1.
Space Race
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The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union and the United States, for supremacy in spaceflight capability. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, the Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4,1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, the race peaked with the July 20,1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them, the Space Race has left a legacy of Earth communications and weather satellites, and continuing human space presence on the International Space Station. It has also sparked increases in spending on education and research and development, the origins of the Space Race can be traced to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932, von Braun dreamed of conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. They led the team built the Aggregate-4 rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 and its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945, after the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. The United States also acquired a number of complete V2 rockets. The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the part of Germany. On Stalins orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems, the Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s. After the war, he became the USSRs chief rocket and spacecraft engineer and his identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as the Chief Designer. In the West, his name was officially revealed when he died in 1966. They were not allowed to participate in final Soviet missile design, with their help, particularly Helmut Gröttrups group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Gröttrup Groups G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53 and he also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921, yet he had not been taken seriously by the public
Space Race
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The Soviet Union achieved an early lead in the space race by launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 (replica) in 1957
Space Race
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The United States led during the "Moon race" by landing Neil Armstrong (pictured) and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, July 1969.
Space Race
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Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford and cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov shake hands in space, signifying the end of the "space race"
Space Race
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Wernher von Braun (1912–1977), technical director of Nazi Germany 's missile program, became the United States' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s
2.
Why England Slept
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Why England Slept is the published version of a thesis written by John F. Kennedy while in his senior year at Harvard College. Its title was an allusion to Winston Churchills 1938 book While England Slept, which also examined the buildup of German power. The book was intended to be no more than a college thesis – it was rated as a magna cum laude by Professor Henry A. Yeomans. Author Garry Wills claims that this amounted to rewriting and retitling the manuscript. As ambassador to Britain, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. supported Prime Minister Neville Chamberlains policy of appeasement during the late 1930s. John F. Kennedy lived with his father in Britain at that time and later, during World War II, since 1940, the books foreword was written by Henry R. Luce
Why England Slept
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cover of paperback edition
3.
Profiles in Courage
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Profiles in Courage is a 1957 Pulitzer Prize-winning volume of short biographies describing acts of bravery and integrity by eight United States Senators throughout the Senates history. The book profiles senators who defied the opinions of their party and constituents to do what they felt was right and suffered severe criticism and losses in popularity because of their actions. It begins with a quote from Edmund Burke on the courage of the English Statesman, Charles James Fox, the book focuses intensely on mid-19th century antebellum America and the efforts of Senators to delay the Civil War. Profiles was widely celebrated and became a best seller, John F. Kennedy is credited as the author, although the extent of his contribution has been questioned. In his 2008 autobiography, Kennedys speechwriter Ted Sorensen wrote that, while Kennedy provided the theme and supervised its production, Kennedy was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946,1948 and 1950 for the state of Massachusetts. In 1952 and 1958, he was elected a Senator from Massachusetts and he showed the passage to Sorensen and asked him to see if he could find some more examples. This Sorensen did, and eventually they had not just for an article, as Kennedy had originally envisaged. With help from research assistants and the Library of Congress, Kennedy wrote the book while bedridden during 1954 and 1955, John Quincy Adams, from Massachusetts, for breaking away from the Federalist Party. Daniel Webster, also from Massachusetts, for speaking in favor of the Compromise of 1850, thomas Hart Benton, from Missouri, for staying in the Democratic Party despite his opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories. Sam Houston, from Texas, for speaking against the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, Houston wanted to uphold the Missouri Compromise. He and Bentons votes against Kansas–Nebraska did just that and this was his most unpopular vote and he was defeated when running for reelection. Two years later hed regained enough popularity to be elected Governor of Texas, however, when the state convened in special session and joined the Confederacy, Sam Houston refused to be inaugurated as governor, holding true to his ideal of preserving the Union. Edmund G. Ross, from Kansas, for voting for acquittal in the Andrew Johnson impeachment trial, as a result of Rosss vote, along with those of six other Republicans, Democrat Johnsons presidency was saved, and the stature of the office was preserved. Lamar returned to Mississippi and gave rousing speeches that led to public approval of his decisions. Robert A. Taft, from Ohio, for criticizing the Nuremberg Trials for trying Nazi war criminals under ex post facto laws, counter-criticism against Tafts statements was vital to his failure to secure the Republican nomination for President in 1948. After its release on January 1,1956, Profiles in Courage became a best seller, the book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957, even though it was not one of the finalists forwarded to the Pulitzer Prize board from the selection committee. Kennedys father Joseph asked columnist Arthur Krock, his political adviser, Profiles in Courage was made into a television series of the same name that aired on the NBC network during the 1964–1965 television season. Questions have been raised about how much of the book was written by Kennedy
Profiles in Courage
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Profiles in Courage
4.
Kennedy family
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The Kennedy family is an American family that has been prominent in American politics, public service, and business during the 20th century. Three of the four sons of Joseph, Sr. and Rose Kennedy served as senator, the first Kennedys to reside in the United States were Patrick Kennedy and Bridget Murphy, who sailed from Ireland to East Boston in 1849. Their son Patrick Joseph went into Massachusetts politics and business, P. J. s brother-in-law, Charles M. Hickey, served as mayor of Brockton, Massachusetts in 1913. Under President Franklin D. Josephs wife was Rose Fitzgerald, whose father, John F. Fitzgerald, served as a senator, member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Joseph and Rose had nine children, Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, John served as the President of the United States, while Robert and Ted both became prominent senators. Every Kennedy to hold elective office has served as a Democrat while other members of the family have worked for the Democratic Party or held Cabinet posts under Democratic administrations. Many have attended Harvard University, and the family has contributed greatly to that universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government, Joseph originally hoped for his eldest son, Joseph Jr. to become a politician and ultimately to be elected President. After Joseph Jr. was killed in World War II, Joseph Sr. s hopes transferred to his second son, during his presidency, John appointed Robert as Attorney General. Meanwhile, Ted was elected to the Senate in 1962, the family received intense publicity during Johns term as President, often emphasizing their relative youth, allure, education, and future in politics. The family suffered many tragedies, which contributed to the idea of the Kennedy curse, Kathleen, and John Jr. all died in airplane crashes. Italics denote members who married into the family, only members who held political office are shown below. P. J. Kennedy, Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1884–89, member of the Massachusetts Senate, John F. Caroline Kennedy, United States Ambassador to Japan, 2013–17. Bobby Shriver, Member of the Santa Monica, California City Council, 2004–12, maria Shriver, First Lady of California, 2003–11, married Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chairman of the Presidents Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition, 1990–93, and governor of California, 2003–11. Mark Shriver, Member of the Maryland House of Delegates, 1995–2003, Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General 1961–64, United States senator from New York, 1965–68. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant governor of Maryland, 1995–2003, Joseph P. Kennedy II, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, 1987–99. Joseph P. Kennedy III, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Jean Kennedy Smith, United States Ambassador to Ireland, 1993–98. Ted Kennedy, United States senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009, edward M. Kennedy Jr. Member of the Connecticut Senate, 2015–present. Patrick J. Kennedy, Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, 1989–93, member of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island, the Kennedys, A Family Tree, St
Kennedy family
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Members of the Kennedy family at the birthday of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. in September 1963.
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Kennedy
Kennedy family
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Life
Kennedy family
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Electoral history
5.
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
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To prove his vote-getting ability, Kennedy challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey, a liberal, in the Wisconsin primary. Kennedy next faced Humphrey in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia, humphreys campaign was low on money and could not compete with the well-organized, well-financed Kennedy team. Kennedys attractive sisters and brothers combed the state looking for votes, on primary day, Kennedy crushed Humphrey with over 60% of the vote. Humphrey withdrew from the race and Kennedy had gained the victory he needed to prove to the bosses that a Catholic could win in a non-Catholic state. In the months leading up to the Democratic Convention Kennedy traveled around the nation persuading delegates from states to support him. However, as the Convention opened, Kennedy was still a few votes short of victory. Although Kennedy won primaries by comfortable margin, his main opponent, Johnson, who did not participate in primaries, had a very strong base in party establishment and gained many delegates. Johnson did not join any primary, but was a write-in, the following political leaders were candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination. Loveless -2 Pat Brown, Orval E. Faubus, Albert Dean Rosellini - each 1 vote Kennedy announced Lyndon B. Johnson as his choice of running-mate on the following his nomination. Johnson was nominated by acclamation that evening
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
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Candidate
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960
6.
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
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The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20,1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedys only term as President, johnsons only term as Vice President. Kennedy died 2 years,306 days into this term, Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election, in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, the then–incumbent Vice President. He was the first Roman Catholic to become President, and became the youngest person elected to the office and his inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges. This inauguration was the first in which a poet, Robert Frost, frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D. C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day, January 19,1961, considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington, D. C. With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group, davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating It was the ambassador, sammy not being there was a loss. On inauguration day, January 20,1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington and this task force employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-end loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to clear the route. Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions, the snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile, preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration. Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes. Marian Anderson sang The Star-Spangled Banner, and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy was played, the oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson. Robert Frost, then 86 years old, recited his poem The Gift Outright, Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting The Gift Outright, considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign. Kennedy would later state that he admired the courage, the skill and daring of Frost, and adding that Ive never taken the view the world of politics. I think politicians and poets share at least one thing, American poet William Meredith would say that the request focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture, as a man interested in culture. Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested, to the surprise of Kennedys friends. On the morning of the inauguration, Frost asked Stewart Udall, Kennedys future Secretary of the Interior, to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading, once at the presidential podium, however, the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers. When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the first three lines, squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
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Presidential Inauguration of John F.Kennedy
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
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President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of Bergdorf Goodman, arrive at Sinatra's inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day.
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
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View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address, with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him.
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
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The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at Kennedy's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery, with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument in the background.
7.
Kennedy Doctrine
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The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. A dominant premise during the Kennedy years was the need to contain communism at any cost, in this Cold War environment, Kennedy’s “call for military strength and unison in the struggle against communism were balanced with. Kennedy expressed this idea in his address when he stated, “In the long history of the only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom from its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility – I welcome it. ”1 The Kennedy Doctrine was essentially an expansion of the foreign policy prerogatives of the administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower. The foreign policies of these presidents all revolved around the threat of communism, the Truman Doctrine focused on the containment of communism by providing assistance to countries resisting communism in Europe. In his inaugural address, Kennedy talks of an alliance for progress with countries in Latin America, in his Alliance for Progress address for Latin American Diplomats and Members of Congress on March 13th 1961 he expanded on his promises from his inaugural speech. He requested that Latin American countries promote social change within their borders, “To achieve this goal political freedom must accompany material progress. Our Alliance for Progress is an alliance of free governments –, increase of U. S. involvement in Vietnam War,1962. Ratification of Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, July,1963, flexible response The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy, available online at, http, //www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/kennedy. htm Viotti, Paul R, American Foreign Policy and National Security, A Documentary Record,222. President John F. Kennedy, On the Alliance for Progress,1961, available Online at, http, //www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/1961kennedy-afp1. html Fitzsimons, Louise. The John F. Kennedy Presidential Oral History Collection, available Online at, http, //www. lexisnexis. com/academic/2upa/Aph/KennedyOral. asp Weidman, Lisa Menéndez. A Biography of John F. Kennedy, The 35th President of the United States, available Online at The JFK Library, http, //www. jfklibrary. org/jfk_biography. html Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Library and Museum
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President John F. Kennedy signing Proclamation 3504, authorizing the naval quarantine of Communist Cuba
8.
American University speech
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Noteworthy are his comments that the United States was seeking a goal of complete disarmament of nuclear weapons and his vow that America will never start a war. The speech was unusual in its outreach to the Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War. After the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Kennedy was determined to construct a better relationship with the Soviet Union to discourage another threat of nuclear war and he believed that Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was also interested in renewing U. S. -Soviet relations. On November 19,1962, Khrushchev had submitted a report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party that implicitly called for a halt in foreign intervention to concentrate on the economy. One month later, Khrushchev wrote Kennedy a letter stating the time has now to put an end once. Kennedy greeted this response with enthusiasm and suggested that technical discussions for nuclear inspections begin between representatives of the two governments, however, Kennedy faced opposition for any test ban from Republican leaders and his own State Department. After several months the opposition in the Senate lessened and gave the Kennedy Administration the opportunity to pursue the ban with the Soviet Union, in May 1963, the president informed his National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy that he wished to deliver a major address on peace. In the days before the speech, Kennedy was committed to addressing the U. S, Conference of Mayors in Honolulu and asked Sorensen to construct the initial draft with input from several members of Kennedys staff. The speech was reviewed and edited by Kennedy and Sorensen on the flight from Honolulu days before the address. Historian and Special Assistant Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. observed in his diary, from the viewpoint of orderly administration, but the State Department could never in a thousand years have produced this speech. By 1963 he had written drafts for nearly every speech Kennedy delivered in office, including the address, the Cuban Missile Crisis speech. Common elements of the Kennedy-Sorensen speeches were alliteration, repetition and chiasmus as well as historical references, although Kennedy often interposed off-the-cuff ad-libs to his speeches, he did not deviate from the final draft of the address. Anca Gata described Ted Sorensen as “the chief architect of the speech in language, style, composition, Kennedy noted that almost uniquely among the major world powers the United States and Russia had never been at war with each other. Kennedy sought to draw similarities between the United States and the Soviet Union several times and called for a reexamination of American attitudes towards Russia. He warned that adopting a course towards nuclear confrontation would be only of the bankruptcy of our policy—or of a collective death-wish for the world. For in it Kennedy tells us about transforming our deepest aspirations--in this case for peace--into practical realities and he almost presents a method, a dream-and-do combination that soars with high vision and yet walk on earth with practical results. What kind of peace do I mean and what kind of a peace do we seek, not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war. Not the peace of the grave or the security of the slave, today the expenditure of billions of dollars every year on weapons acquired for the purpose of making sure we never need them is essential to the keeping of peace
American University speech
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President Kennedy delivers the commencement address at American University, Monday, June 10, 1963.
9.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro. The Presidential coup of 1952 led by General Fulgencio Batista, against President Carlos Prio, President Prios exile was the reason for the 26th July Movement led by Fidel Castro. The movement, which did not succeed until after the Cuban Revolution of December 31,1958, severed the countrys formerly strong links with the US after nationalizing American economic assets. It was after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, that Fidel Castro forged strong links with the Soviet Union, with whom, at the time. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was very concerned at the direction Castros government was taking, the CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces, training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala. Eisenhowers successor John F. Kennedy approved the invasion plan on 4 April 1961. Over 1,400 paramilitaries, divided into five battalions and one paratrooper battalion. Two days later, on 15 April, eight CIA-supplied B-26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields, on the night of 16 April, the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs. It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia, the Cuban Armys counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández, before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation. As the US involvement became apparent to the world, Kennedy decided against providing further air cover for the invasion, as a result, the operation only had half the forces the CIA had deemed necessary. The original plan devised during Eisenhowers presidency had required both air and naval support, on 20 April, the invaders surrendered after only three days, with the majority being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons. The failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castros leadership, made him a national hero and it also strengthened the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. This eventually led to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy, Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America. Cuban forces under Castros leadership clashed directly with US forces during the Invasion of Grenada over 20 years later, for centuries, Cuba was home of the Spanish Empire. The US subsequently invaded the island, and forced the Spanish army out, subsequently, large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba, and by 1905, 60% of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans. Between 1906 and 1909,5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island, many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government, sparking the Cuban Revolution. Another was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil, which had been founded by the Federation of University Students President José Antonio Echevarría, however, the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the 26th of July Movement, founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Che Guevara (left) and Castro, photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to plan the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana - Miami, Florida.
10.
