1.
Honolulu
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Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
2.
Oahu
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Oʻahu or Oahu /oʊˈɑːhu/, known as The Gathering Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to about two-thirds of the population of the U. S. state of Hawaii, the state capital, Honolulu, is on Oʻahus southeast coast. Along with the rest of the Hawaiian Islands, Oahu is one of the largest and northernmost islands of Polynesia, in the greatest dimension, this volcanic island is 44 miles long and 30 miles across. The length of the shoreline is 227 miles, the island is the result of two separate shield volcanoes, the Waiʻanae and Koʻolau Ranges, with a broad valley or saddle between them. The highest point is Kaʻala in the Waiʻanae Range, rising to 4,003 feet above sea level, the island was home to the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center from 1941 to 2012, it is now home to the National Security Agencys Hawaii Cryptologic Center. The island is home to 953,207 people in 2010, Oʻahu has for a long time been known as the Gathering Place. The term Oʻahu has no confirmed meaning in Hawaiian, other than that of the place itself, ancient Hawaiian tradition attributes the names origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a son, residents of Oʻahu refer to themselves as locals, no matter their ancestry. The city of Honolulu—largest city, state capital, and main deepwater marine port for the State of Hawaiʻi—is located here. As a jurisdictional unit, the island of Oʻahu is in the Honolulu County, although as a place name. Well-known features found on Oʻahu include Waikīkī, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kāneʻohe Bay, Kailua Bay, being roughly diamond-shaped, surrounded by ocean and divided by mountain ranges, directions on Oʻahu are not generally described with the compass directions found throughout the world. Locals instead use directions originally using Honolulu as the central point, to go ewa means traveling toward the western tip of the island, Diamond Head is toward the eastern tip, mauka is inland and makai toward the sea. Oʻahu is also known for having the longest rain shower in history, kaneohe Ranch, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi reported 247 straight days with rain from August 27,1993 to April 30,1994. The island has many one of them being rainbow state. This is because rainbows are a sight in Hawaiʻi due to the frequent rain showers. The average temperature in Oʻahu is around 70 to 85 degrees, the weather during the winter is cooler, but still warm with the average temperature of 68-78 degrees. The windward side is known for some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, lanikai Beach on the windward coast of Oʻahu has been consistently ranked among the best beaches in the world. The 300-year-old Kingdom of Oʻahu was once ruled by the most ancient aliʻi in all of the Hawaiian Islands, the first great king of Oʻahu was Mailikukahi, the lawmaker, who was followed by many generation of monarchs
3.
Keeaumoku II
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George Cox Kahekili Keʻeaumoku II or Keʻeaumoku ʻOpio was part of an influential family at the time of the founding of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He served as a leader, and then became a convert to Christianity. He is sometimes called Keʻeaumoku III if Keʻeaumoku Nui is counted as Keʻeaumoku I and he was born probably in 1784. His father was Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi, a noble from Hawaiʻi Island, and his mother was Nāmāhānaʻi Kaleleokalani, from his mother he was a related to many of the kings of Maui. His father had been a counsellor and supporter of Kamehameha I during his early years, as the eldest son of Keʻeaumoku, he succeed his father as a counsellor during the last years of Kamehamehas campaigns in 1804. He was appointed governor of Maui and adjacent islands of Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi and Kahoʻolawe by Kamehameha I, some early writers spell his name Keaumoku. He served as Commander and Admiral of the Kings Fleet and fought in the Battle of Nuuanu along with Isaac Davis and his siblings became notable leaders in various roles. His older sister Kaʻahumanu became a Queen consort of Kamehameha I, another older sister Queen Kalākua Kaheiheimālie, and a younger sister Lydia Namahana Piʻia also became royal wives. Younger brother Kalua-i-Konahale Kuakini took the name John Adams and became Royal Governor of Hawaiʻi island, as the custom with royalty of the time, he took multiple wives. His first two were Kekuauaea and Akahi, the aunt who later willed her vast lands to Bernice Pauahi Bishop, around 1821 he became the first husband of Grace Kamaʻikuʻi Young when she was in her teens, later the foster mother of Emma Rooke. His reputation for extracting as much tax as the commoners could bear led to his nickname Puʻu Nui, the name refers to the rotting piles of excess goods outside his storehouses. In the true Hawaiian double entendre, the name also accurately described his physique and he had George Cox tattooed on his arm, from a time when he and his brothers all decided to impress foreign traders by taking British names. He took the name Cox, after the first British sea captain to him, Harold Cox. He was usually called Governor Cox by foreigners and he learned English, and considered a friend of the European and American traders. The Maui port of Lāhainā became a port of call for whaling ships in his tenure. Captain Harold Cox would marry into Hawaiian royalty, and his daughter would marry Chief Hoʻolulu and he was among the first to house the Protestant missionaries that had arrived from Boston in 1820. His knowledge of English made him a valuable interpreter and he attended public worship and collected the people together by ringing a large bell. They devised a system and he quickly learned to read
4.
Kalanimoku
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He was called The Iron Cable of Hawaiʻi because of his abilities. Kalanimoku was born at Kauiki, Maui, circa 1768 and his father was Kekuamanoha and his mother was Kamakahukilani, the niece of his father. Through his father he was a grandson of Kekaulike, the King or Moʻi of Maui, through his mother he was great-grandson of Kekaulike. He was cousin of Kaʻahumanu, Kaheiheimālie, and Namahana Piʻia and his siblings included Boki, later served as Governor of Oʻahu, Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio, later served as Governor of Maui, and Manono II, the wife of Keaoua Kekuaokalani. Both his sisters were at one time wives of Kamehameha I which may explain how he gained his power, at the time, his name was often spelled Karaimoku by Hawaiians and contemporaries alike, and even Kalanimoku, himself, signed his name as such. Other spellings were Kalaimoku, Crymoku or Crimoku and he adopted the name William Pitt after his contemporary the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Pitt the Younger. He was frequently addressed as Mr. Pitt or Billy Bitt and he served as Kamehameha Is chief minister and treasurer succeeding his uncle Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi. He had great abilities in both governmental and business affairs. He was well liked and respected by foreigners, who learned from experience to rely on his words and he was called the iron cable of Hawaiʻi because of his abilities. In 1819, he was baptized a Roman Catholic aboard the French ship Uranie, in the presence of Kuhina Nui Kaʻahumanu, the event depicted in a watercolor by ships artist Jacques Arago, who wrote and illustrated accounts of the Hawaiian Islands during Freycinet expedition. Kalanimoku led an army against the revolt of Kekuaokalani in December 1819 in the battle of Kuamoʻo. He served as regent along with Queen Kaʻahumanu while Kamehameha II traveled to London in 1823, in his later years his vision dimmed and one of his eyes was defective. He suffered from dropsy through 1826 and the disease became alarming in the following year and he died at Kamakahonu in Kailua Kona, Hawaii Island on February 7,1827. He had only one son, William Pitt Leleiohoku I, who married Ruth Keʻelikōlani and had their only son John William Pitt Kīnaʻu, media related to Kalanimoku at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Kingdom of Hawaii
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The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi originated in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi under one government. In 1810 the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the kingdom voluntarily, two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers, the United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan, or another power threaten to seize control. Hawaii adopted a new constitution in 1887 to reduce the power of King Kalākaua. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to restore the old order, Hawaii became a republic until the United States annexed it in 1898. Before the founding of a formal, united kingdom, the islands were all ruled by independent aliʻi nui or supreme executives. All of these rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa, Captain James Cook stumbled across the islands, but was killed while attempting to kidnap the aliʻi nui of Hawaii Island in 1779. Three years later Hawaii was passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻus son, Kīwalaʻō, while religious authority was passed to the rulers nephew, a series of battles, lasting 15 years, was led by the warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established with the help of weapons and advisors, such as John Young. Although successful in attacking both Oʻahu and Maui, he failed to secure a victory in Kauaʻi, his effort hampered by a storm, eventually, Kauaʻis chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended the ancient Hawaiian society, transforming it into an independent constitutional monarchy crafted in the traditions, from 1810 to 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was ruled by two major dynastic families, the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government styled as Kamehameha, Lunalilo was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho and Kauikeaouli, were sons of Kamehameha the Great. For a period of Liholiho and Kauikeaoulis reigns, the wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaʻahumanu, ruled as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui. Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands, in 1848 the Great Māhele was imposed by the king, it resulted in the selling off virtually all the village land farmed by the natives. For the natives, contact with the world represented demographic disaster. The Hawaiian population of natives fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778 to 71,000 in 1853, American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite into the mid-19th century and they provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings, and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities
6.
