1.
Sacramento, California
–
Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
2.
Post-punk revival
–
By the end of the decade, most of the bands had broken up, moved on to other projects or were on hiatus, although some bands returned to recording and touring in the 2010s. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped down. They were variously characterised as part of a rock, new wave or post-punk revival. Influences ranged from blues, through new wave to grunge. The music ranged from the tracks of bands like Liars to the melodic pop songs of groups like the Sounds. There was an emphasis on rock authenticity that has seen as a reaction to the commercialism of MTV-oriented nu metal, hip hop. Because the bands came from across the globe, cited influences and adopted differing styles of dress. For historian of garage rock Eric James Abbey, these were diverse bands that appropriated, or been given, the label garage to gain a degree of credibility. There were attempts to revive garage rock and elements of punk in the 1980s and 1990s, the Detroit rock scene included the Von Bondies, Electric Six, the Dirtbombs and the Detroit Cobras, while New Yorks included Radio 4, Liars, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and the Rapture. Billy Childish and The Buff Medways from the United Kingdom, the Noise Conspiracy from Sweden, New wave was a term adopted in the aftermath of punk rock to describe a generation of bands who generally pursued a more commercially successful punk-influenced sound. Major acts included Talking Heads, Devo, the Cars, the Go-Gos, the Pretenders, Elvis Costello and skinny tie bands like Blondie, in the mid-1990s, notable bands in this vein included Six Finger Satellite, Brainiac and Elastica. American band Satisfact was also considered as an example of the new wave revival sound. Music critic Simon Reynolds noted that bands like the Rapture and Franz Ferdinand were influenced by the more angular strain of post-punk, particularly such as Wire. Others identified this movement as another wave of garage rock revivalism, with NME in 2003 designating it a new rock revolution. According to music critic Jim DeRogatis, the Strokes, the White Stripes, both the Strokes and the White Stripes obtained their initial commercial success in the UK, before achieving recognition in the US and elsewhere. They were christened by the media as the The bands, and dubbed the saviours of rock n roll, prompting Rolling Stone magazine to declare on its September 2002 cover, Rock is Back. The attention in the press in turn led to accusations of hype, according to Simon Reynolds, apart from maybe the White Stripes, none could really be described as retro. In the wake of this attention existing acts like Yeah Yeah Yeahs were able to sign to major record labels, from the UK were Franz Ferdinand, Bloc Party, Maxïmo Park, Editors, the Cribs, the Libertines, the Fratellis, Razorlight and Kaiser Chiefs
3.
LCD Soundsystem
–
LCD Soundsystem is an American rock band from Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 2002, it is fronted by musician James Murphy, co-founder of DFA Records, the band began by recording and releasing multiple singles from 2002 to 2004 leading up to their eponymous debut studio album, which was released in 2005. It garnered critical acclaim as well as a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic/Dance Album and their single Daft Punk Is Playing at My House, which has become the bands most successful single, also received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording. In 2007, the released their second studio album, Sound of Silver, to critical acclaim. Three years later, LCD Soundsystem released their studio album, This Is Happening. In February 2011, a statement was posted on the website that announced its disbandment. It was to be made following a large farewell concert at Madison Square Garden on April 2,2011. The farewell concert is chronicled in the documentary film Shut Up and Play the Hits and was made available as a live album, titled The Long Goodbye. After a series of rumors hinting at a band reunion, LCD Soundsystem released the single Christmas Will Break Your Heart in December 2015. LCD Soundsystem began by releasing a string of singles under DFA Records and they gained attention with their first single, Losing My Edge, which peaked at number 115 in the UK. Described as an eight-minute, laugh-out-loud funny dissection of cool over a dirty electronic beat and this was followed by the single Give It Up, and in the following year, Yeah and Movement. The latter two peaked at number 77 and number 52 in the UK, respectively, LCD Soundsystem released their eponymous debut studio album in January 2005 to critical acclaim. For the CD version, the first disc contains the album, the band toured with M. I. A. following the release of the album. In June 2005, the band covered a Siouxsie and the Banshees song and their self-titled debut was also placed at number 94 of Amazon. coms Top 100 Editors Picks of 2005. In October 2006, LCD Soundsystem released a composition entitled 45,33 and it was made available for download from iTunes. Despite its name, the track is actually 45 minutes and 58 seconds long—the title is a reference to vinyl speeds —and was claimed to reward and push at good intervals of a run. However, it was revealed that this was not the case. LCD Soundsystems second studio album, Sound of Silver, was released on March 20,2007, praise included Mixmag awarding it the title Album of the Month, a 9.2 score from Pitchfork and a 5-star review from The Guardian
4.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
Hardcore punk
–
Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
6.
San people
–
The ancestors of the hunter-gatherer San people are considered to have been the first inhabitants of what is now Botswana and South Africa. The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswanas Tsodilo Hills region, in this area, stone tools and rock art paintings date back thousands of years. The San were traditionally semi-nomadic, moving seasonally within certain defined areas based on the availability of such as water, game animals. As of 2010, the San population in Botswana numbers about 50,000 to 60,000, from the 1950s through the 1990s, the San switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in anthropology, the San are one of 14 known extant ancestral population clusters. That is, groups of populations with common ancestry, who share ethnicity. The United States Department of State described ongoing discrimination against San, or Basarwa, various terms—including San, Bushmen and Basarwa—have been used to refer to them collectively. Each of these terms has a history, as they have been used by others to refer to them. In the 1970s, many Western anthropologists adopted the term San to refer to the people collectively, historically San was a derogatory term meaning foragers, applied to them by pastoralist Khoikhoi rivals. The term became associated with people without cattle or people who stole cattle, the term Bushmen is still widely used by others and to self-identify, however, opinions vary on whether it is appropriate as it is sometimes viewed as pejorative. The consensus of delegates representing the people at various meetings held in the 1990s was in favour of using the term San to refer to them collectively, according to anthropologist Richard Borshay Lee, the term San was in general use by the people themselves by the late 1990s. There are regional variations in nomenclature, The term most commonly used for them in Botswana is Basarwa. Being a Tswana word meaning those who do not rear cattle, the term is in a noun class representing people who are accepted, while an older variant Masarwa is considered offensive now. In 1996 the different San language groups of Namibia met and agreed to allow the term San to be used externally to refer to them collectively, there are no official terms for them in Angola, Zambia or in Zimbabwe. In Angola they are referred to as mucancalas, or bosquímanos. The terms Amasili and Batwa are sometimes used for them in Zimbabwe, the term San has become favoured in South Africa, and is used in the blazon of the national coat-of-arms. The South African San Council representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001, the people are also referred to as Twa by Xhosa people and Baroa by Sotho people. Bushman is considered derogatory by many South Africans, regardless of their race, a 2008 Equality Court ruling nevertheless found that the use of the Afrikaans equivalent boesman by Die Burger newspaper did not amount to hate speech in the context used
.jpg)
