win a plurality of votes in Nevada, but won fewer delegates in Nevada than Obama, then lost by a large margin in South Carolina. On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the most populous states such as California and New York, the two gained a nearly equal number of delegates and a nearly equal share of the total popular vote. Clinton then lost the next eleven caucuses and primaries to Obama, on March 4, his consecutive wins increased to twelve when Vermont went his way. After an increasingly aggressive round of campaigning, Clinton broke the string of losses with wins in the Rhode Island, Ohio, and Texas primaries. Clinton subsequently lost in Wyoming, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina and Oregon, while losing the delegate count, and thus the nomination, she earned more popular votes than Barack Obama. In the general election, Barack Obama defeated Senator John McCain of Arizona, and nominated Clinton as the 67th Secretary of State, in July 2005, the magazine Washington Monthly ran two side-by-side articles debating the pros and cons of a potential Clinton candidacy. Clinton announced formation of her exploratory committee on January 20,2007, in a statement on her website, she left no doubt that she had decided to run, Im in. She filed the paperwork for an exploratory committee. Clintons campaign was run by a team of advisers and political operatives, patti Solis Doyle was the first female Hispanic to manage a presidential campaign, which she did from its inception. Deputy campaign manager Mike Henry had managed Tim Kaines successful campaign for Governor of Virginia in 2005, Howard Wolfson, a veteran of New York politics, served as the campaign spokesperson. Evelyn S. Lieberman, who worked for Clinton when she was First Lady, ann Lewis, White House communications director from 1997 to 2000, was Senior Advisor to the campaign. Cheryl Mills was general counsel for the campaign, other campaign workers also date from the Hillaryland team of the White House years. Less well-known but key region and subject specialists were the focus of a recruiting battle between her and fellow candidate Barack Obama
Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008
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Hillary Clinton for President
Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008
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Hillary Clinton campaigning for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. South Hall, San Jose, California, February 1, 2008.
Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008
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The funds being spent: no shortage of direct mail to targeted New Jersey voters before the Super Tuesday primaries on February 5, 2008.
37.
Barack Obama
–
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama
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Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
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Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
38.
Democratic National Conventions
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The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U. S, like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. The partys presidential nominee is chosen in a series of state caucuses. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a caucus or primary. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates and this number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was a contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a number of delegates needed. In 1912,1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots, backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention, dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The rules were changed to a majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention has taken place, before about 1970, the partys choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the nominee had little to do with the process. In order to prevent such things happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened. By 1824, the nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade, state conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21,1832, in that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the partys unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president
Democratic National Conventions
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Democratic National Committee Secretary Alice Travis Germond opens the roll call of the states during the third day of the 2008 convention.
Democratic National Conventions
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Illustration of the 1876 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis, Missouri.
39.
Steven Chu
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Steven Chu is an American physicist. Chu served as the 12th United States Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2013, Chu resigned as energy secretary on April 22,2013. He returned to Stanford as Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Chu is a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. He has conceived of a global economy, a form of a low-carbon economy. Chu was born in St. Louis, Missouri, with ancestry from Liuhe, Taicang, in Jiangsu, China and he received both a B. A. in mathematics and a B. S. in physics in 1970 from the University of Rochester. He went on to earn his Ph. D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1976, Chu comes from a family of scholars. His father, Ju-Chin Chu, earned a doctorate in engineering from MIT and taught at Washington University in St. Louis and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. His maternal grandfather, Shu-tian Li, earned a Ph. D. from Cornell University and his mothers uncle, Li Shu-hua, a physical scientist, studied physics at the Sorbonne before returning to China. Chus older brother, Gilbert Chu, is a professor of biochemistry and his younger brother, Morgan Chu, is a partner and former co-managing partner at the law firm Irell & Manella. According to Chu, his two brothers and four cousins have four Ph. D. s, three M. D. s, and a J. D. among them, in 1997, he married Jean Fetter, a British-American Oxford-trained physicist. He has two sons, Geoffrey and Michael, from a marriage to Lisa Chu-Thielbar. Chu is interested in such as baseball, swimming. He taught himself reading a book—in the eighth grade, and was a second-string substitute for the school team for three years. He also taught himself how to pole vault using bamboo poles obtained from the local carpet store, Chu said he never learned to speak Chinese because his parents always spoke to their children in English. He left Bell Labs and became a professor of physics at Stanford University in 1987, serving as the chair of its Physics Department from 1990 to 1993, under Chus leadership, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been a center of research into biofuels and solar energy. He spearheaded the laboratorys Helios project, an initiative to develop methods of harnessing solar power as a source of energy for transportation. Chus early research focused on physics by developing laser cooling techniques. He and his co-workers at Bell Labs developed a way to cool atoms by employing six laser beams opposed in pairs, trapping atoms with this method allows scientists to study individual atoms with great accuracy
Steven Chu
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Steven Chu
Steven Chu
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Steven Chu lecturing.
Steven Chu
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Steven Chu in 2014 at a speech he delivered on climate change and energy use
Steven Chu
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Official portrait as Energy Secretary
40.
George Shultz
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George Pratt Shultz is an American economist, statesman and businessman. Shultz is the Thomas W. and Susan B, ford Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, California. Since the death of William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. Shultz is the oldest living former U. S, Shultz was born in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox and Birl Earl Shultz, and grew up in Englewood, New Jersey. His great-grandfather was an immigrant from Germany who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century, contrary to common assumption, Shultz is not a member of the English American Pratt family, associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust. In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school, Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor. He earned a Bachelors Degree, cum laude, at Princeton University, New Jersey, in Economics with a minor in Public and his senior thesis examined the Tennessee Valley Authoritys effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research, and he graduated with honors in 1942. From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on duty in the U. S. Marine Corps. He was an Artillery Officer, attaining the rank of Captain and he was detached to the U. S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur. In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph. D. in industrial economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1957, Shultz joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as a Professor of Industrial Relations. From 1962 to 1969, he was a Professor of Economics at MIT, while at Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultzs view of the importance of a free-market economy. Shultz was President Richard Nixons Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 and he soon faced the crisis of the Longshoremens Union strike. The Lyndon B. Johnson Administration had delayed it with a Taft Hartley injunction that now expired, in fact, he applied the theory he had developed in academia, he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He imposed the Philadelphia Plan requiring Pennsylvania construction unions, which refused to accept black members and this marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government. Shultz was Nixons unofficial ambassador to the AFL-CIO, Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1,1970. Overall, he was the 19th director to lead the agency and he was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971 and this phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later. Meanwhile, Shultzs attention was diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. He participated in an international conference in Paris in 1973, which grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard
George Shultz
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George P. Shultz
George Shultz
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Treasury Secretary Shultz (back row, fourth from left) with the rest of the Nixon cabinet, June 1972
George Shultz
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Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986
George Shultz
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Shultz (far left) at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, wearing tan suit)
41.
President Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
President Obama
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Barack Obama
President Obama
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Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Honolulu, Hawaii
President Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
President Obama
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Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
42.
Keystone pipeline
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The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010 and now owned solely by TransCanada Corporation. It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms, on January 24,2017, President Donald Trump took action intended to permit the pipelines completion. Three phases of the project are in operation, the Keystone-Cushing extension, running 468 kilometres from Steele City to storage and distribution facilities at Cushing, Oklahoma, completed in February 2011. The proposed Keystone XL Pipeline would essentially duplicate the Phase I pipeline between Hardisty, Alberta, and Steele City, Nebraska, after more than six years of review, President Barack Obama announced on November 6,2015, his administrations rejection of the fourth phase. On January 24,2017, President Trump, signed presidential memoranda to revive both Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, the memorandum is designed to expedite the environmental review process. The first two phases have the capacity to deliver up to 590,000 barrels per day of oil into the Mid-West refineries, Phase III has capacity to deliver up to 700,000 barrels per day to the Texas refineries. By comparison, U. S. oil production averaged 9,400,000 barrels per day in first-half 2015, the Keystone Pipeline system consists of the operational Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III, the Gulf Coast Pipeline Project. A fourth, proposed pipeline expansion segment Phase IV, Keystone XL, construction of Phase III, from Cushing, Oklahoma, to Nederland, Texas, in the Gulf Coast area, began in August 2012 as an independent economic utility. The Keystone XL pipeline segments were intended to allow American crude oil to enter the XL pipelines at Baker, Montana, on their way to the storage and distribution facilities at Cushing, Cushing is a major crude oil marketing/refining and pipeline hub. Operating since 2010, the original Keystone Pipeline System is a 3, 461-kilometre pipeline delivering Canadian crude oil to U. S. Midwest markets and Cushing, Oklahoma. In Canada, the first phase of Keystone involved the conversion of approximately 864 kilometres of existing 36-inch natural gas pipeline in Saskatchewan and it also included approximately 373 kilometres of new 30-inch diameter pipeline,16 pump stations and the Keystone Hardisty Terminal. The U. S. portion of the Keystone Pipeline included 1,744 kilometres of new, 30-inch diameter pipeline in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, the pipeline has a minimum ground cover of 4 feet. It also involved construction of 23 pump stations and delivery facilities at Wood River and Patoka, additional phases have been in construction or discussion since 2011. If completed, the Keystone XL would have added 510,000 barrels per day increasing the capacity up to 1.1 million barrels per day. The original Keystone Pipeline cost US$5.2 billion with the Keystone XL expansion slated to cost approximately US$7 billion, the Keystone XL had been expected to be completed by 2012–2013, however construction was ultimately overtaken by events. Certain parties who have agreed to make commitments to the Keystone expansion have the option to acquire up to a combined 15% equity ownership. One such company is Valero Energy Corporation, the United States section is 2,219 kilometres long. It runs through Buchanan, Clinton, Caldwell, Montgomery, Lincoln and St. Charles counties in Missouri, Phase 1 went online in June 2010
Keystone pipeline
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Keystone 30 in (760 mm) pipeline (phase 1) near Swanton, Nebraska (2009)
Keystone pipeline
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Keystone Pipeline Route
Keystone pipeline
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Truck hauling 36 in (910 mm) pipe to build Keystone-Cushing pipeline (phase 2) southeast of Peabody, Kansas (2010)
Keystone pipeline
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Demonstration against the Keystone XL extension, White House, August 2011.
43.
Mitt Romney
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Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, by his parents George and Lenore Romney, he spent 2½ years in France as a Mormon missionary, starting in 1966. He married Ann Davies in 1969, and they have five sons, by 1971, he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents. He earned a BA at Brigham Young University in 1971 and a joint JD–MBA at Harvard University in 1975, Romney entered the management consulting industry, and in 1977 secured a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Bains chief executive officer, he helped lead the company out of a financial crisis, in 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served during his business career as the bishop of his ward and then stake president in his home area near Boston. After stepping down from Bain Capital and his leadership role in the LDS Church. Upon losing to longtime incumbent Ted Kennedy, he resumed his position at Bain Capital, years later, a successful stint as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics led to a relaunch of his political career. He also presided over the elimination of a projected $1. 2–1.5 billion deficit through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and the closure of corporate tax loopholes. He did not seek re-election in 2006, instead focusing on his campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U. S. presidential election and he won several primaries and caucuses, however, he lost to the eventual nominee, Senator John McCain. His considerable net worth, estimated in 2012 at $190–250 million, following his term as Governor of Massachusetts in 2007, Romney was the Republican Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He won the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, becoming the first Mormon to be a major party presidential nominee and he was defeated by incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama in the November 2012 general election, losing by 332–206 electoral college votes. The popular vote margin was 51–47 percent in Obamas favor, following the election, he initially kept a low profile, and later became more visible politically. Willard Mitt Romney was born on March 12,1947, at Harper University Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, one of four born to automobile executive George W. Romney. His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born to American parents in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, of primarily English descent, he also has Scottish and German ancestry. Another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, helped lead the early Church, Romney has three elder siblings, Margo, Jane, and Scott. His parents named him after a friend, businessman J. Willard Marriott, and his fathers cousin, Milton Mitt Romney. Romney was referred to as Billy until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for Mitt, in 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills. His father became the chairman and CEO of American Motors the following year, soon helping the company avoid bankruptcy, by 1959, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television, and the youngster idolized him
Mitt Romney
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His Excellency Mitt Romney
Mitt Romney
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Romney began attending Cranbrook School in 1959.