Umi-a-Liloa
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ʻUmi-a-Līloa was a ruling alii-ai-moku who inherited religious authority of Hawaii from his father, High Chief Liloa, whose line is traced, unbroken to Hawaiian creation. She was of a line of chiefs who Liloa had fallen in love with when he discovered her bathing in a river. He became Chief after the death of his half-brother Hākau, who inherited the lands of his father to rule, umi-a-Liloa was considered a just ruler, religious and the first to unite almost all of the Big Island. The legend of Umi is one of the most popular hero sagas in Hawaiian history, while there is probably embellishment to the story, as many sagas do, a portion of historic accuracy remains. ʻUmiʻs wife was Princess Piʻikea, daughter of Piʻilani, Piʻikea and ʻUmi were the parents of son Kumalae and daughter Aihākōkō. His father was Alii-ai-moku Liloa, and his mother, Akahiakuleana, the couple met when Liloa, the then alii-ai-moku of Hawaii was visiting the local area of Hamakua. He met Akahi there and claimed his right to her as King, Akahi hid the gifts given to her by Liloa from her husband and later gave birth to a son. At the age of 15 or 16, his father was punishing the boy when his mother intervened and told the man he could not touch him because the boy was his lord. She recovered the hidden tokens of royal sovereignty to present to her husband to prove the high treason he would have committed, Liloas palace was well guarded and attended by several Kahuna. The entire enclosure was sacred and a penalty of death stood for breaching its walls, Umi entered the walled off enclosure with attendants afraid to stop someone wearing the royal insignia and walked straight to Liloas sleeping quarters, waking the king. When Liloa asked who he was, he said It is I and he then placed the tokens at his fathers feet and was proclaimed son by King Liloa. After learning of Umi, Hākau became upset and demanded answers from his father, who assured his first born that he would be king after his death and his brother would serve him. Umi was brought to court on a footing with his half brother Hākau. Living within Liloas court alongside his brother, Umi found great favor from his father, Liloa died and his kingdom passed to his first born son, Hākau as promised. At first a decent king, he soon became brutal, to avoid his brothers anger, Umi exhiled himself to another district. There he takes wives and is begins building forces and followers, chiefs begin to believe him to be of the highest chiefly nature from signs they see. He gives food to people and becomes known for caring for everyone, in contrast, Hākau refuses to attend to his fathers two favorite, ailing Kahuna requesting food after an illness. He refuses them food in an insulting manner, nunu and Ka-hohe were of the priestly class of Lono
7.
Bernice Pauahi Bishop
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Bernice Pauahi Bishop, born Bernice Pauahi Pākī, was an aliʻi of the Royal Family of the Kingdom of Hawaii and a well known philanthropist. At her death, her estate was the largest private landownership in the Hawaiian Islands, the revenues from these lands are used to operate the Kamehameha Schools, which were established in 1887 according to Pauahis will. Pauahi was married to businessman and philanthropist Charles Reed Bishop, Pauahi was born in Honolulu on December 19,1831 in ʻAikupika the grass hut compound of her father, Abner Kuhoʻoheiheipahu Pākī. Pākī was an aliʻi from the island of Molokaʻi, and son of Aliʻi Kalani-hele-maiiluna and her mother was Laura Kōnia, the younger daughter of Ke Aliʻi Pauli Kaʻōleiokū, by his second wife, Ke Aliʻi Kahailiopua Luahine. Kaʻōleiokū was the son of Kānekapōlei, wife of Kalaniʻōpuʻu and Kamehameha I, Pauahi was named for her aunt, Queen Pauahi, a widow of King Kamehameha II, and given the Christian name of Bernice. Pauahis birth chant does not mention Kamehameha I himself and she was adopted at birth by Princess Kīnaʻu, but was returned to her parents in 1838 when Kīnaʻu gave birth to her daughter, Victoria Kamāmalu. Kīnaʻu died of mumps in 1839, Pauahi began attending the Chiefs Childrens School that same year and remained there until 1846. Her teachers were Mr. and Mrs. Cooke, Pauahi greatly enjoyed horseback riding and swimming, and she also liked music, flowers, and the outdoors. She dressed like any fashionable New York or London woman of the time and it had been planned from childhood that Pauahi, born into Hawaiian royalty, would marry her hānai brother Prince Lot Kapuāiwa. Pauahi married businessman Charles Reed Bishop May 4,1850 despite the objections of her parents, per her request, very few people attended her wedding. One of the few witnesses was Princess Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau, her cousin, the couple had no children of their own. They adopted a son named Keolaokalani Davis from Pauahis cousin Ruth Keʻelikōlani in 1862, against the wish of Ruths husband, but the infant died at the age of six months. The Taylors refused to give up their son but instead offered to give one of their twin daughters to the Bishops. Pauahi was educated at the Royal School and was eligible to be a named heir, Prince Lot Kapuāiwa ruled as Kamehameha V and offered Pauahi the throne on his deathbed in 1872. But, taken aback, she replied, No, no, not me, but she again spurned the throne, Oh, no, do not think of me. The king died an hour later, Pauahis refusal to accept the crown allowed the Lunalilo to become the first elected monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom. On October 16,1884, at the age of 52, Pauahi died of breast cancer at Keōua Hale and she is interred in the Kamehameha Crypt at Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at Mauna ʻAla on Oʻahu. These lands were incorporated after Pauahis death into the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estates, which funds the Kamehameha Schools to the present day
8.
