1.
!!! (album)
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. is the eponymous debut studio album by rock band. It was released in 2001 on Gold Standard Laboratories, trash the axiom that says bands influenced by angular post-punk must be populated by dour misanthropes who sport wallet photos of Ian Curtis. Mario Andreoni – guitar Justin Van Der Volgen – bass Nic Offer – vocals Dan Gorman – trumpet, percussion Tyler Pope – guitar Allan Wilson – saxophone, percussion John Pugh – drums, percussion
2.
Sacramento, California
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Sacramento is the capital city of the U. S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. It is at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the portion of Californias expansive Central Valley. Its estimated 2014 population of 485,199 made it the sixth-largest city in California, Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for Time magazine named Sacramento Americas Most Diverse City, Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant John Sutter, Sr. his son John Augustus Sutter, Jr. and James W. Marshall. Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of Sutters Fort, which was established by Sutter in 1839, the city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santísimo Sacramento, California State University, Sacramento, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. University of the Pacific is a university with one of its three campuses in Sacramento. In addition, the University of California, Davis, located in nearby Davis, operates its UC Davis Medical Center, nisenan and Plains Miwok Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by acorns taken from the oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds. In 1808, the Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley, a Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote, Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths, the air was like champagne, and drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. The valley and the river were then christened after the Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, John Sutter first arrived on August 13,1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutters Fort, representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west, within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire, Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutters Mill in Coloma and he hired topographical engineer William H
3.
Indie rock
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Indie rock is a genre of alternative rock that originated in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Originally used to independent record labels, the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock. In the mid-1980s, the term began to be used to describe the music produced on punk and post-punk labels. Some prominent indie rock record labels were founded during the 1980s, during the 1990s, Grunge bands broke into the mainstream, and the term alternative lost its original counter-cultural meaning. The term indie rock became associated with the bands and genres that remained dedicated to their independent status, by the end of the 1990s indie rock developed subgenres and related styles including lo-fi, noise pop, emo, slowcore, post-rock and math rock. In the 2000s, changes in the industry and in music technology enabled a new wave of indie rock bands to achieve mainstream success. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped-down. The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands, The Strokes, The White Stripes, The Hives, emo also broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s. By the end of the 2000s the proliferation of bands was being referred to as indie landfill. The term indie rock, which comes from independent, describes the small and relatively low-budget labels on which it is released, the influences and styles of the artists have been extremely diverse, including punk, psychedelia, post-punk and country. Allmusic identifies indie rock as including a number of varying musical approaches compatible with mainstream tastes, in fact, there is an everlasting list of genres and subgenres of indie rock. Many countries have developed a local indie scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country. However, there are still indie bands that start off locally, Indie rock has been identified as a reaction against the macho culture that developed in alternative rock in the aftermath of Nirvanas success. However, Cortney Harding pointed out that this sense of equality is not reflected in the number of women running indie labels. The BBC documentary Music for Misfits, The Story of Indie pinpoints the birth of indie as the 1977 self-publication of the Spiral Scratch EP by Manchester band Buzzcocks, Indie pop and indie were originally synonymous. In the mid-1980s, indie began to be used to describe the music produced on post-punk labels rather than the labels themselves. The indie rock scene in the US was prefigured by the rock that dominated college radio playlists. In the United States, the term was associated with the abrasive, distortion-heavy sounds of the Pixies, Hüsker Dü, Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Dinosaur Jr
4.
Post-punk revival
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By the end of the decade, most of the bands had broken up, moved on to other projects or were on hiatus, although some bands returned to recording and touring in the 2010s. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped down. They were variously characterised as part of a rock, new wave or post-punk revival. Influences ranged from blues, through new wave to grunge. The music ranged from the tracks of bands like Liars to the melodic pop songs of groups like the Sounds. There was an emphasis on rock authenticity that has seen as a reaction to the commercialism of MTV-oriented nu metal, hip hop. Because the bands came from across the globe, cited influences and adopted differing styles of dress. For historian of garage rock Eric James Abbey, these were diverse bands that appropriated, or been given, the label garage to gain a degree of credibility. There were attempts to revive garage rock and elements of punk in the 1980s and 1990s, the Detroit rock scene included the Von Bondies, Electric Six, the Dirtbombs and the Detroit Cobras, while New Yorks included Radio 4, Liars, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and the Rapture. Billy Childish and The Buff Medways from the United Kingdom, the Noise Conspiracy from Sweden, New wave was a term adopted in the aftermath of punk rock to describe a generation of bands who generally pursued a more commercially successful punk-influenced sound. Major acts included Talking Heads, Devo, the Cars, the Go-Gos, the Pretenders, Elvis Costello and skinny tie bands like Blondie, in the mid-1990s, notable bands in this vein included Six Finger Satellite, Brainiac and Elastica. American band Satisfact was also considered as an example of the new wave revival sound. Music critic Simon Reynolds noted that bands like the Rapture and Franz Ferdinand were influenced by the more angular strain of post-punk, particularly such as Wire. Others identified this movement as another wave of garage rock revivalism, with NME in 2003 designating it a new rock revolution. According to music critic Jim DeRogatis, the Strokes, the White Stripes, both the Strokes and the White Stripes obtained their initial commercial success in the UK, before achieving recognition in the US and elsewhere. They were christened by the media as the The bands, and dubbed the saviours of rock n roll, prompting Rolling Stone magazine to declare on its September 2002 cover, Rock is Back. The attention in the press in turn led to accusations of hype, according to Simon Reynolds, apart from maybe the White Stripes, none could really be described as retro. In the wake of this attention existing acts like Yeah Yeah Yeahs were able to sign to major record labels, from the UK were Franz Ferdinand, Bloc Party, Maxïmo Park, Editors, the Cribs, the Libertines, the Fratellis, Razorlight and Kaiser Chiefs
5.
Warp (record label)
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Warp is an English independent record label, founded in Sheffield in 1989 by record store workers Steve Beckett, Rob Mitchell and record producer Robert Gordon. It is currently based in London, current artists on the label roster include Flying Lotus, Rustie, Oneohtrix Point Never, Danny Brown, Grizzly Bear, Brian Eno, TNGHT, and Kelela. Warp was founded by Steve Beckett and the late Rob Mitchell, the name was chosen because the original name, Warped Records, was difficult to distinguish over the telephone. The first release was by Forgemasters, whose 500 copy pressing of Track with no Name was financed by an Enterprise Allowance grant and it set a trend for the early releases both in terms of sound, and the use of purple sleeves. The follow-up was Nightmares on Waxs Dextrous, which sold around 30,000 copies, the first album released was Sweet Exorcists C. C. E. P. in 1991. In the same year Robert Gordon left Warp acrimoniously, initially all the album releases used gatefold sleeves and coloured vinyl, often designed by The Designers Republic or Phil Wolstenholme. A VHS compilation of digitally animated music videos called Motion was released in conjunction with the second Artificial Intelligence compilation, in 1996 Warp started the Blech club night in Sheffield, also in London between 1997 and 1999, and released an accompanying compilation CD under the same name. The artwork, created by the Designers Republic, had a distinctive Japanese manga influence, the collection celebrated the labels tenth anniversary. In 2000, the label moved its operations to London along with its physical music, co-founder Rob Mitchell was diagnosed with cancer in early 2001. Warpmart has now been absorbed into Bleep. com, today Bleep sells a carefully curated selection of music from a diverse range of labels. The site has released its own limited edition LPs The Green Series. On 27 September 2004, Warp released its music video compilation, named WarpVision. 2005 saw the release of Warp, the first book in the Labels Unlimited series, written by Rob Young, the book gave an illustrated history of the label, as well as offering a complete discography. The Warp website said the book was “A very beautiful thing and like our very own This Is Your Life, the label continued to expand its roster, signing acts including. Battles, Born Ruffians, Maxïmo Park, Gravenhurst and Grizzly Bear, for the labels 20th anniversary in 2009, several Warp20 concerts took place in Paris, New York City, Sheffield, Tokyo, Berlin and London. Warp also celebrated by releasing the Warp20 box set, composed of six parts, Warp20 The Complete Catalogue, Warp20, a CD album featuring an hour-long piece by Osymyso, made from sections, samples and fragments of Warp music from the previous twenty years. Warp20, a double 10” vinyl of loops from Warp tracks, Warp continues to release albums, from artists such as Hudson Mohawke, Flying Lotus, Mark Pritchard, Bibio, Jamie Lidell, Lonelady, Leila, and Gonjasufi. Recent signings include Brian Eno, Oneohtrix Point Never, Mount Kimbie, darkstar, Death Grips, patten and Jeremiah Jae
6.