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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The impetus for the test ban was provided by rising public anxiety over the magnitude of nuclear tests, particularly tests of new thermonuclear weapons, and the resulting nuclear fallout. A test ban was also seen as a means of slowing nuclear proliferation, though the PTBT did not halt proliferation or the arms race, its enactment did coincide with a substantial decline in the concentration of radioactive particles in the atmosphere. The PTBT was signed by the governments of the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, the treaty formally went into effect on 10 October 1963. Since then,123 other states have become party to the treaty, ten states have signed but not ratified the treaty. In 1952–53, the US and Soviet Union detonated their first thermonuclear weapons, in 1954, the US Castle Bravo test at Bikini Atoll had a yield of 15 megatons of TNT, more than doubling the expected yield. In the same year, a Soviet test sent radioactive particles over Japan, around the same time, victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima visited the US for medical care, which attracted significant public attention. Between 1951 and 1958, the US conducted 166 atmospheric tests, the Soviet Union conducted 82, in 1945, Britain and Canada made an early call for an international discussion on controlling atomic power. At the time, the US had yet to formulate a policy or strategy on nuclear weapons. Taking advantage of this was Vannevar Bush, who had initiated and administered the Manhattan Project, as a first step in this direction, Bush proposed an international agency dedicated to nuclear control. Truman to help construct US nuclear weapons policy, a version of the Acheson-Lilienthal plan was presented to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission as the Baruch Plan in June 1946. The Baruch Plan proposed that an International Atomic Development Authority would control all research on and material, the Soviet Union dismissed the Baruch Plan as a US attempt to secure its nuclear dominance, and called for the US to halt weapons production and release technical information on its program. The Acheson–Lilienthal paper and Baruch Plan would serve as the basis for US policy into the 1950s, between 1947 and 1954, the US and Soviet Union discussed their demands within the United Nations Commission for Conventional Disarmament. A series of events in 1954, including the Castle Bravo test and spread of fallout from a Soviet test over Japan, additionally, by 1954, both US and Soviet Union had assembled large nuclear stockpiles, reducing hopes of complete disarmament. Interest in nuclear control and efforts to stall proliferation of weapons to other states grew as the Soviet Unions nuclear capabilities increased, in the same year, the British Labour Party, then led by Clement Attlee, called on the UN to ban testing of thermonuclear weapons. 1955 marks the beginning of negotiations, as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev first proposed talks on the subject in February 1955. On 10 May 1955, the Soviet Union proposed a test ban before the UN Disarmament Commissions Committee of Five, the May 1955 proposal is now seen evidence of Khrushchevs new approach to foreign policy, as Khrushchev sought to mend relations with the West. The proposal would serve as the basis of the Soviet negotiating position through 1957, Eisenhower had supported nuclear testing after World War II. In 1947, he rejected arguments by Stafford L. Warrens arguments were lent credence in the scientific community, everybody seems to think that were skunks, saber-rattlers and warmongers
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
11.
Apollo program
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Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon, Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first manned flight in 1968. It achieved its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration, Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a lifeboat for these functions, Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds of rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moons composition. The program laid the foundation for NASAs subsequent human spaceflight capability, Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers. The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, while the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a station, circumlunar flights. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that I was naming the spacecraft like Id name my baby. Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, in July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs. In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense. Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of prestige, pledging to make the US not first but, first and, first if. Despite Kennedys rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president and he knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. On April 12,1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on Americas response to the Soviets
Apollo program
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Buzz Aldrin (pictured) walked on the Moon with Neil Armstrong, on Apollo 11, July 20–21, 1969
Apollo program
Apollo program
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President Kennedy delivers his proposal to put a man on the Moon before a joint session of Congress, May 25, 1961
Apollo program
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John Houbolt explaining the LOR concept
12.
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington soon after his death and placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. On the Sunday after the assassination, his coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the U. S. Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket, representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25. After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthews Cathedral, the president was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. After John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, his body was flown back to Washington, at the same time, military authorities began making arrangements for a state funeral. Wehle, the general of the Military District of Washington. Miller, chief of ceremonies and special events at the MDW and they headed to the White House and worked with the presidents brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, also director of the Peace Corps, and Ralph Dungan, an aide to the president. Because Kennedy had no plan in place, much of the planning rested with the CG MDW. The day after the assassination, the new president, Lyndon B, johnson, issued Presidential Proclamation 3561, declaring Monday to be a national day of mourning, and only essential emergency workers to be at their posts. He read the proclamation over a radio and television broadcast at 4,45 p. m. from the Fish Room at the White House. Several elements of the funeral paid tribute to Kennedys service in the Navy during World War II. They included a member of the Navy bearing the flag, the playing of the Navy Hymn, Eternal Father, Strong to Save. Then Kennedys body was put in a new casket in place of the bronze casket which was used to transport the body from Dallas. The bronze casket had been damaged in transit, and was disposed of by the Air Force in the Atlantic Ocean so that it would not fall into the hands of sensation seekers. The body of President Kennedy was returned to the White House at about 4,30 a. m, the motorcade bearing the remains was met at the White House gate by a Marine honor guard, which escorted it to the North Portico. The pallbearers bore the casket to the East Room where, nearly one hundred years earlier, Kennedys casket was placed on a catafalque previously used for the funerals of the Unknown Soldiers from the Korean War and World War II at Arlington. Jacqueline Kennedy declared that the casket would be closed for the duration of the viewing. The shot to Kennedys head left a wound, and religious leaders said that a closed casket minimized morbid concentration on the corpse
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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State Funeral of John F. Kennedy
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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President John F. Kennedy lies in repose in the White House East Room.
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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The riderless (caparisoned) horse named " Black Jack " during a departure ceremony held on the center steps at the United States Capitol Building.
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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A limbers and caissons bearing the casket of President John F. Kennedy seen moving down the White House drive on the way to St. Matthew's Cathedral on November 25, 1963. A color guard holding the presidential colors, the flag of the President of the United States, and the riderless horse "Black Jack", follow behind.
13.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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The John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery. The permanent site replaced a temporary grave and eternal flame used during President Kennedys funeral on November 25,1963, the site was designed by architect John Carl Warnecke, a long-time friend of President Kennedys. The permanent John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame grave site was consecrated and opened to the public on March 15,1967, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Friday, November 22,1963. Initial press reports indicated that President Kennedy would be buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts, but the site for the Presidents grave was quickly changed to the hillside just below Arlington House. The site was chosen because the President and his friend, architect John Carl Warnecke, happened to visit the site in March 1963, the initial suggestion to bury President Kennedy at Arlington appears to have been made by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy agreed to the change, on Sunday, November 24,1963, Jacqueline Kennedy requested an eternal flame for her husbands grave. According to several published accounts, she drew inspiration from a number of sources, one was the eternal flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, which she and her husband had seen during a visit to France in 1961. She also took inspiration from the novel The Candle in the Wind and her brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, counseled against an eternal flame, worried that it might appear ostentatious or that it would compete with other such memorials at Arlington National Cemetery. The Presidents funeral was set for Monday, November 25 and this left very little time to manufacture and install an eternal flame. The Corps also installed a gas line to a propane tank 200 yards away to feed the torch, a mound of evergreens was placed around the base of the flame to cover the tubing and torch mechanism, and the head of the grave dug in front of the flame. The grave was set in a plot of grass roughly 5 yards on each side, the site was about halfway up the hill on which Arlington House stands. The grave was placed so that it had a view of the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument, Jacqueline Kennedy lit a taper from a candle held by a nearby soldier, and then brought the eternal flame to life at the end of the burial service. The presidents brothers, Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy, on the evening of November 26, the site was surrounded by a white picket fence. The fencing covered an expanded area 30 feet long by 20 feet wide, the enlarged site was due to the wish of Mrs. Kennedy to inter her two deceased children next to their father. She had read that President Abraham Lincoln had been buried next to his son, Willie Lincoln. The two caskets were flown to Washington, D. C. accompanied by Mrs. Auchincloss, a small white cross was placed at the head of the daughters grave, and a small white headstone placed at the head of Patrick Kennedys grave. During the funeral, flowers were laid on the hillside above the grave, after the erection of the fence, flowers were placed inside the enclosure, leaning against the uphill side of the fence. A canvas-covered circular wooden walkway was built from Sheridan Drive to the site to give members of the public access to the grave
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame at Arlington National Cemetery after its 2013 renovation
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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Mrs. Kennedy and AG Robert F. Kennedy walk away from President Kennedy's casket after lighting the Eternal Flame. The evergreen boughs which cover the base of the temporary Eternal Flame can be seen behind them. The Presidential Honor Guard is in front of and to the left of Mrs. Kennedy. Note the presence of the Green Beret.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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View across the Arlington Memorial Bridge to the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument.
John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame
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Grave site under construction in October 1965. The temporary grave is just beyond the picket fence, where the crowd has gathered.
14.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
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Incumbent Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
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Presidential Seal
President of the United States
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Obama signing legislation at the Resolute desk
President of the United States
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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War
15.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
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Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
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Flag
Soviet Union
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Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov, head of the NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
16.
Sputnik
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Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957 and it was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable and this surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information, even though the satellite itself wasnt equipped with sensors. The density of the atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit. Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No. 1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, the satellite travelled at about 29,000 kilometres per hour, taking 96.2 minutes to complete each orbit. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz, the signals continued for 21 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on 26 October 1957. Sputnik burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earths atmosphere, after travelling about 70 million km, on 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist Sergei Korolev addressed Dimitri Ustinov and proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite. Korolev forwarded a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov with an overview of similar projects abroad, Tikhonravov had emphasized that the launch of an orbital satellite was an inevitable stage in the development of rocket technology. On 29 July 1955, U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced through his press secretary that the United States would launch an artificial satellite during the International Geophysical Year. A week later, on 8 August, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union approved the proposal to create an artificial satellite. On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov – the head of the State Commission on R-7 rocket test launches – held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a trajectory to the Moon. They decided to develop a version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches. On 30 January 1956 the Council of Ministers approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. This satellite, named Object D, was planned to be completed in 1957–58, it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg, the first test launch of Object D was scheduled for 1957. These included measuring the density of the atmosphere and its ion composition, the wind, magnetic fields. These data would be valuable in the creation of artificial satellites. A system of stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellites orbit
Sputnik
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A replica of Sputnik 1
Sputnik
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This metal arming key is the last remaining piece of the first Sputnik satellite. It prevented contact between the batteries and the transmitter prior to launch. Currently on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
Sputnik
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30k USSR postage stamp depicting Sputnik 1
Sputnik
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A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum
17.
Cosmonaut
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An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists. Starting in the 1950s up to 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, with the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created, the commercial astronaut. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles are awarded astronaut wings. As of 17 November 2016, a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km or more in altitude, of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these,24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon, the three astronauts who have not reached low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie. As of 17 November 2016, under the U. S. definition 558 people qualify as having reached space, of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days in space, as of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman,377 days, dryden preferred cosmonaut, on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos, while the astro prefix suggested flight to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred astronaut, which survived by common usage as the preferred American term, when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to cosmonaut. In English-speaking nations, a space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron, meaning star, the first known use of the term astronaut in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Deaths Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier, for example, in Percy Gregs 1880 book Across the Zodiac, astronaut referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de lInfini of J. -H, rosny aîné, the word astronautique was used. The word may have inspired by aeronaut, an older term for an air traveler first applied to balloonists. An early use in a publication is Eric Frank Russells poem The Astronaut in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society. NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond, NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps
Cosmonaut
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NASA Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a Manned Maneuvering Unit outside Space Shuttle Challenger on shuttle mission STS-41-B in 1984.
Cosmonaut
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Alan Shepard aboard Freedom 7
Cosmonaut
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Yuri Gagarin, first human in space (1961)
Cosmonaut
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Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space (1963)
18.
Yuri Gagarin
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Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin was a Russian Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became a celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union. Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight, but he served as crew to the Soyuz 1 mission. Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow, Gagarin died in 1968 when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting crashed. The Yuri Gagarin Medal is awarded in his honor, Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino, near Gzhatsk, on 9 March 1934. His parents worked on a farm, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and bricklayer. Yuri was the third of four children, older brother Valentin, older sister Zoya, like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. Klushino was occupied in November 1941 during the German advance on Moscow, and an officer took over the Gagarin residence. The family was allowed to build a mud hut, approximately 3 by 3 metres inside, on the land behind their house and his two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour in 1943, and did not return until after the war in 1945. In 1946, the moved to Gzhatsk, where Gagarin continued his secondary education. After graduating in 1951 from both the grade and the vocational school, he was selected for further training at the Saratov Industrial Technical School. While in Saratov, Gagarin volunteered for training as a Soviet air cadet at a local flying club. He also earned money as a part-time dock laborer on the Volga River. After graduating from the school in 1955, the Soviet Army drafted Gagarin. On a recommendation, Gagarin was sent to the First Chkalov Air Force Pilots School in Orenburg, post-graduation, he was assigned to the Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where terrible weather made flying risky. He became a Lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces on 5 November 1957, in 1960, after much searching and a selection process, Yuri Gagarin was chosen with 19 other pilots for the Soviet space program. Gagarin was further selected for a training group known as the Sochi Six
Yuri Gagarin
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Gagarin on a visit to Sweden, 1964
Yuri Gagarin
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Valentina Gagarina, Sima Eivazova and Yuri Gagarin in Bulgaria in 1966
Yuri Gagarin
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Vostok I capsule on display at the RKK Energiya museum
Yuri Gagarin
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Gagarin in Warsaw, 1961
19.
Project Mercury
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Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit, taken over from the U. S. Air Force by the newly created civilian space agency NASA, it conducted twenty unmanned developmental flights, and six successful flights by astronauts. The program, which took its name from the god of travel in Roman mythology, cost $277 million in 1965 US dollars, the astronauts were collectively known as the Mercury Seven, and each spacecraft was given a name ending with a 7 by its pilot. The Space Race began with the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 and this came as a shock to the American public, and led to the creation of NASA to expedite existing U. S. space exploration efforts, and place most of them under civilian control. After the successful launch of the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958, the Soviet Union put the first human, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, into a single orbit aboard Vostok 1 on April 12,1961. Shortly after this, on May 5, the U. S. launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, Soviet Gherman Titov followed with a day-long orbital flight in August 1961. The U. S. reached its goal on February 20,1962. When Mercury ended in May 1963, both nations had sent six people into space, but the Soviets led the U. S. in total spent in space. The Mercury space capsule was produced by McDonnell Aircraft, and carried supplies of water, food, Mercury flights were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, on launch vehicles modified from the Redstone and Atlas D missiles. The capsule was fitted with an escape rocket to carry it safely away from the launch vehicle in case of a failure. The flight was designed to be controlled from the ground via the Manned Space Flight Network, small retrorockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit, after which an ablative heat shield protected it from the heat of atmospheric reentry. Finally, a parachute slowed the craft for a water landing, both astronaut and capsule were recovered by helicopters deployed from a U. S. Navy ship. After a slow start riddled with humiliating mistakes, the Mercury project gained popularity, its missions followed by millions on radio, Project Mercury was officially approved on October 7,1958 and publicly announced on December 17. Originally called Project Astronaut, President Dwight Eisenhower felt that too much attention to the pilot. Instead, the name Mercury was chosen from classical mythology, which had already lent names to rockets like the Greek Atlas and Roman Jupiter for the SM-65 and it absorbed military projects with the same aim, such as the Air Force Man In Space Soonest. Following the end of World War II, an arms race evolved between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. The rocket technology in turn enabled both sides to develop Earth-orbiting satellites for communications, and gathering data and intelligence. Americans were shocked when the Soviet Union placed the first satellite into orbit in October 1957, a month later, the Soviets launched Sputnik 2, carrying a dog into orbit
Project Mercury
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Wallops Island test facility, 1961
Project Mercury
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Project Mercury
Project Mercury
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Mercury Control Center, Cape Canaveral, 1963
Project Mercury
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Robert R. Gilruth, head of Space Task Group, 1969
20.
Humble Oil
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Humble Oil and Refining Co. was founded in 1911 in Humble, Texas. Humble was acquired by Standard Oil of New Jersey in September 1959 and merged with its parent to become Exxon Company, the Humble Oil Company was founded by brothers Ross S. They were joined by their sister, Florence M. Sterling, who became assistant, the three siblings were often referred to as the Trio. In the early 1920s, Humble Oil invested heavily in permanent improvements, Humbles restructuring allowed both companies to sell and market gasoline nationwide under the Esso, Enco and Humble brands. At that point, the stations in Ohio would be rebranded Humble until the change to Exxon in 1972. During that time, Humble would also expand the Enco brand to new marketing areas it entered for the first time, however, the U. S. Justice Department objected to Humbles plan and Tidewaters west coast operations were sold to Phillips Petroleum in 1966. In 1966, the Justice Department ordered Humble to cease and desist from using the Esso brand at stations in several Southeastern states following protests from Standard Oil of Kentucky, by 1967, stations in each of those states were rebranded as Enco. Despite the success of the Put A Tiger In Your Tank advertising campaign introduced by Humble in 1959 to promote its Enco/Esso Extra gasolines, the similar oval logotypes, the Happy Motoring. Humble officials realized by the late 1960s the time had come to swallow its pride by developing a new name that could be used nationwide throughout the U. S. At first, consideration was given to simply rebranding all stations as Enco, to create a unified brand, the company rebranded all its U. S. S. cities. The name change, one of the most expensive in the history of the U. S. to Exxon USA, larson, Henrietta M. Porter, Kenneth Wiggins. History of Humble Oil and Refining Company, Olien, Diana Davids, Olien, Roger M. Oil in Texas, The Gusher Age, 1895-1945, Sterling, Ross S. Kilman, Ed. Ross Sterling, Texan, A Memoir by the Founder of Humble Oil and Refining Company
Humble Oil
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Humble
21.
