École normale supérieure
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An école normale supérieure or ENS is a type of elite public higher education institution in France. A portion of the student body, admitted via a highly-selective competitive examination process, are
Key decrees and laws on the upper part of the entrance of École Normale Supérieure, 45 rue d'Ulm
History of ESPCI Paris
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The history of the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris began in 1882, driven by concerns among French chemical industry leaders about France's lag behind Germa
Interior entrance of ESPCI
The Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM), one of France's earliest research institutions.
Marcellin Berthelot, who delayed the adoption of atomism in France.
The Prussian victory at Sadowa, cited by Ernest Renan as evidence of German scientific superiority.