Touch and Go Records
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Touch and Go Records is an American independent record label based in Chicago, Illinois. After its genesis as a fanzine in 1979, it grew into one of the key record labels in the American 1980s underground. Touch & Go carved out a reputation for releasing adventurous noise rock by the likes of the Butthole Surfers, Big Black and these labels presided over the shift from the hardcore punk that then dominated the American underground scene to the more diverse styles of alternative rock that were emerging. The zine was formed in 1979 in East Lansing, Michigan as Touch and Go magazine and it wasnt until 1981 that it grew into an independent record label. Vee was bored with the sounds of the day. Inspired, he put out records by the Necros, The Fix, the Meatmen, in 1981, Necros bassist Corey Rusk joined with Tesco to run the label. In 1983, Tesco handed Touch and Go over to Rusk, with the label under their ownership, the Rusks hired Terry Tolkin who signed the Butthole Surfers and Virgin Prunes to the label, and also produced the Gods Favorite Dog compilation. Lisa Rusk left the label after she and Corey were divorced, Corey Rusk continues to run the label. In this way, the built an respected catalog of influential punk. However, following a 1999 legal dispute with the Butthole Surfers, Touch, in 2006, Touch and Go celebrated its 25th anniversary. To commemorate this occasion, the label held a block party event at Chicagos Hideout venue on September 8–10,2006. Several seminal bands, including Big Black, Scratch Acid, the Didjits, Killdozer, Negative Approach, reunited and performed at the event. On February 18,2009, Corey Rusk announced that Touch and he cited the current state of the economy as the reason for shutting down manufacturing and distribution services for many independent labels like Jade Tree, Kill Rock Stars, and Merge Records. A 576-page book, Touch and Go, The Complete Hardcore Punk Zine 79-83, compiling all issues of the Touch and Go fanzine was released June 30,2010 by Bazillion Points. Their approach to contracts was challenged in a case started in 1999 by the Butthole Surfers. The band argued that because its contract with T&G was of an unspecified duration, the contract could be terminated. Touch and Go argued that according to existing US copyright law, it controlled the copyright to the recordings for a minimum of 35 years. 203, but rather is, in fact, in keeping with the intent of sec.203, list of record labels Quarterstick Records, a sublabel of Touch and Go Chicago Record Labels Tupica, Rich, Touch and Go zine feature in City Pulse
7.
LCD Soundsystem
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LCD Soundsystem is an American rock band from Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 2002, it is fronted by musician James Murphy, co-founder of DFA Records, the band began by recording and releasing multiple singles from 2002 to 2004 leading up to their eponymous debut studio album, which was released in 2005. It garnered critical acclaim as well as a Grammy nomination for Best Electronic/Dance Album and their single Daft Punk Is Playing at My House, which has become the bands most successful single, also received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording. In 2007, the released their second studio album, Sound of Silver, to critical acclaim. Three years later, LCD Soundsystem released their studio album, This Is Happening. In February 2011, a statement was posted on the website that announced its disbandment. It was to be made following a large farewell concert at Madison Square Garden on April 2,2011. The farewell concert is chronicled in the documentary film Shut Up and Play the Hits and was made available as a live album, titled The Long Goodbye. After a series of rumors hinting at a band reunion, LCD Soundsystem released the single Christmas Will Break Your Heart in December 2015. LCD Soundsystem began by releasing a string of singles under DFA Records and they gained attention with their first single, Losing My Edge, which peaked at number 115 in the UK. Described as an eight-minute, laugh-out-loud funny dissection of cool over a dirty electronic beat and this was followed by the single Give It Up, and in the following year, Yeah and Movement. The latter two peaked at number 77 and number 52 in the UK, respectively, LCD Soundsystem released their eponymous debut studio album in January 2005 to critical acclaim. For the CD version, the first disc contains the album, the band toured with M. I. A. following the release of the album. In June 2005, the band covered a Siouxsie and the Banshees song and their self-titled debut was also placed at number 94 of Amazon. coms Top 100 Editors Picks of 2005. In October 2006, LCD Soundsystem released a composition entitled 45,33 and it was made available for download from iTunes. Despite its name, the track is actually 45 minutes and 58 seconds long—the title is a reference to vinyl speeds —and was claimed to reward and push at good intervals of a run. However, it was revealed that this was not the case. LCD Soundsystems second studio album, Sound of Silver, was released on March 20,2007, praise included Mixmag awarding it the title Album of the Month, a 9.2 score from Pitchfork and a 5-star review from The Guardian
8.
Nic Offer
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. is a dance-punk band that formed in Sacramento, California, in 1996 by lead singer Nic Offer. Came from other bands such as The Yah Mos, Black Liquorice. They are currently based in New York City, Sacramento, and Portland, the bands sixth full-length album, As If, was released in October 2015. is an American band formed in the summer of 1995 by the merger of part of the group Black Liquorice and Popesmashers. After a successful joint tour, the two decided to mix the disco-funk with more aggressive sounds and integrate the hardcore singer Nic Offer from the Yah Mos. The bands name was inspired by the subtitles of the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy, however, as the bandmembers themselves say. Is pronounced by repeating thrice any monosyllabic sound, Chk Chk Chk is the most common pronunciation, and the URL of their official website and the title of their Myspace page suggest it is the preferred pronunciation. The bands full-length debut record out in 2000 as a self-titled album on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. A second full-length, Louden Up Now, was released on Touch and Go in America, released a new EP covering Take Ecstasy with Me by The Magnetic Fields, and Get Up by Nate Dogg. The following December, the drummer for the band, Mikel Gius, was struck. They released their album, Myth Takes in 2007. is composed of Mario Andreoni, Dan Gorman, Nic Offer, Tyler Pope. Touring members include Shannon Funchess and Paul Quattrone, the band also shared membership with the similar, defunct group Out Hud. Vocalist and drummer John Pugh officially left the band in July 2007 to concentrate on his new band Free Blood, Shannon Funchess stood in for Pugh during much of their 2007 tour. GSL26/LAB SERIES VOL.2 Live Live Live Take Ecstasy with Me/Get Up Yadnus Jamie, stereolad, a Stereolab cover band side project, containing the members of
9.