Falling Skies
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Falling Skies is an American science fiction post-apocalyptic dramatic television series created by Robert Rodat and executive produced by Steven Spielberg. The series, a production of DreamWorks Television—and from 2014 to 2015, being a production from Spielbergs Amblin Television, television—is broadcast in the United States on the cable channel TNT, and in Canada on Super Channel and on Space. The series premiered on June 19,2011, on July 18,2014, TNT renewed the show for a 10-episode fifth and final season, which started on June 28,2015 and concluded on August 30,2015. The aliens objectives are not explained until season 4 and they plan to extract helium-3 from Earths moon to power their technology, and to use humanity as an enslaved front-line army in their war with another alien race. To do this, the round up children between the ages of 8 and 18 and attach a biomechanical mind control harness to their spines. Her beloved daughter led that invasion, but the Espheni underestimated humanity, the Queens daughter was killed and the Queen swore to wipe out humanity in revenge. The story follows a group of survivors who band together to fight back and they call themselves the Second Massachusetts, an allusion to the historical regiment from the Continental Army. The group is led by retired United States Army Captain Dan Weaver, Boston University history professor Tom Mason is second in command and must put his extensive knowledge of military history into practice while searching for his son Ben. At the end of season 2, a new race known as the Volm are introduced. Led by a Volm nicknamed Cochise by Tom Mason, the Volm are another species who the Espheni conquered in their expansion. While more Volm forces arrive at the end of season 3, an attack on the Volm across the galaxy causes all but Cochise, Cochise and his soldiers continue to aid humanity in their war with the Espheni despite the lack of support from their superiors, notably Cochises father. In season 4, a devastating Espheni counterattack relegates humanity to Espheni-controlled ghettos across the planet, meanwhile, Toms half-Espheni daughter Alexis continues to grow and develop psychic powers due to her heritage. After the 2nd Mass eventually escape the ghettos, another attack severely depletes their numbers, learning of a power core on the Moon that controls all Espheni technology, Tom and Alexis launch an attack on the power core using a captured Espheni aircraft. Alexis sacrifices herself to destroy the core and Tom is left lost in space. In season 5, Tom is rescued by the Esphenis ancient enemy, the Dornia, returned to Earth, Tom rallies humanity into a global resistance that will march on major Espheni bases all over the world. Tom leads the militias in the United States in a march on the Espheni base in Washington, indeed, while in Washington, Tom spots signs of the Espheni moving in on Earth. Tracking the queen to the ruins of the Lincoln Memorial, Tom confronts her alone, Tom manages to infect the Espheni Queen with a Dornia bioweapon, killing her and spreading the bioweapon throughout the Espheni species. The Espheni are destroyed and the Earth is freed, months later, humanity is united and makes plans to elect a new leader
Falling Skies
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Wyle at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con promoting the series
Falling Skies
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Falling Skies
Falling Skies
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The Riverview Hospital mental health facility in Coquitlam was used to film several episodes of the second season.
Falling Skies
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Promotional poster of Falling Skies.
22.
Falling Skies (season 4)
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Falling Skies was renewed for a fourth season, which aired from June 22 to August 31,2014. The season consists of twelve episodes instead of the usual ten, on July 18,2014, TNT renewed the show for a fifth and final season. The season consists of twelve episodes instead of the usual ten and it was reported that Academy Award winning actress Mira Sorvino will appear in a major recurring role as a character named Sara. Sara is described as, a woman far removed from her life as a graphic designer who is now dogged by death at every turn, yet she has never felt more alive. A chance encounter with guerrilla fighter John Pope leads her to join the resistance, harry Potter alum Scarlett Byrne who played Pansy Parkinson was also cast in the role of Alexis Lexi Glass-Mason as a new series regular
Falling Skies (season 4)
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Promotional poster
23.
Tom Mason (Falling Skies)
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Tom Mason is a fictional character and protagonist of the TNT television series Falling Skies. The character is played by Noah Wyle, Mason is one of the leaders of the 2nd Mass, a group of survivors fighting against the aliens. The character was created by series creator Robert Rodat, Noah Wyle was cast in the role in 2009, on recommendation by executive producer Steven Spielberg who produced Wyles previous series ER. At the opening of the series, most of the race has been destroyed in an alien invasion. Toms three sons are Hal, Ben, and Matt, his wife perished during the stages of the invasion. Around this time, Tom encounters a group of scavengers led by a man named John Pope, after a firefight with Skitters, Popes group is reluctantly taken in by the 2nd Mass. Bens harness is removed, but Hal notices that his brother has undergone physical and behavioral changes during his time in captivity. Meanwhile, Terry Clayton, an old friend of Weavers and the commander of another group, is revealed to be a collaborator who is giving human children to the Skitters. After Claytons treachery is revealed, Tom fatally shoots him, when Skitter forces draw back in major cities, the 2nd Mass decide to launch an offensive on the alien base in Boston, Tom and Weaver scout it to detect weaknesses. It is during this expedition that they realize the Skitters are being commanded by another race of aliens later identified as the Overlords. During the initial stages of the attack, Tom evacuates the 2nd Mass civilian population from the school where they are hiding, using a grenade launcher given to him by Pope, Tom shoots down a spacecraft which crashes into and destroys the alien base. The Overlords, having underestimated the human resistance, offer to begin negotiations with the 2nd Mass, Tom begrudgingly agrees when he is told that it will save Ben from his transformation by the harness. The season ends with Tom being led aboard an Overlord ship, Three months after the battle in Boston, a traumatized Tom is returned to the 2nd Mass and is accidentally shot by Ben. A Mech – one of the robotic beings fighting alongside the Skitters – massacred a group of humans as a reprisal, a parasitical alien probe is found and removed from Toms eye, leading him to question his own loyalty. The 2nd Mass decides to travel to Charleston, South Carolina, over the course of the journey, Tom grows ever closer to Anne Glass, the medical doctor for the 2nd Mass. The group comes across a Skitter that Tom identifies as one of the aliens who tortured him during his time on the ship. They learn that a group of Skitters have fought off the control of the harness and are mounting a rebellion against the Overlords. During a firefight with alien forces, Tom briefly holds an Overlord – who was present during Toms own captivity – captive
Tom Mason (Falling Skies)
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Tom Mason, as portrayed by Noah Wyle.
Tom Mason (Falling Skies)
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Wyle at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con promoting the series.
24.
Kennedy Center
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The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D. C. The Center, which opened September 8,1971, is a multi-dimensional facility, both an enduring memorial to John F. Now in its 45th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater, supports artists in the creation of new work and it is both the nations public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through sales and gifts from individuals, corporations. The building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and it receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation. The Library of Congress added an auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center near Judiciary Square. In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U. S, representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience, in 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center. From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy and this was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959. He presented preliminary designs to the Presidents Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, by November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million. The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29,1959, led fundraising. Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years, President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nations capital, and provided leadership and support for the project. In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman. The total cost of construction was $70 million, Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds. Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors. Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy from the Italian government, President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2,1964
Kennedy Center
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Kennedy Center seen from the Potomac River
Kennedy Center
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The Kennedy Center as seen from the air. A portion of the Watergate complex can be seen at the left
Kennedy Center
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Bust of John F. Kennedy by Robert Berks located opposite the entrance to the Opera House in the Center
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Flags in the Hall of States
25.
Public Service Broadcasting (band)
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At first, the band consisted solely of Willgoose. He made his debut at The Selkirk pub in Tooting, London. Shortly afterwards he issued EP One, teaming up with Wrigglesworth on drums the band played its first festival in September 2010, Aestival in Suffolk, and work began on a second EP, The War Room, which was released in May 2012. Since then, the band has released two albums, Inform-Educate-Entertain, and The Race for Space, released on 23 February 2015 and this was supported by two shows at the National Space Centre in Leicester celebrating the albums launch. The album charted just outside the top 10 in 11th place in the UK in its release week, while writing The War Room the band formed a close relationship with the British Film Institute, using their material during live shows. Im not going to be happy with it, Im not going to be playing it to other people. They take samples from old public information films, archive footage and propaganda material, for live shows the pair are augmented by visuals expert Mr. B and bass guitarist and flugelhorn player JF Abraham, who also features on The Race for Space. Inform-Educate-Entertain UK no.21 The Race for Space UK no.11 The Race for Space / Remixes UK no.59 Live at Brixton Every Valley EP One —7 August 2010. The War Room —28 May 2012 Signal 30 —15 April 2013 ROYGBIV —5 March 2012 which won the BBC Radio 6 Music Rebel Playlist, spitfire —26 March 2012 which won the BBC Radio 6 Music Rebel Playlist. The song sampled dialogue and sound from the 1942 film The First of the Few, London Can Take It —13 August 2012 Everest —12 November 2012 only for digital downloading. The song is based around The Conquest of Everest, a 1953 film charting Sir Edmund Hillary, Signal 30 Night Mail Elfstedentocht Gagarin -1 December 2014 Go. -23 February 2015 Sputnik/Korolev -20 November 2015 #4 UK Physical Progress -10 March 2017 Official website Public Service Broadcasting on BBC Music Public Service Broadcasting on MusicBrainz
Public Service Broadcasting (band)
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Public Service Broadcasting
26.
KFC
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Kentucky Fried Chicken, more commonly known by its initials KFC, is an American fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken. Headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, it is the worlds second-largest restaurant chain after McDonalds, the chain is a subsidiary of Yum. Brands, a restaurant company that owns the Pizza Hut. KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders, an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his restaurant in Corbin. Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise opened in Utah in 1952, KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. By branding himself as Colonel Sanders, Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history, however, the companys rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. KFC was one of the first American fast food chains to expand internationally, opening outlets in Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it experienced mixed fortunes domestically, in the early-1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein, which was taken over by the R. J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate, that sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas, however, and in 1987 and it has since expanded rapidly in China, which is now the companys single largest market. PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants, which changed its name to Yum. KFCs original product is fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders recipe of 11 herbs. The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret, larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard bucket, which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. KFC is known for its former and current slogan Finger Lickin Good, Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville, Indiana. When Sanders was five years old, his father died, forcing his mother to work at a canning plant and this left Sanders, as the eldest son, to care for his two younger siblings. After he reached seven years of age, his mother taught him how to cook, after leaving the family home at the age of 13, Sanders passed through several professions, with mixed success. In 1930, he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, Kentucky and it was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a child, fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham. After four years of serving from his own dining table, Sanders purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road
KFC
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Harland Sanders in character as "The Colonel"
KFC
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KFC
KFC
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A stand-alone KFC drive-through unit located in Australia
KFC
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KFC restaurant in Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
27.
Rob Lowe
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Robert Hepler Lowe is an American actor. He came to prominence in the 1980s, playing teen and young adult roles in such as The Outsiders, Oxford Blues, St. Elmos Fire. However, he continued acting in less prominent film roles, and went on to roles in television series such as The West Wing, Brothers & Sisters. Lowe was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, the son of Barbara Lynn, a schoolteacher and native of Ohio, and Charles Davis Lowe and his parents divorced when Lowe and his younger brother, actor Chad, were very young. As a result of a virus during infancy, he is deaf in his right ear, Lowe was baptized into the Episcopal church. He is of German, English, Irish, Scottish, on the show Who Do You Think You Are. Lowe found out one of his ancestors, Christopher East, was a Hessian soldier. His ancestor was fighting under the command of Colonel Johann Gottlieb Rall and was captured at the American Victory at Trenton, as an American POW, his ancestor was given a choice, and took the option to stay in the US. Lowe was raised in a traditional setting in Dayton, Ohio, attending Oakwood Junior High School, before moving to the Point Dume area of Malibu, California. Lowe attended Santa Monica High School, as did fellow actors Emilio Estevez, Charlie Sheen, Robert Downey, Jr. Sean Penn and his breakthrough role was his big screen debut in 1983, when he and Emilio Estevez were cast in Francis Ford Coppolas The Outsiders. Lowe played the role of Sodapop Curtis, the brother of the main character Ponyboy Curtis, Lowe and Estevez reunited in St. Elmos Fire, making them the two more prominent actors from the group known as the Brat Pack. He then received his second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the mentally disabled Rory in Square Dance, in August,1987 he performed on stage, playing Baron Tusenbach in Chekovs The Three Sisters at The Williamstown Theatre Festival. Lowe is well known for playing Sam Seaborn in the television series The West Wing from 1999 to 2003 and his performance in the show garnered Lowe a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor in a Drama Series. Lowe was drawn to the role because of his love of politics, and his longstanding personal relationship with Martin Sheen. When the show premiered, Seaborn was considered the lead, Lowe and series creator Aaron Sorkin soon found themselves at odds over the networks meddling with the show, most notably the network demanding changes in the Sam Seaborn character. Eventually, Lowe left the series, not long before Sorkin, during the final season of The West Wing, Lowe returned to his role of Sam Seaborn, appearing in two of the final four episodes. In 2011, Lowe appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and stated that he left the show because he did not feel he was being respected, after leaving the show, Lowe was the star and executive producer of a failed NBC drama, The Lyons Den. In 2004, he tried again in a series entitled Dr. Vegas, in 2005, he starred as Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee in a London West End production of Sorkins play A Few Good Men, the first time the two had worked together since The West Wing
Rob Lowe
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Lowe in 2012
Rob Lowe
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Lowe at the Governor's Ball party after the 1989 Academy Awards
28.
Astronaut
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An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists. Starting in the 1950s up to 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, with the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created, the commercial astronaut. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers. In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles are awarded astronaut wings. As of 17 November 2016, a total of 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km or more in altitude, of which 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these,24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon, the three astronauts who have not reached low Earth orbit are spaceplane pilots Joe Walker, Mike Melvill, and Brian Binnie. As of 17 November 2016, under the U. S. definition 558 people qualify as having reached space, of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days in space, as of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman,377 days, dryden preferred cosmonaut, on the grounds that flights would occur in the cosmos, while the astro prefix suggested flight to the stars. Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred astronaut, which survived by common usage as the preferred American term, when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to cosmonaut. In English-speaking nations, a space traveler is called an astronaut. The term derives from the Greek words ástron, meaning star, the first known use of the term astronaut in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story The Deaths Head Meteor in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier, for example, in Percy Gregs 1880 book Across the Zodiac, astronaut referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de lInfini of J. -H, rosny aîné, the word astronautique was used. The word may have inspired by aeronaut, an older term for an air traveler first applied to balloonists. An early use in a publication is Eric Frank Russells poem The Astronaut in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society. NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond, NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps
Astronaut
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NASA Astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a Manned Maneuvering Unit outside Space Shuttle Challenger on shuttle mission STS-41-B in 1984.
Astronaut
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Alan Shepard aboard Freedom 7
Astronaut
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Yuri Gagarin, first human in space (1961)
Astronaut
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Valentina Tereshkova, first woman in space (1963)
29.
Parody
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A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
Parody
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Comedian Charlie Chaplin impersonating Hitler for comic effect in the satirical film The Great Dictator (1940)
Parody
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Screenshot of a scene in Jurassic Park (1993) featuring a Tyrannosaurus rex (left), parodied by Rex the Dinosaur in Toy Story 2 (1999).
Parody
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Satirical political cartoon that appeared in Puck magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti- World War I song " I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier ". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.
Parody
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Reggie Brown, a voice actor and Barack Obama impersonator
30.
Apollo 11
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Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20,1969, at 20,18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02,56,15 UTC and they spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moons surface, Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rendezvousing with Columbia in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, and was the fifth manned mission of NASAs Apollo program. After being sent toward the Moon by the Saturn Vs upper stage, Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface, the astronauts used Eagles upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Apollo 11 was the second all-veteran multi-person crew in human spaceflight history, a previous solo veteran flight had been made on Soyuz 1 in 1967 by Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Collins was originally slated to be the Command Module Pilot on Apollo 8 but was removed when he required surgery on his back and was replaced by Jim Lovell, his backup for that flight. In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969, charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator Ronald Evans Owen K. Garriott Don L. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release, the Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell spacecraft fired by a giant cannon in Jules Vernes 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon. The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the bird of the United States, the bald eagle. The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for peaceful lunar landing by the United States and he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too warlike and after some discussion, All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch. When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the design provided the eagle for its reverse side. The design was used for the smaller Susan B
Apollo 11
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Neil Armstrong descends a ladder to become the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon
Apollo 11
Apollo 11
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Apollo 11 Command/Service Module Columbia in lunar orbit, photographed from the Lunar Module Eagle
Apollo 11
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Apollo 11 space-flown silver Robbins medallion
31.