Mitt Romney
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Mitt's father George (pictured here in a 1968 poster) lost the Republican presidential nomination to Richard M. Nixon and later was appointed to the Nixon cabinet.
Mitt Romney
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Mitt's mother Lenore (promoted here on a button) lost a Senate race in 1970, and he worked for her campaign.
44.
Bill McKibben
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William Ernest Bill McKibben is an American environmentalist, author, and journalist who has written extensively on the impact of global warming. He is the Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College and leader of the campaign group 350. org. He has authored a dozen books about the environment, including his first, The End of Nature, in 2009, he led 350. orgs organization of 5,200 simultaneous demonstrations in 181 countries. In December 2010,350. org coordinated an art project. In 2011 and 2012 he led the campaign against the proposed Keystone XL pipeline project. It was one of the largest civil disobedience actions in America for decades, two weeks later he was inducted into the literature section of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Gandhi Peace Award in 2013, foreign Policy magazine named him to its inaugural list of the 100 most important global thinkers in 2009 and MSN named him one of the dozen most influential men of 2009. In 2010, the Boston Globe called him probably the nations leading environmentalist, McKibben was born in Palo Alto, California. He grew up in the Boston suburb of Lexington, Massachusetts and his father, who was arrested in 1971 during a protest in support of Vietnam veterans against the war, had written for Business Week and was business editor at The Boston Globe in 1980. As a high student, McKibben wrote for the local paper. Entering Harvard University in 1978, he became an editor of The Harvard Crimson and was president of the paper for the calendar year 1981. In 1980, following the election of Ronald Reagan, he determined to dedicate his life to the environmental cause. Graduating in 1982, he worked for five years for The New Yorker as a staff writer writing much of the Talk of the Town column from 1982 to early 1987. He shared an apartment with David Edelstein, the film critic and he became an advocate of nonviolent resistance. While doing a story on the homeless he lived on the streets, there he met his wife, Sue Halpern, in 1987 McKibben quit The New Yorker after longtime editor William Shawn was forced out of his job. He and his family shortly moved to a remote spot in the Southeastern Adirondacks of upstate New York where he worked as a freelance writer. His first contribution to the debate was a brief list of literature on the subject and commentary published December,1988 in The New York Review of Books and he is also a board member at and contributor to Grist Magazine. His first book, The End of Nature, was published in 1989 by Random House after being serialized in The New Yorker and it has been printed in more than 20 languages
Bill McKibben
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Bill McKibben speaking at Rochester Institute of Technology, November 6, 2008
Bill McKibben
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Bill McKibben attending the 2006 Singularity Summit at Stanford University via HDTV uplink
45.
Ed Markey
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Edward John Ed Markey is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who is the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts, in office since 2013. From 1976 to 2013 he served as the U. S, Representative for Massachusettss 5th congressional district. He previously served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1973 to 1976, Markey has focused on energy policy and was Chairman of the House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming from 2007 to 2011. In 2013, after John Kerry was appointed United States Secretary of State, Markey defeated Stephen Lynch in the Democratic primary and Republican Gabriel E. Gomez in the general election. When he left the House, he was its eighth most senior member, in 2014 Markey was elected to a full six-year Senate term. He is the dean of the Massachusetts congressional delegation and the second longest-serving current member of Congress from New England, behind Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont. Markey was born on July 11,1946, in Malden, Massachusetts, the son of Christina M. and John E. Markey, the family was Irish Catholic, and Markey was educated at Immaculate Conception School and Malden Catholic High School. He graduated from Boston College in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts, after graduating, Markey worked as a lawyer in private practice. Markey served in the United States Army Reserve from 1968 to 1973 and he joined while a junior in college, and has stated that he enlisted before receiving a Vietnam War draft notice. He further stated that though he opposed the war, if he had been drafted without having secured a position in the Reserve, he would have answered the induction notice. Ed Markeys South Boston unit included Thomas P. ONeill III, Steve Grossman, Markey was discharged in 1973, a year before his enlistment agreement was due to expire, which was not unusual as the military discharged many members early during post-Vietnam force drawdowns. Markey was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he represented the 16th Middlesex district from 1973 to 1976, on May 21,1976, incumbent Congressman Torbert Macdonald died in office. Markey, who had just been elected to a term in the state house. In the primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district—Markey won the nomination with a plurality of 22% of the vote, in the November 1976 election, he defeated Republican Richard Daly 77%-18%. That election also doubled as an election for the balance of Macdonalds term. This gave him greater seniority than other Representatives elected in 1976, Markey has been challenged in a Democratic primary three times, in 1980 when he won 85%, in 1984 when he won 54%, and in 2002 when he won 85% of the vote. Markey was reelected 19 more times from this district, which included most of the suburbs of Boston. His lowest vote total was 62% in 1992, in a three-way election, Markey faced no Republican opposition in eight of his bids for reelection, in 1978,1980,1986,1988,1990,2000,2002, and 2006
Ed Markey
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Ed Markey
Ed Markey
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Markey in the 101st United States Congress (1989)
Ed Markey
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Markey as ranking member of the House Natural Resources Committee
Ed Markey
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Markey attending the Greater Boston Labor Council’s annual Labor Day Breakfast in Boston.
46.
Boston Red Sox
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The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 13, founded in 1901 as one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Red Sox home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The Red Sox name was chosen by the owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had known as the Boston Red Stockings. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also marked by the teams intense rivalry with the Yankees. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Liverpool F. C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in road attendance. From May 15,2003 to April 10,2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games for a professional sports record. Neil Diamonds Sweet Caroline has become an anthem for the Red Sox, the name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings. The team name Red Sox had previously used as early as 1888 by a colored team from Norfolk. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, the official Spanish site uses the variant Los Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, the Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league. Other names were used before Boston officially adopted the nickname Braves in 1912
Boston Red Sox
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The 1901 Boston Americans team photograph
Boston Red Sox
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Team logo
Boston Red Sox
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Iconic photo of the Huntington Avenue Grounds before the first modern World Series game
Boston Red Sox
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The Huntington Avenue Grounds during a game. Note building from which the famous 1903 "bird's-eye" photo was taken.