Tyler Pope
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. is a dance-punk band that formed in Sacramento, California, in 1996 by lead singer Nic Offer. Came from other bands such as The Yah Mos, Black Liquorice. They are currently based in New York City, Sacramento, and Portland, the bands sixth full-length album, As If, was released in October 2015. is an American band formed in the summer of 1995 by the merger of part of the group Black Liquorice and Popesmashers. After a successful joint tour, the two decided to mix the disco-funk with more aggressive sounds and integrate the hardcore singer Nic Offer from the Yah Mos. The bands name was inspired by the subtitles of the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy, however, as the bandmembers themselves say. Is pronounced by repeating thrice any monosyllabic sound, Chk Chk Chk is the most common pronunciation, and the URL of their official website and the title of their Myspace page suggest it is the preferred pronunciation. The bands full-length debut record out in 2000 as a self-titled album on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. A second full-length, Louden Up Now, was released on Touch and Go in America, released a new EP covering Take Ecstasy with Me by The Magnetic Fields, and Get Up by Nate Dogg. The following December, the drummer for the band, Mikel Gius, was struck. They released their album, Myth Takes in 2007. is composed of Mario Andreoni, Dan Gorman, Nic Offer, Tyler Pope. Touring members include Shannon Funchess and Paul Quattrone, the band also shared membership with the similar, defunct group Out Hud. Vocalist and drummer John Pugh officially left the band in July 2007 to concentrate on his new band Free Blood, Shannon Funchess stood in for Pugh during much of their 2007 tour. GSL26/LAB SERIES VOL.2 Live Live Live Take Ecstasy with Me/Get Up Yadnus Jamie, stereolad, a Stereolab cover band side project, containing the members of
10.
Jerry Fuchs
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Gerhardt Jerry Fuchs was an American indie rock drummer, writer and graphic artist. Fuchs was a member of the bands Turing Machine, The Juan MacLean. and Maserati and performed live with the groups MSTRKRFT. Fuchs attended college at the University of Georgia, where he studied design and drummed in the local Athens bands The Martians. In 1996 he moved to New York to join Vineland, a four-piece led by Bitch Magnet guitar player Jon Fine, fuchss disco and Motorik-influenced style led to his becoming associated with DFA Records, joining the dance-punk group. Performing on their album Myth Takes and he was a recording and touring member of The Juan MacLean, and also played live and/or on the recordings of other outfits including Holy Ghost. LCD Soundsystem, Massive Attack, Moby, Cloudland Canyon, and he then joined Maserati, playing on their albums Inventions for the New Season, Passages, and Pyramid of the Sun. He completed a U. S. tour with Maserati, opening for Mono, in 2012, Turing Machine released their third album What Is The Meaning Of What featuring some of Fuchs final works. Fuchs also did design work for the magazine Chunklet and wrote articles as a freelance writer for Entertainment Weekly. Early in the morning on November 8,2009, Fuchs was caught in an elevator in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. When assistance arrived and the doors were pried open, he attempted to out of the elevator car. Upon landing, his hood caught on something, pulling him off balance and he was attending a benefit to raise education funds for underprivileged children in India. LCD Soundsystems third album, This Is Happening, was dedicated to Fuchs memory, song, Jam for Jerry, on their debut album
11.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
12.
Hardcore punk
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Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
13.
The Gods Must Be Crazy
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The Gods Must Be Crazy is a 1980 South African comedy film written and directed by Jamie Uys. Financed only from sources, it is the most commercially successful release in the history of South Africas film industry. Originally released in 1980, the film is the first in The Gods Must Be Crazy series and it is followed by one official sequel released by Columbia Pictures. Xi and his San tribe of Ju/Hoansi bushmen are living happily in the Kalahari Desert, one day, a glass Coca-Cola bottle is thrown out of an airplane and falls to Earth unbroken. Initially, Xis people suppose this strange artifact is another present from the gods, but unlike anything that they have had before, there is only one glass bottle to share. Because of the conflict it causes, Xi consults with elders and agrees to make a pilgrimage to the edge of the world, when Xi, hungry, happens upon a corral, he shoots a goat with a tranquilizer arrow, but is caught and jailed. Mpudi, who lived with the San and still speaks Xis dialect. He and Steyn apply to employ Xi as a tracker for the remainder of his sentence in lieu of prison, meanwhile, the guerrillas invade Kates school and take her and the students as human shields for their escape to the neighboring country. Steyn, Mpudi, and Xi soon discover their field work is on the chosen path. They manage to immobilize the guerrillas as they are passing by and save Kate, however, Jack Hind takes away Kate, and Steyn is left at the same place again. With Xis term over, Steyn pays his wages and sending him on his way, when Steyn tells Kate about his problem, Kate is impressed and they begin his relationship. Xi eventually arrives at Gods Window, the top of a cliff with a layer of low-lying clouds obscuring the landscape below. Convinced that he has reached the edge of the world, he throws the bottle off the cliff, for the films overseas release, the original Afrikaans dialogue was dubbed into English, and voiceover work was provided for. Kung and Tswana lines. At the time, it broke all box office records in Japan, in mid-November 1986, The Gods Must Be Crazy was released on videocassette in the U. S. by CBS/Fox through their Playhouse Video label. Based on 19 reviews, The Gods Must Be Crazy has carried a 95% Fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes and this movies a nice little treasure. Despite the films having grossed over $100 million worldwide, Nǃxau reportedly earned less than $2,000 for his starring role, before his death, Uys supplemented this with an additional $20,000 as well as a monthly stipend. The Gods Must Be Crazy II Klemesrud, Judy, THE GODS MUST BE CRAZY - A TRULY INTERNATIONAL HIT. The Gods Must Be Crazy at AllMovie The Gods Must Be Crazy at the Internet Movie Database The Gods Must Be Crazy at Rotten Tomatoes Box Office History for Gods Must Be Crazy Movies
14.
Click consonant
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Clicks are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the tsk. tsk. or tut-tut used to express disapproval or pity, used to spur on a horse, and the clip-clop. Sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting, technically, clicks are obstruents articulated with two closures in the mouth, one forward and one at the back. The enclosed pocket of air is rarefied by an action of the tongue. Click consonants occur at five places of articulation. IPA represents a click by placing the assigned symbol for the place of click articulation adjacent to a symbol for a sound at the rear place of articulation. The IPA symbols are used in writing most Khoisan languages, but Bantu languages such as Zulu typically use Latin ⟨c⟩, ⟨x⟩ and ⟨q⟩ for dental, lateral, the easiest clicks for English speakers are the dental clicks written with a single pipe, ǀ. They are all sharp squeaky sounds made by sucking on the front teeth, a simple dental click is used in English to express pity or to shame someone, and sometimes to call an animal, and is written tsk. in American English and tut. in British English. Curiously, in Italian this sound means no used as an answer to a direct question, next most familiar to English speakers are the lateral clicks written with a double pipe, ǁ. They are also sounds, though less sharp than ǀ. A simple lateral click is made in English to get a horse moving, then there are the labial clicks, written with a bulls eye, ʘ. These are lip-smacking sounds, but without the pursing of the found in a kiss. The above clicks sound like affricates, in that they involve a lot of friction, the other two families are more abrupt sounds that do not have this friction. Like a cork being pulled from an empty bottle and these sounds can be quite loud. Finally, the clicks, ǂ, are made with a flat tongue. Clicks occur in all three Khoisan language families of southern Africa, where they may be the most numerous consonants, to a lesser extent they occur in three neighbouring groups of Bantu languages—which borrowed them, directly or indirectly, from Khoisan. These sounds occur not only in borrowed vocabulary, but have spread to native Bantu words as well, some creolized varieties of Afrikaans, such as Oorlams, retain clicks in Khoekhoe words. Three languages in East Africa use clicks, Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania, and Dahalo and it is thought the latter may remain from an episode of language shift
15.