Neil Armstrong
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Neil Alden Armstrong was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also an engineer, naval aviator, test pilot. Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was an officer in the U. S. Navy and he later completed graduate studies at the University of Southern California. A participant in the U. S. Air Forces Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs and he made his first space flight as command pilot of Gemini 8 in March 1966, becoming NASAs first civilian astronaut to fly in space. He performed the first docking of two spacecraft, with pilot David Scott and this mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his reentry control fuel to prevent a dangerous spin caused by a stuck thruster, in the first in-flight space emergency. Armstrongs second and last spaceflight was as commander of Apollo 11, along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, Armstrong and his former crewmates received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. Armstrong died in Cincinnati, Ohio on August 25,2012, at the age of 82, Armstrong was born on August 5,1930 near Wapakoneta, Ohio, the son of Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel. He was of German, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and had a sister, June. His father worked as an auditor for the Ohio state government, Armstrongs love for flying grew during this time, having gotten off to an early start when his father took his two-year-old son to the Cleveland Air Races. When he was five, he experienced his first airplane flight in Warren, Ohio on July 20,1936 when he and his father took a ride in a Ford Trimotor and his fathers last move was in 1944, back to Wapakoneta. Armstrong attended Blume High School and took flying lessons at the grassy Wapakoneta airfield and he earned a student flight certificate on his 16th birthday, then soloed later in August, all before he had a drivers license. Armstrong was active in the Boy Scouts and earned the rank of Eagle Scout, as an adult, he was recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with its Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award. Houston replied, Thank you, Apollo 11, Im sure that, if they didnt hear that, theyll get the word through the news. Among the very few items that Neil Armstrong carried with him to the Moon. In 1947, at age 17, Armstrong began studying engineering at Purdue University. He was the person in his family to attend college. He was also accepted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the only engineer he knew dissuaded him from attending, telling Armstrong that it was not necessary to go all the way to Cambridge, Massachusetts, for a good education
Neil Armstrong
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Armstrong in July 1969
Neil Armstrong
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F9F-2 Panthers over Korea, with Armstrong piloting S-116 (left).
Neil Armstrong
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Armstrong, 26, as a test pilot at the NACA High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards AFB, California.
Neil Armstrong
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Armstrong, 30, and X-15 #1 after a research flight in 1960.
32.
S-IVB
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The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. For lunar missions it was fired twice, first for the orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, the S-IVB evolved from the upper stage of the Saturn I rocket, the S-IV, and was the first stage of the Saturn V to be designed. The S-IV used a cluster of six engines but used the same fuels as the S-IVB — liquid hydrogen and it was also originally meant to be the fourth stage of a planned rocket called the C-4, hence the name S-IV. Eleven companies submitted proposals for being the contractor on the stage by the deadline of 29 February 1960. NASA administrator T. Keith Glennan decided on 19 April that Douglas Aircraft Company would be awarded the contract, Convair had come a close second but Glennan did not want to monopolize the liquid hydrogen-fueled rocket market as Convair was already building the Centaur rocket stage. Douglas was awarded the contract for the S-IVB because of the similarities between it and the S-IV. At the same time it was decided to create the C-IB rocket that would use the S-IVB as its second stage. Douglas built two versions of the S-IVB, the 200 series and the 500 series. The 200 series was used by the Saturn IB and differed from the 500 in the fact that it did not have a flared interstage and had less helium pressurization on board as it would not be restarted. On the 500 series, the interstage needed to out to match the larger diameter of the S-IC. The 200 series also had three solid rockets for separating the S-IVB stage from the S-IB stage during launch. On the 500 series this was reduced to two, and two small APS thruster modules were added as ullage motors for restarting the J-2 engine and to provide attitude control during coast phases of flight. The S-IVB carried 73,280 liters of LOX, massing 87,200 kg and it carried 252,750 liters of LH2, massing 18,000 kg. Empty mass was 10,000 kg Attitude control was provided by J-2 engine gimballing during powered flight, the APS modules each contained four thrusters providing 150 pounds of thrust and were fueled by a hypergolic mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide and monomethyl hydrazine. They were used for control during coast phases, roll control during J-2 firings. A surplus S-IVB tank, serial number 212, was converted into the hull for Skylab, Skylab was launched on a Saturn V on May 14,1973, and re-entered the atmosphere on July 11,1979. A second S-IVB, serial number 515, was converted into a backup Skylab. During Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, S-IC S-II Apollo Marshall Space Flight Center, Apollo Systems Description Volume II - Saturn Launch Vehicles,1 February 1964
S-IVB
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S-IVB-206 which was used for the Skylab 2 flight
S-IVB
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Cutaway drawing of the Saturn V S-IVB
S-IVB
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Apollo 7 S-IVB in orbit over Cape Canaveral, likened to a four-jawed " angry alligator "
S-IVB
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Distant view of Apollo 7 S-IVB stage
33.
Trans-lunar injection
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A trans-lunar injection is a propulsive maneuver used to set a spacecraft on a trajectory that will cause it to arrive at the Moon. Typical lunar transfer trajectories approximate Hohmann transfers, although low-energy transfers have also used in some cases. For short duration missions without significant perturbations from sources outside the Earth-Moon system, a spacecraft performs TLI to begin a lunar transfer from a low circular parking orbit around Earth. The large TLI burn, usually performed by a rocket engine, increases the spacecrafts velocity. As the spacecraft begins coasting on the lunar transfer arc, its trajectory approximates an elliptical orbit about the Earth with an apogee near to the radius of the Moons orbit, the TLI burn is sized and timed to precisely target the Moon as it revolves around the Earth. The burn is timed so that the spacecraft nears apogee as the Moon approaches, finally, the spacecraft enters the Moons sphere of influence, making a hyperbolic lunar swingby. TLI targeting and lunar transfers are an application of the n body problem. The simplest way to explore lunar transfer trajectories is by the method of patched conics, the spacecraft is assumed to accelerate only under classical 2 body dynamics, being dominated by the Earth until it reaches the Moons sphere of influence. Motion in a system is deterministic and simple to calculate, lending itself for rough mission design. More realistically, however, the spacecraft is subject to forces from many bodies. This model is an approximation but lacks an analytic solution. Propagating spacecraft motion in such a model is numerically intensive, such free return trajectories add a margin of safety to human spaceflight missions, since the spacecraft will return to Earth for free after the initial TLI burn. The first space probe to successfully perform TLI was the Soviet Unions Luna 1 on January 2,1959, the first human-crewed mission to successfully perform this procedure, and thus becoming the first humans to leave the Earths influence, was Apollo 8 on December 21,1968. For the Apollo lunar missions, the restartable J-2 engine in the stage of the Saturn V rocket performed TLI. This particular TLI burn lasted approximately 350 seconds, providing 3.05 to 3.25 km/s of delta-v, the Apollo 8 TLI was spectacularly observed from the Hawaiian Islands in the pre-dawn sky south of Waikiki, photographed and reported in the papers the next day. In 1969, the Apollo 10 pre-dawn TLI was visible from Cloncurry and it was described as resembling car headlights coming over a hill in fog, with the spacecraft appearing as a bright comet with a greenish tinge
Trans-lunar injection
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Artist’s concept of NASA’s Constellation stack performing the trans-lunar injection burn
Trans-lunar injection
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Fig. 1: Lunar transfer, perspective view. TLI occurs at the red dot near Earth.
34.
Budget of NASA
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As a federal agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration receives its funding from the annual federal budget passed by the United States Congress. The following charts detail the amount of federal funding allotted to NASA each year over its past fifty-year history to operate aeronautics research, unmanned and manned space exploration programs. Seen in the year-by-year breakdown listed below, the amounts that NASA has been budgeted from 1958 to 2011 amounts to $526.178 billion—an average of $9.928 billion per year. By way of comparison, total spending over this period by the National Science Foundation was roughly one-fifth of NASAs expenditures, $101.5 billion, or $2 billion a year. Notes for table, Sources for a part of data, U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Air Force Associations Air Force Magazine 2007 Space Almanac Secondary references. CS, Year 1959-1968, 1989-1996, NASA Pocket Stats, http, CS, Year 1993-2011, Workforce Information Cubes, https, //wicn. nssc. nasa. gov 8. Contractors,1969, http, //history. nasa. gov/SP-4102/ch5. htm NASAs budget peaked in 1964-66, the agency was building up to the first moon landing, the Apollo program involved more than 34,000 NASA employees and 375,000 employees of industrial and university contractors. In March 1966, NASA officials told Congress that the 1959-72 run-out cost of the Apollo program would be an estimated $22.718 billion, the total cost turned out to be between $20 and $25.4 billion in 1969 dollars. The costs of the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rockets came to about $83 billion in 2005 dollars, Apollo spacecraft cost $28 billion, including the Command/Service Module, $17 billion, Lunar Module, $11 billion, and launch vehicles. The discounted rate of return for investment will have been 33 percent. A1992 commentary in the British science journal Nature reported, The economic benefits of NASAs programs are greater than generally realized, the main beneficiaries may not even realize the source of their good fortune. Only a scaled-back Space Shuttle was approved, and NASAs funding leveled off at just under 1% in 1976, after a brief increase to 1. 01% in 1992, it declined to about 0. 49% in 2013. The American public, on average, believes NASAs budget has a larger share of the federal budget than it actually does. It is estimated that most Americans spent less than $9 on NASA through personal income tax in 2009, however, there has been a recent movement to communicate discrepancy between perception and reality of NASAs budget as well as lobbying to return the funding back to the 1970-1990 level. The United States Senate Science Committee met in March 2012 where astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson testified that Right now, to help with public perception and to raise awareness regarding the widespread benefits of NASA-funded programs and technologies, NASA instituted the Spinoffs publication. According to the NASA Spinoff about page the technologies in these reports created interest in the technology transfer concept, its successes, the reports generated such keen interest by the public that NASA decided to make them into an attractive publication. Thus, the first four-color edition of Spinoff was published in 1976, in the 2010s conservatives have opposed the earth science aspects of NASA spending. These opponents are skeptical of climate change and they argue that current spending on earth science, particularly climate research is in pursuit of political agendas
Budget of NASA
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A map from NASA's web site illustrating its economic impact on the U.S. states (as of FY 2003)
Budget of NASA
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NASA insignia
35.
NASA spin-off technologies
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In 1979, notable science fiction author Robert A. For more than 50 years, the NASA Technology Transfer Program has connected NASA resources to private industry, contrary to common belief, NASA did not invent Tang, Velcro or Teflon. In 2008, NASA announced an interactive Web feature, NASA @ Home, Spinoff is a NASA publication featuring technology made available to the public. Since 1976, NASA has featured an average of 50 technologies each year in the annual publication, when products first spun off from space research, NASA presented a black and white report in 1973, titled the Technology Utilization Program Report. Because of interest in the reports, NASA decided to create the annual publications in color, Spinoff was first published in 1976, and since then, NASA has distributed free copies to universities, the media, inventors and the general public. Spinoff describes how NASA works with industries and small businesses to bring new technology to the public. As of 2016, there were over 1,920 Spinoff products in the database dating back to 1976, the following is a list of technologies sometimes mistakenly attributed directly to NASA. In many cases, NASA popularized technology or aided its development, barcodes - The barcode was invented in 1948. However, NASA developed a type of barcode that could endure space environments, cordless power tools - The first cordless power tool was unveiled by Black & Decker in 1961. It was used by NASA and a number of spinoff products came out of those works, magnetic Resonance Imaging, best known as a device for body scanning. NASA contractor JPL developed digital signal processing, which has applications in medical imaging, microchip - The first microchip, also known as an integrated circuit, was developed in 1958 that was years before the first space mission. Quartz clocks - The first quartz clock was invented in 1927, however, in the late 1960s, NASA partnered with a company to make a highly accurate quartz clock. Smoke detectors - NASAs connection to the smoke detector is that it made one with adjustable sensitivity as part of the Skylab project. Space Pen - A common urban legend states that NASA spent an amount of money to develop a pen that would write in space, while the Soviets used pencils. )Tang juice powder - Tang was developed by General Foods in 1957. It was used in the multiple space missions, which gave brand awareness to it. Teflon - Telflon was invented by a DuPont scientist in 1941 and used on frying pans from the 1950s, however it has been applied by NASA to heat shields, space suits, Velcro - Velcro is a Swiss invention from the 1940s. Velcro was used during the Apollo missions to anchor equipment for astronauts, Diatek Corporation and NASA developed an aural thermometer that measures the thermal radiation emitted by the eardrum, similar to the way the temperature of stars and planets is measured. This method avoids contact with mucous membranes and permits rapid temperature measurement of newborn or incapacitated patients, NASA supported the Diatek Corporation through the Technology Affiliates Program
NASA spin-off technologies
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Apollo 11 in the orbit of the Moon, July 1969
NASA spin-off technologies
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This ice-free airplane wing uses Thermawing's Aircraft Anti-Icing System, a NASA spin-off.
NASA spin-off technologies
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Initially referred to as "slow spring back foam", temper foam matches pressure against it and slowly returns to its original form once the pressure is removed.
NASA spin-off technologies
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Water Security Corporation's Discovery Water Filtration System
36.
List of Presidents of the United States
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The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College. Since the office was established in 1789,44 people have served as president, the first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two terms in office, and is counted as the nations 22nd and 24th president. Thus the incumbent, Donald Trump, is the nations 45th president, there are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a president was on December 26,2006 with the death of Gerald Ford. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, four were assassinated, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tylers precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office, later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a vacancy was left unfilled. Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties, the Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and he was, and remains, the only U. S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a party at the time they assumed office. Four presidents held other high U. S. federal offices after leaving the presidency, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U. S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency. Additionally, one president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War
List of Presidents of the United States
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The White House in Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States
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List of Presidents of the United States
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37.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
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The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. It was signed into law on June 10,1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program. Stanley from Buffalo, N. Y. introduced H. R.5056, Prohibiting Discrimination in Pay on Account of Sex, Congress included within the text of the EPA a clear and concise policy statement and briefly described the problems it was intended to remedy. The Supreme Court has expressly recognized the view that the EPA must be construed to achieve Congress’ goal of remedying sexual discrimination. The EPA protects both men and women and it also protects administrative, professional and executive employees who are exempt under the Fair Labor Standards Act. The EPA, Section 206, prohibits employer and it is important to note that the EPA does not contain any intent requirement within the statutory language. Liability under the EPA is established by meeting the three elements of the prima facie case, regardless of the intention of the employer, as such, the EPA imposes strict liability on employers who engage in wage discrimination on the basis of gender. Any other factor other than sex Upon its initial enactment, the EPA was the first step towards an adjustment of balance in pay for women. ”As a part of the FLSA, the EPA was subject to the scope and exceptions of covered employees and employers contained within that act. On the floor of the House of Representatives, many Representatives voiced their concern that the EPA should act as the point for establishing pay parity for women. Subsequent to the enactment of the EPA, Congress undertook two actions which broadened the scope of protection against wage discrimination on the basis of sex. First, the same 88th Congress enacted Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, second, Congress expanded the EPA’s coverage to professionals and other white-collar employees. Therefore, the EPA exempted white-collar women from the protection of equal pay for equal work, the Congress did not ignore the EPA’s economic consequences on the salaries and employment opportunities for both men and women. First, as an amendment of the FLSA, the EPA is part of the legislative structure that houses the federal minimum wage laws. The EPA acts as a wage equalizer between men and women for jobs, and has the potential of acting as a price floor on the salaries of men or women for particular jobs. Second, several Representatives voiced their concerns that the impact of setting price floors on the wages paid to women would reduce the availability of jobs for women. American women’s salaries have risen relative to mens since the EPA’s enactment, the EPA’s equal pay for equal work goals have not been completely achieved, as demonstrated by the BLS data and Congressional findings within the text of the proposed Paycheck Fairness Act. The EPA did not originally cover executives, administrators, outside salespeople, and professionals, representative Rosa DeLauro first introduced an identical bill in the House of Representatives on the same day. This bill, providing that each gender-unequal paycheck is a new violation of the law, was the first signing of the Obama Presidency and came almost forty-five years after the Equal Pay Act
Equal Pay Act of 1963
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American Association of University Women members with President John F. Kennedy as he signs the Equal Pay Act into law
Equal Pay Act of 1963
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The Equal Pay Act of 1963
38.