47.
Terry McAuliffe
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Terence Richard Terry McAuliffe is an American politician and former businessman, who is currently serving as the 72nd Governor of Virginia. McAuliffe was previously a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2009 gubernatorial election. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, he ran unopposed in the Democratic primary and he defeated Republican Ken Cuccinelli and Libertarian Robert Sarvis in the general election, collecting 47. 8% of the vote, Cuccinelli garnered 45. 2% and Sarvis received 6. 5%. McAuliffe assumed office on January 11,2014, McAuliffe was born and raised in Syracuse, New York, the son of Mildred Katherine Lonergan and Jack McAuliffe. His father was an estate agent and local Democratic politician. The family is of Irish Catholic descent and he graduated from Bishop Ludden Junior/Senior High School in 1975. In 1979, he earned a degree from The Catholic University of America where he served as a resident adviser. After graduating, McAuliffe worked at President Jimmy Carters re-election campaign, following the campaign, McAuliffe enrolled at the Georgetown University Law Center, and received his juris doctor degree in 1984. At age of 14, McAuliffe started his first business, McAuliffe Driveway Maintenance, sealing driveways, according to The Washington Post, McAuliffe has earned millions as a banker, real estate developer, home builder, hotel owner, and internet venture capitalist. In 1985, McAuliffe helped found the Federal City National Bank, in January 1988, when McAuliffe was thirty years old, the banks board elected McAuliffe as chairman, making him the youngest chairman in the United States Federal Reserve Banks charter association. In 1991, McAuliffe negotiated a merger with Credit International Bank, McAuliffe became the vice-chairman of the newly merged bank. Shareholders questioned if he was special treatment, Chairman Richard V. Allen denied the allegation. In 1979, McAuliffe had met Richard Swann, a lawyer who was in charge of fundraising for Jimmy Carters presidential campaign in Florida, in 1988, McAuliffe married Swanns daughter, Dorothy. McAuliffe invested $800,000 in Swanns American Pioneer Savings Bank, the Resolution Trust Corporation, a federal agency, took over American Pioneers assets and liabilities. Under Swanns guidance, McAuliffe purchased some of American Pioneers real estate from the Resolution Trust Corporation, McAuliffes equal partner in the deal was a pension fund controlled by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the National Electrical Contractors Association. They purchased real estate, valued at $50 million, for $38.7 million, the deal was arranged by Jack Moore, a NECA trustee, and acquaintance of McAuliffe. Next, McAuliffe acquired a distressed house-building company, American Heritage Homes, McAuliffe served as chairman of American Heritage along with CEO Carl H. Linder. The Florida-based company came out of distress under a plan in which it built 800 homes a year, in 1997, McAuliffe invested $100,000 in Global Crossing, a Bermuda-registered telecommunications company
Terry McAuliffe
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Terry McAuliffe
48.
Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013
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The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2013 took place on November 5,2013, to elect the Governor of Virginia. The incumbent Governor, Republican Bob McDonnell, was not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution, Virginia is the only state that prohibits its Governor from serving immediate successive terms. McAuliffe won the election and was sworn in as Governor on January 11,2014, however, this pattern was broken in the 2013 election, with McAuliffes victory during Barack Obamas second term as president. This was the first Virginia gubernatorial election since 1965 in which no candidate won a majority of the vote. S. Senate in 2014, and running for governor in 2013, Cuccinelli announced to colleagues on December 1,2011, that he was indeed running for governor. Bolling responded on the day that he was disappointed that Cuccinelli decided to challenge him. Bolling, who was polling poorly against Cuccinelli, withdrew from the race on November 28,2012 and he cited the Republican Partys decision to move to a nominating convention rather than hold a primary. He ruled out running for another term as Lieutenant Governor and refused to endorse Cuccinelli, Bolling considered running as an independent, but decided against it. Bolling also rejected the possibility of a write-in campaign, bill Bolling, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia George Allen, former U. S. Senator and former Governor Thomas M. Davis, former U. S. Ward Armstrong, former Minority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Tom Perriello, former U. S. Representative Chap Petersen, State Senator Mark Warner, U. S. Sarvis campaign submitted over 17,000 signatures to meet the Virginia State Board of Elections requirement of 10,000 valid signatures. On June 26,2013, the SBE confirmed to Sarvis campaign that he would be listed on the ballot statewide during the elections this November and this made Sarvis the fourth minor party gubernatorial nominee to get on the Virginia ballot in 40 years. John Parmele, Jr. Navy retiree Parmele announced his campaign as a candidate in August 2013. Parmele unsuccessfully ran for the Virginia Beach City Council six times, in 2005, he ran as an independent for the 82nd district of the Virginia House of Delegates and lost to incumbent Harry Purkey. Tareq Salahi, reality television personality Salahi planned to seek the Republican nomination, however, he failed to submit the necessary signatures to the Virginia State Board of Elections by the June 11,2013, deadline and did not appear on the ballot as an independent. He transitioned his run into a campaign and said he would pursue a congressional seat if he didnt win the governorship. Salahi also scheduled to have a film document his campaign by Campbell Media Group, bill Bolling, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Cuccinelli challenged McAuliffe to a series of 15 debates around the state. McAuliffe refused, and called Cuccinellis challenge absurd and a gimmick, Cuccinelli responded, McAuliffes campaign might have dismissed the challenge, but its clear that community leaders and Virginians share our desire to hold real debates across the Commonwealth
Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013
Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013
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Nominee
Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013
49.
