Treatise
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A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions. A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.
Title page of Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)
Euclid's Elements
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The Elements is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions, and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. Elements is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.
Title page of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570. During the Renaissance, Euclid was commonly conflated with the philosopher Euclid of Megara.
A fragment of Euclid's Elements on part of the Oxyrhynchus papyri
Double-page from the Ishaq ibn Hunayn's Arabic Translation of Elementa. Iraq, 1270. Chester Beatty Library
An illumination from a manuscript based on Adelard of Bath's translation of the Elements, c. 1309–1316; Adelard's is the oldest surviving translation of the Elements into Latin, done in the 12th-century work and translated from Arabic.