1.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
2.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
3.
Fortifications of Copenhagen (17th century)
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The fortifications of Copenhagen underwent a comprehensive modernization and expansion in the 17th century. The project was commenced and was largely the masterplan of Christian IV in the early 17th century but was continued and completed by his successors, the ring fortification consisted of four bastioned ramparts and an annexed citadel as well as various outworks. Today only the Christianshavn Rampart and the citadel Kastellet remain intact, Christian IVs modernization of the fortifications of Copenhagen commenced in 1606 and would take 20 years to complete. The course of the fortifications was kept but Slotsholmen was now incorporated into the complex. A large bastion in masonry was constructed on its southwestern tip, in the same time, Østervold was taken around parts of Bremerholm to meet the sea. A total of 12 bastions were constructed and just outside the entire fortification a moat was dug, due to topographical variations in the terrain, it was constructed as a series of basins, separated by dams, to solve the problem of variations in the terrain. The uppermost basin was fed by water from Peblingesøen, the Western and Northern City Gates were also renovated and given tall spires and a new Eastern City Gate was built. From 1618-23 Christianshavn was laid out and incorporated as a market town. Strategically situated in the middle of a shallow-watered, marshy area north of Amager, the rampart was constructed with four and a half bastions and a gate, known as Amager Gate. To guard the entrance to the port, a blockhouse was constructed on the shallow-watered Refshaleø in 1624. On the Zealand side of the harbour, north of the city and this work was begun in 1627. As part of his aspirations to strengthen Copenhagen as a regional centre, as early as 1606, when his modernization of the fortifications began, he had purchased 200 hectares of land outside the Eastern City Gate. His intention was to redevelop this area into a new district referred to as Ny København or Sankt Annæ By, the plan was to change the course of Østervold, which at that time made a bend and ran along what is today Gothersgade and Kongens Nytorv. The new Østervold would be an extension of Nørrevold, connecting it to Sankt Annæ Skanse. However, the 1630s was a time of crisis and both Sankt Annæ Skanse and the new course of Østervold was delayed with no major work going on during that decade. After both Jutland and Scania had been occupied by forces in the first half of the 1640s. The new Østervold was constructed and a new project for the fortress at Sankt Annæ Skanse, in 1840 Christian VIII appointed a national defense commission which two years later recommended that the existing fortifications be decommissioned. At the outbreak of the First Schleswig War in 1848, nothing had happened, in 1852, the Line of Demarcation was partially disabandoned but work to maintain and improve the ramparts were carried out as late as 1856-57
4.
Rigshospitalet
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Rigshospitalet is one of the largest hospitals in Denmark and the most highly specialised hospital in Copenhagen. The hospitals main building is a 16 storey functionalist highrise, one of the tallest structures in the parts of the city. Rigshospitalet neighbours the Panum Building which houses the Faculty of Health, as a teaching hospital it is part of the framework organisation Copenhagen University Hospital. The Danish name is not usually translated to English and it is the genitive of rige and the cognate word is used similarly in Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and Dutch. The prefix Stats- is more used, but implies a slightly lower level in the hierarchy. Although Rigshospitalet was founded as a hospital, as opposed to the normal hospitals operated by counties. The hospital itself explains the name was given because its predecessor, Royal Fredericks Hospital, was handed over to the state, Rigshospitalet was founded on 30 March 1757 as Kongelig Frederiks Hospital, named after King Frederick V and situated in Bredgade in central Copenhagen. The buildings are now occupied by the Danish Museum of Art & Design, since 1903 the state has been the owner of the hospital. In 1910 the hospital was renamed and moved to its present location in ten low buildings surrounding a garden designed by architect Martin Borch. In 1995 the hospital was handed over to Hovedstadens Sygehusfællesskab which in 2007 was absorbed by the Capital Region, in 2007 a helipad was built on top of the hospital. Until then, rescue helicopters and helicopters transferring patients would land in the neighbouring park Fælledparken, rigshospitalets mission is to be Denmarks leading hospital for patients needing highly specialized treatment. Its main specialist role has been enhanced in recent years by the decision that it should serve as the host institution for many of Copenhagens speciality departments, because of this, other hospitals refer patients to Rigshospitalet for the unique expertise available there. Rigshospitalet’s neighbor, the Panum Building, houses the University of Copenhagens Faculty of Health and this proximity optimizes a close cooperation between the two in the fields of research and development. The Nordic Cochrane Centre and the University Centre for Nursing and Care Research are in Rigshospitalet, with 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000 outpatients annually. Rigshospitalet has a trauma centre specialised at receiving severely injured patients, ordinary emergency department treatment has been relegated to the other hospitals in Copenhagen. The hospital was the location of Lars von Triers television horror mini-series The Kingdom and it is the hospital in which Crown Princess Mary gave birth to her four children by Crown Prince Frederik, Christian, Isabella, Vincent, and Josephine. Also Prince Joachims children were born here, Nikolai, Felix, Henrik, queen Margrethe and Prince Henriks children, Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim, were born at Rigshospitalet. Prince Carl Fredrik and Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburgs third child and second son, Prince Frederik, in 2007 Rigshospitalet celebrated its 250th anniversary
5.