California Legislature
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The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of California. It is a body consisting of the lower house, the California State Assembly, with 80 members, and the upper house. New legislators convene each new session, to organize, in the Assembly and Senate Chambers, respectively. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round, the Democratic Party currently holds supermajorities in both chambers of the California Legislature. The state senate currently consists of 27 Democrats and 13 Republicans, except for the period from 1995 to 1996, the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election. The Senate has been in Democratic hands continuously since 1970, the first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre Don Pedro Sainsevain and his associates. The State Legislature currently meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento, members of the Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two-year terms. Members of the Senate are elected from forty districts and serve four-year terms, twenty Senate seats are up for election at each two-year election cycle. Term limits were established in 1990 following the passage of Proposition 140. In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28 which allows legislators to serve a maximum of 12 years without regard to whether the years are served in the State Assembly or the State Senate. The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes, reports produced by California executive agencies, as well as the Legislature, were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970. Since the 1990s, the legislature has provided a video feed for its sessions. Due to the expense and the obvious political downside, California did not keep records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly. As a result, reconstructing legislative intent outside of an acts preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before the 1990s. Since 1993, the Legislature has hosted a web/ftp site in one form or another, the most sought-after legislative committee appointments are to banking, agriculture and insurance. A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law, an Assembly Bill is one introduced in the Assembly, a Senate Bill, in the Senate. Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house, for example, AB16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly. The numbering starts afresh each session, there may be one or more extraordinary sessions
California Legislature
California Legislature
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California State Legislature
California Legislature
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California State Assembly chamber
California Legislature
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California State Senate chamber
50.
California gubernatorial election, 2018
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The 2018 California gubernatorial election will be held on November 6,2018, to elect the Governor of California. Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown will be ineligible to run for re-election due to term limits, a primary election will be held on June 5,2018. Under Californias nonpartisan blanket primary law, all appear on the same ballot. Voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation, the top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate manages to receive a majority of the votes cast in the primary election. S. Representative and candidate for the U. S. Swearengin said after taking this position that now political ambitions are off the table, Swearengin subsequently explicitly ruled out a run, telling reporters she is firmly not planning to run. Billionaire venture capitalist Peter Thiel had been considered a possible candidate, official campaign websites John Chiang for Governor John Cox for Governor Delaine Eastin for Governor Zoltan Istvan for Governor Gavin Newsom for Governor Antonio Villaraigosa for Governor
California gubernatorial election, 2018
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United States gubernatorial elections, 2018
51.
KQED
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KQED is a public media outlet based in San Francisco, California, which operates the radio station KQED and the television stations KQED and KQEH. KQED was organized and created by veteran broadcast journalists James Day and Jonathan Rice on June 1,1953 and it was the sixth public broadcasting station in the United States, debuting shortly after WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The stations call letters, Q. E. D. are taken from the Latin phrase, quod erat demonstrandum, kQED-FM was founded by James Day in 1969 as the radio arm of KQED Television. On May 1,2006, KQED, Inc. and the KTEH Foundation merged to form Northern California Public Broadcasting, the KQED assets including its television and FM radio stations were taken under the umbrella of that new organization. Both remained members of Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio, with this change, KQED and KTEH are considered as sister-stations today. The Northern California name did not become used, so in 2010. KTEH would change its call letters to KQEH and rebrand to KQED Plus on July 1,2011 after research found that most viewers were unaware that KTEH was affiliated with KQED. KQED is a Public Broadcasting Service-member public television station in San Francisco, California and this channel is also carried on Comcast cable TV and via satellite by DirecTV and Dish Network. Its transmitter is located on Sutro Tower, and has based in San Franciscos Mission District. KQED Public Television 9 is one of the nations most-watched public television stations during primetime, KQED airs more independent films than any other public broadcasting station in the country. KQED-FM is an NPR-member radio station owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting in San Francisco, KQED public radio is the most-listened-to public radio station in the nation
KQED
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KQED building on Mariposa Street in San Francisco
KQED
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Panel discussion hosted by KQED in 2014
52.
Citizens United v. FEC
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Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 558 U. S.310 is a U. S. constitutional law and corporate law case dealing with the regulation of campaign spending by organizations. The United States Supreme Court held on 21 January 2010 that freedom of speech prohibited the government from restricting independent political expenditures by a nonprofit corporation. The principles articulated by the Supreme Court in the case have also extended to for-profit corporations, labor unions. This would violate a federal statute prohibiting certain electioneering communications near an election, the court found the provisions of the law that prohibited corporations and unions from making such electioneering communications to conflict with the U. S. Constitution. However, the court upheld requirements for disclosure by sponsors of advertisements. The case did not affect the federal ban on contributions from corporations or unions to candidate campaigns or political parties. The Supreme Court reversed this decision, striking down those provisions of BCRA that prohibited corporations and unions from making independent expenditures, the majority decision overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce and partially overruled McConnell v. Federal Election Commission. The Court, however, upheld requirements for disclosure by sponsors of advertisements. The case did not involve the federal ban on contributions from corporations or unions to candidate campaigns or political parties. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 – specifically §203, which modified the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971,2 U. S. C. § 441b – prohibited corporations and unions from using their general treasury to fund electioneering communications within 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election. The FEC dismissed the complaint after finding no evidence that broadcast advertisements for the film, in the wake of these decisions, Citizens United sought to establish itself as a bona fide commercial film maker, producing several documentary films between 2005 and 2007. By early 2008, it sought to run television commercials to promote its political documentary Hillary, The Movie and it also sought to enjoin the funding, disclosure, and disclaimer requirements as applied to Citizens United’s intended ads for the movie. In accordance with rules in section 403 of the BCRA. The court held that the Supreme Court in McConnell v, on July 18,2008, the District Court granted summary judgement to the Federal Election Commission. In accordance with the rules in the BCRA, Citizens United appealed to the Supreme Court which docketed the case on August 18,2008. The Supreme Court heard oral argument on March 24,2009 and then asked for briefs on June 29. During the original argument, Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm L. Stewart argued that under Austin v
Citizens United v. FEC
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Justice Kennedy, the author of the Court's opinion.
Citizens United v. FEC
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Justice Stevens, the author of the dissenting opinion.
53.
