1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Andy Gibb
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Andrew Roy Andy Gibb was a British singer, songwriter, performer, and teen idol. He was the brother of the Bee Gees, Barry, Robin. Gibbs success was brief, as he battled drug addiction and depression, andrew Roy Gibb was born on 5 March 1958 in Manchester, England. He was the youngest of five children of Barbara and Hugh Gibb and his mother was of Irish and English descent and his father was of Scottish and Irish descent. He had four siblings, his sister Lesley, and three brothers, Barry and fraternal twins Robin and Maurice, at the age of six months, Gibb emigrated with his family to Queensland, Australia, settling on Cribb Island just north of Brisbane. After moving several times around Brisbane and Sydney, Andy returned to the United Kingdom in January 1967 as his three brothers began to gain international fame as the Bee Gees. In his childhood, his mother Barbara described Andy as A little devil, Id send him off to school but hed sneak off to the stable and sleep with his two horses all day. Hed wander back home around lunchtime smelling of horse manure, yet hed swear he had been at school, oh, he was a little monkey. In June 1974, Gibb formed his first group, Melody Fayre, the group was managed by Andys mother, Barbara, and had regular bookings on the small islands hotel circuit. Gibbs first recording, in August 1973, was a Maurice Gibb composition, My Father Was a Rebel, another track on the session performed by him was Windows of My World co-written by him with Maurice. At the urging of his brother Barry, Gibb returned to Australia in 1974, Barry believed that as Australia had been a good training ground for the Bee Gees it would also help his youngest brother. Lesley Gibb had remained in Australia, where she raised a family with her husband, both Alderson and Stringer followed Andy to Australia with the hope of forming a band there. With Col Joye producing, Andy, Alderson and Stringer recorded a number of Andys compositions, the first song was a demo called To a Girl, which he later performed on his television debut in Australia on The Ernie Sigley Show. Sigley later informed the audience that it was from Gibbs forthcoming album, in November the same year, he recorded six demos - again produced by Joye - including Words and Music, Westfield Mansions and Flowing Rivers. Andy would disappear for periods of time, leaving Alderson and Stringer out of work with no income, despondent, Alderson and Stringer returned to the UK. Gibb later joined the band Zenta, consisting of Gibb on vocals, Rick Alford on guitar, Paddy Lelliot on bass, Glen Greenhalgh on vocals, Zenta supported international artists Sweet and the Bay City Rollers on the Sydney leg of their Australian tours. Cant Stop Dancing was mooted for release, but didnt eventuate, Zenta would appear later as a backing band for Gibb, but did not participate on Gibbs recording sessions around 1975, which featured Australian jazz fusion group Crossfire. Words and Music was released on the ATA label only in Australia and New Zealand and it was his first single, the song, backed by another Andy Gibb composition Westfield Mansions
3.
Flowing Rivers
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Flowing Rivers is the debut studio album by English singer-songwriter Andy Gibb. The album was produced by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson, with Barry Gibb on two tracks and it was released in September 1977 on RSO. Flowing Rivers was re-released by Polydor Records in 1998 in CD version, although the album is not currently in print, it was released to iTunes along with the other two Andy Gibb albums in 2011. From the album, two singles were released, I Just Want to Be Your Everything and Thicker Than Water, amy Hanson of AllMusic considered the songs in this LP as classic rock. The album was produced by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson. In August 1973, at the age of 15, Gibb made his first recordings at the Nova Sound Studios in London, while in Australia, Gibb recorded demos of his compositions as well as his own renditions of an old numbers. After the release of his first single, Words and Music he performed it on the Australian TV called The Ernie Sigley Show. When Gibb had got the call from his brother Barry in June 1976 as he, while his last recording session before moving to the US, including In the End, Flowing Rivers, Come Home for the Winter and Let It Be Me were re-recorded in Criteria. Gibb recorded an album of songs at Criteria around October 1976 and he came to Miami in September and the sessions at Criteria are known to have coincided with the Eagles recording Hotel California, which they completed in October. Eagles member Joe Walsh plays on two tracks and Andy said that listening to some of the Eagles songs influenced the sound he wanted on his album. The sessions were produced by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson, the core group was Joey Murcia and Tim Renwick on guitar, Paul Harris and Galuten himself on piano and keyboards and Harold Cowart and Ron Ziegler on bass and drums. For some songs, they were joined by other top session players, Barry was very impressed with the polished sound of the session players. Barry was present to record two songs the two that he wrote for Andy, and although Andy said it was almost entirely Barrys work. On the album sessions, the track was recorded for the third time. On Gibbs compositions, the tracks are a mix of country music, Galuten also contribute writing Dance to the Light of the Morning and Too Many Looks in Your Eyes. The first Andy Gibb album was issued almost a year after it was recorded. Andy wrote eight of the ten songs and Barry contributed to two, Andy was very suddenly very big in America, where both of the singles hit number 1. Unfortunately the ill effects of what Barry calls first fame had already claimed him by now, the title track was originally intended to released by RSO as a single at the same time as Love Is but in favor of Shadow Dancing, it was withdrawn
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Words and Music (song)
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Words and Music was the first single released by Andy Gibb, reaching number 78 in Australia and number 29 in New Zealand. This single was never issued on LP or CD and this single and its B-side Westfield Mansions was released in Australia as a double A-side. Gibb performed this song on Countdown in September 7,1975 and this song was produced by Col Joye, who also produced the Bee Gees first singles in Australia. On the 1975 recording, Gibb played guitar, the song was arranged by Billy Weston and engineered by Ron Patton. Gibb re-recorded this song in 1976 for his album Flowing Rivers released in 1977 and it was later released as a B-side of Thicker Than Water. The 1976 version was produced by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson, Andy Gibb — vocals, rhythm guitar Billy Weston — arrangement Ron Patton — engineer
6.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
7.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
8.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
9.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
10.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
11.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
12.