Kastellet, Copenhagen
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Kastellet, located in Copenhagen, Denmark, is one of the best preserved star fortresses in Northern Europe. It is constructed in the form of a pentagram with bastions at its corners, Kastellet was continuous with the ring of bastioned ramparts which used to encircle Copenhagen but of which only the ramparts of Christianshavn remain today. A number of buildings are located within the grounds of Kastellet, the area houses various military activities but it mainly serves as a public park and a historic site. King Christian IV of Denmark initiated Kastellet’s construction in 1626 with the building of an advanced post, at that time the fortifications only reached as far north as present day Nørreport station, and then returned south east to meet the coast at Bremerholm, the Royal Shipyard. However, part of the plan was to expand the area of the fortified city by abandoning the old East Rampart. This plan was not completed until the mid-1640s, shortly after King Frederick III succeeded King Christian IV, after the Swedish siege on Copenhagen the Dutch engineer Henrik Rüse was called in to help rebuild and extend the construction. The fortification was named Citadellet Frederikshavn, but it is known as Kastellet. Kastellet was part of the defense of Copenhagen against England in the Battle of Copenhagen, christen Købke, Danish painter associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting, grew up in Kastellet and made many paintings of the area. During the German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940, German troops landing at the nearby harbor captured The Citadel without resistance, Kastellet was renovated 1989–1999 with funds from the A. P. Møller and Wife Chastine McKinney Møllers General Fund. The Citadel has two gates, Kings Gate on the side, facing the city, and Norway Gate on the north side of the edifice. They are built in the Dutch Baroque style, and are on their interior side flanked by guardhouses, the Kings Gate is decorated with garlands and pilasters, and a bust of King Frederik III. The clock and two bells on the facade of the gate come from the Central Guard House at Kongens Nytorv and were installed in 1874 when the central guard moved to the Citadel. In front of the gate stand two so-called caponiers from where it was possible to keep assaulting troops under fire, the Norway Gate used to face open countryside outside the city, and has therefore been built to a more simple design. The caponiers of this gate were demolished in the late 19th century, the five bastions are named as follows, The King’s Bastion, The Queen’s Bastion, The Count’s Bastion, the Princess’s Bastion and the Prince’s Bastion. Smedelinien is a system of outworks, separating the inner and the moat, located to the south. It consisted of four ravelins and three counter guard interconnected by long, low earthworks, on Fyns Ravelin, one of the namesake forges has been preserved and is now used by the park authorities. Another forge was built on Falsters Counter Guard in 1709, rebuilt in 1888, it now serves as residence of military employees. The Commanders House served as the residence of the commander of Kastellet and it was built in 1725 in the Baroque style by architect and master builder Elias Häuser who also designed the first Christiansborg Palace which burned in 1794
6.
The Little Mermaid (statue)
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The Little Mermaid is a bronze statue by Edvard Eriksen, depicting a mermaid. The sculpture is displayed on a rock by the waterside at the Langelinie promenade in Copenhagen and it is 1.25 metres tall and weighs 175 kilograms. Based on the tale of the same name by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen. In recent decades it has become a target for defacement by vandals. Mermaid is among iconic statues that symbolize cities, others include, Manneken Pis in Brussels, in several cases, cities have commissioned statues for such a purpose, such as with Singapores Merlion. The sculptor Edvard Eriksen created the statue, which was unveiled on August 23,1913. The statues head was modelled after Price, but as the ballerina did not agree to model in the nude, while the statue was away in Shanghai an authorised copy was displayed on a rock in the lake in Copenhagens nearby Tivoli Gardens. This statue has been damaged and defaced many times since the mid-1960s for various reasons, on April 24,1964, the statues head was sawn off and stolen by politically oriented artists of the Situationist movement, amongst them Jørgen Nash. The head was never recovered and a new head was produced and placed on the statue, on July 22,1984, the right arm was sawn off and returned two days later by two young men. In 1990, an attempt to sever the head left an 18 centimeters deep cut in the neck. On January 6,1998, the statue was decapitated again, the culprits were never found, but the head was returned anonymously to a television station. On the night of September 10,2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives, holes had been blasted in the mermaids wrist and knee. In 2004, the statue was draped in a burqa in a protest against Turkeys application to join the European Union, in May 2007, it was again found draped in Muslim dress and a head scarf. Paint has been poured on the several times, including one episode in 1963. On March 8,2006, a dildo was attached to the hand, green paint was dumped over it. It is suspected that this vandalism was connected with International Womens Day, the grave of Danish-American entertainer Victor Borge includes a copy as well. The Copenhagen Airport also has a replica of the mermaid along with a statue of Andersen, some statues similar to The Little Mermaid are In Sicily. The first it placed in 1962 on the seafront in Giardini Naxos, a second always portraying a mermaid Post on a depth of sea about 18 meters
7.