Kamehameha Schools
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Bishops will established a trust called the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate that is Hawaiʻis largest private landowner. Originally established in 1887 as a school for native Hawaiian children. After it moved to location, the museum took over two school halls. Kamehameha Schools opened its girls school in 1894, the 600-acre Kapālama campus opened in 1931, while the Maui and Hawaiʻi campuses opened in 1996 and 2001, respectively. It was developed at the bequest of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop to educate children of Hawaiian descent, the school teaches in the English language a college-prep education enhanced by Hawaiian culture, language and practices, imparting historical and practical value of continuing Hawaiian traditions. It operates 31 preschools statewide and three grade K–12 campuses in Kapālama, Oʻahu, Pukalani, Maui, and Keaʻau, Hawaiʻi, by the terms of its founding, the schools admissions policy prefers applicants with Native Hawaiian ancestry. Since 1965 it has excluded all but two non-Hawaiians from being admitted, a lawsuit challenging the schools admission policy resulted in a narrow victory for Kamehameha in the Ninth Circuit Court, however, Kamehameha ultimately settled, paying the plaintiff $7 million. As of the 2011–12 school year, Kamehameha had an enrollment of 5,398 students at its three campuses and 1,317 children at its preschools, for a total enrollment of 5,416. Beyond its campuses, Kamehameha served an estimated 46,923 Hawaiians in 2011 through its support for schools, charter schools. During her lifetime, she experienced and encountered the decline of her Hawaiian people and she also directed the Hawaiʻi Supreme Court to appoint replacement trustees and required that all teachers be Protestant, without regard to denomination. After Bishops death in 1884, her husband Charles Reed Bishop carried out her will, reverend William Brewster Oleson, former principal of the Hilo boarding school founded by David Belden Lyman in 1836, helped organize the schools on a similar model of European-American education. The original Kamehameha School for Boys opened in 1887, after it moved to a new campus, the girls school opened nearby in 1894. The preparatory school, originally serving grades K–6, opened in 1888 adjacent to the boys school, by 1955, all three schools had moved to the current 600-acre campus in Kapālama Heights. The schools became co-ed in 1965 In 1996, the opened a 180-acre campus on Maui. Accordingly, the School sought to be included within one of the exemptions to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As a result, the requirement that all teachers be Protestant was held to be a violation of the Civil Rights Act, according to the will, the Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi appointed trustees. After the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii by the United States, however, many trustees were political insiders. By 1997 trustees were paid $800,000 to $900,000 annually, at that time, critics alleged that the trustees were micromanaging the schools and that they had vastly over-rewarded themselves in their pay
9.
Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii
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Waimea is a census-designated place in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 7,028 at the 2000 census and 9,212 at the 2010 census. Since each U. S. state cannot have more than one post office of the name, and there is a post office in in Waimea, Kauai county. Waimea is the largest town in the interior of the Big Island, the Parker Ranch in and around Waimea is the largest privately owned cattle ranch in the US, and the annual Fourth of July rodeo is a major event. The Waimea Cherry Blossom Heritage Festival, held annually in the first week of February, has become another major event of the town. In the center of town you can find Hawaiian art at the Isaacs Art Center, the Wishard Gallery, Waimea is also home to the headquarters of two astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea, the W. M. Keck Observatory and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. It is also headquarters of the International Lunar Observatory Association and it is believed that the watershed area of the Kohala mountains once supported several thousand native Hawaiians, who practiced subsistence agriculture, made kapa, and thatched living structures. As the Europeans arrived in the area, most of the forests were harvested. California longhorn cattle were given as a gift to Hawaiian King Kamehameha I by British Captain George Vancouver in 1793. In 1809, John Palmer Parker arrived to the area after jumping ship and over time became employed by the king to tame the population of cattle, which at this point had grown out of control. In 1815 Parker married Kipikane, the daughter of a chief, and as a family developed what is now Parker Ranch. Waimeas post office name Kamuela is the Hawaiian name for Samuel, named after Samuel Parker, the king hired these vaqueros to teach Hawaiians herding and ranching skills, and by 1836 the island had working cowboys. As the Hawaiian culture and Latin vaquero cultured commingled, a breed of cowboy emerged. During World War II beef and vegetable prices increased and farmers returned to cultivate maize, beets, cabbage, farm and ranchland acreage increased from 75 in 1939 to 518 in 1946. Waimea also saw many soldiers during this time who built a temporary tent city. When the war was over and the military had left, Waimea had an entertainment center, now Kahilu Theatre, Waimea is located at 20°1′26″N 155°38′50″W, and is 2676 feet above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 38.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,028 people,2,371 households, the population density was 181.4 people per square mile
10.
House of Kamehameha
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The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalakaua. The origins of the House of Kamehameha can be traced back to half brothers, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, Kalaniʻōpuʻus father was Kalaninuiʻīamamao and Keōuas father was Kalanikeʻeaumoku, both sons of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. They shared a mother, Kamakaʻīmoku. Both brothers served Alapaʻinui, the ruling King of Hawaiʻi island, Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehamehas biological father, and that Kahekili II might have been the figures real father. Regardless, Kamehameha Is descent from Keawe remains intact through his mother, Kekuʻiapoiwa II, Keōua acknowledged him as his son and is recognized by official genealogies. The traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui, indicates that Kamehameha I was born in the month of ikuwā or around November. Alapai had given the child, Kamehameha to his wife Keaka, however, his general dating has been challenged. Abraham Fornander writes in his publication, An Account of the Polynesian Race, Its Origins and Migrations and his birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter. A brief history of the Hawaiian people By William De Witt Alexander lists the date in the Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History as 1736. He would be named Paiea but would take the name Kamehameha, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the young Kamehamehas uncle, would raise him after his fathers death. Kalaniʻōpuʻu ruled Hawaiʻi as did his grandfather Keawe and he had a number of advisors and priests. When word reached the ruler that chiefs were planning to murder the boy, he told Kamehameha, In 1778 Captain James Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands and returned in 1779. When his ship, Resolution broke a foremast as they were leaving, he was forced to turn back, a fight and theft of blacksmith tools led to a situation on shore where a Hawaiian canoe was confiscated, even after the tools were recovered. Tensions were high with the Hawaiian population and one of Cooks small boats was taken, in retaliation, Cook decided to kidnap King Kalaniʻōpuʻu. As he was being led away from his enclosure, his favorite wife. Two chiefs, Kalaimanokahoowaha and an attendant named Nuaa, saw her pleading as the King was being led away with his two sons following. As they reached the beach Kanaina, Kānekapōlei and Nuaa were able to convince Kalaniʻōpuʻu to stop, the crowd began to become aggressive and a rock was thrown and hit Cook. He took out his sword and struck Kanaina broadside without injury, before the remains of Cook were returned, the bones of the man were boiled down to strip off the flesh then given to chiefs
11.