RSO Records
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RSO Records was a record label formed by rock and roll and musical theatre impresario Robert Stigwood in 1973. The RSO stands for the Robert Stigwood Organisation, the companys main headquarters were at 67 Brook Street, in Londons Mayfair. The release of the two albums made RSO one of the most financially successful labels of the 1970s. As successful as the label was financially, the independent label produced successes on the pop charts never before seen by the recording industry. By one point in 1978, the label boasted an unprecedented sixth consecutive number-one single on the Billboard pop charts, holding the top spot for 21 consecutive weeks. With singles releases from the Grease album and another huge Andy Gibb smash, RSO would log a further 10 weeks at the number 1 position and this feat remains unduplicated by any record label to date. It also released a single that summer by Paul Jones. As well as the label was operating in 1978, the commercial and critical failure of RSOs movie version of Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band crippled the company, the woes of this failure were only somewhat offset by the middle of 1979, as the Bee Gees album Spirits Having Flown went on to eventually sell nearly 20 million copies. In 1980, the labels most famous act, the Bee Gees, the lawsuit was subsequently settled for an undisclosed amount, and after a public reconciliation, the band remained with the label until its dissolution. By 1981, Stigwood had ended his involvement with the label, all previous RSO releases were later re-released under Polydors label
13.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
14.
Barry Gibb
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With his brothers, Robin and Maurice Gibb, he formed a songwriting partnership beginning in 1966. They returned to England where they achieved worldwide fame and he is also known for his high-pitched falsetto singing voice. Gibb shares the record with John Lennon and Paul McCartney for consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number ones as a writer with six, guinness World Records lists Gibb as the second most successful songwriter in history behind Paul McCartney. Gibbs career has spanned fifty years. In 1994, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with his brothers, in 1997, as a member of the Bee Gees, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Barry is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, for services to music, Gibb was appointed Commander in the Order of the British Empire at Buckingham Palace on 27 May 2004. In 2007, Q magazine ranked him number 38 on its list of the 100 Greatest Singers, Barry Alan Crompton Gibb was born in Jane Crookall Maternity Home at 8,45 AM in Douglas, Isle of Man, to Hugh Gibb, a drummer, and Barbara Gibb. He has English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry and he has an older sister, Lesley Evans. He was named Barry Alan Crompton Gibb after his fathers youngest brother Alan, when Gibb was born, his father was busy with his music working at various hotels in Douglas, while his mother stayed at home looking after the children. Later, the Gibbs moved to Chapel House on Strang Road, when he was almost two years old, he was badly burned. His mother had just made tea which she had put on the table, he climbed up and pulled the tea pot down and he was in Nobles Hospital for about two-and-a-half months. Gibb later commented on that incident, Then the gangrene set in, because in those days, the advancement of medicine simply didnt apply to people with bad scalds, so you didnt have skin grafts, you didnt have things like that. But this was a particularly bad scald, and I think I had 20 minutes to live at some point, the incredible thing for me is that whole two years is wiped from my memory, the whole period of being in hospital. The idea of being burnt is in somewhere, but I have no knowledge of it. Ive got the scars but I have no knowledge, in 1949, the Gibb family relocated to 50 St. Catherines Drive. Later that year, on 22 December, his two younger brothers Robin and Maurice were born, when the twins were young, they moved to Smedley Cottage, Spring Valley, also in Douglas. Gibb started school on 4 September 1951, three days after his birthday, attending Braddan school. In 1952, the Gibb family relocated to 43 Snaefell Road, Willaston, the same year, he went to Tynwald Street Infants School
15.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
16.
Gibb-Galuten-Richardson
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They produced albums and singles for Andy Gibb, Samantha Sang, Frankie Valli, Teri DeSario, Barbra Streisand, Dionne Warwick, Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton and Diana Ross. The trio produced five singles in the USA, and six singles that reached the US Top 10. In an effort to retain the sound, the group recorded its next album. 1976s Children of the World, at the same studios using the same engineer that Mardin had used, at this point the Bee Gees decided to produce the album themselves, with Barry Gibb taking the lead role, along with engineer Richardson. They added young musician and arranger Albhy Galuten to the room as musical adviser. The new team of Gibb, Richardson, and Galuten saw the group through a series of top selling recordings over the four years. A few months after Children of the World, the trio worked together again on Andy Gibbs Flowing Rivers album, recorded in October 1976. Barry and Joe Walsh also performed on two songs from the album, I Just Want to Be Your Everything and Thicker Than Water, although the album was produced by Galuten. The album was released in late 1977, Samantha Sangs 1977 hit Emotion, which the trio produced, reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Another song the trio produced was Save Me, Save Me by Network, the trio also produced singles by Frankie Valli and Teri DeSario. In 1979, the Bee Gees, Galuten and Richardson won the Grammys for Best Producer of the Year, the trios last project on an Andy Gibb full album was After Dark which contains his last US Top 5 single Desire. Although Andy Gibbs Greatest Hits album only three new songs. In 1980, the trio produced Barbra Streisands Guilty which became Streisands best-selling album to date internationally when it was released, the album features two US Top 10 singles, Guilty and What Kind of Fool. Their next production was in 1982 when Clive Davis, the president of Arista Records asked Barry Gibb to write songs for Dionne Warwick who recorded for Arista. Heartbreaker was released in October 1982, the track reached #10 in the US and #2 in the UK. Also in 1982, Barry met Kenny Rogers and Rogers asked Barry about writing songs for him. By August, Barry started recording demos for Rogers by doing the demo of Eyes That See in the Dark, the release of Rogers Eyes That See in the Dark album reached #1 on US Country charts. The lead single on Rogers album was a duet between himself and fellow country singer Dolly Parton entitled Islands in the Stream that became US No
17.