Ryvangen
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Ryvangen or Ryvangskvarteret is a neighbourhood of single-family detached homes in the northern part of Østerbro, on the border with Hellerup, in Copenhagen, Denmark. The name Ryvangen translates to The Rye Field, the portion located to the west of the north-bound railway line was ceded to the Army in 1893 and used for the construction of the Svanemøllen Barracks. With improved infrastructure, they had increasingly been settling in either Frederiksberg or the northern suburbs, the new neighbourhood attracted a mixture of businessmen, editors, lawyers and artists. A local plan for the area was adopted in 1995, one of Denmarks leading artists of the day, Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, built a combined home and studio to his own design at Strandagervej 28. The painter Johan Rohde lived at Norgesmindevej 16, the sculptor Anders Bundgaards home and studio was built in 1907 to a design by Aage Langeland-Mathiesen at Svanemøllevej 11
8.
Freeport of Copenhagen
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The Free Port of Copenhagen is a bonded area in the northern part of Harbour of Copenhagen, Denmark. The original grounds, now known as Søndre Frihavn, has since been released for other uses, the free port is now located in Nordhavnen and is part of Copenhagen Malmö Port. In a plan from 1862 it was decided to dig out the area to access for the largest ocean-going wessels. A suggestion to make all of Amager into a zone was abolished. Construction began in 1891, prompted by Germanys construction of the Kiel Canal that was begun in 1887, the new free port was inaugurated on 9 November 1894. A private limited company, Københavns Frihavns-Aktieselskab, was given a concession on operating the port by the Ministry of Interior Affairs. All shares in the Free Port Company was taken over by Port Authority in 1951, in 1915–15, the free port was expanded with a new basin, Jronløn Basin, located to the north. It made it blocked the access to the Kalkbrænderihavnen dock, making it necessary to dig out a new canal to it. The next expansion of the port took place between 1919 and 1931, creating the harbour basin now known as Orient Basin. The free port left its original grounds in 1885, an architectural competition was launched for the future use of the area. Among the entries were a proposal from Jørn Utzon which included a highrise and several buildings on Langelinie Pier. The Amerika Plads area was redeveloped in the 2000s, the free port is now located in Nordhavnen and is part of Copenhagen Malmö Port. It consists of a West Quay (now America Quay, a South Quay (now India Quay, a shorter pier, Midtermolen, extended north from South Quay, separating the harbour into an east and a west basin. Only the west side of East Pier was part of the free port, the east side of the pier was used for recreational purposes as a replacement of the promenade which had previously followed the coastline. The two sides were separated from each other by the Langelinie Promenade, a raised promenade constructed on top of a row of low warehouses. The dock is to the north closed by the Marble Pier, in 1931, after the second expansion had been completed, the free port covered a total area of 82.5 hectares of which 49.1 hectares were land and 33.4 hectares were water. The total length of the quays was approximately 4,770 metre with water depth between 7.5 m to 9.5 m, the Custom Guard Building was built in 1894 to designs by Erik Schiødt. It was expanded in 1918 by J. C. M, agerskov and again in 1932 with a three storey extension designed by John Dich
9.
Amerika Plads
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Amerika Plads is a public square and surrounding neighbourhood in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The former Free Port Station building was put in storage during the redevelopment and is now located in the middle of the square where it serves as a café. The name of the area, like that of the quay, is a reference to the passenger ships which used to transport Danish emigrants to New York City during the first half of the 20th century. Dating from circa 1903, the name Dampfærgevej refers to the ferries to Malmö which used to berth on the north side of the area. The Copenhagen-Malmö link was founded as a venture between the Swedish and Danish state railways in 1895 in connection with the opening of the new free port in Copenhagen. The Amerika Plads neighbourhood is located in the steam ferry terrain. The route was discontinued in 1974, in 1986, the premises were taken over by DanLink which operated a cargo line on the route Copenhagen-Helsingborg until 30 June 2000 when it closed due to the opening of the Øresund Bridge. It happened as a joint venture between Port of Copenhagen and private development companies TK Development and Sjælsø Gruppen, in 2000, Port of Copenhagen commissioned Dutch architects West 8 to draw up a masterplan for the transformation of the area. The aim of the plan is to create a dense and active urban environment with multiple functions and diverse architecture. The neighbourhood comprises about 50,000 em2 of renovated buildings and 95,000 em2 of new buildings distributed on 53,000 em2 of offices and buildings and about 42,000 em2 of dwellings. The square is dominated by the former Free Port Railway Station which was dismantled in 2002, among the older buildings in the area is the former headquarters of Nordisk Fjer which was built in 1901. It now serves as headquarters for Banedanmark, the Twin Warehouses, also known as Warehouse D and E, were built in the 1920s. Other historic buildings are found along Dampfærgevej, the most prominent modern buildings in the area are the Copper Tower on the north side of the area, next to the Ferry Terminal, and Fyrtårnet on its south side. The Copper Tower is a 16-storey, copper-clad office building which was designed by Arkitema and it houses the law firm Plesner as well as an Italian supermarket in its ground floor. The Lighthouse is a tower block designed by Lundgaard & Tranberg and was completed in 2007. Other modern buildings in the area have been designed by C. F. Møller Architects, Amerika Plads is located between Østerport station and Nordhavn station on the S-train main railway line through Copenhagen. Amerika Plads Amerika Plads on Copenhagen X
10.
Amerikakaj
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Amerikakaj is a 700 metre long quay along the west side of the Søndre Frihavn dock in Copenhagen, Denmark. The name commemorates the transatlantic passenger ships of the Scandinavian America Line which used to berth along the quay during the first half of the 20th century, today DFDSs ferries to Oslo berth at its north end. A number of buildings along the quay date from the Freeport of Copenhagen which originally occupied the grounds, the buildings have their address on Dampfærgevej, a parallel street which separates the quay from Amerika Plads, a mixed-use development of mainly modern buildings. The quay was built as part of the Freeport which opened to traffic in 1894 and it was originally known simply as Vestkaj but received its current name in 1965 to commemorate the transatlantic passenger ships which used it as a berth. The first direct route between Scandinavia and America was operated by Thingvalla Line which was founded by Carl Frederik Tietgen in 1879. Their ships originally berthed at Larsens Plads but when the new Free Port opened, the name of the company was changed to Scandinavian America Line when it was taken over by DFDS in 1898. In 1935 the ship Fredrik VIII sailed the Scandinavian America Lines final voyage from New York to Copenhagen, the ship was scrapped in 1936. After that time, cargo and passenger service continued under the DFDS name, the historical buildings along the quay include the free ports Central Power Station, Manufakturhuset and the Silo Warehouse. Other warehouses have been demolished to make way for apartment buildings. Halfway along the quay, on a flight of stairs, is a statue of a young girl, conmemorating the Danish mormons who were among the first Danes to emigrate to America. Installed on 6 July 2000, the statue depicts the girl facing a strong wind as she looks out across the North Sea prior to the departure for America where they settled in Alpine. The setts on the promenade beneath the statue are inscribed with about 200 names and the year of their departure of Danish mormons who all emigrated to Utah in the period from 1850 until 1900
11.
Brumleby
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Brumleby is an enclave of terraced houses in Copenhagen, Denmark, located between Østre Allé and Østerbrogade, just south of Parken Stadium and St. James Church. Built for indigent workers by the Danish Medical Association from 1854 to 1872, it is one of the earliest examples of housing in Denmark. The development was designed by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll and Vilhelm Klein in Neoclassical style, a major reason for the outbreak was the dismal conditions in the poorest parts of the city which suffered from overpopulation and lack of proper sanitary services. Copenhagens population had almost doubled since 1800 but the city had not been allowed to expand beyond its old fortification ring. Construction began in 1854 and the first stage of the development, due to the intervention of the Second Schleswig War, a planned extension did not begin until 1866. After Bindesbølls death in 1856, he was replaced by Vilhelm Klein, by the time the second stage was completed in 1872, Brumleby had 550 apartments which housed approximately 2,500 inhabitants. Over the years there were numerous proposals to demolish Brumleby and replace it with more dense housing. The area was not originally known as Brumleby, but simply as Lægeforeningens Boliger, the prefix Brumle-, in the beginning also seen as Brumme-, most likely was a reference to the sound from the grazing cattle on the surrounding commons. The suffix -by simply means town or area, as in the English by-law, Brumleby consists of four rows of two-storey houses with bicoloured facades, ochre coloured ground floors and white first floors, and slate roofs. The inspiration for the design came from Italian agricultural workers housing which Bindesbøll had seen during his years in Italy, Brumleby still serves as social housing, part of Københavns Almindelige Boligselskab. Today, after mergers during a renovation in the 1990s. The renovation also fitted the apartments with private bathrooms and toilets, ilia Fibiger, writer and Denmarks first professional nurse, lived there with six orphans in the 1860s. The writer Martin Andersen Nexø lived in the area as a child, from 1872 to 1877, mille Dinesen a Danish actress best known for starring in the film Nynne, as well as the title role in the television series Rita. Danish Workers Building Society Architecture of Denmark Danish Culture Canon Official website
Media related to Østerbro at Wikimedia Commons
Østerbro travel guide from Wikivoyage