Hawaiian Islands
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Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the Sandwich Islands, a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 and the United States annexed the islands in 1898. The Hawaiian Islands are the peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. The islands are about 1,860 miles from the nearest continent and this name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name Hawaii gradually began to take precedence. The Hawaiian Islands have a land area of 6,423.4 square miles. Except for Midway, which is a territory of the United States. The eight main islands of Hawaii are listed here and this number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small island, offshore of the main islands and individual islets in each atoll. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, the age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.4 Ma. The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the island, Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images, almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase, nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. Hawaiʻi island is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles, the Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year, Hawaii accounted for 7. 3% of the United States reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this period, after Alaska. On October 15,2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, the initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island, several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles from the epicenter
12.
Elizabeth Kekaaniau
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She was born September 12,1834 in her family home at Waialua. She was given the name Elizabeth after her mothers adoptive mother Queen Elizabeth Kaʻahumanu, and her full name was Elizabeth Kekaikuihala Kekaʻaniauokalani Kalaninuiohilaukapu Laʻanui. Her father was High Chief Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui who escaped the slaughter of Kawaihae when Keōua Kūʻahuʻula was killed and her mother was High Chiefess Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives, a relative of Queen Kaʻahumanu and daughter of Kamehameha IIs French Secretary Jean Baptiste Rives. Through her fathers first marriage to Namahana Piʻia, she was the step-niece of Queen Kaʻahumanu and she was of one quarter French and three quarter Native Hawaiian descent. At a young age, she was placed in the Chiefs Childrens School, also known as the Royal School, along with her other classmates, she was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Called Lizzy by her classmates, she was taught by the missionary couple Juliette Montague, in the classroom students were divided by their age and length of time at the school. She was a member of the senior level class, during her school years, she developed a close relationship with her cousins Emma and Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who later founded Kamehameha Schools. She was one of the few invited guest at the wedding of the latter and served as bridesmaid and she married Franklin Seaver Pratt on April 27,1864. Pratt, a native of Boston, Massachusetts, was a businessman and sugar plantation owner and held a few court. However, he was kept on the periphery of power and they became close friends and associates of Queen Emma. Kekaʻaniau was present at the deathbed of King Kamehameha V with Queen Emma, Pauahi and she later claimed that the dying monarch had offered her the throne before asking Pauahi to succeed him. Historian James L. Haley noted that if this was true she would have a been a strong candidate, neither women accepted and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir. After the death of Kamehameha Vs elected successor King Lunalilo, the Pratts became supporters of Queen Emma during her candidacy during the royal election of 1874 against Kalākaua. These lands transferred to the United States Federal Government after the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898, following the death of Liliʻuokalani in 1918, Kekaʻaniau became the last survivor of the Royal School. She died at the age of 94 in Honolulu, Oahu and she was buried at the Oahu Cemetery. Her book was republished in 1999 by her nephew, David Castro. It was republished again in 2009, Castro also wrote a biography of her titled Princess Elizabeth Kekaaniau Laanui, Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to Hawaiian the Throne in 2008. The Pratts did not have any children of their own, although they adopted her niece, Theresa Owana Laʻanui, daughter of her younger brother Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui II, the Pratts also later adopted Alexander and Theresas younger daughter Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright
13.
George Kanahele
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George Huʻeu Sanford Kanahele was a native Hawaiian activist, historian and author. George Huʻeu Sanford Kanahele was born October 17,1930 in Kahuku on the island of Oʻahu of Hawaii, Kanahele graduated from Kamehameha Schools in 1948, and served as missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan until 1954. He then served in the United States Army Security Agency in Germany and he received his Bachelors and masters degrees in political science from Brigham Young University Hawaiʻi, and Ph. D. in Government and Southeast Asian Affairs from Cornell University in 1967. He published several books during his life relating to Hawaiian culture, as co-founder of the Hawaiʻi Entrepreneurship Training & Development Institute, he trained indigenous people around the world in how to start sustainable businesses. Kanahele founded of the Native Hawaiian Hospitality Association in 1997, in 1998 he received the Living Treasures of Hawaii award. He died September 15,2000 while teaching a seminar on Guam, the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, prelude to independence. Hawaiian music and musicians, an illustrated history, Kanahele, George S. Berger, John, eds. Hawaiian values for the hospitality industry, kū kanaka, stand tall, a search for Hawaiian values. Waikīkī,100 B. C. to 1900 A. D. an untold story, emma, Hawaiis Remarkable Queen, a Biography
14.
Kuhina Nui
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Kuhina Nui was a powerful office in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi from 1819 to 1864. It was usually held by a relative of the king and was the equivalent of the 19th-century European office of Prime Minister or sometimes Regent. Prior to the establishment of the office of Kuhina Nui by Kamehameha and this was an ancient office from the very dawn of Hawaiian civilization. During this time before the Kuhina Nui Kalanimoku, a chief of Kamehameha, was the Kālaimoku until Kamehameha established the office of the Kuhina Nui. When King Kamehameha II assumed the throne in 1819, his fathers wife, Queen Kaʻahumanu. Whether this was really the will of Kamehameha I is a matter of debate, in either case, Kamehameha II did not object and the office of Kuhina Nui was created for Kaʻahumanu. According to other sources, Kamehameha I had wanted Kaʻahumanu to succeed her father Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi as chief counselor, Kaʻahumanu became the driving force behind the kingdom’s policy during the reign of Kamehameha II. She and another one of Kamehameha Is wives, Keōpūolani, pressured Kamehameha II into abolishing the old system of laws. At the death of Kamehameha II in 1824, his younger brother, because of this, Kaʻahumanu ruled in his place as regent. Kauikeaouli was crowned King Kamehameha III thereafter and the office of Kuhina Nui became the second-most powerful office in the kingdom, during Kīnaʻus time in office, the offices of the king and Kuhina Nui often battled for power. This was mainly due to conflict between the views of the two people holding the office, while Kamehameha III desired a revival of the old Hawaiian culture, his elder sister Kīnaʻu wanted Hawaiʻi to be a Protestant state which tolerated no other religion. For the first few years of Kamehameha III’s reign, the kingdom suffered from the frequent quarrels between Kīnaʻu and the king, the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi codified the office of Kuhina Nui into law. The constitution specified the duties and powers, The Kuhina Nui was to be appointed by the King. All business connected with the interests of the kingdom which the King wished to transact was to be done by Kuhina Nui under the authority of the king. All documents and business of the executed by the Kuhina Nui were to be considered as executed by the Kings authority. All government property was to be reported to the Kuhina Nui, the King was not allowed to act without the knowledge of the Kuhina Nui, nor was the Kuhina Nui allowed to act without the knowledge of the King. All important business of the kingdom which the King chose to transact in person, the 1840 Constitution created a degree of power sharing between the King and Kuhina Nui. Both were given seats in the House of Nobles in the legislature, the position was written into a constitution devised by American attorneys and missionaries
15.