Food for Peace
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In different administrative and organizational forms, the Food for Peace program of the United States has provided food assistance around the world for more than 50 years. Approximately 3 billion people in 150 countries have benefited directly from U. S. food assistance, the Office of Food for Peace within the United States Agency for International Development is the U. S. Government’s largest provider of food assistance. The food assistance programming is funded primarily through the Food for Peace Act, the Office of Food for Peace also receives International Disaster Assistance Funds through the Foreign Assistance Act that can be used in emergency settings. The Office of Food for Peace donates food based on an identified need, during the 2010s the program underwent revisions offered by in the Administrations Fiscal Year 2014 budget. These revisions would change the program to provide cash donations rather than American grown, on April 24,2013, USA Maritime Chairman James L. Henry wrote a statement which discussed the efficacy of the program and specifically the importance of the U. S. Merchant Marine in delivering the U. S. food aid to people who are undernourished around the world, Henry offers that this is a significant fact in the effort to address global hunger. Americas food assistance programs began in 1812 when James Madison sent emergency aid to victims in Venezuela. As director of the American Relief Administration, Herbert Hoover led a $20 million feeding program in Russia during the 1920s under the Russian Famine Relief Act. In 1949, the United States launched the Marshall Plan, which provided large quantities of food aid commodities to the people of Western Europe, the Marshall Plan helped rejuvenate and unite Europe while laying the foundations for a permanent U. S. food assistance program. Many of the European countries the U. S. Government helped at that time have become major food exporters. On July 10,1954, Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Agricultural Trade Development, by signing this legislation, the President laid “the basis for a permanent expansion of our exports of agricultural products with lasting benefits to ourselves and peoples of other lands. S. dollars. Through new amendments, the law switched its focus from disposing of surplus commodities to addressing humanitarian needs. In signing the extension of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act in 1959 and he specifically referred to the extension as the Food for Peace program. Although Kennedy may have expanded the program, he was not the first to refer to the program as Food for Peace, former U. S. McGovern assumed the post on January 21,1961. He found space for the program in the Executive Office Building rather than be subservient to either the U. S. Department of State or U. S. Department of Agriculture. By the close of 1961, the Food for Peace program was operating in a dozen countries, during an audience in Rome, Pope John XXIII warmly praised McGoverns work. McGovern resigned his post on July 18,1962, wanting to resume his political career
Food for Peace
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George McGovern as Food for Peace director in 1961, with President John F. Kennedy
39.
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
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Arms Control and Disarmament Agency was established as an independent agency of the United States government by the Arms Control and Disarmament Act, Pub. L. The H. R.9118 bill was drafted by presidential adviser John J. McCloy, Disarmament Administration, part of the Department of State. In so doing, ACDA ensured that arms control was fully integrated into the development, in the 1970s emphasis of the agency was placed upon gaining an understanding of the strategic weapons capabilities of the Soviet Union and Peoples Republic of China. The electronic reconnaissance capability of the United States was expanded through federal agency research and private contract research, the theory of this mission was that a clearer understanding of other nations strategic capabilities was an important initial step in prevention of nuclear war. In 1997, the Clinton administration announced the integration of the ACDA with the State Department as part of the reinvention of the agencies which implement the nation’s foreign policy. He communicated with the President through the Secretary of State, as of April,1999, ACDA was merged into the Department of State. ACDAs four Bureaus were merged with the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs to form three new Bureaus, for Political-Military Affairs, Arms Control, and Nonproliferation, in 2000, a fourth Bureau for Verification and Compliance was added by statute. All four Bureaus reported to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of State through the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control, in 2004, the State Departments Inspector General conducted a review of three of these Bureaus, NP, AC, and VC. The IG recommended merging AC and NP to move resources from arms control areas that were relatively inactive to higher priority nonproliferation issues, the IG also recommended reducing the VC Bureau to a more focused Office reporting to the Secretary of State. These recommendations were held in abeyance until Robert Joseph was sworn in as the new Under Secretary for Arms Control, in late 2005, Under Secretary Joseph decided to accept the IG recommendation to merge the AC and NP Bureaus into the new Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation. Rather than scaling back the VC Bureau, however, he decided to expand it into the new Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation. Furthermore, though the ISN Bureau was somewhat larger than the NP Bureau, its mission was also expanded, a number of senior nonproliferation experts have left the Bureau as a result, further exacerbating the staffing shortage. One of the Office Directors in the new structure told his staff that one purpose of the reorganization was to eliminate vestiges of ACDA from the Department of State. By delegation from the Secretary, the Under Secretary performs a range of functions under the Foreign Assistance Act, Arms Export Control Act, the Bureaus of Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Political-Military Affairs are under the policy oversight of the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security. By statute, the Assistant Secretary for Verification and Compliance reports to the Under Secretary for Arms Control, previous Under Secretaries Rose Gottemoeller Ellen Tauscher John Rood Acting Under Secretary, never confirmed. John F. Kennedy, Message to the Congress Transmitting First Annual Report of the U. S, university of California - Santa Barbara. ACDA Mission Statement ^ White House Statements about 1997 Reorganization ^ Fiscal Year 2000 Budget ^ Works by Arms Control and Disarmament Agency at LibriVox
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
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A Scud missile
40.
Cuban Project
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The operation was led by United States Air Force General Edward Lansdale and went into effect after the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. Operation Mongoose was a program against Cuba aimed at removing the Communists from power. US policymakers also wanted to see a new government with which the United States can live in peace, There are still many different documents spread throughout the world that have much more information on the Cuban Missile Crisis, but they are hard to locate for the general populace. In 1959, the CIA predicted that Castro would have a difficult time hanging on to the government, the major initial fear was that Castro would demand that a much higher rent be paid by the U. S. for possession of Guantanamo Bay. Early on there was a wait and see approach to judge if Castro was a communist and he was not deemed to be one initially, but his brother Raul was. General C. P. Cabell noted in November 1959 that while Castro was not a communist he allowed free opportunity to the communist party in Cuba to grow, nonetheless, by December plans were already being tossed around that called for overthrowing the Castro government. An official report from the CIA states that, by March 1960, due to the United States fear of repercussions from the United Nations, the plan was kept much more secret, and as thus, plausible deniability was made a key focal point in American policy. The CIA’s budget estimation for this operation was approximately $4.4 million. The paper signed by Eisenhower was also the report issued by the government throughout the entire project. This program required the agency to work around the clock and collect an amount of detail-specific information. To secure the financial backing, the “Bender Group” was developed as an organization that would provide American businessmen a secret avenue through which to trade with Cuban groups. On May 11,1960, the Bender Group came to an agreement with group called Frente Revolucionario Democratico, propaganda activities included using print and radio mediums to broadcast anti-Castro messages. These programs were launched all over Latin America, large amounts of real estate were purchased by the agency for use in this operation. A base of operations was established in Miami on May 25, by using a “New York career and development firm”, a communications station was also established on June 15 by using an Army operation as a cover. The agency also obtained safe houses all over Miami for different “operational purposes. ”The CIA also acquired properties in different US cities, from March through August 1960, the CIA had plans aimed at undermining Castro and his appeal to the public by sabotaging his speeches. The schemes thought up were aimed at discrediting Castro by influencing his behavior, one plan that was discussed was using a chemical with similar properties to LSD to spray over one of Castros broadcasting studios. Another plot was to lace a box of Castros cigars with a known to cause temporary disorientation. The CIAs plans to undermine Castros public image went so far as to line his shoes with thallium salts which would cause his beard to fall out
Cuban Project
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Operation Mongoose Memorandum October 4, 1962 First page of a meeting report
Cuban Project
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Operation Mongoose The Cuban Project
41.
EXCOMM
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The Executive Committee of the National Security Council was a body of United States government officials that convened to advise President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. It was composed of the members of the National Security Council. EXCOMM was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on October 22,1962 and it was made up of twelve full members in addition to the president. Advisers frequently sat in on the meetings, which were held in the Cabinet Room of the White Houses West Wing, none of the other committee members knew the meetings were being recorded, save for possibly the presidents brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. The original tape recordings of EXCOMMs meetings are held at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Dorchester. Great strides have been made in declassifying and publishing the tapes, authorities in Washington and at the library granted Bundy access to the tape recordings given his role with EXCOMM. Bundy considered the October 27th meeting especially important, as it was the meeting which immediately preceded EXCOMMs resolution of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, in the mid-1990s, the audio tapes were systematically declassified and released, first as published transcripts and later as downloadable audio files. The ExComms deliberations are a topic of social scientists. Irving Janis argued that they were free of the groupthink that plagued discussions leading up to the Bay of Pigs. Allison and Zelikow make frequent reference to them in the edition of Essence of Decision. One political theorist, James Blight, has analyzed the behavior of EXCOMMs members in the midst of the crisis with the Soviet Union. He suggests that the thought of war with the Soviet Union instilled a sense of fear in the members so that their deliberations became more productive as they reacted to this emotion. Sociologist David Gibson has explored the ExComms deliberations from a discourse-analytic, or conversation-analytic, would have to bomb operational nuclear missiles were the blockade to fail to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles. John F. Kennedy, President Lyndon B, sent by President Kennedy to France to garner support from Charles de Gaulle for the U. S. during the Cuban Missile Crisis Central Intelligence Agency Ray S. McDermott, Director Department of State U. Alexis Johnson, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Adlai Stevenson, Ambassador to the United Nations Edwin M
EXCOMM
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EXCOMM meeting at the White House Cabinet Room during the Cuban Missile Crisis on October 29, 1962.
EXCOMM
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Life
42.
SS-100-X
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Secret Service code name for the presidential limousine originally used by the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The limousine is the one that Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy were passengers in when the President was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22,1963. Following Kennedys assassination, the car received significant armor plating and a bullet-proof hardtop and its navy blue exterior was painted black. It resumed its role as a limousine for President Lyndon B. Johnson until 1967 and later remained in service until 1978. SS-100-X was originally a standard 1961 Lincoln Continental four door convertible built by the Ford Motor Company and assembled at the Wixom and it had a retail price of $7,347. The car was moved to the Experimental Garage at the Ford Proving Grounds where an additional 41 inches was added between the front and rear doors and just beyond the rear doors, the cars frame was strengthened to accommodate the additional length and weight. It was painted a navy blue color and taken to Hess & Eisenhardt of Cincinnati, Ohio for reupholstering. During the refit the car had no bulletproof or bullet-resistant additions added, the windshield remained the standard two-ply safety glass which could be easily replaced at any dealership. It was first delivered to the White House on June 15,1961 and measured 255 long, had a wheelbase of 156, was 78.6 wide, and 57 high. It weighed 7,800 lbs, up 1,585 lbs from factory weight, and was powered by a hand-built 350-horsepower 430 cubic inch Ford MEL engine. An open car, the Lincoln was equipped with an assortment of tops, including a bubble top, a black cover for the bubble, a formal rear top. It also featured two-way radio telephones and retractable steps and grab-handles for Secret Service agents, no armor plate was added to the bodywork, but the undercarriage and all suspension components were strengthened. A hydraulically-lifted rear seat was fitted, at the time of the assassination, the Lincoln had been fitted with a 1962-model front clip. It had a special short-turn radius,61.9 feet, total cost of modifications was approximately $200,000. The limousine was registered to the Ford Motor Company and was leased to the Secret Service for a fee of $500 per year. The limousine carried the District of Columbia license plate GG300, in November 2015, the license plates were sold at auction for $100,000. Following the shooting of President Kennedy and Governor Connally at approximately 12.30 pm, the Plexiglas bubble top and cloth cover were then attached. Later that afternoon at 3.30 pm CST the limousine was taken to Love Field and boarded on a C-130 and flown to Andrews Air Force Base, Washington DC, after arrival at Andrews AFB, the limo was delivered to the White House garage
SS-100-X
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The car on display in the Henry Ford Museum
SS-100-X
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JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine seconds before his assassination
43.
S/Y Manitou
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Manitou is a 62-foot-long performance cruising yacht designed and built for racing on the Great Lakes and specifically to win the Chicago-Mackinac Race. It notably served as a yacht for United States president John F. Kennedy and was known as the Floating White House. Manitou was built in 1937 at the M. M. Davis & Son shipyard in Solomons Island, Maryland and it was Design No.99 of naval architects Sparkman & Stephens, who built many Americas Cup racing yachts. Manitou was originally commissioned and privately owned by race car driver James Lowe and she was launched in 1937 and promptly won the 1938 Chicago-Mackinac Race in the cruising division, beating all previous records. She came a second the next year. In 1940 and 1941, Manitou won the Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race. After these successes, Lowe sold her, and in 1955 she was donated to the US Coast Guard to be used as a vessel at the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London. President Kennedy used Manitou while he was in office, Manitou was returned to private ownership in 1968 when she became a training vessel for the Harry Lundenburg School of Seamanship in Maryland. The boat took on the nickname, Floating White House, in 1999 Manitou was sold to Laura Kilbourne, great granddaughter of James R. Lowe, the original owner. Manitou was then given a refit at Chesapeake Marine Railway in Deltaville. In late 2010 she was sold to four joint owners and underwent a refit in early 2011. She was then shipped to the Mediterranean where she was raced extensively, media related to Manitou at Wikimedia Commons
S/Y Manitou
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President Kennedy at the helm of Manitou on August 12, 1962
44.
Resolute desk
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The Resolute desk is a large, nineteenth-century partners desk used by many presidents of the United States in the White House Oval Office as the Oval Office desk. It was a gift from Queen Victoria to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880 and was built from the English oak timbers of the British Arctic exploration ship Resolute, Franklin Roosevelt requested the addition of a door with the presidential seal to conceal his leg braces. After this it was on display in the Smithsonian Institution, President Jimmy Carter brought the desk back to the Oval Office in 1977, where Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump have used it. The original design plan and elevation for the Presidents Desk were created on September 9,1879 and they are now kept by the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England and can be viewed online. The National Maritime Museums September 9,1879 design plans are drawings for two different gifts proposed by the Admiralty but never executed, a Secretaire and a Library Table. The library table and the Presidents secretaire were never implemented and these proposed gifts were replaced with William Evendens 1880 Resolute desk. The Evenden desk delivered to President Hayes does not accord with the held at Greenwich except for the order imperative that it be made from the timbers of the late Arctic Ship Resolute. If one Front only is required, then three panels containing Arctic subjects is proposed, a. Front for Presidents use, fitted with six drawers in Pedestals & three drawers in Top. B. Front for Secretarys use fitted with two Cupboards partitioned for Ledgers with drawers under & three drawers in Top, the door panels to contain Busts of H. M. Queen Victoria & the President of America encircled by Laurel wreaths, pedestal ends with two outer & inner panels to contain such Arctic subjects as may be selected. Ten Bust Brackets of such Arctic Explorers as may be selected with names engraved on plates fixed on scrolls under, E. Representations of the four Quarters of the Globe on four inner angles of Top Frame. National Flags of England & America on the four angles of Top Frame. Over Busts on the Ends representation of Arctic & Antarctic Circles on Top Frame, H. Handles representative of Friendship, Male & Female, on the drawers. Top to be covered in Morocco Leather & embossed to order, beneath the half page image is a related article, which describes the Desk inaccurately, The design for the secretaire is the work of a working-joiner employed at the dockyard at Chatham. England, where the Resolute was broken up, the top is covered with morocco, bordered and embossed. A plate on the front of the presented to President Hayes bears the following inscription. RESOLUTE forming part of the expedition sent in search of SIR JOHN FRANKLIN IN1852, was abandoned in latitude 74°41 N longitude 101°22 W on May 15,1854. She was discovered and extricated in September 1855 in latitude 67 degrees N by Captain Buddington of the United States Whaler GEORGE HENRY
Resolute desk
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President Barack Obama sitting at the Resolute desk in 2009.
Resolute desk
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British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reads the inscription on the front of the desk in 1979, accompanied by President Jimmy Carter.
Resolute desk
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Jules Cambon, the French Ambassador to the United States, signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain in 1899.
Resolute desk
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Queen Victoria visits HMS Resolute, December 16, 1856, the day before the ship was granted to her as a good will gesture.
45.
Ich bin ein Berliner
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Ich bin ein Berliner is a quotation from a June 26,1963, speech by U. S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a statement of U. S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. The speech is considered one of Kennedys best, both a moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany. Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000, Kennedy said, Two thousand years ago, Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is Ich bin ein Berliner. All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, there is a widespread misconception that the phrase is incorrect German and in fact means Im a doughnut. It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase, germanys capital, Berlin, was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union. Afterward, the controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany. From 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin, hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected to the West via West Berlin, a labour drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse. In 1961, the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barrier around West Berlin. The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies, however, it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was to keep East German citizens from escaping to the West. Over a period of months the wall was rebuilt using concrete, the Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain, and Berlin went from being one of the easiest places to cross from East Europe to West Europe to being one of the most difficult. The West, including the U. S. was accused of failing to respond forcefully to the erection of the Wall, officially, Berlin was under joint occupation by the four allied powers, each with primary responsibility for a certain zone. Kennedys speech marked the first instance where the U. S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany. Today, I believe, in 1962 the proudest boast is to say, and it is not enough to merely say it, we must live it. But Americans who serve today in West Berlin—your sons and brothers -- are the Americans who are bearing the great burden, such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech, from June 25. The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions and it became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length
Ich bin ein Berliner
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Kennedy delivering his speech in Berlin
Ich bin ein Berliner
Ich bin ein Berliner
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Plaque commemorating Kennedy's speech next to the front entrance of Rathaus Schöneberg
Ich bin ein Berliner
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Liberian $5 coin commemorating the speech
46.
