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History
Women in Iran
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Throughout history, women in Iran have played numerous roles, and contributed in many ways, to Iranian society. Historically, tradition maintained that women be confined to their homes to manage the household and raise children. During the Pahlavi era, there was a drastic social change towards women's desegregation such as ban of the veil, right to vote, right to education, equal salaries for men and women, and the right to hold public office. Women were active participants in the Islamic Revolution. Iran's constitution, adopted after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, proclaims equality for men and women under Article 20, while mandating legal code adhering to Sharia law. Article 21 of the constitution as well as a few parliament-passed laws give women rights such as being allowed to drive, hold public office, and attend university but not wearing a veil in public can be punished by law; and when in public, all hair and skin except the face and hands must be covered. However, this is often not enforced; notably in recent years, Iranian women have started a number of groups to rebel against the government's oppressive policies and reclaim their independence and rights.
linear-Elamite women inscription. Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup, Marvdasht.
linear-Elamite women inscription. Late 3rd Millennium BC silver cup, Marvdasht.
A bust from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia
A bust from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia
The Persian lady portrayed in five medallions on this bowl has a hairstyle that suggests that she may have been a queen in the Sassanid royal family a
The Persian lady portrayed in five medallions on this bowl has a hairstyle that suggests that she may have been a queen in the Sassanid royal family at the time of King Narseh.
A woman as depicted in Perso-Roman floor mosaic in Bishapur
A woman as depicted in Perso-Roman floor mosaic in Bishapur
Kashf-e hijab
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On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah of Iran (Persia) issued a decree known as Kashf-e hijab banning all Islamic veils, an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented. The government also banned many types of male traditional clothing.
Reza Shah, his wife Tadj ol-Molouk, and their daughters Shams and Ashraf, 8 January 1936, famously participating in a public ceremony without hijab th
Reza Shah, his wife Tadj ol-Molouk, and their daughters Shams and Ashraf, 8 January 1936, famously participating in a public ceremony without hijab the first time.
The women of the Iranian women's movement largely consisted of educated elite women positive to unveiling. In this image of the Board of Governors of
The women of the Iranian women's movement largely consisted of educated elite women positive to unveiling. In this image of the Board of Governors of the women's organization Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah, Tehran. The image is dated to 1922–1932; before the Kashf-e hijab reform in 1936.
Unveiled middle-class women vote in the election of 1963. In the period of 1941–1979, veiling was a class marker. The modernisation reforms included b
Unveiled middle-class women vote in the election of 1963. In the period of 1941–1979, veiling was a class marker. The modernisation reforms included both unveiling and women's suffrage.
1979 Iranian Women Day's protests against mandatory veiling. Unveiled women protesting against the introduction of mandatory veiling. While many women
1979 Iranian Women Day's protests against mandatory veiling. Unveiled women protesting against the introduction of mandatory veiling. While many women had worn the veil during the revolution, they had not expected mandatory veiling and did not support it.