Governors of Maui
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The Governor of Maui was the royal governor or viceroy of the Island of Maui in the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Governor of Maui resided at Lahaina and was usually a Hawaiian chief or prince, the governor had authority over four of the eight islands, Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe. It was up to the governor to appoint lieutenant governors to assist them, the governor had replaced the old Moʻi of Maui, but sovereignty remained with the king. The island governors were under the jurisdiction of the Ministers of the Interiors, all the governors, from Hawaiʻi to Kauaʻi shall be subject to the King. He also shall preside over all the judges of his island and he shall also appoint the judges and give them their certificates of office. All the governors, from Hawaiʻi to Kauaʻi shall be not only to the King. The governor shall be the superior over his particular island or islands and he shall have charge of the munitions of war, under the direction of the King, however, and the Premier. He shall have charge of the forts, the soldiery, the arms and he shall receive the government dues and shall deliver over the same to the Premier. All important decisions rest with him in times of emergency, unless the King or Premier be present. He shall have charge of all the Kings business on the island, the taxation, new improvements to be extended, and plans for the increase of wealth, and all officers shall be subject to him. He shall also have power to all questions, and transact all island business which is not by law assigned to others. When Hawaii was annexed by the United States of America, the islands became administered by the Maui County government. After King Kalākaua was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution in 1887, the governors and governesses at the time were also viewed unfit to appoint the native police forces and condemned for their refusal to accept their removal or reform by sheriffs or the marshal. King Kalākaua refused to approve the 1888 act, but his veto was overridden by two-third of the legislature. These positions were restored under the An Act To Establish A Governor On Each Of The Islands Of Oahu, Maui, Hawaii and Kauai on November 14,1890, with the effective date of January 1,1891. One significant change was this act made it illegal for a woman to be ending the traditional practice of appointing female royals. Kalākaua died prior to reappointing any of the governors. After the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, the Provisional Government of Hawaii repealed the 1890 act, list of Governors of Hawaii Governors of Hawaii Governors of Kauai Governors of Oahu Moʻi of Maui Mayor of Maui
16.
William Pitt the Younger
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William Pitt the Younger, PC was a British politician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24 and he left office in 1801, but was Prime Minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806. He was also the Chancellor of the Exchequer throughout his premiership, born William Pitt, he is known as the Younger to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who had previously served as Prime Minister. The younger Pitts prime ministerial tenure, which came during the reign of George III, was dominated by events in Europe, including the French Revolution. Pitt, although referred to as a Tory, or new Tory. He is best known for leading Britain in the wars against France. Pitt was an administrator who worked for efficiency and reform. He raised taxes to pay for the war against France. To meet the threat of Irish support for France, he engineered the Acts of Union 1800, Pitt created the new Toryism, which revived the Tory Party and enabled it to stay in power for the next quarter-century. Historian Asa Briggs points out that his personality did not endear itself to the British mind, for Pitt was too solitary, too colourless and his greatness came in the war with France, with the adversary setting the pace. Pitt reacted to become what Lord Minto called the Atlas of our reeling globe and his integrity and industry and his role as defender of the threatened nation allowed him to inspire and access all the national reserves of strength. William Wilberforce said that, For personal purity, disinterestedness and love of this country, for this he is ranked highly amongst British Prime Ministers. The Honourable William Pitt, second son of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, was born at Hayes Place in the village of Hayes, Pitt was from a political family on both sides. His mother, Hester Grenville, was sister to former prime minister George Grenville, according to biographer John Ehrman, Pitt inherited brilliance and dynamism from his fathers line, and a determined, methodical nature from the Grenvilles. Suffering from occasional poor health as a boy, he was educated at home by the Reverend Edward Wilson, an intelligent child, Pitt quickly became proficient in Latin and Greek. In 1773, aged fourteen, he attended Pembroke College, Cambridge, at Cambridge, Pitt was tutored by George Pretyman, who became a close personal friend. Pitt later appointed Pretyman Bishop of Lincoln then Winchester and drew upon his advice throughout his political career, while at Cambridge, he befriended the young William Wilberforce, who became a lifelong friend and political ally in Parliament. Pitt tended to socialise only with students and others already known to him
17.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
18.
Kealakekua, Hawaii
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Kealakekua is a census-designated place in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 1,645 at the 2000 census and it was the subject of the 1933 popular song, My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii by Bill Cogswell, Tommy Harrison and Johnny Noble which became a Hawaiian Music standard. Kealakekua is located at 19°31′35″N 155°55′22″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.5 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,645 people,639 households, the population density was 218.1 people per square mile. There were 692 housing units at a density of 91.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 24. 74% White,0. 73% African American,0. 67% Native American,36. 84% Asian,7. 23% Pacific Islander,2. 07% from other races, and 27. 72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 18% of the population,26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.10. In the CDP the population was out with 22. 1% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 3% from 25 to 44,27. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $38,026, and the median income for a family was $45,192. Males had an income of $29,333 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,495, about 9. 2% of families and 13. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 1% of those under age 18 and 6. 3% of those age 65 or over. Hawaii Department of Education operates public schools, Konawaena Middle School and Konawaena High School are located in the CDP. Harry Kiyoshi Ishisaka, important figure in the development of aikido in southern California, keala Keanaaina, American football player Ellison Shoji Onizuka, American astronaut lost in the destruction of Space Shuttle Challenger. Major Doug Zembiec U. S. Marine Corps officer, Iraq and Afghanistan veteran, Silver Star, commanded Company E, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines, during the first battle of Fallujah in 2004. Killed in action leading a raid in Baghdad, Iraq in 2007, john R. Marik is former pastor of the Congregational Seventh-day Adventist Church in Kona. He led a battle to use the name Seventh-day Adventist on a signboard designating his independent congregation
19.