I Just Want to Be Your Everything
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I Just Want to Be Your Everything is a song recorded by Andy Gibb, initially released in 1977. It reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, starting on the week ending 30 July 1977, and again for the week ending 17 September 1977 and it was Gibbs first single released in the United Kingdom and United States. His previous single, Words and Music was only released in Australia and it is ranked number 26 on Billboards 55th anniversary All Time Top 100 list. The song became a gold record, I Just Want to Be Your Everything was written by Barry Gibb in Bermuda as well as Thicker Than Water with Andy Gibb credited as co-writer on the latter. It was recorded in October 1976, the sessions were produced mainly by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson and with Barry on this track and Thicker than Water, Galuten also played keyboards, eagles guitarist Joe Walsh contributed guitar on this song. The track is a dramatic love song, with the singer declaring his unending passion and stating that without her. Andy reveals, I Just Want to Be Your Everything was one of the most meaningful of all form, you know. He later recalls on Barry Gibbs writing style, So, once we discussed it all and got the deal together, me and Barry locked ourselves in a bedroom, when Barry writes, it is very hard to collaborate with him, because he is so quick. And before I knew it he was starting to do the chorus of, hes an expert at his craft. The promotional version had a keyboard that at times competed with the lead vocal. The drummers high-hat count during both breakdowns was completely mixed out and Gibbs harmony vocal is more prevalent during add-libs, the song spent a cumulative four weeks at No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song first reached the top of the chart on July 30 for the first of three consecutive weeks, then, The Emotions went to No.1 with Best of My Love on August 20 for the first of four straight weeks. However, the song maintained strong popularity, remaining in the Top 10 before returning to No.1 for one week on September 17. Everything then fell out of the top spot for good, being replaced again by Best of My Love. I Just Want to be Your Everything was Gibbs longest-running chart single and it enjoyed one of the longest runs in the Billboard Hot 100 to that time, its 31-week run spanned from the end of April through the end of November. Billboard ranked it as the No.2 song for 1977, the song also appeared on the Soul Singles chart, peaking at number 19. Bunny Maloney recorded this song in a version in 1979, produced by Harry Mudie on Gull Records. Thea Austin recorded this song, on the release includes the extended mix, club dub, Irene Eats Thunderpass Dub
18.
Shadow Dancing (song)
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Shadow Dancing is a disco song performed by English singer-songwriter Andy Gibb that reached number one for seven weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978. Albhy Galuten arranged the song with Barry Gibb, while Andy Gibb would have three more Top 10 hits in the U. S. this would be his final chart-topping hit in America. The song became a platinum record, the song was written by Andy and his brothers in Los Angeles, while the trio of brothers were working on the film Sgt. And one night, Andy would recall, while we were relaxing, we sat down, so we literally sat down and in ten minutes, we had a group going, the chorus part. As it says underneath the song, we all wrote it, according to Billboards Book Of Number One Hits, Gibb became the first solo artist in the history of the U. S. pop charts to have his first three singles hit the number-one spot. It remained in the top spot for seven weeks from 17 June to 29 July 1978. On 5 August it was replaced by The Rolling Stones with their hit Miss You, additionally, Shadow Dancing was listed by Billboard as being the number one single of 1978. In addition the song peaked at eleven on the soul chart. Its two B-sides Let It Be Me appeared on US version and Too Many Looks In Your Eyes was from his previous album Flowing Rivers. In July that year, Gibb performed Shadow Dancing at the Jai-Alai Fronton Studios in Miami, when Barry, Robin and Maurice unexpectedly joined him on stage and it was the first time that all four brothers performed together in concert. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
19.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
20.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
21.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
22.
Bermuda
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Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,070 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Bermuda is an associate member of Caribbean Community. The first person known to have reached Bermuda was the Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503 and he claimed the islands for the Spanish Empire. Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but made two visits to the archipelago, of which he created a recognisable map, shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription on Portuguese Rock. Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, the island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615, at that time, the companys charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, after 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda became the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory and its first capital, St. Georges, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World. Bermudas economy is based on insurance and reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the worlds highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century, recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. The island is in the belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island. It is 898 nautical miles northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west-northwest of Cape Verde, southeast of New York City, New York, north-northwest of Brazil and north of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The archipelago is formed by points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the process that formed the floor of the Atlantic. It has 103 km of coastline, the two incorporated municipalities in Bermuda are the City of Hamilton and the Town of St George. Bermuda is divided into nine parishes, which have some localities called villages, such as Flatts Village, although usually referred to in the singular, the territory consists of 181 islands, with a total area of 53.3 square kilometres
23.
Joe Walsh
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Joseph Fidler Joe Walsh is an American singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Walsh has been a member of five rock bands, James Gang, Barnstorm, the Eagles, The Party Boys. In the 1990s, he was also a member of the short-lived supergroup The Best and he has also experienced success both as a solo artist and prolific session musician, being featured on a wide array of other artists recordings. In 2011, Rolling Stone placed Walsh at the number 54 spot on its list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, while the band would stay together for three albums over three years, their works were marketed as Walsh solo projects. The last Barnstorm album, 1974s So What contained significant guest contributions from members of the Eagles. In 1998 a readers poll conducted by Guitarist magazine selected the guitar solos on the track Hotel California by Walsh, Guitar World magazine listed it at eighth of the Top 100 Guitar Solos. Besides his work with his bands, he has released twelve solo studio albums, six compilation albums. His solo hits include Rocky Mountain Way, Lifes Been Good, All Night Long, A Life of Illusion and Ordinary Average Guy. As a member of the Eagles, Walsh was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998, the Eagles are considered to be one of the most influential bands of the 1970s, and they remain the best-selling American band in the history of popular music. Ive loved his style since the early James Gang, Eric Clapton said that Hes one of the best guitarists to surface in some time. I dont listen to records, but I listen to his. The Whos guitarist Pete Townshend, a friend of Walshs, commented that Joe Walsh is a fluid, therere not many like that around. Joseph Fidler Walsh was born on November 20,1947, in Wichita, Kansas, Walshs mother was a classically trained pianist of Scottish and German ancestry, and Walsh was adopted by his stepfather at the age of five after his biological father was killed in a plane crash. Walsh and his family lived in Columbus, Ohio, for a number of years during his youth, when Walsh was twelve years old, his family moved to New York City. Later, Walsh moved to Montclair, New Jersey, and he attended Montclair High School, inspired by the success of the Beatles, he replaced Bruce Hoffman as the bass player in the locally popular group the Nomads in Montclair, beginning his career as a rock musician. After high school, Walsh attended Kent State University, where he spent time in bands playing around the Cleveland area. The Measles recorded for Super K Productions Ohio Express, I Find I Think of You, And Its True, after one term, he dropped out of university to pursue his musical career. The Measles, an Ohio garage bar band, were formed in 1965 by four Kent State University students, one of whom was Joe Walsh
24.
Eagles (band)
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The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 by Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner. With five number-one singles, six Grammy Awards, five American Music Awards, and six number one albums, the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s. Hotel California is ranked 37th in Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and their Greatest Hits was the best selling album of the 20th century in the U. S. They are the music act and the highest-selling American band in U. S. history. The band released their album, Eagles, in 1972. Their next album, Desperado, was successful than the first, only reaching number 41 on the charts. However, the album does contain what would go on to be two of the bands most popular tracks, Desperado and Tequila Sunrise, the band released On the Border in 1974, adding guitarist Don Felder as the fifth member midway through the recording of the album. The album generated two top 40 singles, Already Gone and their first number one, Best of My Love. Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles, One of These Nights, Lyin Eyes, and Take It to the Limit, guitarist and vocalist, Joe Walsh, also joined the band in 1975. The album yielded two singles, New Kid in Town and Hotel California. The Eagles disbanded in July 1980 but reunited in 1994 for the album Hell Freezes Over and they toured consistently and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2007, the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden, their first full album in 28 years. The next year launched the Long Road Out of Eden Tour in support of the album. In 2013, they began the extended History of the Eagles Tour in conjunction with the bands documentary release, following the death of Frey in January 2016, Henley stated in several interviews that he didnt think the band would perform again. However, in March 2017 it was announced that the Eagles would be headlining two concerts in July 2017, the Eagles began in early 1971, when Linda Ronstadt and then-manager John Boylan recruited local musicians Glenn Frey and Don Henley for her band. While on the tour, Frey and Henley decided to form a band together, Frey later credited Ronstadt with suggesting Leadon for the band, and arranging for Leadon to play for her so Frey and Henley could approach him about forming a band together. They also pitched the idea to Meisner and brought him on board and these four played live together behind Ronstadt only once for a July concert at Disneyland, but all four appeared on her eponymous album. It was later proposed that J. D. Souther should join the band, the four were signed in September 1971 to Asylum Records, the new label started by David Geffen, who was introduced to Frey by Jackson Browne
25.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
26.
Bee Gees
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The Bee Gees were a pop music group formed in 1958. Their line-up consisted of brothers Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb, the Bee Gees wrote all of their own hits, as well as writing and producing several major hits for other artists. Born on the Isle of Man to English parents, the Gibb brothers lived in Chorlton, Manchester, England, the family then moved to Redcliffe, in Queensland, Australia, and then to Cribb Island. The Bee Gees have sold more than 220 million records worldwide, the Bee Gees Hall of Fame citation says Only Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks and Paul McCartney have outsold the Bee Gees. Following Maurices sudden death in January 2003 at the age of 53, Barry, in 2009 Robin announced that he and Barry had agreed that the Bee Gees would re-form and perform again. Robin died in May 2012 at the age of 62, after a struggle with cancer and other health problems. In December 1957 the boys began to sing in harmony, the story is told that they were going to lip sync to a record in the local Gaumont cinema and as they were running to the theatre, the fragile shellac 78-RPM record broke. The brothers had to sing live and received such a response from the audience that they decided to pursue a singing career. In May 1958 the Rattlesnakes were disbanded when Frost and Horrocks left, with the Gibb brothers then forming Wee Johnny Hayes, in August 1958 the Gibb family, including older sister Lesley and infant brother Andy, emigrated to Redcliffe, just north-east of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. The young brothers began performing to raise pocket money and they were introduced to leading Brisbane radio DJ Bill Gates by speedway promoter and driver Bill Goode, who had hired the brothers to entertain the crowd at the Redcliffe Speedway in 1960. Gates renamed them the BGs after his, Goodes, and Barry Gibbs initials—thus the name was not specifically a reference to Brothers Gibb, the family relocated to Cribb Island which was later demolished for Brisbane Airport. While there, the brothers went to Northgate State School, by 1960 the Bee Gees were featured on television shows, including their performance of Time Is Passing By. In the next few years they began working regularly at resorts on the Queensland coast, for his songwriting, Barry sparked the interest of Australian star Col Joye, who helped them get a record deal in 1963 with Festival Records subsidiary Leedon Records under the name Bee Gees. The three released two or three singles a year, while Barry supplied additional songs to other Australian artists, in 1962, the Bee Gees were chosen as the supporting act for Chubby Checkers concert at Sydney Stadium. From 1963 to 1966 the Gibb family lived at 171 Bunnerong Road, the house was demolished in 2016. A minor hit in 1965, Wine and Women, led to the groups first LP, The Bee Gees Sing, by 1966 Festival was, however, on the verge of dropping them from the Leedon roster because of their perceived lack of commercial success. It was at time that they met American-born songwriter, producer and entrepreneur, Nat Kipner. Kipner briefly took over as the manager and successfully negotiated their transfer to Spin in exchange for Festival being granted the Australian distribution rights to the groups recordings
27.