1956 Democratic National Convention
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The 1956 National Convention of the Democratic Party nominated former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois for President and Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee for Vice President. It was held in the International Amphitheatre on the South Side of Chicago, unsuccessful candidates for the presidential nomination included Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, and Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri. As the unsuccessful 1952 Democratic Party presidential nominee, Stevenson had the highest stature of the candidates and was easily renominated on the first ballot. Former President Harry S. Truman, whose support for Stevenson in 52 helped secure him the nomination, was opposed to his renomination in 1956 and it did no good, as Truman was no longer a sitting President, and Stevenson was nominated on the first ballot. The Democratic convention preceded the Republican convention in the Cow Palace, San Francisco, at the GOP gathering, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for reelection. Candidates, The roll call, as reported in Richard C, Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, pp. This set off a scramble among several candidates to win the nomination. A good deal of the excitement of the race came from the fact that the candidates had only one hectic day to campaign among the delegates before the voting began. Kennedy surprised the experts by surging into the lead on the second ballot, however, a number of states then left their favorite son candidates and switched to Kefauver, giving him the victory. Kennedy then gave a concession speech. The narrow defeat raised his profile and helped Kennedys long-term presidential chances, as of 2017, this was the last time any presidential or vice presidential nomination of either the Democratic or Republican parties, went past the first ballot. Candidates The vote totals in the presidential balloting are recorded in the following table. On November 6, Adlai Stevenson and Estes Kefauver lost the election to President Eisenhower, Democratic Party Platform of 1956 at The American Presidency Project Stevenson Acceptance Speech at The American Presidency Project
1956 Democratic National Convention
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Nominees Stevenson and Kefauver
1956 Democratic National Convention
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Senator John F. Kennedy nominates Stevenson as the Democratic candidate for president.
1956 Democratic National Convention
1956 Democratic National Convention
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Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York
47.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site
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The property is now owned by the National Park Service, tours of the house are offered, and a film is presented. The Kennedy home was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, the house was purchased by Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. in 1914, shortly after his marriage to Rose Fitzgerald, John and his sisters Rosemary and Kathleen were born in the upstairs master bedroom. The family lived there until 1920, when the growth of the family motivated the Kennedys to move to a home just a few blocks away on the corner of Abbottsford. The Kennedys sold the Beals Street house to Joe Kennedys advisor Edward Moore, the Kennedys lived in the Abbottsford Road home until 1927, when Joe Kennedys business interests prompted the familys move to New York. The Kennedy family were the owners of the house on Beals Street. The home was built in 1909, a period of growth in Brookline. The Kennedys moved into the home, then the last on the street, a few months after they were married, Joe Kennedy purchased a new Model T Ford which he used to commute to downtown, where he worked as the president of the Columbia Trust Bank. The T line to Coolidge Corner existed when the Kennedys were living in Brookline, Rose Kennedy would often walk from the Beals Street house down to the shopping district in Coolidge Corner, where there used to be an S. S. Pierce store among the other shops. In 1966, the Kennedy family repurchased the home from its owner, Mrs. Pollack. She wanted to restore the home to the hour of Jacks birth, about 19% of the artifacts in the home are original to the Kennedy family, being either used in the Beals Street residence or in later homes and brought back to Beals Street during the restoration. Rose Kennedy donated the home to the National Park Service in 1967 as a memorial to her son, the home is open to the public and visitors can take either a ranger guided tour or self-guided tours through the home. The house, Visitors are able to each of these rooms by both the ranger led and the self-guided tours. The basement of the home is the entrance and National Park visitor center. There is one public restroom available, as well as a small Eastern National retail shop, Visitors are welcome to view any exhibits and photographs in the visitor center, as well as watch a film. Living room Visitors to the Kennedy home would have been shown into the living room, the piano dominating the parlor belonged to Rose Kennedy and is one of the original pieces in the home. It was given to her as a gift from two of her uncles. Dining room The dining room contains the most complete collection of Kennedy artifacts within the home, the china was Roses wedding china. The table would not have set with a formal place setting for day to day meals
John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site
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The house in 2011
John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site
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The house in 1974.
48.
Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)
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Castle Hot Springs is a former resort in Arizona that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located within the Hieroglyphic Mountains, the Apache Wars discouraged development of the area until the 1880s when the springs and the adjacent land were purchased by Frank Murphy for the construction of a health resort. The resort was completed in 1896 and the newly renamed Castle Hot Springs were heavily advertised to potential clients, during the resorts heyday in the 1920s the resort was visited by celebrities such as Zane Grey, as well as famous families such as the Rockefeller family. The resort was used by the United States military as a rehabilitation center from 1943 to 1944 to treat injured veterans of World War II. Future president John F. Kennedy spent three months at the resort during this period to recover from his wounds suffered during the sinking of his ship, the resort continued to be commercially operational until the main building was heavily damaged in a fire in 1976. Since then the resort still features its swimming pool, tennis courts, administrative building and guest house along with the springs, the property was sold in March 2014 for $1.95 Million and the new owners are currently exploring options for redevelopment. Castle Hot Springs Resort was the subject of a 1994 documentary film by Mike Smith, reagor, Catherine, Historic Castle Hot Springs resort in Arizona sells for $1.7 million, Phoenix Business Journal Sheridan, M. F. From SonoranTreeSvc. com Castle Hot Springs, at DailyJFK. com
Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)
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Visitors next to the Palm House at Castle Hot Springs, Arizona, in 1908
Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)
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People
49.
Black Jack (horse)
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A coal-black Morgan-American Quarter Horse cross, Black Jack served in the Caisson Platoon of the 3rd U. S. Named in honor of General John J. Pershing, he was the horse in more than 1,000 Armed Forces Full Honors Funerals. With boots reversed in the stirrups, he was a symbol of a fallen leader, Black Jack was foaled January 19,1947, and came to Fort Myer from the cavalry remount station at Fort Reno, Oklahoma, on November 22,1952. Black Jack was the last of the Quartermaster–issue horses branded with the Armys U. S. brand, Black Jack served a long and respectable military career. Among the highlights were that he participated in four state funerals, Presidents, John F. Kennedy Herbert Hoover Lyndon B. Johnson Five-star general, wehle was the Commanding General of the Military District of Washington during those state funerals, except during the Presidency of Lyndon Johnson. At that time Army Major General James Adamson served as Commanding General, Black Jack died after a 29-year military career on February 6,1976. He is one of two horses in United States history to be buried with Full Military Honors, the other being Comanche. Black Jacks burial site is at coordinates 38. 881141°N77. 081130°W /38.881141, -77.081130
Black Jack (horse)
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Black Jack in John F. Kennedy's funeral procession
50.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. On March 6,1961, President John F and it established the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity of which then Vice President Lyndon Johnson was appointed to head. This was the forerunner of the EEOC, the EEOCs first complainants were female flight attendants. However, the EEOC at first ignored sex discrimination complaints, one EEOC director called the prohibition a fluke. All Commission seats and the post of counsel to the commission are filled by the President of the U. S. subject to confirmation by the Senate. She had been nominated as chairwoman by President Barack Obama in July 2009, in September 2009, Obama chose Chai Feldblum to fill another vacant seat. On March 27,2010, President Obama made recess appointments of three Commission posts, Berrien, Feldblum, and Victoria Lipnic, Obama also made a recess appointment of P. David Lopez to be the EEOCs General Counsel. On December 22,2010, the Senate gave full confirmation to Berrien, Feldblum, Lipnic, in 2011, the Commission included sex-stereotyping of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals as a form of sex discrimination illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2012, the Commission expanded protection provided by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to transgender status, after the departure of Ishimaru, the commission returned to its full complement of five commissioners on April 25,2013, with the Senate confirmation of Jenny Yang. In 2015, it concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 doesnt allow sexual orientation discrimination in employment because it is a form of sex discrimination. However, these rulings, while persuasive, are not binding on courts, the Commission also mediates and settles thousands of discrimination complaints each year prior to their investigation. The EEOC is also empowered to file civil suits against employers on behalf of alleged victims. In an opinion handed down in December of 2014 in the matter of Aguilar v. Bennett reducing the amount to the cap of $300,000. Asarco lost its appeal to have the amount reduced more, another less obvious reality about the current EEOC statutory caps that Aguilar v. ASARCO LLC raises is that, while the damages to the plaintiff amounted to the statutory cap of $300,000. The legal fees awarded to Aguilars attorneys were more than $350,000, in 1975, when backlog reached more than 100,000 charges to be investigated, President Gerald Fords full requested budget of $62 million was approved. A Backlog Unit was created in Philadelphia in 1978 to resolve the thousands of federal equal employment complaints inherited from the Civil Service Commission. In 1980, Eleanor Holmes Norton began re-characterizing the backlog cases as workload in her reports to Congress, in 2006, a partial budget freeze prevented the agency from filling vacant jobs, and its staff had shrunk by nearly 20 percent from 2001. A Bush administration official stated that the cuts had been made because it was necessary to more money to defense
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
51.
Kennedy half dollar
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The Kennedy half dollar, first minted in 1964, is a fifty-cent coin currently issued by the United States Mint. Intended as a memorial to the assassinated President John F. Kennedy, use of existing works by Mint sculptors Gilroy Roberts and Frank Gasparro allowed dies to be prepared quickly, and striking of the new coins began in January 1964. The silver coins were hoarded upon their release in March 1964 by collectors, although the Mint greatly increased production, the denomination was seldom seen in circulation. Continued rises in the price of increased the hoarding—many early Kennedy half dollars have been melted for their silver. Starting with 1965-dated pieces, the percentage of silver was reduced from 90% to 40%. In 1971, when silver was eliminated entirely from the coins and production increased, the series began to see improved, a special design for the reverse of the half dollar was issued for the United States Bicentennial and was struck in 1975 and 1976. In 2014 a special edition of the Kennedy half dollar was struck in 99. 99% gold. Even though ample supplies of circulating half dollars are available from most banks. Since 2002, Kennedy half dollars have only been struck to satisfy the demand from collectors, within hours of the assassination of John F. Mrs. Kennedys reasoning was that she did not want to replace George Washington on the quarter, both Roberts and Gasparros designs had been approved by Kennedy. After the Mint produced trial strikes, Jacqueline and Robert Kennedy were invited to view them, mrs. Kennedy viewed the designs favorably, but suggested that the hair be altered slightly. Frank Gasparros reverse design of the Kennedy half dollar was also influenced by the experience he gained from designing the President John, the reverse design of the Kennedy appreciation medal depicts a larger and more detailed Presidential Seal than the one he designed on the Mints Presidential series. Gasparros placement of his initials FG is also located on both the Kennedy appreciation medal and Kennedy half dollar. Congressional approval was required for any change within 25 years of the last. In early December, Representative Henry Gonzalez introduced a bill for Kennedy to appear on the half dollar, President Johnson stated that he had been moved by letters from many members of the public to agree with the plan. The bill to authorize the Kennedy half dollar passed on December 30,1963, work was already underway on coinage dies, the use of the already-available designs allowed for the completion of the first dies on January 2,1964. Only proof coins were initially struck, the first Kennedy half dollars intended for circulation were struck at the Denver Mint on January 30,1964, followed by the Philadelphia Mint the next week. A ceremonial first strike was held at both Philadelphia and Denver on February 11,1964, the Treasury Department made the coins available to the public beginning on March 24,1964
Kennedy half dollar
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Gilroy Roberts ' obverse (top) and Frank Gasparro 's reverse (bottom) of the John F. Kennedy Presidential series medal served as the basis for the designs of the Kennedy half dollar.
Kennedy half dollar
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Kennedy half dollar
Kennedy half dollar
Kennedy half dollar
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Frank Gasparro 's obverse (top) and reverse (bottom) of the 1962 President John F. Kennedy appreciation medal
52.
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D. C. The Center, which opened September 8,1971, is a multi-dimensional facility, both an enduring memorial to John F. Now in its 45th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater, supports artists in the creation of new work and it is both the nations public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through sales and gifts from individuals, corporations. The building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and it receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation. The Library of Congress added an auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center near Judiciary Square. In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U. S, representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience, in 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center. From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy and this was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959. He presented preliminary designs to the Presidents Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, by November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million. The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29,1959, led fundraising. Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years, President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nations capital, and provided leadership and support for the project. In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman. The total cost of construction was $70 million, Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds. Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors. Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy from the Italian government, President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2,1964
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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Kennedy Center seen from the Potomac River
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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The Kennedy Center as seen from the air. A portion of the Watergate complex can be seen at the left
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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Bust of John F. Kennedy by Robert Berks located opposite the entrance to the Opera House in the Center
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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Flags in the Hall of States
53.
John Kennedy College
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John Kennedy College is a boys school in Beau-Bassin, Mauritius. It is one of the largest secondary schools in Mauritius and it was founded in 1963 and inaugurated by the then Governor General Sir John Shaw Rennie. The school is named after American president John F. Kennedy and its students are known as Kennedians. The schools emblem is the American bald eagle, the main areas of focus of John Kennedy College are the sciences, technology and economics. Initially the school was technically oriented but has since diversified. The Eagles is the name of the magazine published by the school. School magazines have existed since the 1970s, the first school magazines were published monthly but however, it was then published annually. Students could express their ideas and their vision through the magazines, the Eagles at the time were very successful. One famous part of the magazine was the famous quotes by JKC teachers, the most recent magazine is Eagles 2013, a magazine which commemorated the 50 years of existence of the school. This magazine is the first one to be designed by the students themselves. In 2013, the John Kennedy College celebrated the 50th anniversary laying of its foundation stone, a souvenir magazine entitled Eagles 2013 covering the history and present of the school was launched. The rector launched a program for the two years celebration of the 50th anniversary. The official 50th anniversary of the opening of the school will be celebrated in 2015, John Kennedy College website John Kennedy College facebook page JKC School Magazine 2013 Official Facebook Page
John Kennedy College
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American bald eagle
54.
John F. Kennedy International Airport
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John F. Kennedy International Airport is a major international airport located near South Ozone Park in the borough of Queens in New York City, United States,12 miles southeast of Lower Manhattan. Over ninety airlines operate out of the airport, with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents, the airport features six passenger terminals and four runways. It serves as a hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines and is the operating base for JetBlue Airways. In the past, JFK served as a hub for Eastern, National, Pan Am, John F. Kennedy International Airport was originally Idlewild Airport after the Idlewild Beach Golf Course that it displaced. It was built to relieve LaGuardia Airport, which was overcrowded soon after opening in 1939. Construction began in 1943, and about $60 million was spent of governmental funding. In March 1948 the New York City Council changed the name to New York International Airport, Anderson Field, the Port Authority leased the JFK property from the City of New York in 1947 and maintains this lease today. The first airline flight from JFK was on July 1,1948, the Port Authority cancelled foreign airlines permits to use LaGuardia, forcing them to move to JFK during the next couple of years. JFK opened with six runways and a seventh under construction, runways 1L and 7L were held in reserve and never came into use as runways. Runway 31R is still in use, runway 31L opened soon after the rest of the airport and is still in use, runway 1R closed in 1957, runway 4 opened June 1949 and runway 4R was added ten years later. A smaller runway 14/32 was built after runway 7R closed and was used through 1990 by general aviation, STOL and smaller commuter flights. The Avro Jetliner was the first jetliner to land at JFK on April 18,1950, later in 1957 the USSR sought approval for two Tupolev Tu-104 flights carrying diplomats to JFK, the Port Authority did not allow them, saying noise tests had to be done first. The airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24,1963, then-mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. proposed the renaming. The Port of New York Authority originally planned a single 55-gate terminal, architect Wallace Harrison then designed a master plan under which each major airline at the airport would be given its own space to develop its own terminal design. This scheme made construction more practical, made terminals more navigable, the revised plan met airline approval in 1955, with seven terminals initially planned—five for individual airlines, one developed for 3 airlines and an international arrivals building. The International Arrivals Building, or IAB, was the first new terminal at the airport, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and opening in December 1957. Stretching nearly 700 meters parallel to runway 7R where Terminal 4 is now, it had finger piers at right-angles to the building allowing more aircraft to park. United Airlines opened Terminal 7, a Skidmore design similar to the IAB, Eastern Airlines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 a month later, it was demolished in 1995
John F. Kennedy International Airport
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John F. Kennedy International Airport - KJFK
John F. Kennedy International Airport
John F. Kennedy International Airport
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FAA airport diagram as of September 2014.