Richard Charlton
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Richard Charlton was the first diplomatic Consul from Great Britain to the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was surrounded by controversies that caused a military occupation known as the Paulet Affair, Richard Charlton was born in St Anthony in Roseland, Cornwall in December 1791. His father was Robert Charlton and mother Christian Charlton and he married Betsy Bastram of Bristol in 1818. He worked for the East India Company in the Pacific as early as 1821, Charlton knew King Kamehameha II during his early trading visits to the Hawaiian Islands. For example, Charlton commanded the schooner Active which arrived on 4 February 1823 from Tahiti with English missionary Rev. William Ellis, Kamehameha II and his Queen Kamāmalu died in 1824 while in London trying to see the King of Great Britain. George Canning who was British Foreign Secretary was deeply embarrassed by the deaths, the United States had appointed John Coffin Jones as an unpaid Consular Agent in 1820. In July 1824 Charlton had just returned from the Pacific, and was recommended to become the first British representative in residence there, while en route, he was officially appointed British Consul for the Hawaiian, Friendly and Society Islands on 23 September 1824. He took his wife Betsy, her sister, and a daughter Elizabeth on his ship Active which reached the Hawaiian Islands on 25 April 1825, the HMS Blonde, a specially fitted warship with hand-picked crew was sent bearing the royal bodies. After the Blonde arrived two weeks later, Charlton took part in the state funeral put on by the military crew. The Anglican ship chaplain led the service, which started a lingering conflict with Hiram Bingham I. Charlton and George Byron, 7th Baron Byron who commanded the Blonde, addressed the Hawaiian leaders assembled for the funeral, however, a lack of any trained legal professionals would cause this to be a slow and contentious process. Charlton brought a letter from former royal secretary Jean Baptiste Rives indicating Hawaiian Prime Minister Kalanimoku should grant land for the consulate site, beretania Street, 21°18′42″N 157°51′35″W in Downtown Honolulu still bears its name, a variant spelling of Britain. With the Spaniard Francisco de Paula Marin as witness, Kalanimoku granted a 299-year lease on some valuable harbor-front land, Charlton toured the islands with the new young King Kamehameha III, entertaining both Hawaiian royalty and visiting foreign guests at his several island estates. Charlton partnered with island governor Boki who had seen the vibrant British economy firsthand while accompanying Kamehameha II on the 1824 visit, Boki was happy to profit as he could, even from vices considered sinful by the American missionaries. Boki sailed off on one of his business ventures, and was lost at sea, by then Buckle and the woman were legally married. Charlton insisted that Richards be sent to England and charged with libel, instead, the powerful Queen Regent Kaʻahumanu declared Richards innocent. In 1831 Catholic priests including Patrick Short and some Frenchmen were expelled at the insistence of Bingham, Charltons protest were ignored by Kaʻahumanu who followed Binghmans puritanical Protestant teachings. Coffee trees and other crops had been brought by the Blonde and he also built a wharf on his land and started a shipping business
20.
Kona District, Hawaii
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Kona is a moku or district on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi in the State of Hawaii. In the current system of administration of Hawaiʻi County, the moku of Kona is divided into North Kona District, the term Kona is sometimes used to refer to its largest town, Kailua-Kona. Other towns in Kona include Kealakekua, Keauhou, Holualoa, Hōnaunau, in the Hawaiian language, kona means leeward or dry side of the island, as opposed to ko‘olau which means windward or the wet side of the island. In the times of Ancient Hawaiʻi, Kona was the name of the district on each major island. When this pattern reverses, it can produce a Kona storm from the west, Kona has cognates with the same meaning in other Polynesian languages. In Tongan, the equivalent cognate would be tonga, for windward, Kona is the home of the world-famous Ironman World Championship Triathlon which is held each year in October in Kailua-Kona. The Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park marks the place where Captain James Cook was killed in 1779, puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park and Honokohau Settlement and Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park are in Kona. The volcanic slopes of Hualālai and Mauna Loa in the Kona district provide a microclimate for growing coffee. Kona coffee is considered one of the premium specialty coffees of the world, in pop culture, the region served as the basis of the Beach Boys song Kona Coast from their 1978 album M. I. U. Kona is the home of one of the bases of the international Christian mission organization YWAM. Kona is the home to the award winning Hālau Kalaʻakeakauikawēkiu under the direction of Kumu Hula Kenneth Dean Alohapumehanaokalā Victor, HK focuses on maintaining and perpetuating the beliefs, teachings, philosophies, practices and traditions of our culture through hula
21.
Kohala, Hawaii
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Kohala is the name of the northwest portion of the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Archipelago. In ancient Hawaii it was ruled by an independent High Chief called the Aliʻi Nui. In modern times it is divided into two districts of Hawaii County, North Kohala and South Kohala, locals commonly use the name Kohala to refer to the census-designated places of Halaʻula, Hāwī, and Kapaʻau collectively. The dry western shore is known as the Kohala Coast. The area was named after the geological feature Kohala Mountain. The current districts cover the north and western sides of the mountain and it was one of the five ancient divisions of the island called moku. Near the coast are remnants of dry forests, and near the summit is a cloud forest and this precipitation allowed the northeast coast to be developed into sugarcane plantations, including one founded by Rev. Elias Bond used to fund his church and girls seminary. The Kohala Historical Sites State Monument includes Moʻokini Heiau, a National Historic Landmark, King Kamehameha I, the first King of the unified Hawaiʻian Islands, was born in North Kohala west of Hāwī, at the ancient site called the Moʻokini Heiau. The heiau is a spiritual temple, and not just an historic artifact of the Hawaiian culture. The Bond Historic District is located in the North Kohala District, with structures from the Bond familys 19th century missionary, major thoroughfares within Kohala include Akoni Pule Highway which provides access to Pololū Valley. The Hawaii Belt Road which connects in the end of the Akoni Pule Highway to Kona in the south. The Kohala Mountain Road provides a link between Waimea and the Kohala CDPs of Halaʻula, Hāwī, and Kapaʻau, Upolu Airport is on Upolu Point at the northern tip of the island. Waimea-Kohala Airport is south of the town of Waimea, Hawaii County, Halaʻula Hāwī Kapaʻau Puako Waikoloa Village Waimea Kawaihae The Fairmont Orchid Mauna Kea Beach Hotel Kohala Gallery
22.
Hawaii (island)
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Hawaiʻi is the largest island located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is the largest and the southeastern-most of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 4,028 square miles, it is larger than all of the other islands in the archipelago combined and is the largest island in the United States. However, it only has 13% of Hawaiis people, the island of Hawaii is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand. The island is referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi. Administratively, the island is encompassed by Hawaiʻi County. As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079, the county seat and largest city is Hilo. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaiʻi is said to have been named after Hawaiʻiloa, the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it. The name is cognate with Savaii, the name of the largest island of Samoa, cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779, in a mêlée which followed the theft of a ships boat. Hawaiʻi was the island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after years of war, and gave the kingdom. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 5,086 square miles. The countys land area comprises 62.7 percent of the land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States, in greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles across and has a land area of 4,028 square miles comprising 62% of the Hawaiian Islands land area. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea is the worlds tallest mountain, taller than Mount Everest is, the Island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. Geologists now consider these outcrops to be part of the building of Mauna Loa. Another volcano which has disappeared below the surface of the ocean is Māhukona. Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island of Hawaii is still growing, between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960, in 1987 lava filled in Queens Bath, a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area
23.