San people
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The ancestors of the hunter-gatherer San people are considered to have been the first inhabitants of what is now Botswana and South Africa. The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswanas Tsodilo Hills region, in this area, stone tools and rock art paintings date back thousands of years. The San were traditionally semi-nomadic, moving seasonally within certain defined areas based on the availability of such as water, game animals. As of 2010, the San population in Botswana numbers about 50,000 to 60,000, from the 1950s through the 1990s, the San switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in anthropology, the San are one of 14 known extant ancestral population clusters. That is, groups of populations with common ancestry, who share ethnicity. The United States Department of State described ongoing discrimination against San, or Basarwa, various terms—including San, Bushmen and Basarwa—have been used to refer to them collectively. Each of these terms has a history, as they have been used by others to refer to them. In the 1970s, many Western anthropologists adopted the term San to refer to the people collectively, historically San was a derogatory term meaning foragers, applied to them by pastoralist Khoikhoi rivals. The term became associated with people without cattle or people who stole cattle, the term Bushmen is still widely used by others and to self-identify, however, opinions vary on whether it is appropriate as it is sometimes viewed as pejorative. The consensus of delegates representing the people at various meetings held in the 1990s was in favour of using the term San to refer to them collectively, according to anthropologist Richard Borshay Lee, the term San was in general use by the people themselves by the late 1990s. There are regional variations in nomenclature, The term most commonly used for them in Botswana is Basarwa. Being a Tswana word meaning those who do not rear cattle, the term is in a noun class representing people who are accepted, while an older variant Masarwa is considered offensive now. In 1996 the different San language groups of Namibia met and agreed to allow the term San to be used externally to refer to them collectively, there are no official terms for them in Angola, Zambia or in Zimbabwe. In Angola they are referred to as mucancalas, or bosquímanos. The terms Amasili and Batwa are sometimes used for them in Zimbabwe, the term San has become favoured in South Africa, and is used in the blazon of the national coat-of-arms. The South African San Council representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001, the people are also referred to as Twa by Xhosa people and Baroa by Sotho people. Bushman is considered derogatory by many South Africans, regardless of their race, a 2008 Equality Court ruling nevertheless found that the use of the Afrikaans equivalent boesman by Die Burger newspaper did not amount to hate speech in the context used
16.
Khoisan languages
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The Khoisan languages are the languages of Africa that have click consonants but do not belong to other language families. For much of the 20th century they were thought to have a relationship with each other. Ethnically, their speakers are the Khoikhoi and the San, two languages of east Africa, those of the Sandawe and Hadza, are also called Khoisan, although their speakers are ethnically neither Khoikhoi nor San. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan languages, or languages like them, were spread throughout southern and eastern Africa. They are currently restricted to the Kalahari Desert, primarily in Namibia and Botswana, most of the languages are endangered, and several are moribund or extinct. Language use is quite strong among the 20,000 speakers of Naro, Khoisan languages are best known for their use of click consonants as phonemes. These are typically written with such as ǃ and ǂ. Clicks are quite versatile as consonants, as they involve two articulations of the tongue which can operate partially independently, consequently, the languages with the greatest numbers of consonants in the world are Khoisan. The Juǀʼhoan language has 48 click consonants, among nearly as many non-click consonants, strident and pharyngealized vowels, the ǃXóõ and ǂHõã languages are even more complex. Grammatically, the southern Khoisan languages are generally fairly analytic, having several inflectional morphemes, Khoisan was proposed as one of the four families of African languages in Greenbergs classification. Westphal is known for his rejection of the Khoisan language family. Bonny Sands concluded that the family is not demonstrable with current evidence, dimmendaal summarized the general view with, it has to be concluded that Greenbergs intuitions on the genetic unity of Khoisan could not be confirmed by subsequent research. Today, the few scholars working on these languages treat the three as independent language families that cannot or can no longer be shown to be genetically related. Starostin accepts a relationship between Sandawe and Khoi is plausible, as is one between Tuu and Kxa, but sees no indication of a relationship between two groups or with Hadza. The putative branches of Khoisan are often considered independent families, in the absence of a demonstration that they are related according to the comparative method. See Khoe languages for speculations on the history of the region. With about 800 speakers in Tanzania, Hadza is no longer seen as a Khoisan language, genetically, the Hadza people are unrelated to the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa, and their closest relatives may be among the Pygmies of Central Africa. Sandawe is not related to Hadza, despite their proximity, the Khoe family is both the most numerous and diverse family of Khoisan languages, with seven living languages and over a quarter million speakers
17.
Myspace
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Myspace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. It is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $580 million. From 2005 to 2009, Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world, since then, the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns. As of March 2017, Myspace was ranked 3,178 by total Web traffic, Myspace had a significant influence on pop culture and music and created a gaming platform that launched the successes of Zynga and RockYou, among others. Despite an overall decline, in 2015 Myspace still had 50.6 million unique visitors and has a pool of nearly 1 billion active and inactive registered users. In June 2009, Myspace employed approximately 1,600 employees, in June 2011, Specific Media Group and Justin Timberlake jointly purchased the company for approximately $35 million. In August 2003, several employees with Friendster accounts saw potential in its social networking features. The group decided to mimic the popular features of the website. Within 10 days, the first version of Myspace was ready for launch, a complete infrastructure of finance, human resources, technical expertise, bandwidth, and server capacity was available for the site. The project was overseen by Brad Greenspan, who managed Chris DeWolfe, Josh Berman, Tom Anderson, the first Myspace users were eUniverse employees. The company held contests to see who could sign up the most users, eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to breathe life into Myspace, and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites. A key architect was tech expert Toan Nguyen who helped stabilize the Myspace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team. Despite over ten times the number of developers, Friendster, which was developed in JavaServer Pages, could not keep up with the speed of development of Myspace and cfm. The MySpace. com domain was owned by YourZ. com, Inc. intended until 2002 for use as an online data storage. By 2004, it was transitioned from a storage service to a social networking site. A friend, who worked in the data storage business. DeWolfe suggested they charge a fee for the basic Myspace service, Brad Greenspan nixed the idea, believing that keeping Myspace free was necessary to make it a successful community. Myspace quickly gained popularity among teenage and young adult social groups, in February 2005, DeWolfe held talks with Mark Zuckerberg over acquiring Facebook but DeWolfe rejected Zuckerbergs $75 million asking price
18.
House music
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House music is a genre of electronic music created by club DJs and music producers in Chicago in the early 1980s. Early house music was characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals. While house displayed several characteristics similar to music, it was more electronic and minimalistic. House music became popular in Chicago clubs in 1984 and it was pioneered by figures such as Frankie Knuckles, Phuture, Kym Mazelle, and Mr. Fingers, and was associated with African-American and gay subcultures. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, Baltimore, in the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop, in the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. House music has also fused with other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the wave of progressive house. The genre has remained popular and fused into other subgenres, for example, ghetto house, deep house. As of 2016, house music popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe. The song structure of music songs typically involves an intro, a chorus, various verse sections, a midsection. Some songs do not have a verse, taking a part from the chorus. The drum beat is one of the important elements within the genre and is almost always provided by an electronic drum machine rather than by a human drummer playing drumkit. The drum beats of house are four on the floor, with bass drums played on every beat, House music is often based on bass-heavy loops or basslines produced by a synthesizer and/or from samples of disco or funk songs. The tempo of most house songs is between 118 and 135 beats per minute, soul music and disco influenced house music. These artists produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings, early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial
19.
Bassline
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It is also used sometimes in classical music. In solo music for piano and pipe organ, these instruments have an excellent lower register that can be used to play a deep bassline, on organs, the bass line is typically played using the pedal keyboard and massive 16 and 32 bass pipes. Basslines in popular music often use riffs or grooves, which are simple, appealing musical motifs or phrases that are repeated, with variation. The bass differs from other voices because of the role it plays in supporting and defining harmonic motion. It does so at levels ranging from immediate, chord-by-chord events to the harmonic organization of a entire work. Bassline riffs usually emphasize the chord tones of each chord, which helps to define a songs key, at the same time, basslines work along with the drum part and the other rhythm instruments to create a clear rhythmic pulse. The type of rhythmic pulse used in basslines varies widely in different types of music, in swing jazz and jump blues, basslines are often created from a continuous sequence of quarter notes in a mostly scalar, stepwise part called a walking bass line. In Latin, salsa music, jazz fusion, reggae, electronica, in bluegrass and traditional country music, basslines often emphasize the root and fifth of each chord. In classical music such as string quartets and symphonies, basslines play the same harmonic and rhythmic role, however, most popular musical ensembles include an instrument capable of playing bass notes. In the 1890s, a tuba was often used, from the 1920s to the 1940s, most popular music groups used the double bass as the bass instrument. Starting in the 1950s, the bass guitar began to replace the bass in most types of popular music, such as rock and roll, blues. By the 1970s and 1980s, the bass was used in most rock bands. The double bass was used in some types of popular music that recreated styles from the 1940s and 1950s such as jazz, traditional 1950s blues, jump blues, country. In some popular bands, keyboard instruments are used to play the bass line. In organ trios, for example, a Hammond organ player performs the basslines using the pedal keyboard. In some types of music, such as hip-hop or house music. Basslines are especially important in many forms of dance and electronic music, such as electro, drum and bass, dubstep, and most forms of house and trance. In these genres, basslines are almost always performed on synthesizers, either physical, such as the Minimoog, chinese orchestras use the zhōng ruǎn and dà ruǎn for creating basslines
20.
Psychedelia
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Psychedelia is a name given to the subculture of people, originating in the 1960s, who often use psychedelic drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. The term is used to describe a style of psychedelic artwork. Psychedelic art and music typically try to recreate or reflect the experience of altered consciousness, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, translating to soul-revealing. Psychedelic states may be elicited by various techniques, such as meditation, sensory stimulation or deprivation, when these psychoactive substances are used for religious, shamanic, or spiritual purposes, they are termed entheogens. The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, Huxley coined the term phanerothyme, from the Greek terms for manifest and spirit. This mongrel spelling of the word psychedelic was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better. In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, or acid, began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness. There had long been a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians, and use of drugs had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians. By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and this was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. Leary was a proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was Aldous Huxley. However, both advanced widely different opinions on the use of psychedelics by state and civil society. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a panacea, while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically, in the mid-1960s the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern Western culture, particularly in the United States and Britain. The movement is credited to Michael Hollingshead who arrived in America from London in 1965 and he was sent to the U. S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure. Resurgences of the style are common in the modern era, in science, hallucinogen remains the standard term. Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional lithography printing techniques rapidly superseded by the printing system. Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in paintings, drawings, illustrations, in the modern era, computer graphics may be used to produce psychedelic effects for artwork. The counterculture music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the Summer of Love, many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today
21.
Footloose (musical)
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Footloose is a 1998 musical based on the 1984 film of the same name. The music is by Tom Snow, the lyrics by Dean Pitchford, Ren McCormack, an ordinary city teenager, is in a dance club in Chicago, dancing off his stresses born of his long and arduous eight-hour work day. Once there, Ren and Ethel attend church and get their first glimpse of the minister Shaw Moore a conservative minister who is a big authority figure in the town. While they embrace, Moore shows up and catches Chuck with his hands around his daughter, Ren tells Willard about the dancing he used to do in Chicago. Willard defends Ren, saying that he is new in town, after the principal leaves, Rusty, who is madly in love with Willard, tells him how brave he is to have stood up to the principal on Rens behalf. They then warn him to lie low unless he wants to get even more trouble than he already is. Ariel returns home to a disgruntled Shaw, who ignores her despite her repeated attempts to engage conversation with him. Exasperated, she leaves the room in a huff, leaving Moore and Vi, his wife, Ethel, fed up with the groundless suspicion that Ren is forced to suffer as the new kid, commiserates alongside Vi. They are joined by Ariel, and lament how no one listens to them. After school that day, several of the go to the Burger Blast. Ariel, Rusty and their friends are doing homework at a table while Willard talks to Ren, when Ren takes Ariels order, she flirts with him. Willard warns Ren that Chuck Cranston would not be happy if Ren were to become involved with Ariel, Ren then proceeds to question Willard about his relationship with Rusty, to which Willard proclaims that he thinks she is very good-looking, but is confused by her non-stop talking. Ariel is talking with her friends about how she wants to find a decent guy, Chuck shows up in a fury and starts to yell at Ariel. Ren and Willard come to her defense, but it is Betty Blast, the owner of the restaurant, after Ren gets off work, Ariel takes him to her secret place beneath the train tracks where she discusses her hatred of Bomont. Unbeknownst to them, Chuck witnesses the pair together, afterwards, Ren walks her home, catching Moore and Vi by surprise, as they had believed that Ariel was at home in her room all the while. An irritated Shaw then sternly orders Ariel to cease her visits with him, at school the next day, Ren shows up late to gym class with Ariel and Willard and explains to the teacher that he was jumped by Chuck, but the teacher wont listen. Ren laments that the citizens of Bomont are so wound up, muttering that at least in Chicago, Willard tells Ren that he is insane, but Ren wont listen and reveals his plan to all of the students, eventually winning them over. Word catches on to Moore, who, as the one responsible for banning it to begin with, is determined to do anything within his power to ensure that it not happen
22.
Louden Up Now
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Louden Up Now is the second studio album by American dance-punk band. Louden Up Now sees the group continue to meld funky dance rhythms with post-punk influences, originally one edition of the album included a bonus disc containing a clean version. The LP edition track listing is the same as the CD version, side one is tracks 1 and 2, side two is tracks 3 to 5, side three is tracks 6 and 7, and side four is tracks 8 and 9. A two-disc version was released in some countries containing 4 additional tracks on a second disc, one of the tracks was Sunday 5.17 AM, which was later rerecorded for Myth Takes as Yadnus. Two singles were released from the album, Hello, is This Thing On. and Pardon My Freedom while the 2003 single Me and Giuliani Down by the Schoolyard was included on the release
23.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
24.
The Magnetic Fields
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The Magnetic Fields is an American indie pop group founded and led by Stephin Merritt. He is the primary songwriter, producer and vocalist, as well as frequent multi-instrumentalist. The Magnetic Fields is essentially a vehicle for Merritts songwriting, as are various side-projects, such as The 6ths, Future Bible Heroes and The Gothic Archies. While the musical style of the band is varied, its songs are attributed to pop genres such as synthpop, indie pop, Baroque pop. The band is cited as being recognizable by Merritts lyrics, often about love and often with irregular or neutral gender roles, that are by turns ironic, tongue-in-cheek, bitter. A more traditional band later materialized, currently composed of Merritt, Claudia Gonson, Sam Davol and their best-known work is the 1999 three-volume concept album 69 Love Songs. It was followed in the years by a no-synth trilogy, i, Distortion. The bands most recent album,50 Song Memoir, was released in March 2017, the band began as Merritts studio project, under the name Buffalo Rome. The bands first live performance was at T. T. the Bears Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the album features vocalists Shirley Simms, Dudley Klute, L. D. Beghtol, and Gonson, each of whom sings lead on six songs as well as backing vocals, plus Daniel Handler on accordion. Violinist Ida Pearle makes a cameo on Luckiest Guy on the Lower East Side. The liner notes claim the album was made without synthesizers, Realism was released in January 2010, concluding what Merritt termed the no-synth trilogy. The next album produced would feature synthesisers almost exclusively, in 2010, the documentary film Strange Powers, Stephen Merritt and the Magnetic Fields made its debut in film festivals around the world. It was directed by Kerthy Fix and Gail OHara, shot over a period of 10 years, it discusses the formation of the band, Stephins friendship with Claudia Gonson, the production of various albums, and Stephins move to California from New York. It won the Outfest 2010 Grand Jury Prize for Feature Documentary, the band was chosen by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform a rare festival performance at the All Tomorrows Parties event that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. The band released its tenth album, Love at the Bottom of the Sea. This album, sometimes compared to 69 Love Songs, brought back the use of a synthesizer, Merritt told fans on his website, I was very happy to be using synthesizers in ways that I had not done before. Most of the synthesizers on the record didnt exist when we were last using synthesizers, the song Andrew in Drag has garnered much attention, receiving play from entities such as CBS News and NPRs All Songs Considered
25.
Nate Dogg
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Nathaniel Dwayne Hale, better known by his stage name Nate Dogg, was an American rapper, singer, and actor. He was known as one of the pioneers of West Coast hip hop and he released three solo albums, G-Funk Classics, Vol.1 &2 in 1998, Music & Me in 2001, and Nate Dogg as a bootlegged album in 2003 and on CD in 2014. Nate Dogg died in 2011 in Long Beach, California, of complications from multiple strokes, nathaniel Dwayne Hale was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi on August 19,1969. He moved to Long Beach, California when he was 14 following his parents divorce and he was friends with rappers Warren G, RBX, and Daz Dillinger and cousin of Butch Cassidy, Snoop Dogg, and Lil ½ Dead. At the age of 17 he dropped out of school in Long Beach and left home to join the US Marine Corps. In 1990, Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, and Warren G and they recorded their first demo in the back of the famed V. I. P. The demo was heard by Dr. Dre at a house party. Nate Dogg made his debut on The Chronic, singing in what later became his trademark style, he was well received by fans and critics alike, and would go on to sign with Death Row Records in 1993. Nate Dogg was also featured on Mista Grimms Indosmoke with Warren G, then in 1994 he produced his first hit single Regulate with Warren G. Nate Dogg was also featured in many 2Pac releases, including his collaboration record Thug Life, Volume 1. Then in 1998 after a time at Death Row Records he released another album. The double album was titled G-Funk Classics Vol.1 &2 and was followed up in late 2001 with Music & Me on Elektra Records, Music & Me peaked at number three on the Billboard hip-hop charts in 2001. After a number of delays and a release date of April 2004. In 2015 his final studio album Nate Dogg, It’s A Wonderful Life was released by Seven Arts Music and United Media, the album features unreleased material from Nate as well as appearances from Eminem, Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Mary J. Blige and Jay-Z. In 2002, Nate Dogg appeared on a celebrity episode of the Weakest Link, Nate Dogg found success, not only in solo projects, but in collaborations with other hip-hop artists. In the 2000s, Nates high-ranking collaborative singles, according to Rolling Stone, includes 2Pacs All About U, in the early 1990s, Nate Dogg was arrested and charged with two separate robberies. Nate Dogg was charged with the Check Changers robbery in 1991 and he faced a maximum of nearly eleven years in prison, but was subsequently acquitted of both charges. In 1996, Nate Dogg was convicted of an offense in Los Angeles County. On June 17,2000, Nate Dogg was arrested for kidnapping and assaulting his former girlfriend
26.
Myth Takes
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Myth Takes is the third album by. The album was released on March 5,2007 and it was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, United States, and features drummer Jerry Fuchs. Early limited edition copies of the CD version of the album came with a disc containing three remixes. The first single was Heart of Hearts, which was released as a free download, a video has been made for Must Be the Moon by Ben Dickinson. Must Be the Moon was released as a single on May 14,2007 and it is only available as a digital download and 12 vinyl. The song All My Heroes Are Weirdos is available in the video games Tony Hawks Proving Ground, in addition, the Still Going to the Roadhouse mix of Yadnus appears on the Radio Broker radio station in Grand Theft Auto IV. The album art was created by artist Kevin Hooyman, a friend of the band, the song Must Be the Moon was featured in a 2010 Cartoon Network bumper. A poster advertising this album is featured on the wall of the basement apartment that forms the setting of the British sitcom The IT Crowd
27.
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
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It was co-founded by Paul Tollett and Rick Van Santen in 1999, and is organized by Goldenvoice, a subsidiary of AEG Live as of 2001. The event features many genres of music, including rock, indie, hip hop, across the grounds, several stages continuously host live music. The main stages are the, Coachella Stage, Gobi Tent, Mojave Tent, Outdoor Theatre, and Sahara Tent, the festivals origins trace back to a 1993 concert that Pearl Jam performed at the Empire Polo Club while boycotting venues controlled by Ticketmaster. After no event was held in 2000, Coachella returned on an annual basis beginning in April 2001, in 2002, the festival reverted to a two-day format. Coachella was expanded to a day in 2007 and eventually a second weekend in 2012, it is currently held on consecutive three-day weekends in April. Organizers began permitting spectators to camp on the grounds in 2003, Coachella showcases popular and established musical artists, as well as emerging artists and reunited groups. Coachella is one of the largest, most famous, and most profitable music festivals in the United States, the 2016 festival sold 198,000 tickets and grossed $94.2 million. On November 5,1993, Pearl Jam performed for almost 25,000 fans at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, the site was selected because the band refused to play in Los Angeles as a result of a dispute with Ticketmaster. Around 1997, Goldenvoice was struggling to book concerts against larger companies, Tollett said, We were getting our ass kicked financially. We were losing a lot of bands, and we couldnt compete with the money. As a result, the idea of a festival was conceived. While attending the 1997 Glastonbury Festival, Tollett began to brainstorm ideas for a festival of his own with multiple venues. His intent was to book artists who were not necessarily chart successes, Maybe if you put a bunch of them together. Press coverage leading up to the inaugural Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was dominated by Woodstock 1999, a festival in July 1999 that was marred by looting, arson, violence, and rapes. Goldenvoices insurance costs increased 40% as a result and they faced uncertainty regarding Coachellas tickets, organizers were already aiming to provide a high-comfort festival experience for Coachella but rededicated themselves to those efforts after Woodstock 1999. Advertisements boasted free water fountains, ample restrooms, and misting tents, on October 9–10,1999, the inaugural Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was held. Headlining the event were Beck, the Chemical Brothers, Tool, Morrissey, originally, promoters had hoped to make the event three days and even considered the UK band Massive Attack as the third-day headliner. The organizers strived to recreate European music festivals with small crowds in a setting with plenty of turntables
28.
Horn section
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A horn section is a group of musicians playing horns. In an orchestra or concert band, it refers to the musicians who play the French horn, in many popular-music genres the term is applied loosely to any group of woodwind or brass instruments, or a combination of woodwinds and brass. In a symphony orchestra, the section is the group of symphonic musicians who play the French horn. These musicians are typically seated to the back of the ensemble, placing them to the left with their bells toward the audience increases the prominence of the section, whereas on the right, the sound reflects off the back of the stage. The order from the horn to the fourth horn is right to left from the directors view. The section is ordered in this way so the horn may be heard by all players, as the principal sets the timbre. The horn section usually has parts which are prepared by an arranger using orchestration to provide a harmonic and melodic accompaniment to a song or musical group. In some cases, the section may improvise a simple backing part using well-known stock lines. Horn sections are a part of musical genres such as jazz, R&B, blues, funk, calypso, ska, soul music. Most of these horn sections feature some combination of saxophones, trumpets, more rarely, other wind or brass instruments such as flute, clarinet or tuba may be added. Other popular musical genres, such as rock and pop, also use horn sections, horn sections in blues bands and funk groups may be composed of session musicians playing arranged parts, or they may be a consistent group of musicians. A small number of horn sections use a consistent group of musicians who become known as a unit. Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, Oxford Music Online
29.
Musical keyboard
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A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument. Depressing a key on the causes the instrument to produce sounds, either by mechanically striking a string or tine, plucking a string, causing air to flow through a pipe. On electric and electronic keyboards, depressing a key connects a circuit, since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the piano keyboard. The twelve notes of the Western musical scale are laid out with the lowest note on the left, because these keys were traditionally covered in ivory they are often called the white notes or white keys. The keys for the remaining five notes—which are not part of the C major scale— are raised, because these keys receive less wear, they are often made of black colored wood and called the black notes or black keys. The pattern repeats at the interval of an octave, the arrangement of longer keys for C major with intervening, shorter keys for the intermediate semitones dates to the 15th century. The break was between middle C and C-sharp, or outside of Iberia between B and C, broken keyboards reappeared in 1842 with the harmonium, the split occurring at E4/F4. The reverse-colored keys on Hammond organs such as the B3, C3, the chromatic compass of keyboard instruments has tended to increase. Harpsichords often extended over five octaves in the 18th century, while most pianos manufactured since about 1870 have 88 keys, some modern pianos have even more notes. While modern synthesizer keyboards commonly have either 61,76 or 88 keys, organs normally have 61 keys per manual, though some spinet models have 44 or 49. An organ pedalboard is a keyboard with long pedals that are played by the organists feet, pedalboards vary in size from 12 to 32 notes. In a typical layout, black note keys have uniform width. In the larger gaps between the keys, the width of the natural notes C, D and E differ slightly from the width of keys F, G, A and B. This allows close to uniform spacing of 12 keys per octave while maintaining uniformity of seven natural keys per octave, over the last three hundred years, the octave span distance found on historical keyboard instruments has ranged from as little as 125 mm to as much as 170 mm. Several reduced-size standards have been proposed and marketed, a 15/16 size and the 7/8 DS Standard keyboard developed by Christopher Donison in the 1970s and developed and marketed by Steinbuhler & Company. There have been variations in the design of the keyboard to address technical and musical issues, thus, an octave would have eight white keys and only four black keys. During the sixteenth century, when instruments were tuned in meantone temperament, some harpsichords were constructed with the G♯. The broken octave, a variation of the short octave
30.
Cake (band)
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Cake is an American alternative rock band from Sacramento, California. Cake was formed in 1991 by McCrea, DiFiore, Greg Brown, Frank French and Shon Meckfessel, Cakes second album, 1996s Fashion Nugget, went platinum on the strength of its lead single, The Distance. Following a series of tours, including versions of the Unlimited Sunshine Tour. Cake was formed in 1991 when John McCrea, a Sacramento, California native who had moved to Los Angeles with a band only to see it quickly crumble around him, returned to Sacramento. All were active in the scene at the time, DiFiore notes that came back. The band soon came up with the name Cake, rather referring to the foodstuff. Mean it more as something that cakes onto your shoe and is just sort of there until you get rid of it, mcFessel soon left to attend college, and was replaced by Gabe Nelson. The first single, Rock n Roll Lifestyle, hit number 35 on the Modern Rock Tracks music chart and was featured on MTVs 120 Minutes, the album was eventually nominated for a Bammy Award in the category of Outstanding Debut Album. Mindy LaBernz, in The Austin Chronicle, described the album as cover-free, Fashion Nugget, Cakes second album, was released on September 17,1996. Like Motorcade, it was produced by the band and released on Capricorn Records, on the strength of The Distance, Fashion Nugget was certified gold on December 9,1996 and platinum on April 10,1997. The second single from Fashion Nugget, a cover of the Freddie Perren and Dino Fekaris song I Will Survive, hit number 38 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart. Following Fashion Nuggets release, the band toured the United States, playing in cities including Tulsa, Chicago, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, San Antonio, and Dallas. They later toured overseas, visiting the United Kingdom as an act for Counting Crows. The band also toured Japan, a tour of the US, starting in Minneapolis in June 1997, was cancelled due to illness when McCrea was diagnosed with fatigue. After McCrea recovered, the band continued touring, playing at the Big Stink festival in Vancouver, Washington, Brown and Damiani formed the new-wave influenced Deathray, their places within Cake were taken by Xan McCurdy and Gabe Nelson, whom McCrea persuaded to rejoin the band. With Brown and Damianis departure, McCrea felt freer to experiment with the album, 1998s Prolonging the Magic, he wrote. McCrea stated that he approached writing this record without the guitar as the central assumption of all life in the universe. Other reviewers were complimentary, with Mike Pattenden in The Times writing that Prolonging the Magic suggests that may well be destined to go down as one-hit wonders
31.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
32.
UK Albums Chart
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The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify for the Official Albums Chart the album must be the correct length and it must be more than three tracks or 20 minutes long and not be classed as a budget album. A budget album costs between £0.50 and £3.75, additionally, various artist compilations – which until January 1989 were included in the main album listing – are now listed separately in a compilations chart. Full details of the rules can be found on the OCC website. In the 1970s the new chart was revealed at 12,45 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 1. Since October 1993 it has included in The Official Chart show from 4,00 –5,45 pm on Fridays. A weekly Album Chart show was licensed out to BBC Radio 2 and presented by Simon Mayo,2005 saw a record number of artist album sales with 126.2 million sold in the UK. In February 2015, it was announced that, due to the sales of albums and rise in popularity of audio streaming. Under the revised methodology, the Official Charts Company takes the 12 most streamed tracks from one album, the total of these streams is divided by 1000 and added to the pure sales of the album. This calculation was designed to ensure that the chart continues to reflect the popularity of the albums themselves. The final number one album on the UK Albums Chart to be based purely on sales alone was Smoke + Mirrors by Imagine Dragons, on 1 March 2015, In the Lonely Hour by Sam Smith became the first album to top the new streaming-incorporated Official Albums Chart. The most successful artists in the charts depends on the criteria used, as of February 2016, Queen albums have spent more time on the British album charts than any other musical act, followed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, U2 and ABBA. By most weeks at one, however, The Beatles lead with a total of 174 weeks. The male solo artist with the most weeks at one is Presley with a total of 66 weeks. Presley also holds the record for the most number one albums by a solo artist and most top ten albums by any artist. Madonna has the most number one albums by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the Evita film soundtrack which was a cast recording, Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queens Greatest Hits is the album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014
33.
Strange Weather, Isn't It?
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Strange Weather, Isnt It. is the fourth album by dance-punk group. Released on August 24,2010, on Warp Records, the albums first single, AM/FM, was made available as a free download from the bands website and was released on limited edition clear vinyl on July 13,2010. Metacritic rates Strange Weather, Isnt It. as 67 out of 100, inYourSpeakers –. have finally created an essentially flawless record, and surely this is the band at their most accessible, ready-to-break state. Still, the new album is a far cry from anything as memorable as their incredible first album, pitchfork Media – The albums more engaging moments stand out. But the general disparity of these few-and-far-between moments amidst the records more driftless filler sadly cements the fate of Strange Weather, youll enjoy it plenty while its on, but once its over you might forget it ever existed. MusicOMH – Its practically a soundtrack for pool parties, clubs, the album knows exactly what it wants to do, and accomplishes it with grace. Youre not going to find nine songs that will keep your hips moving quite like these, slant Magazine – If Strange Weather, Isnt It. Achieves anything, its blind, technical dedication to beat-centric music, like a drum machine left on play and then abandoned by its programmer, the album is relentless in its speed to go nowhere, pounding and tapping and clicking with nothing more than artificial purpose. Simply put, Strange Weather, Isnt It. is beat for the sake of beat
34.
As If (album)
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As If is the sixth studio album by American dance-punk group. Released on October 16,2015 on Warp Records, three official singles have been released from As If, All U Writers, a 5 1/2 minute long song featuring vocals from Teresa Eggers, released 28 April 2015. Freedom 15, a groovy leviathan of a track, released 30 July 2015. A lyric video for Freedom 15 was uploaded 20 August 2015, the third single from the album, Bam City, was released 30 September 2015, with an accompanying music video. Ooo, a love song, was released with an accompanying music video on November 16,2015. One promotional single has been released from the As If, Sick Ass Moon, in a positive review for Exclaim. Daniel Sylvester called the one of the most enjoyable, if schizophrenic. All music written and composed by Nic Offer
35.
Red Hot Chili Peppers
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Red Hot Chili Peppers, also sometimes shortened to The Chili Peppers or abbreviated as RHCP, are an American funk rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. The groups musical style consists of rock with an emphasis on funk, as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock. When played live, their music elements of jam band due to the improvised nature of much of their performances. Currently, the band consists of founding members vocalist Anthony Kiedis and bassist Flea, longtime drummer Chad Smith, in 2012, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The bands original line-up, originally named Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem, featured guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons, alongside Kiedis, because of commitments to other bands, Slovak and Irons did not play on the bands self-titled debut album. Slovak performed on the second and third albums, Freaky Styley and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, as a result of his friends death, Irons chose to depart from the group. After short-lived replacements at guitar and drums, John Frusciante and Chad Smith joined in 1988, the line-up of Flea, Kiedis, Frusciante, and Smith was the longest-lasting and recorded five studio albums beginning with Mothers Milk. In 1990, the signed with Warner Bros. Records. This album became the bands first commercial success, but Frusciante grew uncomfortable with it, after two temporary guitarists, Dave Navarro joined the group in 1993 and played on their subsequent album, One Hot Minute. Although commercially successful, the failed to match the critical or popular acclaim of Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Navarro was fired from the band in 1998, Frusciante, fresh out of drug rehabilitation, rejoined the band that same year at Fleas request. The reunited quartet returned to the studio to record Californication, which became the bands biggest commercial success with 16 million copies worldwide. That album was followed three years later by By the Way, and then four years later by the double album Stadium Arcadium, after a world tour, the group went on an extended hiatus. Frusciante announced he was leaving the band in 2009 to focus on his solo career. Klinghoffer, who had worked both as a sideman for the band on their Stadium Arcadium tour and on Frusciantes solo projects, the bands tenth studio album, Im with You, was released in 2011 and topped the charts in 18 different countries. The band released their studio album, The Getaway, in 2016. The album was produced by Danger Mouse, marking the first time since 1989s Mothers Milk that the Red Hot Chili Peppers had not worked with Rubin, and topped the charts in ten different countries. Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, all of whom were classmates from Fairfax High School
36.
Reading, Berkshire
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Reading is a large, historically important town in Berkshire, England, of which it is the county town. The 19th century saw the coming of the Great Western Railway, Today Reading is a major commercial centre, with involvement in information technology and insurance, and, despite its proximity to London, has a net inward commuter flow. The first evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century, by 1525, Reading was the largest town in Berkshire, and tax returns show that Reading was the 10th largest town in England when measured by taxable wealth. By 1611, it had a population of over 5000 and had grown rich on its trade in cloth, the 18th century saw the beginning of a major iron works in the town and the growth of the brewing trade for which Reading was to become famous. During the 19th century, the town rapidly as a manufacturing centre. It is ranked the UKs top economic area for economic success and wellbeing, according to such as employment, health, income. Reading is also a regional retail centre serving a large area of the Thames Valley. Every year it hosts the Reading Festival, one of Englands biggest music festivals, sporting teams based in Reading include Reading Football Club and the London Irish rugby union team, and over 15,000 runners annually compete in the Reading Half Marathon. In 2015, Reading had an population of 232,662. The town is represented in Parliament by two members, and has been continuously represented there since 1295, for ceremonial purposes the town is in the county of Berkshire and has served as its county town since 1867, previously sharing this status with Abingdon-on-Thames. It is in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway. Reading is 75 miles east of Bristol,25 miles south of Oxford,42 miles west of London,17 miles north of Basingstoke,13 miles south-west of Maidenhead and 20 miles east of Newbury. Reading may date back to the Roman occupation of Britain, possibly as a port for Calleva Atrebatum. However the first clear evidence for Reading as a settlement dates from the 8th century, the name probably comes from the Readingas, an Anglo-Saxon tribe whose name means Readas People in Old English, or less probably the Celtic Rhydd-Inge, meaning Ford over the River. In late 870, an army of Danes invaded the kingdom of Wessex, on 4 January 871, in the first Battle of Reading, King Ethelred and his brother Alfred the Great attempted unsuccessfully to breach the Danes defences. The battle is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and that account provides the earliest known record of the existence of Reading. The Danes remained in Reading until late in 871, when they retreated to their quarters in London. After the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror gave land in, in its 1086 Domesday Book listing, the town was explicitly described as a borough
37.
The Sacramento Bee
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The Sacramento Bee is a daily newspaper published in Sacramento, California, in the United States. Since its founding in 1857, The Bee has become the largest newspaper in Sacramento, the fifth largest newspaper in California, the Bee is the flagship of the nationwide McClatchy Company. Its Scoopy Bee mascot, created by Walt Disney in 1943, has been used by all three Bee newspapers. Under the name The Daily Bee, the first issue of the newspaper was published on February 3,1857, proudly boasting that the object of is not only independence, at this time, the Bee was in competition with the Sacramento Union, a newspaper founded in 1851. Although the Bee soon surpassed the Union in popularity, the Union survived until its closing in 1994, the first editor of the Sacramento Bee was Rollin Ridge, but James McClatchy took over the position by the end of the first week. Also within a week of its creation, the Bee uncovered a scandal which led to the impeachment of Know-Nothing California State Treasurer Henry Bates. On March 13,2006, The McClatchy Company announced its agreement to purchase Knight Ridder, the purchase price of $4.5 billion in cash and stock will give McClatchy 32 daily newspapers in 29 markets, with a total circulation of 3.3 million. On February 3,2007, the paper celebrated its 150th anniversary, on February 4,2007, a 120-page section was included about the papers history from its founding to today. On July 29,2008, the Sacramento Bee redesigned and changed its layout, on May 21,2009, the newspaper published an early-version editorial that highly criticized Californians for voting against most of the ballot propositions in a special election. After numerous negative comments were posted by readers, the editorial was taken off the website, a message stated that the early version of the editorial was posted in error. The Sacramento Bee has won six Pulitzer Prizes in its history and it has won numerous other awards, including many for its progressive public service campaigns promoting free speech, anti-racism, workers rights, and environmental protection. The Council is made up of by scientists, media and academics, all concerned with the balanced portrayal of science
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