Mayor of New York City
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The Mayor of the City of New York is head of the executive branch of New York Citys government. The mayors office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, the budget overseen by the mayors office is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $70 billion a year. The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to more than 1.1 million students, levies $27 billion in taxes. The mayors office is located in New York City Hall, it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City, Manhattan, Brooklyn, the mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his deputy mayors. The mayors regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules, according to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office. It was changed two to three terms on October 23,2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly, the current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio, who was elected on November 5,2013. In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York, for 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointments in which the governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor, an amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year, gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardias administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum, the mayor is entitled to a salary of $225,000, but early 21st century mayor Michael Bloomberg, the 16th-richest man in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly. Bloomberg had a net worth of $33 billion as of 2014. In 2000 direct control of the public school system was transferred to the mayors office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education, tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner. The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter, the post was created by Fiorello La Guardia to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend
Mayor of New York City
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Second inauguration of former mayor Michael Bloomberg on the steps of City Hall, 2006.
Mayor of New York City
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Flag of the Mayor
Mayor of New York City
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"New York's new solar system": Tammany Hall revolves around Boss Croker in this 1899 cartoon in Puck.
54.
Michael Bloomberg
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Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
Michael Bloomberg
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Michael Bloomberg
Michael Bloomberg
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Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV), Ray Mabus with Bloomberg
Michael Bloomberg
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Bloomberg delivering a speech
55.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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Incumbent Jack Lew since February 27, 2013
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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Flag of the Secretary of the Treasury
United States Secretary of the Treasury
United States Secretary of the Treasury
56.
Henry Paulson
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Henry Merritt Hank Paulson, Jr. is an American banker who subsequently served as the 74th Secretary of the Treasury. Prior to his role in the Department of the Treasury, Paulson was the Chairman, Paulson was born in Palm Beach, Florida, the son of Marianne and Henry Merritt Paulson, a wholesale jeweler. He was raised as a Christian Scientist on a farm in Barrington and he has Norwegian, German, and English Canadian ancestry. Paulson attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award, a star athlete at Barrington High School, Paulson was a champion wrestler and stand-out football player, graduating in 1964. He met his wife, Wendy Judge, a Wellesley College graduate, the couple have two adult children, sports-team owner Henry Merritt Paulson III, more commonly known as Merritt Paulson, and journalist Amanda Paulson. The Paulsons became grandparents in June 2007 and they maintain homes in both Barrington Hills and Chicago. Paulson received his Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard Business School in 1970, Paulson was Staff Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense at The Pentagon from 1970 to 1972. He then worked for the administration of U. S. President Richard Nixon and he joined Goldman Sachs in 1974, working in the firms Chicago office under James P. Gorter, covering large industrial companies in the Midwest. He became a partner in 1982, from 1983 until 1988, Paulson led the Investment Banking group for the Midwest Region, and became managing partner of the Chicago office in 1988. From 1990 to November 1994, he was co-head of Investment Banking, then Chief Operating Officer from December 1994 to June 1998 and his compensation package, according to reports, was $37 million in 2005, and $16.4 million projected for 2006. His net worth has been estimated at over $700 million, Paulson has personally built close relations with China during his career. Because of a tax provision passed under President George H. W. Bush and this saved him between $36 and 50 million in taxes. Paulson was nominated on May 30,2006, by U. S. President George W. Bush to succeed John Snow as the Treasury Secretary, on June 28,2006, he was confirmed by the United States Senate to serve in the position. Paulson was sworn in at a ceremony held at the Treasury Department on the morning of July 10,2006, Paulson conceded that chances were slim for agreeing on a method to reform Social Security financing, but said he would keep trying to find bipartisan support for it. He also helped to create the Hope Now Alliance to help struggling homeowners during the mortgage crisis. In September 2008, in light of the crisis experienced by the U. S. in the interim. In April 2007, he delivered an assessment of the economy, saying growth was healthy. All the signs I look at show the housing market is at or near the bottom, the U. S. economy is very healthy and robust, Paulson said
Henry Paulson
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Henry Paulson
Henry Paulson
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Paulson (right) with President George W. Bush as his nomination to become Treasury Secretary is announced
Henry Paulson
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Secretary of State
57.
Economic impacts of climate change
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This article describes the economic impacts of climate change. Given the inherent nature of economic forecasting, which involves significant degrees of uncertainty, Climate change impacts can be measured as an economic cost. This is particularly well-suited to market impacts, that is impacts that are linked to market transactions, monetary measures of non-market impacts, e. g. impacts on human health and ecosystems, are more difficult to calculate. Vulnerability, Compared with developed countries, there is an understanding of the potential market sector impacts of climate change in developing countries. Adaptation, The future level of capacity in human and natural systems to climate change will affect how society will be impacted by climate change. Assessments may under- or overestimate adaptive capacity, leading to under- or overestimates of positive or negative impacts, in a literature assessment, Smith et al. concluded, with medium confidence, that, climate change would increase income inequalities between and within countries. A small increase in mean temperature would result in net negative market sector impacts in many developing countries. Smith et al. predicted that climate change would result in pronounced non-market impacts. Most of impacts were predicted to be negative, the literature assessment by Smith et al. suggested that climate change would cause substantial negative health impacts in developing countries. Smith et al. noted that few of the studies they reviewed had adequately accounted for adaptation, in a literature assessment, Confalonieri et al. found that in the studies that had included health impacts, those impacts contributed substantially to the total costs of climate change. A number of other sectors will be affected by change, including the livestock, forestry. Other sectors sensitive to change include the energy, insurance, tourism. The aggregate impact of change on most of these sectors is highly uncertain. Africa, In Africa, coastal facilities are economically significant, in a literature assessment, Desanker et al. concluded that climate change would result in sea-level rise, coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, and flooding. Desanker et al. predicted that changes would have a significant impact on African communities and economies. Coasts and low-lying areas, In literature assessment, Nicholls et al. concluded that the impacts of climate change on coastal. Some benefits, however, were noted, e. g. the opening of new ocean routes due to reduced sea ice, Compared with developed countries, the protection costs associated with projected sea level rise were found to be relatively higher for developing countries. Polar regions, Anisimov et al. reviewed the literature on climate change impacts in polar regions, with very high confidence, they concluded that the impact of climate change on infrastructure would increase economic costs
Economic impacts of climate change
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This graph shows estimation confidence intervals from a meta-analysis of researchers as well as by the Stern Review.
58.
Consumer Watchdog
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Consumer Watchdog is a non-profit, progressive organization which advocates for taxpayer and consumer interests, with a focus on insurance, health care, political reform, privacy and energy. The organization was founded in 1985 by California Proposition 103 author Harvey Rosenfield and is headquartered in Santa Monica and its chief officers include President Jamie Court and Executive Director Douglas Heller. Other notable staff include consumer advocate John Simpson, after lobbying with consumer advocate Ralph Nader on a number of issues including campaign finance reform and nuclear power proliferation, Rosenfield founded Consumer Watchdog in 1985. Later, Rosenfield and Nader campaigned against California Proposition 51, an initiative on the California ballot in 1986 that limited damage claims on lawsuits. Though Proposition 51 passed, Rosenfield continued to work for insurance rate reductions at his newly formed public interest group, Rosenfield believed insurance regulation was the only solution to rising insurance rates in California. In response, Rosenfield drafted new insurance reform legislation, which insurance industry lobbyists defeated in the state capital, in 1987, Rosenfield began to write a ballot box proposal to regulate California property and casualty insurance companies and formed a campaign to sponsor it called Voter Revolt. The proposal turned into insurance reform Proposition 103 and promised voters a minimum 20% rollback in rates for property, auto, the measure required auto insurers to base auto insurance premiums primarily on a policyholders driving safety record, annual mileage driven and years driving experience. Proposition 103 also made the California Insurance Commissioner an elected official, subjected insurers to Californias antitrust laws, civil rights laws and it also included a provision for intervenor fees, which has resulted in payments to Rosenfield and his organizations of more than $6 million. Voter Revolt operated on a $2.9 million budget, a fraction of the insurance industrys $63 million lobbying and advertising effort, the insurance industry, fearing they would not be able to defeat Proposition 103, launched three competing initiative measures in an attempt to confuse voters. To bring attention to his cause, Rosenfield used publicity stunts like having guards accompany him while he delivered the signatures that got Proposition 103 on the ballot, as well, the group attempted to deliver truckloads of cow manure to the headquarters of Farmers Insurance Group of Los Angeles. Following this campaign, along with canvassing and the endorsement of Ralph Nader, since then, Consumer Watchdog has defended Proposition 103 from insurance industry challenges and ensured the propositions implementation. In 2008, the Consumer Federation of America estimated that Proposition 103 had saved consumers over $62 billion since 1988, Mercury spent $16 million in its effort, funding a group called Californians for Fair Automobile Insurance Rates. Consumer Watchdog argued that the measure would have allowed Mercury and other companies to impose surcharges on drivers who have not had continuous coverage. To raise awareness of the fact that a company was sponsoring of Proposition 17. The group was outspent 12-to-1, but the measure was defeated on June 8,2010. In 1994, during the Clinton healthcare debate, Consumer Watchdog created Californians for Quality Care, in 1996, Consumer Watchdog worked to have the first Patients Bill of Rights proposition in the US placed on the California ballot. However, Proposition 216 failed to pass, garnering only 38. 7% of the vote, in 1998, Consumer Watchdog advocated for legislation, ultimately signed into law by California Governor Gray Davis, to extend broad need rights to HMO patients. Most of the package later passed with the help of the California Nurses Association in November 1998
Consumer Watchdog
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Consumer Watchdog
59.
Harvard College
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Harvard College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of learning in the United States. The school came into existence in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, in 1638, the college became home for North Americas first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. Three years later, the college was renamed in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard who had bequeathed to the school his entire library, Harvards first instructor was schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton, in 1639, he also became its first instructor to be dismissed, for overstrict discipline. The schools first students were graduated in 1642, in 1665, Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck from the Wampanoag … did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period. The colleges of Englands Oxford and Cambridge Universities are communities within the university, each an association of scholars sharing room. The Indian College was active from 1640 to no later than 1693, the body known as The President and Fellows of Harvard College retains its traditional name despite having governance of the entire University. Radcliffe College originally paid Harvard faculty to repeat their lectures for women students, since the 1970s, Harvard has been responsible for undergraduate governance matters for women, women were still formally admitted to and graduated from Radcliffe until a final merger in 1999. About 2,000 students are admitted each year, representing between five and ten percent of those applying, of those admitted, approximately three-quarters choose to attend and these figures make Harvard perhaps the most selective and sought-after college in the world. Midway through the year, most undergraduates join one of fifty standard fields of concentration. Joint concentrations and special concentrations are also possible, a smaller number receive the Scientiarum Baccalaureus. There are also special programs, such as a five-year program leading to both a Harvard undergraduate degree and a Master of Arts from the New England Conservatory of Music. In 2012, dozens of students were disciplined for cheating on an exam in one course. The university instituted a code beginning in the fall of 2015. The total annual cost of attendance, including tuition and room and board, under financial aid guidelines adopted in 2012, families with incomes below $65,000 no longer pay anything for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $65,000 to $150,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual income, grants total 88% of Harvards aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans and work-study. Each house is presided over by a senior-faculty Faculty Dean, while its Allston Burr Resident Dean supervises undergraduates day-to-day academic, many tutors reside in the House, as do the Faculty Dean and Resident Dean. The way in which students come to live in particular Houses has changed greatly over time, under the original draft system, Masters negotiated privately over the assignment of rising sophomores considered most—or least—promising
Harvard College
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View of freshman dormitories in Harvard Yard
Harvard College
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Harvard College
Harvard College
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Lt Gov William Stoughton, (1631-1701), Colonial Governor: 1694-99, 1700-01; circa 1700 overlooking one of the buildings of Harvard College
Harvard College
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Lowell House in autumn
60.
Episcopal Church (United States)
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The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
Episcopal Church (United States)
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St. Luke's Church, built during the 17th century near Smithfield, Virginia. It is the oldest Anglican church building to have survived largely intact in North America.
Episcopal Church (United States)
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The arms of the Episcopal Church includes both a St. George's cross and a St. Andrew's cross composed of nine cross crosslets
Episcopal Church (United States)
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Bruton Parish Church in Colonial Williamsburg, established in 1674. The current building was completed in 1715.
Episcopal Church (United States)
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Old North Church in Boston. Inspired by the work of Christopher Wren, it was completed in 1723.
61.
Politico
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Politico is an American political-journalism company based in Arlington County, Virginia, that covers politics and policy in the United States and internationally. It distributes content through television, the Internet, The Politico newspaper, radio and its coverage in Washington, D. C. includes the U. S. Congress, lobbying, media and the presidency. John F. Harris and Jim VandeHei left The Washington Post to become The Politicos editor-in-chief and executive editor, respectively, frederick J. Ryan Jr. served as its first president and chief executive officer. Robert L. Allbritton is founder and publisher, in 2015, Politico launched a Brussels-based European edition called Politico Europe. The newspaper has a circulation of approximately 40,000, distributed for free in Washington, D. C. the newspaper prints up to five issues a week while Congress is in session and sometimes publishes one issue a week when Congress is in recess. It carries advertising, including ads from trade associations and a large help-wanted section listing Washington political jobs. Politico is a partner with several outlets that co-report and distribute its video, print. Partners include CBS News, Allbritton Communicationss ABC station WJLA and cable channel NewsChannel 8, radio station WTOP-FM, journalists covering political campaigns for Politico carry a video camera to each assignment, and journalists are encouraged to promote their work elsewhere. Though Politico seeks to break the traditional journalism mold, it expects to make much of its money initially from Washington, D. C. –focused newspaper advertising. Among the journalists who have worked for Politico are Mike Allen, John Bresnahan, Carrie Budoff Brown, Alex Burns, Dylan Byers, Josh Gerstein, Andrew Glass, roger Simon became The Politicos Chief Political Columnist in December 2006. In 2010, The Politico added two opinion columnists, Michael Kinsley and Joe Scarborough, in a 2007 opinion piece, progressive watchdog group Media Matters for America accused The Politico of having a Republican tilt. In a letter from editor in chief John F, to that end, he asked his colleagues for an honest assessment of the claims set forth in the letter from Media Matters. Ben Smith answered, Media Matters has a point, … that Bushs public endorsement made us seem too close to the White House. That was clearly a favor from the president to us, and felt to me one of those clubby Beltway moments that make the insiders feel important. The other primary editors disagreed with the accusation for a variety of reasons. A2009 profile of the organization in Vanity Fair said The Politico had a staff of 75. Its newspaper circulation is around 32,000, and as of summer 2009 and this is fewer than the 11 million it had during the high point of the campaign, but most political news outlets have lower traffic outside election years. As of July 2009, it was expected to have revenue of around $15 million, primarily from the printed product
Politico
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The February 15, 2007, front page of The Politico
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The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
The Wall Street Journal
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April 28, 2008 front page
The Wall Street Journal
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Vladimir Putin with Journal correspondent Karen Elliott House in 2002
The Wall Street Journal
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Scarlett Johansson covers WSJ. April 2014
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New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.
New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
New York Times
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A speech in the newsroom after announcement of Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009
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Tom Steyer
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Thomas Fahr Tom Steyer is an American hedge fund manager, philanthropist, and environmentalist. Steyer is the founder and former managing partner of Farallon Capital and the co-founder of Beneficial State Bank. Farallon Capital manages $20 billion in capital for institutions and high-net-worth individuals, the firm’s institutional investors include college endowments and foundations. Since 1986, Steyer has been a partner and member of the Executive Committee at Hellman & Friedman, in 2010, Steyer and his wife signed The Giving Pledge to donate half of their fortune to charity during their lifetime. Steyer is on the board of Next Generation, a non-profit that intends to tackle childrens issues and he serves on the Board of Trustees at Stanford University and is active in political campaign fundraising. Tom Steyer was born in 1957 in Manhattan and his mother, Marnie, was a teacher of remedial reading at the Brooklyn House of Detention, and his father, Roy Henry Steyer, was a partner in the New York law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell. His father was Jewish and his mother was Episcopalian, Steyer attended the Buckley School, Philips Exeter Academy and later graduated from Yale University summa cum laude in economics and political science, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He was captain of the Yale soccer team, Steyer received his MBA from Stanford Business School, where he was an Arjay Miller Scholar. He has served on the Board of Trustees, after graduating from Yale, Steyer began his professional career at Morgan Stanley in 1979. After two years at Morgan Stanley, he was accepted to Harvard Business School, but instead attended Stanford Business School, Steyer worked at Goldman Sachs from 1983–85 as an associate in the risk arbitrage division, where he was involved in mergers and acquisitions. He later became a partner and member of the Executive Committee at Hellman & Friedman, in January 1986, Steyer founded Farallon Capital, an investment firm headquartered in San Francisco, California. Steyer made his fortune running Farallon, which was managing $20 billion by the time he left the company, Steyer was known for taking high risks on distressed assets within volatile markets. In October 2012, Steyer stepped down from his position at Farallon in order to focus on advocating for alternative energy, Steyer decided to dispose of his carbon-polluting investments in 2012, although critics say he did not dispose of them fast enough. After leaving Farallon, Steyer hosted a two-day think-tank titled the Big Think Climate Meeting to discuss how to address climate change, in 2006, Steyer and his wife, Kat Taylor, founded OneRoof, a business designed to bring technology to rural India. Steyer and Taylor put up $22, in August 2010, Steyer and his wife signed onto The Giving Pledge, an initiative of Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. The pledge urges individuals and families to give at least half their wealth to charitable causes during their lifetime, Steyer and Taylor created the TomKat Ranch in Pescadero, California, near Half Moon Bay. The ranch is meant to research and demonstrate a way of doing agriculture. The ranchs activities include underwriting healthy food programs and co-producing an independent film, La Mission, starring Benjamin Bratt, circa 2011, Steyer joined the board of Next Generation, a non-profit intending to tackle childrens issues and the environment
Tom Steyer
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Tom Steyer
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US$1.6 billion (June 2016)[1]