Kamehameha III
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Kamehameha III was the King of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His goal was the careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways, Kauikeaouli was born at Keauhou Bay, on Hawaiʻi island, the largest island in the Hawaiian Islands archipelago. He was the son of King Kamehameha I and his highest ranking wife, Queen Keōpūolani. Early historians suggested June or July 1814, but one accepted date is August 11,1813, biographer P. Christiaan Klieger cites 17 March 1814 as his birthday. He was of the highest kapu lineage, Kauikeaouli was about 16 years younger than his brother Liholiho, who ruled as Kamehameha II starting in 1819. He was named Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kuakamanolani Mahinalani Kalaninuiwaiakua Keaweaweʻulaokalani after his maternal grandfather Kīwalaʻō and he was promised to Kuakini in hānai, but at birth he appeared to be delivered stillborn, Kuakini did not wish to take him. But Chief Kaikioʻewa summoned his kaula Kapihe who declared the baby would live, Kauikeaouli was cleansed, laid on a rock, fanned, prayed over and sprinkled with water until he breathed, moved and cried. The prayer of Kapihe was to Kaʻōnohiokalā, Child of God, the rock is preserved as a monument at Keauhou Bay. He was given to Kaikioʻewa to raise and he was torn between the Puritan Christian guidelines imposed on the kingdom by the kuhina nui who was his stepmother Kaʻahumanu, and the desires to honor the old traditions. By 1835 returned to ways of the missionaries, during his reign, that number would be halved again, due to a series of epidemics. In ancient Hawaii, upper classes considered a marriage with a royal family member to be an excellent way to preserve pure bloodlines. His brother Liholiho and his Queen Kamāmalu were a half-sister and brother couple and he had loved his sister Nāhiʻenaʻena and planned to marry her since childhood, but the union was opposed by the missionaries due to their perceptions of incest. It was proposed in 1832 that Kamanele, the daughter of Governor John Adams Kuakini, would be the most suitable in age, rank, Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place. Instead Kamehameha III chose to marry Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, against the wishes of Kīnaʻu, after his sisters death in late 1836, he married Kalama February 14,1837 in a Christian ceremony. Kamehameha III and Kalama had two children, Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani I and Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani II who both died while infants, kūnuiākea lived to adulthood but died childless. In 1838, senior advisor Hoapili convinced former missionary William Richards to resign from the church, Richards gave classes to Kamehameha III and his councilors on the Western ideas of rule of law and economics. Their first act was a declaration of rights in 1839. In 1839, under a French threat of war, Roman Catholicism was legalized in the Edict of Toleration and he also enacted the Constitution of 1840, Hawaiis first
24.
Manoa
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Mānoa is a valley and a residential neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. The neighborhood is approximately three miles east and inland from downtown Honolulu and less than a mile from Ala Moana, similar to many Honolulu neighborhoods, Mānoa consists of an entire valley, running from Mānoa Falls at the mauka end to King Street. The valley receives almost daily rain, even during the dry season, seeing rainbows in the valley is a common occurrence, and is the source of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa sports team names, the Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine. The neighborhood is composed of houses built before the 1960s. Mānoa is home to the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, the campus of the University of Hawaiʻi System. The University has several faculty and student residence areas in Mānoa, the central shopping area of Mānoa is the Mānoa Marketplace which features a farmers market several days of the week. More recent development has seen housing on parts of the Diamond Head side valley wall. Mānoa stream begins at the base of Mānoa Falls and runs through the valley before joining Palolo stream to form the Manoa-Palolo drainage canal, floods caused by high rainfall have plagued the residents living along Mānoa stream. Most recent was on October 30,2004 when Mānoa stream overflowed causing millions of dollars in damages to residential homes, Mānoa is the site of the first sugarcane and coffee plantations in the Hawaiian Islands. John Wilkinson tended the first crops in 1825, brought on the ship HMS Blonde, Hawaiʻi is the only state in the United States that produces coffee commercially. For more history see coffee production in Hawaii, Mānoa means thick, solid, vast, depth or thickness in the Hawaiian language. There is another valley named Mānoa on the shore of Kauaʻi. There are many associated with Manoa, one very well known legend is the story of Kahalaopuna. Kahalaopuna was born to Kahaukani and Kauakuahine, Kahaukani is the wind of Manoa and Kauakuahine is the rain of Manoa. Kakaukani and Kauakuahine were brother and sister, both born to Akaaka and Nalehuaakaaka, kaua‘i Educational Association for Science and Astronomy Lyon Arboretum Mānoa Falls Salvation Army Waiʻoli Tea Room University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Manoa-Makiki travel guide from Wikivoyage
25.
Charles Reed Bishop
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Charles Reed Bishop was an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist in Hawaii. Born in Glens Falls, New York, he sailed to Hawaii in 1846 at the age of 24 and he served several monarchs in appointed positions in the kingdom, before its overthrow in 1893 by Americans from the United States and organization as the Territory of Hawaii. Bishop was one of the first trustees of and a donor to the Kamehameha Schools. He founded Hawaiis first successful bank, now known as First Hawaiian Bank, based on his business success, he also founded the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, named for his late wife. On January 25,1822, Charles Reed Bishop was born to Maria and Samuel Bishop in Glen Falls and his father was a toll collector for ship traffic on the Hudson River near the town. Charles mother Maria died two weeks after giving birth to her son, Henry. Their father Samuel Bishop died when Charles was four, and the boy was taken in by his grandfather on his 125-acre farm in Warrensburg, Charles Bishop worked on his grandfathers farm, learning how to care for sheep, cattle, and horses. While living with his grandfather, Bishop was baptized in a Methodist church, Bishop spent his early years of education at a village school, and finished his formal schooling at 8th grade, as was customary for many boys in that period. Bishop was hired as a clerk and soon started working for Nelson J. Warren and he befriended William Little Lee from nearby Hudson Falls, then called Sandy Hill. Charles paternal uncle Linus Bishop married Lees sister Eliza, after attending Harvard Law School, Lee persuaded Bishop to go with him to the Oregon Territory for new opportunities. The two young men sailed for Oregon on the Henry out of New York City, leaving February 23,1846, by October the ship had rounded Cape Horn and needed to stop in Honolulu for provisions. At this time, the islands were governed by the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Lee was recruited to stay as the second western-trained lawyer in the Hawaiian islands, Bishop decided to stay as well. He soon was hired by some Americans to sort out the land deal of Ladd & Co. which was the first major formal law proceeding. He next worked for the U. S. Consul, on February 27,1849 Bishop became accepted as a citizen of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He became an investor with Henry A. Peirce and Lee in a plantation on the island of Kauaʻi. From 1849 to 1853 he served as Collector General of Customs, on May 4,1850 he married Bernice Pauahi Pākī, of the royal House of Kamehameha, despite the objections of her parents. Their private ceremony in the Royal School was not attended by her family, within a year her father Pākī made peace with the marriage and invited the couple to live in the family estate called Haleakala
26.