Stayin' Alive
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Stayin Alive is a disco song by the Bee Gees from the Saturday Night Fever motion picture soundtrack. The song was written by the Bee Gees members and produced by the Bee Gees, Albhy Galuten and it was released on 13 December 1977 as the second single from the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack. It is one of their signature songs, in 2004, Stayin Alive was placed at number 189 on the list of Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2004, it ranked No.9 on AFIs 100 Years.100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema, in a UK television poll on ITV in December 2011 it was voted fifth in The Nations Favourite Bee Gees Song. Upon release, Stayin Alive climbed the charts to hit the one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of 4 February 1978. In the process, it one of the bands most recognisable tunes. In the US, it would become the second of six consecutive number-one singles, the executive producer of the soundtrack, Robert Stigwood, called them up and asked them to write a few songs for a soundtrack to a film he was planning. At this point, the film was in stages and it did not have a title yet, in fact. They wrote Stayin Alive over the course of a few days while sprawled on the staircase at the Château dHérouville studio in Paris, as with many other artists during the 1970s, the Bee Gees recorded a majority of the soundtrack in France for tax reasons. Due to the death of backing drummer Dennis Bryons mother in the middle of the songs sessions, the shortage of qualified drummers in this area of France prompted the group to try a drum machine—yet it did not offer satisfactory results. This accounts for the rhythm throughout the song. As a joke, the group listed the drummer as Bernard Lupe, mr. Lupe became a highly sought-after drummer—until it was discovered that he did not exist. Rather than change the name of the song to match the film. Over the years, the brothers have had mixed feelings about the song, on one hand, they admit it brought them tremendous fame, on the other, it led to their being pigeonholed as a disco act, despite a long and varied career before and after. Several words from Robin Gibbs Concorde ticket inspired the Gibbs to write the lyrics for Stayin Alive, Robin recalls, The subject matter of Stayin Alive is actually quite a serious one, Its about survival in the streets of New York, and the lyrics actually say that. Barry Gibb also recalls, People crying out for help and those are the ones that become giants. The minute you capture that on record, its gold, Stayin Alive is the epitome of that. Everybody struggles against the world, fighting all the bullshit and things that can drag you down, and it really is a victory just to survive
28.
Night Fever
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Night Fever is a song written and performed by the Bee Gees. It first appeared on the soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever, producer Robert Stigwood wanted to call the film Saturday Night, but singer Robin Gibb expressed hesitation at the title. Stigwood liked the title Night Fever but was wary of marketing a movie with that name, the B-side was a live version of Down the Road in 1977, previously released on Here at Last. The group convinced Stigwood to use that and change the film to Saturday Night Fever, as Weaver explains the history behind this song. Night Fever started off because Barry walked in one morning when I was trying to work out something. I always wanted to do a version of Theme from A Summer Place by The Percy Faith Orchestra or something - it was a big hit in the Sixties. I was playing that, and Barry said, What was that, and I said, Theme from A Summer Place, and Barry said, No, it wasnt. Barry heard the idea - I was playing it on a string synthesizer, Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb completed the lyrics for Night Fever sitting on a staircase. The Bee Gees began recording this song by April 1977 in France and they had the emotion, same as on the record. We put down drums and acoustic guitar first, so the feel was locked in, the piano part was put on before the bass, then the heavy guitar parts. We had the sound, but we needed something there to shake it so we used the thunder sound. It also replaced Andy Gibbs Love Is Thicker Than Water at number one and was in turn replaced by Yvonne Ellimans If I Cant Have You - all of which were written and produced by the Gibb brothers. It would be the third of six consecutive US #1s for the band, Billboard ranked it as the No.2 song for 1978, behind Andy Gibbs Shadow Dancing. Night Fever topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, their third UK number one, and in the US it remained the number one Billboard Hot 100 single for two months in 1978. In addition to Saturday Night Fever, the song has appeared in the movie. The song is listed at number 38 on Billboards All Time Top 100 and its also featured in other films including Luna, Mr. Saturday Night, I. D. A music video was made for the song in 1978, most of these motels are now closed or demolished, including several whose names are reminiscent of Las Vegas resorts
29.
Yvonne Elliman
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Yvonne Marianne Elliman is an American singer who performed for four years in the first cast of Jesus Christ Superstar. She scored a number of hits in the 1970s and achieved a US #1 hit with If I Cant Have You. After a long hiatus in the 1980s and 1990s, during which time she dedicated herself to her family, she made a comeback album as a singer-songwriter in 2004. Elliman was born and raised in the Manoa neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii, the group fared well in local talent shows. Ellimans singing career began in 1969 in London, where she performed at various bars, at the time she did not like what she was singing. I hated the music then, she recalled in a 1973 interview, I was into drugs and all that, and thought Grace Slick and the Jefferson Airplane was it. While still an unknown, she was discovered by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, after its release as an album, they invited her to join the stage shows traveling cast, which she did for four years. She had her first hit single in 1971 with the ballad I Dont Know How to Love Him from Jesus Christ Superstar. The song was her first entry on the U. S. charts, peaking at #28 pop in 1971, although a cover version by Helen Reddy was a bigger hit. In the end, Elliman sang Jesus Christ Superstar on the 1970 concept album, in the original Broadway cast and she was asked to sing backing vocals on Eric Claptons version of the Bob Marley song I Shot the Sheriff in 1974. She then went on tour as part of Claptons band, and she would continue to work with Clapton, performing on his albums from 1974 to 1977, including 461 Ocean Boulevard, Theres One in Every Crowd, E. C. Was Here, No Reason to Cry, and Slowhand, adult Contemporary charts for four weeks, and was also a #15 Pop hit in 1977, while Love Me was a #14 Pop hit in late 1976/early 1977. She appeared in Hawaii Five O in 1978, also in 1977, the Bee Gees were working on Saturday Night Fever and wrote How Deep Is Your Love for her, but Stigwood wanted the Bee Gees to perform it. Instead, she sang If I Cant Have You, the song was a big hit, rising to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, It is generally considered the high point of her recording career. A few minor Top 40 hits followed in 1979, including the theme song from the film Moment by Moment and another disco track, Love Pains. She appeared in a episode of the television action series Hawaii Five-O during this period as an aspiring singer. The single Savannah was also a minor hit, shortly thereafter she decided to dedicate herself to her two children. After a considerable hiatus, Elliman reappeared on the music scene, an album titled Simple Needs, with all songs written by Elliman, was released in 2004 and re-released globally in 2007
30.
If I Can't Have You
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If I Cant Have You is a disco song written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb in 1977. The song initially appeared on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack in a version by Yvonne Elliman, the Bee Gees version appeared a month later as the B-side of Stayin Alive. The song later appeared on the Bee Gees compilation Their Greatest Hits, the remixed version was released and remastered in the compilation Bee Gees Greatest in 2007 and marked the return of the Bee Gees to the US Hot Dance Tracks charts after 28 years. According to Maurice, this track was the first song they did while they were recording the songs for the film. The recording was started at Château dHérouville as a track only. On 2 November 2007, Rhino Records and Reprise Records released a version of If I Cant Have You by German house music production duo The Disco Boys. The song was released as a single from the version of Bee Gees Greatest. It was originally intended that Ellimans contribution to the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack would be another ballad written by the Gibb brothers, meanwhile, the Bee Gees produced their own version of If I Cant Have You for the film. Ellimans If I Cant Have You, produced by Perren, was released as the single off the Saturday Night Fever album in February 1978. If I Cant Have You was the fourth consecutive US number 1 to be co-written by Barry Gibb, in spite of the coattail success shes had with If I Cant Have You, its a disco song and Elliman decided her broad, husky vocals are best suited elsewhere. If I Cant Have You was featured on Ellimans February 1978 album release Night Flight, Elliman did return to disco music in 1979 with Love Pains which returned her to the Top 40 one more time before she dropped out of the music scene in the 1980s. If I Cant Have You was also featured in the 1999 film Big Daddy as well as on the films soundtrack, the single reached number 12 in the UK. It became Wildes biggest hit of the 1990s and one of the biggest hits of her career in Australia and it was released in several extended remixes on the 12 and CD-single formats. The B-side was an exclusive non-album track called Never Felt So Alive, in 2016, English singer and songwriter Jess Glynne re-recorded If I Cant Have You in support of the French musical Saturday Night Fever, which is expected to be premiered in 2017. Warner Music France released her rendition as a single on 22 May 2016. English pop duo This Way Up covered If I Cant Have You in 1987, jesse Hultberg, the first performer to cover the song as a ballad, recorded it in his 1994 solo album. An abbreviated version of If I Cant Have You was included in the 70s Moment Medley featured on the 1998 Gloria Estefan single release Dont Let This Moment End, wilber Pan recorded a Mandarin language version for his 2003 album Pass Me The Mic. Australian group Young Divas covered the song in 2007 for their second album New Attitude, adam Lambert performed the song as his selection during disco week of season 8 of American Idol
31.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
32.
The Midnight Special (TV series)
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The Midnight Special was an American late-night musical variety series that aired on NBC during the 1970s and early 1980s, created and produced by Burt Sugarman. It premiered as a special on August 19,1972, then began its run as a series on February 2,1973. The 90-minute program followed the Friday night edition of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, wolfman Jack served as the announcer and frequent guest host. The programs theme song, a folk song called Midnight Special, was performed by Johnny Rivers. The Midnight Special was noted for featuring musical acts performing live, the series also occasionally aired vintage footage of older acts, such as Bill Haley & His Comets. As the program neared the end of its run in the early 1980s, the program also featured occasional performances of comedians such as Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, and George Carlin. In 1973, producer Sugarman pitched the program as a means for NBC to capitalize on The Tonight Shows large audience. At the time, none of the Big Three television networks had programming on after 1,00 a. m. as common practice was to sign-off after the final program, despite this lack of competition in the time-slot, NBC initially rejected the idea. The rejection led Sugarman to buy the air time for the premiere on his own as a brokered show and it premiered with ratings high enough for NBC to reconsider its decision, and the network subsequently bought the program. The program remained a part of NBCs late night lineup until 1981, the pilot for the series aired on August 19,1972. It was presented as a 90-minute special encouraging young people to vote in the upcoming Presidential election, several months later, on February 2,1973, it premiered as a weekly series. The Midnight Special original time slot was from 1, 00–2, when Johnny Carson cut his own show from 90 to 60 minutes, The Midnight Special was moved up to 12, 30am–2, 00am. In 1978, at the height of the craze, the set was changed to resemble a disco nightclub complete with a platform dance floor. Wolfman Jack stood behind an elevated DJ booth, by fall 1979, as the genres popularity waned, the disco set was gone. Some notable guest stars and hosts included, ELO had more appearances than any band with four. The show presented The 1980 Floor Show, the last performance of David Bowie as Ziggy Stardust and it was broadcast on November 16,1973, and was taped a month earlier from specially-commissioned performances at the Marquee Club in Soho, London. The series was canceled by NBC at the request of Dick Ebersol as part of a deal for him to take over then-ailing Saturday Night Live, in 2006, a DVD collection entitled Burt Sugarmans Midnight Special was made available by Guthy-Renker through television and radio infomercials. In 2014, an 11-DVD collection entitled The Midnight Special was released by Star-Vista through standard retail channels, list of late night network TV programs Notes Bibliography McNeil, Alexander M
33.
Kent Music Report
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The Kent Music Report was a weekly record chart of Australian music singles and albums which was compiled by music enthusiast David Kent from May 1974 through to 1988. After 1988, the Australian Recording Industry Association, who had been using the report under licence for a number of years, prior to the Kent Report, Go-Set magazine published weekly Top-40 Singles from 1966 and Album charts from 1970 until the magazines demise in August 1974. David Kent later publicised the Australian charts from 1940–1973 in a retrospective fashion using state by state chart data obtained from various Australian radio stations. Kent had spent a number of years working in the music industry at both EMI and Phonogram records and had developed the report initially as a hobby. The Kent Music Report was first released on a basis in July 1974 and was offered for subscription. The report data was based solely on radio station charts from around the country. These radio station charts were compiled using data collected from local record stores and. In 1976, as funding from subscriptions grew, Kent himself started collecting data from retail stores to supplement the radio station charts. His operation grew and staff were employed to assist with research, within a year or so, the major record companies started using the Report for their own marketing programs and it had established itself as the leading national chart publication. From 1982, retail sales data collected by Kent and his staff were used exclusively, some radio station chart data was used as supplementary information, however. At about the time, the Australian Recording Industry Association was established by the major record companies, being EMI, Festival Records, CBS, RCA, WEA. From 1983 until 1988 ARIA had an arrangement with Kent to use the Report under their own banner. The Kent Report continued however and in 1987 was rebadged as the Australian Music Report, in 1988 the arrangement with ARIA ended and the ARIA Charts were produced in-house by the Association. In April 1998, the AMR charts ceased publishing, leaving the ARIA charts as the nationally recognised chart publication. In 1993, David Kent published his Australian Chart Book 1970 -1992 and this was based on his chart data already published as the Kent Music Report from May 1974 onwards. He specially retro-calculated charts based on state-based Australian radio station available to him dated prior to May 1974. On this basis, he put together Australian national charts from 1940 -1969. Prior to 1949, radio music charts in Australia were only available on a monthly basis
34.
TiVo Corporation
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TiVo Corporation is an American technology company. The company holds over 6,000 pending and registered patents, the company also provides analytics and recommendation platforms for the video industry. In 2016, Rovi acquired digital video recorder maker TiVo Inc. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film The Cotton Club was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985, by the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. John O. Ryan and William A. Krepick led the company through an IPO in 1997 priced at $9.00 a share. In July 2005, the company hired Alfred J. Amoroso as chief officer and president to succeed William A. Krepick. Macrovision acquired Gemstar-TV Guide on May 2,2008, in a deal worth about $2.8 billion. The combined company would seek to be “the homepage for the TV experience, the divestiture of the software business unit closed on April 1,2008, becoming Acresso Software. Macrovision also ultimately sold off parts of Gemstar-TV Guide not focused on entertainment, including TryMedia, eMeta, TV Guide Magazine, TV Guide Network. The company also bought two companies providing entertainment metadata, All Media Guide on November 6,2007, and substantially all the assets of Muze, on July 16,2009, Macrovision Solution Corporation announced the official change of its name to Rovi Corporation. Rovi announced its first product on January 7,2010 – TotalGuide, on March 16,2010, Rovi acquired MediaUnbound for an undisclosed amount. MediaUnbound had helped build static and dynamic personalization and recommendation engines for such as Napster, eMusic. On June 16,2010, the announced the Rovi Advertising Network which bundled guide advertising. On December 23,2010, the announced its intention to acquire Sonic Solutions. Sonic provided digital video processing, playback and distribution technologies and owned RoxioNow an OTT technology provider, on March 1,2011, Rovi announced its acquisition of online video guide SideReel. The company announced Amorosos intention to retire on May 26,2011, tom Carson, formerly the executive vice president of sales and marketing, was appointed CEO and President in December 2011. Continuing on this path, the made a similar announcement in January 2014 indicating its intent to sell the DivX. On April 1,2013, Rovi acquired Integral Reach, a provider of predictive analysis services, the technology would be integrated into Rovis audience analysis services
35.
Discogs
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Discogs, short for discographies, is a website and crowdsourced database of information about audio recordings, including commercial releases, promotional releases, and bootleg or off-label releases. The Discogs servers, currently hosted under the domain name discogs. com, are owned by Zink Media, Inc. and are located in Portland, Oregon, US. While the site lists releases in all genres and on all formats, it is known as the largest online database of electronic music releases. Discogs currently contains over 8 million releases, by nearly 4 and he was inspired by the success of community-built sites such as Slashdot, eBay, and Open Directory Project, and decided to use this model for a music discography database. The sites original goal was to build the most comprehensive database of music, organized around the artists, labels. In 2003 the Discogs system was rewritten, and in January 2004 it began to support other genres. Since then, it has expanded to include rock and jazz in January 2005 and funk/soul, Latin, in January 2006 blues and non-music were added. On 30 June 2004, Discogs published a report, which included information about the number of its contributors and this report claimed that Discogs had 15,788 contributors and 260,789 releases. On 20 July 2007 a new system for sellers was introduced on the site called Market Price History. However, at the beginning of 2008, the Market Price History was also free of charge for all users. In late 2014, the company released two new beta websites, gearogs lets users add and track music equipment like synths, drum machines, and other electronic music making equipment. At the start of 2015, the company began another beta project — Bibliogs, users can submit information about their books, physical or electronic, different versions and editions, and also connect different credits to these books. 21,000 books were submitted by the end of 2016, the project remains in its beta phase. The license has since changed to a public domain one. Prior to the advent of this license and API, Discogs data was only accessible via the Discogs web sites HTML interface and was intended to be viewed only using web browsers, the HTML interface remains the only authorized way to modify Discogs data. On 7 June 2011 version 2 of the API was released, notable in this release was that a license key was no longer required, the default response was changed from XML to JSON, and the 5000 queries per day limit was removed. On 1 November 2011 a major update to version 2 of the API was released and this new release dropped support for XML, data is always returned in JSON format, however the monthly data dumps of new data are only provided in XML format. Additionally the Premium API service was dropped, on 24 June 2014 Discogs deprecated their XML API in lieu of a JSON-formatted API
36.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
37.
Emotion (Samantha Sang song)
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Emotion is a song written by Barry and Robin Gibb. It was first recorded by Australian singer Samantha Sang, whose version reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978, in 2001, Emotion was covered by the American R&B girl group Destinys Child. Their version of the song was an hit, reaching the top ten on the US Hot 100 chart. Originally, the song Emotion was recorded by Samantha Sang for the Private Stock label, the song was Sangs only hit single, reaching number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked her version as the No.14 song for 1978, there is a promotional video made for this song. When Sang arrived in Miami, instead of recording Dont Throw it All Away, on this track, Sang sticks to a breathy, Barry-like sound. Gibb himself provided harmony and background vocals, using his falsetto on this track, the B-side was When Love Is Gone, a Frances Lai composition. It was recorded around April 1977 in Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida around the time as Barry contributed writing and producing Save Me. Blue Weaver identified the musicians as shown from memory, on the session, Joey Murcia plays guitar, George Bitzer on keyboards, Harold Cowart on bass and Ron Tubby Zeigler on drums. It was originally intended for use in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever, also in 1978, Emotion was used as the B-side of Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williamss single Too Much, Too Little, Too Late, which reached number one in the US. Produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist had previously produced the song for Filipino singer Regine Velasquez for her album Drawn in 1998 and used exactly the same backing track for Destinys Child. Issued as that albums single, the song continued the groups streak of top-ten hits in the United States. The single was accompanied by a Francis Lawrence-directed music video featuring a split screen effect. The song was heavily on radio station playlists during the aftermath of the September 11,2001 attacks, and eventually became a tribute song to the family of the victims. The group also paid tribute to late R&B singer Aaliyah, who died in August 2001 in a plane crash, the music video featured a triple split-screen effect. Rowland on the left, Knowles in the center, and Williams on the right, rowland is seen saying goodbye to her boyfriend before he leaves in a taxi. Knowles catches her boyfriend with another woman and runs around the house in tears, Williams is with her grandmother, who has died in her bed. At the end of the video Williams calls the group members to her home
38.
Shadow Dancing (album)
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Shadow Dancing is the second album by English singer-songwriter and teen idol Andy Gibb, released in April 1978 in the United States and September 1978 in the United Kingdom. It was Gibbs highest charting album in countries including America. This LP was his album to chart in the UK. The album had released four singles including the three US Top 10 and one single that was not charted elsewhere, continuing the momentum of his first successes, notably I Just Want to Be Your Everything, he began work with the Gibb-Galuten-Richardson production team on his second album. Although the album is not currently in print, it was released to iTunes along with the other two Andy Gibb albums in 2011, as of 2017, the album has been removed from iTunes. Gibbs second album was made under the direction of Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson, mostly while Barry, Robin, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band up to January. Shadow Dancing was recorded from December 1977 to February 1978, Barry again was executive producer and was present during recording of a few of the songs. John Sambataro, who sang backing and harmony vocals on the non-Barry songs, Sambataro later worked with Dave Mason and McGuinn, Clark and Hillman and he later joined Firefall. Why has feature a guitar by John Sambataro, as well as the guitar work of Jock Bartley of Firefall. He hears exactly what youre hearing, one More Look at the Night - that came across in 10 or 15 minutes. Two further top ten singles, An Everlasting Love and Dont Throw it All Away, a song released by his brothers in 1979, were extracted from the album. So now I am a lot more confident, following the release of Shadow Dancing, RSO arranged a mini-tour of Europe to promote the new album, with planned concerts in the UK as well as other European countries. The album was reissued by Spectrum Records in 1992 and Polydor Records in 1998, rights to the album are now owned by the Bee Gees, and Reprise Records has made the album available through online music stores such as iTunes. All tracks written by Andy Gibb, except where noted
39.
After Dark (Andy Gibb album)
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After Dark is an album by Andy Gibb. It was his studio album, and was released in 1980. It features his last US Top 10 single Desire, I Cant Help It, although the album is not currently in print, it was released to music streaming platforms along with the other two Andy Gibb albums in 2011. The album was recorded in May, continuing in October and finishing in November 1979 at the Criteria Studios, Desire was originally a Bee Gees song that was recorded in 1978 on the sessions of Spirits Having Flown with Barry on lead vocals but was later dropped on the album. Andys version was recorded on 30 May 1979 and his rendition of Warm Ride by the Bee Gees which was an outtake from Saturday Night Fever sessions was also included on this LP. Years later, co-producer Albhy Galuten said of it, I dont know how that got on there, while the title track and Wherever You Are features Andy and Barry singing together. And the ballad Dreamin On closes the album, aside from producing this album, arranging the orchestra on some songs, played synthesizer on the album, Galuten also co-wrote Cant Help Falling in Love with Barry. The album also features work from famous session musician Hugh McCracken as well as The Brecker Brothers, Randy. In March 1980 the last of Gibbs Top Ten singles charted just ahead of the albums release, a second single, I Cant Help It, a duet with family friend Olivia Newton-John, reached the Top Twenty. Unlike the Bee Gees version of Warm Ride, Andys version was recorded in slower tempo and was not sung in falsetto, the albums poor performance, coupled with Gibbs mounting drug problems, would lead to RSO Records dropping Gibb from its roster. On VH1s Behind the Music, label founder Robert Stigwood said that he was heartbroken at having to make the decision to drop Gibb and it was his final full studio album, his first compilation Andy Gibbs Greatest Hits was released in September 1980 with three new songs
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