John F. Kennedy International Airport
55.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial
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The JFK Memorial was the first memorial by famed American architect and Kennedy family friend, Philip Johnson. The monument was approved by Jacqueline Kennedy herself, Johnson called it a place of quiet refuge, an enclosed place of thought and contemplation separated from the city around, but near the sky and earth. The citizens of Dallas funded its construction entirely, Philip Johnsons design is a cenotaph, or empty tomb, that symbolizes the freedom of Kennedy’s spirit. The memorial is a square, roofless room,30 feet high and 50 by 50 feet wide with two narrow openings facing north and south. The walls consist of 72 white precast concrete columns, most of which seem to float with no visible support two feet above the earth, eight columns extend to the ground, acting as legs that seem to hold up the monument. Each column ends in a light fixture, at night, the lights create the illusion that the structure is supported by the light itself. The corners and “doors” of this room are decorated with rows of concrete circles, or medallions, each identical. These decorations introduce the circular shape into the architecture of the Kennedy Memorial. Visitors enter the room after a walk up a slight concrete incline. Inside visitors confront a low-hewn granite square, too empty to be a base, too short to be a table, the letters have been painted gold to capture the light from the white floating column walls and the pale concrete floor. These words – three words of a famous name – are the verbal messages in the empty room. A square granite memorial next to this marker reads, The joy, so did the pain and sorrow of his death. When he died on November 22,1963, shock and agony touched human conscience throughout the world, in Dallas, Texas, there was a special sorrow. The young President died in Dallas, the death bullets were fired 200 yards west of this site. This memorial, designed by Philip Johnson, was erected by the people of Dallas, thousands of citizens contributed support, money and effort. It is not a memorial to the pain and sorrow of death, in mid 1999, The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza undertook management of the memorial, rallying the support of Dallas County and the City of Dallas. The Museum became caretaker of the monument and launched a restoration project aimed at preserving the memorial. In 2000, a panel of experts wrote an explanation of the memorial to satisfy the public, architectural critic Witold Rybczynski wrote that the monument is poorly done, likening its precast concrete slab walls to mammoth Lego blocks, and commented that Kennedy deserved better
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial
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JFK Memorial
56.
John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
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The main span is 700 feet and the bridge has a total length of 2,498 feet. The span carries six southbound lanes and it is named after U. S. President John F. Kennedy. Designed by the Louisville engineering firm of Hazelet & Erdal, construction began in the spring of 1961, the span was unnamed when U. S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22,1963. Four days later, Kentucky Governor Bert T. Combs announced that there was agreement that the bridge would be named in Kennedys honor. The bridge was dedicated and opened for traffic on December 6. Between the late 1990s and 2006, the bridge was covered with spots and the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet had failed in attempts to rectify this. The state twice paid contractors to repaint the bridge who then failed to do so, the attempts cost over $23 million, with little apparent result. The first of the two contracts, awarded in 1999, ended two years later in a scandal that resulted in criminal prosecution. In October 2006, the awarded a $14.7 million contract to Intech Contracting of Lexington to paint half the bridge by the summer of 2007. The new contract differed in that the project was split in two, and the plans for a three color paint scheme were replaced with a simpler all beige colored one. The very southernmost portion of the bridge was completed in three colors, although this will be painted over, on December 5,2007, the painting project was completed at a cost of $59 million which included the two previous failed painting projects. In 2013, Kentucky broke ground on a span as part of the Ohio River Bridges Project. The Abraham Lincoln Bridge, a bridge that opened in December 2015. The Kennedy Bridge now carries six lanes of southbound I-65 traffic, the Kennedy Bridge reopened in three phases during the final months of 2016. The first phase saw one lane reopen on September 30 for traffic traveling from surface streets in Jeffersonville to I-65, the final phase was the reopening of the exit ramp from the bridge to westbound I-64, which had been closed for nearly a year, on November 14
John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
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The John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge in 2006 as seen from Jeffersonville, Indiana
John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
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The bridge during the last repainting project. Note the far right part of the bridge painted in a three color scheme, originally planned for the whole bridge. This scheme was abandoned and the entire bridge was painted in a light grey.
57.
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
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Its purpose is to recruit, assess, select, train and educate the U. S. The command originated in 1950, when the U. S. Army developed the Psychological Warfare Division of the Army General School at Fort Riley, Kansas. The U. S. Army Psychological Warfare Center and School, which included operational tactical units, the center was proposed by the Armys then-Psychological Warfare Chief, Robert A. McClure, to provide doctrinal support and training for both psychological and unconventional warfare. In 1956, the PSYWAR Center and School was renamed the U. S. Army Center for Special Warfare/U. S, the school was given the responsibility to develop the doctrine, techniques, training and education of Special Forces and Psychological Operations personnel. In 1960, the schools expanded to counterinsurgency operations. In 1962, the Special Warfare Center established a Special Forces Training Group to train enlisted volunteers for operational assignments within Special Forces units, the Advanced Training Committee was formed to explore and develop methods of infiltration and exfiltration. On 16 May 1969, the school was renamed the U. S. Army Institute for Military Assistance, the curriculum was expanded to provide training in high-altitude, low-opening parachuting and SCUBA operations. On 1 April 1972, the U. S. Army Civil Affairs School was transferred from Fort Gordon, Georgia to Fort Bragg, in 1973, the center was assigned to the new U. S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. On 1 June 1982, the Chief of Staff of the Army approved the separation of the center as an independent TRADOC activity under the name U. S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center. The SWC integrated special operations into the Army systems, training and operations, in 1985, SWC was recognized as the U. S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. A few years later, the Noncommissioned Officer Academy was instituted, on 20 June 1990, SWCS was reassigned from TRADOC to the U. S. Army Special Operations Command. This designation gave USASOC control of all components of SOF, with the exception of forward-deployed units. The U. S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, N. C. manages and resources training, education, Special operations forces training is grounded in the SOF Truths, Humans are more important than hardware. Competent special-operations forces cannot be created after emergencies occur, most special operations require non-SOF support On any given day, approximately 3,100 students are enrolled in SWCS training programs. Courses range from training to advanced war fighting skills. SWCS also maintains the Special Forces Warrant Officer Institute and the David K. Thuma Noncommissioned Officer Academy, while most courses are conducted at Fort Bragg, SWCS also has facilities and relationships with outside institutions. In all, SWCS offers 41 unique courses, including assessment & selection and qualification courses for Civil Affairs, Psychological Operations, Special Forces and Cultural Support. Advanced skills courses include combat diver training in Key West, Florida, sniper training at Fort Bragg, regional studies and education constitutes Phase II of the three branches qualification courses
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
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Distinctive Unit Insignia
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
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U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School insignia
58.
Runnymede
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Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, and just over 20 miles west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with its adjoining hillside, Runnymede Borough is named after the area, Runnymede being at its northernmost point. The name Runnymede refers to land in public and National Trust ownership in the Thames flood plain south-west of the river between Old Windsor and Egham, the area includes the Long Mede and Runnymede, which together with Coopers Hill Slopes is managed by the National Trust. There is also a strip of land, east of the road and west of the river. Slightly further downstream from the area shown on the map are, an area with a car park, a number of private homes, a large distribution centre. The landscape of Runnymede is characterised as Thames Basin Lowland, urban fringe and it is a gently undulating vale of small fields interspersed by woods, shaws, ponds, meadows, and heath. The National Trust area is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest which contains a Site of Special Scientific Interest, both sites are overseen by Runnymede Borough Council. Long Mede is a north of the ancient mede of Runnymede towards Old Windsor and has been used for centuries to provide good-quality hay from the alluvial pasture. Near the Island, on the north-east flood plain, in parkland on the bank of the river, are Ankerwycke. The Thames has changed course here occasionally, and these areas may once have been a part of Runnymede. Both were acquired by the National Trust in 1998, runnymedes historical significance has been heavily influenced by its proximity to the Roman Road river crossing at nearby Staines-upon-Thames. The name Runnymede may be derived from the Anglo-Saxon runieg and mede, the Witan, Witenagemot or Council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of the 7th to 11th centuries was held from time to time at Runnymede during the reign of Alfred the Great. The Council met usually in the open air and this political organ was transformed in succeeding years, influencing the creation of Englands 13th century parliament. The water-meadow at Runnymede is the most likely location at which, in 1215, the charter indicates Runnymede by name as Ronimed. Magna Carta affected common and constitutional law as well as political representation also affecting the development of parliament, runnymedes association with ideals of democracy, limitation of power, equality and freedom under law has attracted placement there of monuments and commemorative symbols. The last fatal duel in England took place in 1852, on Priest Hill, the National Trust land was donated in 1929 by Cara Rogers Broughton and her two sons. The gift was given in memory of Urban Broughton, between 2012 and 2015 Coopers Hill was occupied by a radical community living in self-build houses, huts, benders and tents, in the self-proclaimed Runnymede Eco Village. Around 40 people, including a few families, lived in a dispersed settlement throughout the 4 acres of woodland
Runnymede
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Detail of area shown in location map, skewed north-south
Runnymede
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View over Magna Carta Island towards Runnymede
Runnymede
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Runnymede water-meadow viewed from south-east of National Trust land
Runnymede
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Long Mede pasture at Runnymede viewed from north-west of National trust land
59.
Yad Kennedy
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Yad Kennedy, located in the Mateh Yehuda Region near Jerusalem, Israel, is a memorial to John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, who was assassinated in Dallas, Texas in 1963. The 60-foot high memorial is shaped like the stump of a felled tree, inside is a bronze relief of Kennedy, with an eternal flame burning in the center. It is encircled by 51 concrete columns, one for each of the 50 states in the United States plus one for Washington, the emblems of the states are displayed on each of the columns, and the columns are separated by slim panels of glass. The monument measures approximately 250 feet in circumference around its base, the monument was built in 1966 with funds donated by American Jewish communities. Yad Kennedy and its picnic grounds are part of the John F. Kennedy Peace Forest. The site is located 7 miles from downtown Jerusalem, in the general direction as Hadassah Medical Center, on top of the highest of the Jerusalem hills. The view from the lot has been described in the Frommers travel guide as breathtaking – a never-ending succession of mountains. On a clear day, the Mediterranean Sea can be seen in the direction of Tel Aviv,40 miles away, the memorial can be reached by following the winding mountain roads past Ora and Aminadav. It is approximately 45 minutes by foot from the nearest main road, the monument and adjoining picnic grounds are part of the John F. Kennedy Peace Forest. The area designated as the JFK Peace Forest is part of the larger Aminadav Forest, max Bressler of Chicago, Illinois, then president of the American Jewish National Fund, came up with the proposal for the memorial in 1964. Bressler, for whom the Jerusalem neighborhood of Kiryat Menachem is named, had hoped to lead an American delegation to the dedication ceremony, but he died in 1966. On 13 January 1964, former Pennsylvania Governor George M. Leader announced plans for the memorial and he stated that similar committees would be set up in each State, as well as some additional committees in countries overseas. On 22 November 1964, the first anniversary of the assassination, the meetings were described as tributes for the fallen President as well as symbolic dedication ceremonies for the planned memorial. American communities pledged to fund the planting of trees in the forest in addition to funds for the memorial, an Israeli childrens band played Hatikva, the Israeli national anthem, along with the U. S. anthem, the Star Spangled Banner. Among the guests at the 4 July 1966 dedication was U. S, chief Justice Earl Warren, who had chaired the commission tasked with investigating the 1963 assassination. Among other guests were Levi Eshkol, Prime Minister of Israel, Teddy Kollek, the mayor of Jerusalem, and Walworth Barbour, the United States Ambassador to Israel. Warren noted that Washington, D. C. had many memorials and your children and grandchildren when they visit Israel will find your monument. Second, Warren recalled that Kennedy had visited Israel twice, the first time in 1939 when it was part of the British Mandate
Yad Kennedy
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Yad Kennedy (John F. Kennedy Memorial)
Yad Kennedy
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View of Yad Kennedy on hilltop
Yad Kennedy
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Interior with eternal flame and columns decorated with state seals
Yad Kennedy
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Dedication plaque at Yad Kennedy, Jerusalem
60.
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
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USS John F. Kennedy is the only ship of her class and the last conventionally powered carrier built for the United States Navy. The ship is named after the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, Kennedy was originally designated a CVA, however, the designation was changed to CV to denote that the ship was capable of anti-submarine warfare, making her an all-purpose carrier. After nearly 40 years of service in the United States Navy and she is berthed at the NAVSEA Inactive Ships On-site Maintenance facility in Philadelphia and is available for donation as a museum and memorial to a qualified organization. The name has been adopted by the future Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy, contracted as Ship Characteristic Board SCB-127C, the ships keel was laid on 22 October 1964 by Newport News Shipbuilding. The ship was officially christened 27 May 1967 by Jacqueline Kennedy and her 9-year-old daughter, Caroline, the ship entered service 7 September 1968. John F. Kennedy is a version of the earlier Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carriers. Originally scheduled to be the fourth Kitty Hawk-class carrier, the ship received so many modifications during construction she formed her own class, the ship was originally ordered as a nuclear carrier, using the A3W reactor, but converted to conventional propulsion after construction had begun. The island is somewhat different from that of the Kitty Hawk class, with angled funnels to direct smoke, Kennedy is also 17 feet shorter than the Kitty Hawk class. After an ORI conducted by Commander, Carrier Division Two, Kennedy left for the Mediterranean in April 1969, the ship reached Rota, Spain on the morning of 22 April 1969 and relieved USS Forrestal. Rear Admiral Pierre N. Charbonnet, Commander, Carrier Striking Forces, Sixth Fleet, the turnover complete by nightfall, the carrier, escorted by destroyers, transited the Strait of Gibraltar at the start of the mid watch on 22 April. The next day, John F. Kennedy refueled from USS Marias and it was during the 1970s that Kennedy was upgraded to handle the F-14 Tomcat and the S-3 Viking. Kennedy was involved in the Navy response to the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in October 1973, with her actions, in 1974, she won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet. On 20 June 1975 Kennedy was the target of arson, suffering eight fires, with no injuries, while at port in Norfolk, Virginia. On 22 November 1975 Kennedy collided with the cruiser Belknap, severely damaging the ship and earning itself the nicknames Can Opener. As a result of the collision with John F. Kennedys overhanging deck, JP-5 fuel lines were ruptured spraying fuel over an adjacent catwalk, belknaps superstructure was gutted almost to the main deck, and seven of her crew killed. Aboard Kennedy, smoke inhalation claimed the life of Petty Officer 2nd Class Yeoman David A. Chivalette of CVW-1, both crew members ejected and landed on the deck, injured but alive. A naval race followed between the Soviet Navy and US Navy to get not only the plane, but also its missiles. In late 1978 Kennedy underwent her first, yearlong overhaul, which was completed in 1979, on 9 April 1979 she experienced five fires set by arson while undergoing overhaul at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Virginia
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
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USS John F. Kennedy is escorted out of NS Mayport, Florida by tugboats, on 11 November 2003.
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
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John F. Kennedy on her initial shakedown in December 1968
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
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A view of damage sustained by the carrier John F. Kennedy when she collided with the cruiser USS Belknap
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
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An elevated starboard quarter view of John F. Kennedy during the International Naval Review in New York Harbor, 4 July 1986.
61.
USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)
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John F. Kennedy is the second Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier being built for the United States Navy. The ship is under construction and planned to be commissioned in 2020, on 7 December 2007, the 66th anniversary of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Congressman Harry Mitchell proposed naming this ship USS Arizona. In 2009, Congressman John Shadegg proposed naming either CVN-79 or the subsequent CVN-80 Barry M. Goldwater, after Barry Goldwater, the late senator from Arizona. On 29 May 2011, the Department of Defense announced that the ship would be named for John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, who served in the navy during World War II. She will be the navy ship named after members of the Kennedy family, and the second aircraft carrier named John F. Kennedy, succeeding USS John F. Kennedy. On 15 January 2009, Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was awarded a million contract for design work. On 30 September 2010, Northrop Grumman announced a new president for the construction of John F. Kennedy, Mike Shawcross. On 25 February 2011, the navy conducted the First Cut of Steel ceremony at Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding in Newport News, John F. Kennedy was originally planned to be completed in 2018. This was extended to 2020 after Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced in 2009 that the program would shift to a building program so as to place it on a more fiscally sustainable path. In September 2013, the Government Accountability Office recommended delaying the detail design, the Navy and Defense Department have rejected the recommendation. The Navy faces technical, design, and construction challenges to completing USS Gerald R. Ford, Gerald R. Ford had costs increase by 22 percent to $12.8 billion, and additional increases could follow due to uncertainties facing critical technology systems and shipbuilder underperformance. Risk is introduced in the plan to conduct integration testing of key systems at the same time as initial operational test. One action the GAO says could be taken to ensure Ford-class carrier acquisitions are supported is conducting an analysis of required capabilities. The ships keel was laid in Newport News, Virginia on 22 August 2015, as part of the traditional keel laying ceremony, the initials of ship sponsor Caroline Kennedy, daughter of President Kennedy, were welded into the ships hull. DoD press release naming CVN-79 John F. Kennedy Builder Website, Construction Milestones
USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)
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Artist impression of the Gerald R. Ford -class.
62.
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is an American author, attorney, and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the surviving child of President John F. Kennedy. The following year, Caroline, her mother, and brother settled on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Kennedy graduated from Radcliffe College and worked at Manhattans Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She went on to receive a J. D. degree from Columbia Law School, most of Kennedys professional life has spanned law and politics, as well as education reform and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her familys legacy, congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand ultimately replaced Clinton as the junior New York Senator. In 2013, President Obama appointed her as ambassador to Japan, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27,1957, at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan to John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. A year before Carolines birth, her parents had a daughter named Arabella. Caroline had two brothers, John Jr. who was born just before her third birthday, and Patrick. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. during the first three years of her life, when Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the White House when her father was sworn in as President of the United States. Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, one such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his Top Ten hit song, Sweet Caroline—which he revealed when he performed it for her 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, historians described Carolines childhood personality as a trifle remote and a bit shy at times yet remarkably unspoiled. Shes too young to realize all these luxuries, her grandmother, Rose Kennedy. She probably thinks its natural for children to go off in their own airplanes, but she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence and that evening, the children were brought back to the White House, and while Caroline was in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the children, on December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline and the children moved out of the White House, back to Georgetown. Their new home became a popular tourist attraction and they moved from Washington to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan the following year. In 1967, Caroline christened the U. S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a sentimental journey to Ireland
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Kennedy
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline with her father aboard the yacht Honey Fitz off the coast of Hyannis, Massachusetts at age five.
Caroline Kennedy
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2008 United States presidential election
Caroline Kennedy
63.
John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash
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On July 16,1999, John F. Kennedy Jr. died when the airplane he was piloting crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. The two passengers on board, Kennedys wife Carolyn Bessette and her sister Lauren, were also killed, Kennedy did not hold an instrument rating and was therefore only certified to fly under visual flight rules. However, at the time of the accident the weather and light conditions were such that all basic landmarks were obscured, making visual flight challenging, although legally still permissible. On the evening of July 16,1999, John F. Kennedy Jr. piloted a Piper Saratoga to attend the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy, the plane also carried his wife, Carolyn Bessette, and sister-in-law, Lauren Bessette. Kennedy had purchased his plane three months before his death, the Bessette sisters were seated in the second row of seats, which faced the rear of the plane and were back-to-back with the pilots seat. Kennedy checked in with the air control tower of Marthas Vineyard Airport before departure. At 8,39 p. m. on July 16, at 2,15 a. m. the next day, the Kennedy family reported to the local Coast Guard Air Station that the plane had not arrived. At 4 a. m, the U. S. Coast Guard began a search, Kennedys cousin, Anthony Stanislas Radziwill, told the press that if Kennedy was still alive hell find a way to get out. He possesses the will to survive, enough will for all three of them, officials were not optimistic about finding Kennedy alive after several pieces of debris from his plane were recovered in the Atlantic Ocean. There is always hope, Coast Guard Lt. Gary Jones said on July 17, but unfortunately, when you find certain pieces of evidence, you have to be prepared for anything. That same day, President Bill Clinton spoke with Kennedys older sister, Caroline, Clinton also spoke with Andrew Cuomo, who at the time was married to Kennedys cousin, Kerry. He wanted to let them know he was thinking about them, that well do everything we can, Clinton ordered warships of the U. S. Navy to assist in the search for Kennedys plane. Critics argued that this was an abuse of taxpayer dollars, as no ordinary citizen would receive similar treatment, Clinton said that afternoon that the Kennedys had suffered much, and given more. He also called for the Kennedys to feel the strength of God, the love of their friends, on July 19, NOAA vessel Rude located fragments of Kennedys plane using side-scan sonar. The Rude captured high-resolution images which were used to create a map of the ocean floor. At 11,30 p. m. the next day, Navy divers found parts of the plane strewn over a broad area of seabed 120 feet below the surface. Late on the afternoon of July 21, the recovered the bodies of Kennedy. Divers found Carolyns and Laurens bodies near the fuselage, while Kennedys body was still strapped in the pilots seat, Coast Guard Admiral Richard M. Larrabee said that all three bodies were near and under the fuselage, still strapped in
John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash
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A Piper Saratoga similar to N9253N, the aircraft flown by John F. Kennedy Jr. on the night of the accident
64.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Sr. was an American businessman, investor, and politician known for his high-profile positions in United States politics. Kennedy was married to Rose Kennedy, three of their nine children attained distinguished political positions, President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy. He was a member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community. He was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be the first chairman of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and later directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until late 1940, in the 1920s Kennedy made huge profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios, ultimately merging several acquisitions into Radio-Keith-Orpheum studios. His company, Somerset Importers, became the exclusive American agent for Gordons Gin, in addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries, a firm in Canada. He owned the largest office building in the country, Chicagos Merchandise Mart, giving his family an important base in that city, Kennedy allowed surgeons to perform a lobotomy on his daughter Rosemary Kennedy in 1941. Various reasons for the operation have been given, but it left her permanently incapacitated, Kennedy resigned under pressure shortly afterwards. In later years, Kennedy worked behind the scenes to continue building the financial and political fortunes of the Kennedy family, after a disabling stroke in 1961, Kennedy developed aphasia and lost all power of speech, but remained mentally intact. He was confined to a wheelchair until his death in 1969, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of businessman and politician Patrick Joseph P. J. Kennedy. He had a younger brother Francis, and two sisters, Mary and Margaret. All four of Joes grandparents had immigrated to Massachusetts in the 1840s to escape the Irish famine and he was born into a highly sectarian society, where Irish Catholics were excluded by upper-class Boston Brahmins. Boston Irish thus became active in the Democratic Party, which included P. J. P. J. Kennedy followed in the footsteps of older cousins by attending Harvard College. He focused on becoming a leader, working energetically to gain admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club. While at Harvard he joined the Delta Upsilon International fraternity and played on the baseball team, in 1937, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University. On October 7,1914, Kennedy married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald, honey Fitz Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine Josie Hannon. The marriage joined two of the citys most prominent political families, as Kennedys business success expanded, he and his family kept homes in the Boston area, suburban New York City, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, and Palm Beach, Florida
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Kennedy yearbook photo from Boston Latin School
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Rose (shown with Joe Jr.) married Joe Sr. after college.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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The family at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, 1931. Rosemary Kennedy is seated on the far right.
65.
Rose Kennedy
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Countess Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy was an American philanthropist and socialite. She was deeply embedded in the lace curtain Irish Catholic community in Boston and she was the wife of businessman and investor Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. who was United States Ambassador to the Court of St Jamess. Their nine children included President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and she was the sixth American woman to be granted the title of Countess by the Vatican. Rose was born at 4 Garden Court in the North End neighborhood of Boston and she was the eldest of six children born to Boston Mayor John Francis Honey Fitz Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine Josie Hannon. Her siblings were Mary, Thomas, John Jr. Eunice, as a young child, she lived in an Italianate/Mansard-style home in the Ashmont Hill section of Dorchester, Massachusetts and attended the local Girls Latin School. The home later burned down, but a plaque at Welles Avenue, the plaque was dedicated by her son, Senator Ted Kennedy, on her 102nd birthday in 1992. Kennedy studied at the convent school Kasteel Bloemendal in Vaals, The Netherlands and she also attended the New England Conservatory in Boston where she studied piano. In 1908, Fitzgerald and her father embarked on a tour of Europe and she and Honey Fitz had a private audience with Pope St. Pius X at the Vatican. On October 7,1914, she married Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy at age 24 after a courtship of more than seven years and he was the elder son of businessman/politician P. J. Kennedy and Mary Augusta Hickey. She gave birth to the couples first child, Joseph Jr. nine months later, Joseph provided well for their family, but was unfaithful. His affairs included one with Gloria Swanson, while eight months pregnant with the couples fourth child Kathleen, Rose temporarily went back to her parents, but returned to Joseph. In turning an eye to her husbands affairs, Rose depended heavily on medication. Ronald Kessler found records for prescription tranquilizers Seconal, Placidyl, Librium, and Dalmane to relieve Roses nervousness and stress, and Lomotil, Bentyl, Librax, Rose Kennedy was a strict Catholic throughout her life. Even after her 100th birthday, she rarely missed Sunday Mass and her strict beliefs often placed her at odds with her children. Rose Kennedy stated that she felt completely fulfilled as a full-time homemaker, what greater aspiration and challenge are there for a mother than the hope of raising a great son or daughter. After her son John became President in 1961, Rose became a sort of quiet celebrity, Most of her social activities consisted of involvement in charities and women’s groups. Rose also took brisk ocean swims outside her Cape Cod house in fifty-degree weather, after suffering a stroke in 1984, she used a wheelchair for the remaining eleven years of her life. She maintained her residence at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts and was cared for by private nurses, on January 22,1995, Kennedy died at the Kennedy family compound in Hyannis Port from complications from pneumonia at the age of 104
Rose Kennedy
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Rose Kennedy in 1967
Rose Kennedy
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Rose Kennedy (standing, rear) with her husband Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and grandchildren, 1963. John-John can be seen in the foreground.
Rose Kennedy
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Rose Kennedy with her son, President John F. Kennedy in 1962
Rose Kennedy
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Life
66.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Jr. was a United States Navy lieutenant. He was killed in action while serving as a patrol bomber pilot in World War II and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. He was the eldest of nine born to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Joe Sr. had plans for Joe Jr. to become President. However, Joe Jr. was killed participating in a top-secret mission in 1944, and the high expectations of the father then fell upon Joe Jr. s younger brother John. Kennedy was born in Hull, Massachusetts and he first attended the Dexter School in Brookline, Massachusetts, with his brother, John. He graduated from The Choate School in 1933 in Wallingford, Connecticut and he then entered Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, graduating in 1938. Kennedy participated in football, rugby, and crew, and he served on the student council, Kennedy then spent a year studying under the tutelage of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics before enrolling in Harvard Law School. From a very young age, Kennedy was groomed by his father, when he was born, his grandfather John F. Fitzgerald, then Mayor of Boston, told the news, This child is the future President of the nation. He often boasted that he would be president even without help from his father and he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Kennedy planned to run for Massachusettss 11th congressional district in 1946, Kennedy expressed approval of Adolf Hitler. His father sent him to visit Nazi Germany in 1934. He wrote to his father, praising Hitler’s sterilization policy as “a great thing” that “will do away with many of the specimens of men. ”He explained that Hitler is building a spirit in his men that could be envied in any country. Kennedy left before his year of law school at Harvard to enlist in the U. S. Naval Reserve on June 24,1941. He entered flight training to be a Naval Aviator, and after training and he was assigned to Patrol Squadron 203 and then Bombing Squadron 110. In September 1943, he was sent to Britain and became a member of Bomber Squadron 110, Special Air Unit ONE and he piloted land-based PB4Y Liberator patrol bombers on anti-submarine details during two tours of duty in the winter of 1943–1944. Kennedy had completed 25 combat missions and was eligible to return home and he instead volunteered for an Operation Aphrodite mission. Kennedy was appointed a lieutenant on July 1,1944, after the U. S. Army Air Forces operation missions were drawn up on July 23,1944, Lieutenants Wilford John Willy and Kennedy were designated as the first Navy flight crew
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
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Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. as Ensign, U.S. Navy (c. 1942)
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
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Memorial for Joseph Kennedy Jr. inside the fortress of Mimoyecques (France)
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
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Life
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
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Electoral history
67.
Patricia Kennedy Lawford
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Patricia Helen Pat Kennedy Lawford was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Pat wanted to be a film producer, a profession not readily open to young women in her time. She married English actor Peter Lawford in 1954, but they experienced a serious culture-clash, Patricia Helen Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was considered the most sophisticated, yet also the most introverted, since childhood she had a fascination with travel and Hollywood. In time she would become a traveler, so much so that as a young girl she was given assignments by the independent. Her ongoing fascination with Hollywood was fueled by her fathers stories and adventures there as a movie mogul heading RKO Pictures, after graduating from Rosemont College, she moved to Hollywood in hopes of becoming a movie producer and director like her father. Her father apparently believed that she could do as much, once saying and she could really run this town if she put her mind to it. She met English actor Peter Lawford through her sister Eunice in the 1940s and they met again in 1949, and again in 1953. They courted briefly and officially announced their engagement in February 1954 and they married on April 24,1954, at the Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas More in New York City, twelve days before her thirtieth birthday. They settled in Santa Monica, California, and often socialized with actress Judy Garland, Garland gave birth to her son Joseph at the same hospital and on the same day Kennedy gave birth to her son Christopher. Lawford had difficulty adjusting to Kennedys steadfast Catholicism and her familys larger-than-life image, Kennedy could not tolerate Lawfords heavy drinking, extramarital affairs, and gradual addiction to drugs. Shortly after her brother Jacks death, she filed for a separation. After her divorce, Kennedy battled alcoholism and suffered from tongue cancer and she worked with the John F. Kennedy died of pneumonia at age of 82 on September 17,2006 in her Manhattan home. She was survived by her four children and ten grandchildren, as well as her brother Ted and her sisters Eunice and she was buried in Southampton Cemetery. Kennedy family Kennedy family tree Patricia Kennedy Lawford obituary Patricia Kennedy Lawford at the Internet Movie Database
Patricia Kennedy Lawford
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Patricia Kennedy Lawford
Patricia Kennedy Lawford
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With Lawford (far right) are (l-r) Senator Ted Kennedy, Jean Kennedy Smith, Raisa Gorbachyova, and Mikhail Gorbachev.
Patricia Kennedy Lawford
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Life
Patricia Kennedy Lawford
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Electoral history
68.
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Jean Ann Kennedy Smith is an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 1993 to 1998. She is the eighth of nine born to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald. Her siblings include President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, longtime Senator Ted Kennedy, Smith is the founder of Very Special Arts, an internationally recognized non-profit dedicated to creating a society where those with disabilities can engage with the arts. In 2011, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor, by President Barack Obama for her work with VSA, as Ambassador to Ireland, Smith was instrumental to the Northern Ireland peace process as President Bill Clintons representative in Dublin. Irish President Mary McAleese conferred honorary Irish citizenship on Smith in 1998 in recognition of her service to the country, Jean Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on her elder sister Kathleens eighth birthday. She has been described as the shyest and most guarded of the Kennedy children, on May 19,1956, she married Stephen Edward Smith in a small chapel of the Roman Catholic Saint Patricks Cathedral in New York City. The Smiths maintained a profile than some other members of the extended Kennedy family. During the early 1960s, they settled in New York City, Jean gave birth to two sons, Stephen Edward Smith, Jr. S. In 1974, Kennedy Smith founded Very Special Arts, now simply as VSA the international organization on art. VSA is a affiliate of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts which is headquartered in Washington. It is dedicated to creating a society where people with disabilities learn through, participate in, VSA annually serves over 7 million people across American and in 52 countries. Smith has traveled throughout the world on behalf of VSA to advocate for greater inclusion in the arts for people with disabilities. Her book, Chronicles of Courage, Very Special Artists, co-written with George Plimpton, was published by Random House in April 1993. In 2011, Smith was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor, by President Barack Obama for her work with VSA, as ambassador, she played a pivotal role in the peace process in Northern Ireland for almost five years before retiring the post. She successfully advocated for the U. S. government to grant a visa to Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams, which directly led to the IRA declaring a ceasefire in 1994. As a demonstration of her views, on at least one occasion she received communion in a cathedral of the Church of Ireland. Irish President Mary McAleese conferred honorary Irish citizenship on Smith in 1998 in recognition of her service to the country, during a ceremony, McAleese praised Smiths fixedness of purpose. Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern told Smith, You have helped bring about a life for everyone throughout Ireland
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Kennedy Smith with Victoria Reggie Kennedy in 2008
Jean Kennedy Smith
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c.1953
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Life
Jean Kennedy Smith
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Electoral history
69.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Johnson in 1964
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Lyndon Johnson with his trademark cowboy hat—age seven
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Johnson's boss, U.S. Rep. Richard Kleberg
Lyndon B. Johnson
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LCDR Johnson, March 1942
The full text of We choose to go to the Moon at Wikisource