Kauai
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For the Childish Gambino EP see STN MTN / Kauai Kauaʻi or Kauai is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of 562.3 square miles, it is the fourth largest of these islands, known also as the Jurassic Isle, Kauaʻi lies 105 miles across the Kauaʻi Channel, northwest of Oʻahu. This island is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park, the United States Census Bureau defines Kauaʻi as census tracts 401 through 409 of Kauaʻi County, Hawaiʻi, which comprises all of the county except for the islands of Kaʻula, Lehua and Niʻihau. The 2010 United States Census population of the island was 67,091, the most populous town was Kapaʻa. Hawaiian narrative locates the origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa. The story relates how he named the island of Kauaʻi after a favorite son, another possible translation is food season. Kauaʻi was known for its dialect of the Hawaiian language. While the standard language today adopts the dialect of Hawaiʻi island, which has the sound, in effect, Kauaʻi dialect retained the old pan-Polynesian /t/, while standard Hawaiʻi dialect has changed it to the. Therefore, the name for Kauaʻi was said as Tauaʻi. Kauaʻis origins are volcanic, the island having been formed by the passage of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot, at approximately six million years old, it is the oldest of the main islands. The highest peak on this island is Kawaikini at 5,243 feet. The second highest peak is Mount Waiʻaleʻale near the center of the island,5,148 feet above sea level, one of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 1,170 centimetres, is located on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The high annual rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountains, at 3,000 feet deep, Waimea Canyon is often referred to as The Grand Canyon of the Pacific. Kokeo Point lies on the side of the island. The Na Pali Coast is a center for recreation in a setting, including kayaking past the beaches. The headland, Kuahonu Point, is on the south-east of the island, Kauaʻi’s climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 50 inches on the windward shore, average temperature in Lihue, the county seat, ranges from 78 °F in February to 85 °F in August and September. Kauaʻi’s mountainous regions offer cooler temperatures and provide a pleasant contrast to the coastal areas
27.
Liliuokalani
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Liliʻuokalani, was a composer of Hawaiian music, an author, and the last reigning monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She reigned from January 29,1891, until the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17,1893 and she was born on September 2,1838, in Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu. Her parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea, but she was hānai at birth to Abner Pākī and she was raised with the family of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, founder of the Kamehameha Schools. Baptized as a Christian and educated at the Royal School, she and her siblings and she married American-born John Owen Dominis, who later became the Governor of Oahu. The couple had no children but adopted several. After the accession of her brother, Kalākaua to the throne as monarch in 1874, she and her siblings were given Western style titles of Prince, in 1877, after her younger brother Leleiohoku IIs death, she was proclaimed as heir apparent to the throne. During the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, she represented her brother as an envoy to the United Kingdom. Liliʻuokalani became monarch on January 29,1891, after her brothers death, during her reign, she attempted to draft a new constitution which would restore the power of the monarchy and the voting rights of the economically disenfranchised. Threatened by her attempts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy on January 17,1893, the overthrow was backed by the landing of U. S. Marines under John L. Stevens, which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself, after the failed 1895 Wilcox Rebellion, the government of the Republic of Hawaii placed the former Queen under house arrest at the ʻIolani Palace. Attempts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation to United States, but with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, living out the remainder of her later life as a private citizen, Liliʻuokalani died at her residence Washington Place in Honolulu on November 11,1917. According to Hawaiian custom, she was named after an event linked to her birth, at the time she was born, Kuhina Nui Elizabeth Kīnaʻu had developed an eye infection. She named the child using the words, liliʻu, loloku, walania, upon her baptism by Reverend Levi Chamberlain, she was given the Christian name Lydia. From her biological parents, she descended from Keaweaheulu and Kameʻeiamoku, Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both her mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside Kamanawa depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms. Liliʻuokalani referred to her line as the Keawe-a-Heulu line after her mothers line. The third surviving child of a family, her biological siblings included, James Kaliokalani, David Kalākaua, Anna Kaʻiulani, Kaʻiminaʻauao, Miriam Likelike. She, along with her siblings, was hānai to other family members, the Hawaiian custom of hānai is an informal form of adoption between extended families practiced by Hawaiian royals and commoners alike. She was given at birth to Abner Pākī and his wife Laura Kōnia, as a young child she would spend much of her time with Bernice Pauahi, the Pākīs birth daughter
28.
Samuel Kamakau
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Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau was a Hawaiian historian and scholar. Kamakau was born in Mokulēia, Waialua on the North Shore of the island of Oʻahu and he traveled to the island of Maui and enrolled at Lahainaluna Seminary in 1833, where he became a student of Reverend Sheldon Dibble. Dibble instructed Kamakau and other students to collect and preserve information on the Hawaiian culture, language, to further this goal, Kamakau helped form the first Hawaiian historical society in 1841. According to Kamakau, A society was started at Lahainaluna according to the desire of the teachers. Known as the Royal Hawaiian Historical Society, members included King Kamehameha III, John Young, Timothy Haʻalilio, David Malo, Dwight Baldwin, William Richards, Sheldon Dibble, Kamakau and others. Elected officials included president Kamehameha III, vice-president William Richards, secretary Sheldon Dibble, the society disbanded after the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii moved from Lahaina on the island of Maui to Honolulu, Oahu in 1845. Kamakau married S. Hainakolo and moved to his wifes hometown of Kīpahulu and their daughter, Kukelani Kaʻaʻapookalani, was born in December 1862, after which the couple moved to Oʻahu. The articles were published in the Hawaiian language newspapers, Ke Au ʻOkoʻa, Kamakau has served as a district judge in Wailuku, Maui and was a legislator for the Hawaiian Kingdom. From 1851 to 1860 he represented Maui in the House of Representatives and he died at his home in Honolulu on September 5,1876, and was buried in the Maʻemaʻe Chapel Cemetery in Nuʻuanu Valley. In 2000, a Hawaiian immersion school in Kaneohe, Oʻahu recognized Kamakaus contributions by naming their school Ke Kula ʻo Samuel M. Kamakau, the Hawaiʻi Book Publishers Associations annual Ka Palapala Poʻokela competition presents the Samuel M. Kamakau Award for the best Hawaiʻi Book of the Year. In 2005, the Hawaii State Legislature passed H. R, in 1961, the Kamehameha Schools Press published Kamakaus first two series as a book entitled Ruling Chiefs of Hawaiʻi. A revised edition was published in 1992, Lahainaluna, Press of the Mission Seminary. The Apotheosis of Captain Cook, European Mythmaking in the Pacific, dismembering Lāhui, A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Silva, Noenoe K. Gilbert Joseph, ed. Aloha Betrayed, Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding