1.
Kaiju
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Kaijū is a Japanese film genre that features monsters, usually attacking major cities and engaging the military and other monsters in battle. It is a subgenre of tokusatsu entertainment and this word originated from Shan Hai Jing. Related terms include kaijū eiga, a film featuring giant monsters or a monster, kaijin. Godzilla is an example of a daikaiju, others include Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, Rodan, Gamera, Gyaos, Daimajin, the term ultra-kaiju is longhand for kaiju in the Ultra Series. Kadokawa Pictures, Tsuburaya Productions, and Shochiku and Nikkatsu studios, Kaiju are typically modeled after conventional animals, insects or mythological creatures, however, there are more exotic examples. Monsters famous in English stories, such as vampires, werewolves, mummies and zombies, frankensteins monster was a starring kaiju in the Toho films Frankenstein Conquers the World, and The War of the Gargantuas. Kaiju are sometimes depicted as cannon fodder serving a greater evil, some kaiju are elite warriors which serve as the sidekick to the greater villain and are destroyed by the heroic forces. Others have an alignment, only seeking to destroy buildings. These kaiju adopted many classic monster traits, appearing as the misunderstood creature, some kaiju hung out with the heroes and provided comedy relief, in contrast to the darker approach to these characters from more mature franchises. The Invader Godzilla Kraa. the Sea Monster Cloverfield Pacific Rim Godzilla Kong, Skull Island Colossal Pacific Rim, Uprising Godzilla, King of the Monsters Godzilla vs. In Return of the Jedi, the rancor was originally to be played by an actor in a similar to the way how kaiju films like Godzilla were made. However, the rancor was eventually portrayed by a puppet filmed in high speed, when Lard Lad awakes, he makes a Godzilla roar. Guillermo del Toro directed the Treehouse of Horror XXIV couch gag which made references to Godzilla and other Kaiju-based characters. In the 2009 film Crank, High Voltage, there is a sequence parodying Kaiju films using the practical effects techniques used for Tokusatsu films such as miniatures. In the 2013 film Pacific Rim, Kaiju is the moniker bestowed upon giant inter-dimensional monsters that invade Earth, kaiju-Bird Monster was the alt-mode of Decepticon Leader Emperor Deathsaurus in the Transformers, Victory anime. A series of cards in the Yu-Gi-Oh, list of kaiju creatures Science fiction
2.
Godzilla
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Godzilla is a fictional giant monster originating from a series of tokusatsu films of the same name from Japan. It first appeared in Ishirō Hondas 1954 film Godzilla, the character is commonly alluded by the epithet King of the Monsters, a phrase first used in Godzilla, King of the Monsters. The Americanized version of Hondas original 1954 film, with the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Lucky Dragon 5 incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons. In the various stories it has appeared in, Godzilla has been featured alongside many supporting characters, Godzilla is also shown to have allies, such as Mothra, Rodan and Anguirus, and offspring, such as Minilla and Godzilla Junior. One popular story is that Gojira was actually the nickname of a corpulent stagehand at Toho Studio, kimi Honda, the widow of the director, dismissed this in a 1998 BBC documentary devoted to Godzilla, The backstage boys at Toho loved to joke around with tall stories. Godzillas name was written in ateji as Gojira, where the kanji are used for phonetic value, the Japanese pronunciation of the name is, the Anglicized form is /ɡɒdˈzɪlə/, with the first syllable pronounced like the word god, and the rest rhyming with gorilla. In the Hepburn romanization system, Godzillas name is rendered as Gojira, within the context of the Japanese films, Godzillas exact origins vary, but it is generally depicted as an enormous, violent, prehistoric sea monster awakened and empowered by nuclear radiation. Although the specific details of Godzillas appearance have varied slightly over the years, to emphasise the monsters relationship with the atomic bomb, its skin texture was inspired by the keloid scars seen on survivors in Hiroshima. The basic design has a reptilian visage, a robust build, an upright posture, in the original film, the fins were added for purely aesthetic purposes, in order to further differentiate Godzilla from any other living or extinct creature. Godzillas signature weapon is its atomic breath, a nuclear blast that it generates inside of its body, toho’s special effects department has used various techniques to render the breath, from physical gas-powered flames to hand-drawn or computer-generated fire. Godzilla is shown to possess immense strength and muscularity. Haruo Nakajima, the actor who played Godzilla in the films, was a black belt in Judo. Godzilla can breathe underwater, and is described in the film by the character Dr. Yamane as a transitional form between a marine and a terrestrial reptile. Godzillas allegiance and motivations have changed from film to film to suit the needs of the story, although Godzilla does not like humans, it will fight alongside humanity against common threats. However, it makes no effort to protect human life or property. It is not motivated to attack by predatory instinct, it doesnt eat people, and instead sustains itself on radiation and an omnivorous diet. When inquired if Godzilla was good or bad, producer Shogo Tomiyama likened it to a Shinto God of Destruction which lacks moral agency and cannot be held to human standards of good and he totally destroys everything and then there is a rebirth. Something new and fresh can begin, the creature in the 1998 Godzilla film was depicted laying eggs through parthenogenesis
3.
Software
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Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of data or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs, computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be used on its own. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor—typically a central processing unit, a machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also cause something to appear on a display of the computer system—a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction, the majority of software is written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for programmers, meaning closer to a natural language. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two, an outline for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. However, neither the Analytical Engine nor any software for it were ever created, the first theory about software—prior to creation of computers as we know them today—was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. This eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and software engineering. Computer science is more theoretical, whereas software engineering focuses on practical concerns. However, prior to 1946, software as we now understand it—programs stored in the memory of stored-program digital computers—did not yet exist, the first electronic computing devices were instead rewired in order to reprogram them. On virtually all platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories. There are many different types of software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large—see list of software. System software includes, Operating systems, which are collections of software that manage resources and provides common services for other software that runs on top of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system bundled with additional software so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has an operating system. Device drivers, which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer, utilities, which are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their computers
4.
Website
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A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol network, such as the Internet, or a local area network. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website for a company. Websites are typically dedicated to a topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providing news. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web, while private websites, Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites, are documents, typically composed in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language. They may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors, Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which may optionally employ encryption to provide security and privacy for the user. The users application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal. Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, Some websites require user registration or subscription to access content. As of 2016 end users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, the World Wide Web was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone, before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as text files without formatting. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions, a website can be a website, a commercial website. Websites can be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, can be blurred. Websites are written in, or converted to, HTML and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including computers, laptops, PDAs. A website is hosted on a system known as a web server. These terms can refer to the software that runs on these systems which retrieves
5.
Mozilla
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Mozilla is a free-software community created in 1998 by members of Netscape. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products, thereby promoting exclusively free software and open standards, the community is supported institutionally by the Mozilla Foundation and its tax-paying subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. On January 23,1998, Netscape made two announcements, first, that Netscape Communicator would be free, second, that the code would also be free. One day later, Jamie Zawinski from Netscape registered mozilla. org, Jamie Zawinski says he came up with the name Mozilla at a Netscape staff meeting. A small group of Netscape employees were tasked with coordination of the new community, originally, Mozilla aimed to be a technology provider for companies, such as Netscape, who would commercialize their open source code. When AOL greatly reduced its involvement with Mozilla in July 2003, in a report released in November 2012, Mozilla reported that their total revenue for 2011 was $163 million, which was up 33% from $123 million in 2010. Mozilla noted that roughly 85% of their revenue comes from their contract with Google. At the end of 2013, Mozilla announced a deal with Cisco Systems whereby Firefox would download, as part of the deal, Cisco would pay any patent licensing fees associated with the binaries that it distributes. Mozillas CTO, Brendan Eich, acknowledged that this is not a complete solution, in December 2013, Mozilla announced funding for the development of non-free games through its Game Creator Challenge. In January 2017, the company rebranded away from its logo in favor of logo that includes a, // character sequence from a URL, with the revamped logo, moz. On March 24,2014, Mozilla promoted Brendan Eich to the role of CEO, Eichs donation first became public knowledge in 2012, while he was Mozilla’s chief technical officer, leading to angry responses on Twitter—including the use of the hashtag #wontworkwithbigots. Protests also emerged in 2014 following the announcement of Eichs appointment as CEO of Mozilla, U. S. Mozilla believes both in equality and freedom of speech. Equality is necessary for meaningful speech, and you need free speech to fight for equality. Eichs resignation promoted a larger backlash from conservatives who felt he had forced out of the company internally. Reader comments on articles that were published close to the events were divided between support for OkCupids actions and opposition to them, supporters claimed the boycott was justified and saw OkCupids actions as a firm statement of opposition to intolerance towards the gay community. Mozillas manifesto mentions only its beliefs in regards to the Internet and Internet privacy, according to the Mozilla Foundation, The Mozilla Foundation pledges to support the Mozilla Manifesto in its activities. Firefox is a web browser, and is Mozillas flagship software product and it is available in both desktop and mobile versions. Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine to render web pages, which implements current, as of late 2015, Firefox has approximately 10-11% of worldwide usage share of web browsers, making it the 4th most-used web browser
6.
Internet Relay Chat
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Internet Relay Chat is an application layer protocol that facilitates communication in the form of text. The chat process works on a client/server networking model, IRC clients are computer programs that a user can install on their system. These clients communicate with chat servers to transfer messages to other clients, client software is available for every major operating system that supports Internet access. IRC usage has been declining steadily since 2003, losing 60% of its users, Jarkko intended to extend the BBS software he administered, to allow news in the Usenet style, real time discussions and similar BBS features. The first part he implemented was the part, which he did with borrowed parts written by his friends Jyrki Kuoppala. The first IRC network was running on a server named tolsun. oulu. fi. Oikarinen found inspiration in a system known as Bitnet Relay. This was the first irc network, Jarkko got some friends at the Helsinki University and Tampere University to start running IRC servers when his number of users increased and other universities soon followed. At this time Jarkko realized that the rest of the BBS features probably wouldnt fit in his program, Jarkko got in touch with people at the University of Denver and Oregon State University. They had their own IRC network running and wanted to connect to the Finnish network and they had gotten the program from one of Jarkkos friends, Vijay Subramaniam—the first non-Finnish person to use IRC. IRC then grew larger and got used on the entire Finnish national network—Funet—and then connected to Nordunet, in November 1988, IRC had spread across the Internet and in the middle of 1989, there were some 40 servers worldwide. In August 1990 the first major disagreement took place in the IRC world, the A-net included a server named eris. berkeley. edu. It was all open, required no passwords and had no limit on the number of connects, as Greg wumpus Lindahl explains, it had a wildcard server line, so people were hooking up servers and nick-colliding everyone. The Eris Free Network, EFnet, made the machine the first to be Q-lined from IRC. In wumpus words again, Eris refused to remove that line and it wasnt much of a fight, I got all the hubs to join, and almost everyone else got carried along. A-net was formed with the servers, EFnet was formed with the non-eris servers. History showed most servers and users went with EFnet, once ANet disbanded, the name EFnet became meaningless, and once again it was the one and only IRC network. It is around that time that IRC was used to report on the 1991 Soviet coup détat attempt throughout a media blackout and it was previously used in a similar fashion during the Gulf War
7.
Client (computing)
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A client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server. The server is often on another system, in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network. The term applies to the role that programs or devices play in the client–server model, a client is a computer program that, as part of its operation, relies on sending a request to another computer program. For example, web browsers are clients that connect to web servers, email clients retrieve email from mail servers. Online chat uses a variety of clients, which depending on the chat protocol being used. Multiplayer video games or online video games may run as a client on each computer, the term client may also be applied to computers or devices that run the client software or users that use the client software. A client is part of a model, which is still used today. Clients and servers may be computer programs run on the same machine, combined with Internet sockets, programs may connect to a service operating on a possibly remote system through the Internet protocol suite. Servers wait for clients to initiate connections that they may accept. The term was first applied to devices that were not capable of running their own stand-alone programs and these dumb terminals were clients of the time-sharing mainframe computer. In one classification, client computers and devices are either fat clients, thin clients, or hybrid clients. A fat client, also known as a client or thick client, is a client that performs the bulk of any data processing operations itself. The personal computer is an example of a fat client, because of its relatively large set of features and capabilities. For example, a running a CAD program that ultimately shares the result of its work on a network is a fat client. A thin client is a sort of client. Thin clients use the resources of the host computer, a thin client generally only presents processed data provided by an application server, which performs the bulk of any required data processing. A device using web application is a thin client, a hybrid client is a mixture of the above two client models. Similar to a fat client, it processes locally, but relies on the server for storing persistent data and this approach offers features from both the fat client and the thin client
8.
ChatZilla
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ChatZilla is an IRC client for Mozilla-based browsers such as Firefox, introduced in 2000. It is cross-platform open source software which has noted for its consistent appearance across platforms, CSS appearance customization. Other companies were also developing chat systems and we recognize that theres a lot of interest in the instant messaging space, said AOL spokesperson Catherine Corre, referring to the Mozilla project. This is a recognition of the interest in that area, independently, programmer Robert Ginda developed an IRC client and submitted it to the Mozilla project, which as of September 1999 planned to introduce it with the planned release of Mozilla browser. Named ChatZilla, the client was available in development form in May 2000 for the Netscape 6.01 browser, and Mozilla 0.8. ChatZilla runs on any platform on which a Mozilla-based browser can run, including OS X, Linux, and Microsoft Windows and it can also be used as a standalone app using XULRunner. ChatZilla includes automatic completion of nicknames with the Tab key, and it also provides completion of /commands with the Tab key, and a quick double-Tab presents a list of available commands based on whats been typed so far. DCC is supported which allows users to transfer files and chat directly between one another, the sender of each message is shown to the left of the text as a link—clicking the link opens a private chat window to that user. ChatZilla is included with SeaMonkey in addition to being available for download to other Mozilla-based browsers such as Firefox as an extension and it can also be run in a tab in Firefox. ChatZilla offers many plugins, which extend the functionality in the user-experience of the add-on, a 2003 review in Computers for Doctors of Mozilla 1.0, referred to IRC client applications as not very user-friendly, and the same goes for ChatZilla. You wont find any pop-up icons, or happy little noises telling you somebody wants to chat. The application implements all the very well, and for those who prefer to keep desktop clutter to a minimum but still enjoy fighting with random strangers on IRC
9.
Toho
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Toho Co. Ltd. is a Japanese film, theater production, and distribution company. It has its headquarters in Yūrakuchō, Chiyoda, Tokyo, and is one of the companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group. Other famous directors, including Yasujirō Ozu, Kenji Mizoguchi, Masaki Kobayashi, Tohos most famous creation is Godzilla, who features in 29 of the companys films. Godzilla, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, and Rodan are described as Tohos Big Five because of the numerous appearances in all three eras of the franchise, as well as spin-offs. Toho has also involved in the production of numerous anime titles. Its subdivisions are Toho-Towa Distribution, Toho Pictures Incorporated, Toho International Company Limited, Company Limited, and Toho Music Corporation & Toho Costume Company Limited. The company is the largest shareholder of Fuji Media Holdings Inc, Toho was created by the founder of Hankyu Railway, Ichizo Kobayashi, in 1932 as the Tokyo-Takarazuka Theater Company. It was known as the Toho Theatre from the late 1960s until the 1970s, Toho also had a theater in San Francisco and opened a theater in New York City in 1963. The Shintoho Company, which existed until 1964, was named New Toho because it broke off from the original company, the company has contributed to the production of some American films, including Sam Raimis 1998 film, A Simple Plan. Detective Conan, Captured in Her Eyes Pocket Monsters, Lord of the Unknown Tower – Entei Godzilla vs. Takao vs. Godzilla, Mothra, Mechagodzilla, doraemon, Nobitas Space Heroes Assassination Classroom Crayon Shin-chan, My Moving Story. Godman Warrior Of Love, Rainbowman Meteor Man Zone Ike, jenny Belle and Sebastian Igano Kabamaru Touch Kimagure Orange Road Godzilla Midori Days Psycho-Pass Yowamushi Pedal Akame ga Kill. Blood Blockade Battlefront My Hero Academia Three Leaves, Three Colors Little Witch Academia In more recent years and for a period, one of their first video game was the 1990 NES game titled Circus Caper. Later, they followed with a series of games based on Godzilla and it also published games such as Super Aleste. They even worked with Bandai on Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, released in Japan in 1988, Tohos headquarters, the Toho Hibiya Building, are in Yūrakuchō, Chiyoda, Tokyo. The company moved into its current headquarters in April 2005, tohoScope Tomisaburo Wakayama Mushroom Clouds and Mushroom Men - The Fantastic Cinema of Ishiro Honda, Peter H. Brothers. Toho Studios Story, A History and Complete Filmography Stuart Galbraith IV Official website Official Tohos YouTube channel, Toho Pictures official website TOHO-TOWA Company, Limited official website TOWA PICTURES Company, Ltd. official website Toho at Anime News Networks encyclopedia
10.
Zilla (TriStar Godzilla)
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Zilla is a film monster that first appeared as the title character in TriStar Pictures 1998 film Godzilla. However, they titled their new incarnation of TriStars Godzilla as Zilla for its appearance in Godzilla and this decision was made because they also felt that Emmerichs film had taken the God out of Godzilla by portraying the character as a mere animal. The name Zilla was chosen for the character by Tomiyama as a take on counterfeit Godzilla products that use Zilla as a suffix. Matt Frank further clarified the name change, stating, Toho makes zero distinction between Zilla and Godzilla 1998 with the exception of title alone, ever since 2004, Tohos official stance has been that any future incarnations of the character be referred to hereafter as Zilla. During the production of the 1998 film, special effects artist Patrick Tatopoulos was contacted by director Roland Emmerich, according to Tatopoulos, the only specific instructions Emmerich gave him was that it should be able to run incredibly fast. Based on the instructions Emmerich gave him, Tatopoulos reimagined it as a lean, digitigrade bipedal iguana that stood with its back and tail parallel to the ground, rendered via computer animation. The monsters distinctive facial features include a prominent lantern jaw, inspired by the fictional tiger Shere Khan from Disneys animated adaptation of The Jungle Book, TriStars Godzilla color scheme was designed to reflect and blend in with the urban environment. At one point, it was planned to use motion capture to create the movements of the computer-generated monster, the Baby Godzilla scenes utilized a combination of CGI and purpose built costumes donned by actors. Kurt Carley portrayed the suitmation sequences for the adult Godzilla in the 1998 film, upon pending approval for the design, at the time, Shōgo Tomiyama commented on the new look, saying It was so different we realized we couldnt make small adjustments. That left the question of whether to approve it or not. In the 1998 film and animated series, TriStars Godzilla is portrayed as a territorial, atypical of Tohos giant monster characters, TriStars Godzilla is not immune to conventional weaponry, and instead relies on its cunning and athleticism to outflank its enemies. It was also featured in alongside the Taco Bell chihuahua. TriStars Godzilla was featured in the 2004 Toho film Godzilla, Final Wars as Zilla, a 3D scan of the Trendmasters Ultimate Godzilla toy was used as reference for Zilla. In the film, Zilla engages Tohos Godzilla in a battle intended to show which Godzilla is stronger, Zilla would fight Godzilla again, in a slightly longer battle, in the 2013 comic series by IDW Publishing titled Godzilla, Rulers of Earth. The design and characterization of TriStars Godzilla was negatively received, film critic Richard Pusateri of G-Fan Magazine coined the acronym GINO to distinguish it from the original Godzilla by Toho while some fans referred to it as the American Godzilla. These sentiments were echoed by veteran Godzilla suit actors Haruo Nakajima and Kenpachiro Satsuma, Nakajima ridiculed the character design, stating, Its face looks like an iguana and its body and limbs look like a frog. Satsuma walked out of the film, saying its not Godzilla, for the production of the video games Godzilla, Save the Earth and Godzilla, Unleashed, developer Simon Strange decided not to include Zilla due to the characters unpopularity among fans. Ironically, Strange received criticism from fans for not including Zilla in the latter game
11.
Godzilla (1998 film)
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Godzilla is a 1998 American monster film directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich that is a reimagining of Tohos Godzilla franchise. It is the 23rd film in the Godzilla franchise and the first Godzilla film to be produced by a Hollywood studio. It stars Matthew Broderick, Jean Reno, Maria Pitillo, Hank Azaria, Kevin Dunn, Arabella Field, Michael Lerner and it also marks the only time that producer Devlin and director Emmerich worked on an intellectual property they did not own. The film is dedicated to the memory of Godzilla franchise producer and creator Tomoyuki Tanaka, despite turning in a profit, it was considered a box office disappointment. The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 1999, with two wins for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actress and was nominated for Worst Picture, Worst Director, two planned sequels were abandoned and an animated series, Godzilla, The Series, was produced instead. The character has appeared in other media as Zilla. Following a nuclear test in French Polynesia back between the 1940s and 1950s, the fallout irradiates a lizards nest, decades later, an enormous sea creature suddenly attacks a Japanese fishing vessel in the South Pacific, leaving only one fisherman alive. Dr. Niko Nick Tatopoulos, an NRC biologist, is sent to Panama and Jamaica, where a village, footprints. Nick collects skin samples that lead him to believe the creature is a mutant created by nuclear testing. It travels to New York City during the rainiest week of the season, the city is evacuated before the military attempts to kill it but fails in an initial attempt. Nick later collects a sample, and after performing a pregnancy test. Aspiring journalist and ex-girlfriend of Nicks, Audrey Timmonds, uncovers a tape in his possession containing classified information about the creature, with the classified information now released, Nick is removed from the operation, and abandons Audrey. Soon, he is kidnapped by Philippe Roaché, a guy he met before coming to Manhattan. Suspecting a nest somewhere in the city, they cooperate with Nick to trace, following the militarys second attempt to kill Godzilla, the creature dives into the Hudson River to escape. Attacked by US Navy submarines, including USS Utah, it sinks to the river bed, meanwhile, Nick and Philippes strike team, followed by Audrey and her cameraman Victor Animal Palotti, find the nest inside Madison Square Garden and locate over 200 eggs. Before the French can succeed in destroying them, the eggs suddenly hatch, Nick, Animal, Audrey and Philippe take refuge in the Gardens broadcast booth and send out a live news-report to alert the military of what will happen if the offspring escape. A prompt response involving an airstrike is initiated as the four escape moments before Air Force jets bomb the arena, Audrey and Nick reunite, before the adult Godzilla, having survived, emerges from the Gardens ruins. It chases the four across Manhattan, believing them responsible for the deaths of its young, after a taxi chase, they manage to trap Godzilla within the Brooklyn Bridge where the returning Air Force jets manage to shoot it down
12.
Amiga
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The Amiga is a family of personal computers sold by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. The Amiga provided a significant upgrade from earlier 8-bit home computers, the Amiga 1000 was officially released in July 1985, but a series of production problems meant it did not become widely available until early 1986. The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became one of the home computers of the late 1980s. The A3000, introduced in 1990, started the second generation of Amiga systems, followed by the A500+, finally, as the third generation, the A1200 and the A4000 were released in late 1992. The platform became particularly popular for gaming and programming demos and it also found a prominent role in the desktop video, video production, and show control business, leading to video editing systems such as the Video Toaster. The Amigas native ability to play back multiple digital sound samples made it a popular platform for early tracker music software. It was also an expensive alternative to the Apple Macintosh. Initially, the Amiga was developed alongside various Commodore PC clones, Commodore ultimately went bankrupt in April 1994 after the Amiga CD32 model failed in the marketplace. Since the demise of Commodore, various groups have marketed successors to the original Amiga line, including Genesi, Eyetech, ACube Systems Srl, likewise, AmigaOS has influenced replacements, clones and compatible systems such as MorphOS, AmigaOS4 and AROS. The Amiga was so far ahead of its time that almost nobody—including Commodores marketing department—could fully articulate what it was all about. Today, its obvious the Amiga was the first multimedia computer, but in those days it was derided as a machine because few people grasped the importance of advanced graphics, sound. Nine years later, vendors are still struggling to make systems that work like 1985 Amigas, Jay Miner joined Atari in the 1970s to develop custom integrated circuits, and led development of the Atari 2600s TIA. Almost as soon as its development was complete, the team developing a much more sophisticated set of chips, CTIA, ANTIC and POKEY. With the 8-bit lines launch in 1979, Miner again started looking at a next generation chipset, Miner wanted to start work with the new Motorola 68000, but management was only interested in another MOS6502 based system. Miner left the company, and the industry, shortly thereafter, in 1982, Larry Kaplan was approached by a number of investors who wanted to develop a new game platform. Kaplan hired Miner to run the side of the newly formed company. The system was code-named Lorraine in keeping with Miners policy of giving systems female names, in case the company presidents wife. When Kaplan left the late in 1982 to rejoin Atari, Miner was promoted to head engineer
13.
Firefox
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Mozilla Firefox is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox was created in 2002, under the name Phoenix by the Mozilla community members who wanted a standalone rather than the Mozilla Application Suite bundle. Even during its phase, Firefox proved to be popular with its testers and was praised for its speed, security. Firefox was released in November 2004, and was successful with 60 million downloads within nine months. Firefox is considered the successor of Netscape Navigator, as the Mozilla community was created by Netscape in 1998 before their acquisition by AOL. Firefox usage grew to a peak of 32% at the end of 2009, usage then declined in competition with Google Chrome. As of January 2016, Firefox has between 9% and 16% of worldwide usage as a browser, making it the second most popular web browser. Firefox is still the most popular browser in Cuba, Eritrea, and Germany, with 85. 93%,79. 39%. It is also the most popular browser in many other African countries. According to Mozilla, as of December 2014 there were half a billion Firefox users around the world, the Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt, and Blake Ross. They believed the requirements of Netscapes sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suites software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, on April 3,2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird. The community-driven SeaMonkey was formed and eventually replaced the Mozilla Application Suite in 2005, the Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Phoenix was renamed due to issues with Phoenix Technologies, the replacement name, Firebird. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser would always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion, after further pressure, on February 9,2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox. The name Firefox was said to be derived from a nickname of the red panda, for the abbreviation of Firefox, Mozilla prefers Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF. The Firefox project went through many versions before the version 1.0 was released on November 9,2004, search, which is a front end of Microsoft search engine Bing, by default in most localizations. Firefox Hello is scheduled to be removed in September 2016, functions can be added through add-ons created by third-party developers
14.
Intel
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Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board
15.
Intel Corporation
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Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board
16.
Clonezilla
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Clonezilla is a free disk cloning, disk imaging, data recovery, and deployment computer program. Clonezilla is designed by Steven Shiau and developed by the NCHC Free Software Labs in Taiwan, Clonezilla SE provides multicast support similar to Norton Ghost Corporate Edition. Clonezilla Live enables a user to clone a single computers storage media, or a partition on the media. The cloned data can be saved as an image-file or as a copy of the data. The data can be saved to locally attached storage device, an SSH server, the clone file can then be used to restore the original when needed. Clonezilla doesnt support online imaging yet, i. e. the partition to be cloned has to be unmounted, Clonezilla application can be run from a USB flash drive or a CD/DVD-ROM. Clonezilla requires no modification to the computer, the runs in its own booted environment. Clonezilla Server is used to clone many computers simultaneously across a network and this is done using a DRBL server and computer workstations that can boot from a network. List of disk cloning software Official website Clonezilla on SourceForge. net Clonezilla
17.
Open-source model
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Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source
18.
FileZilla
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FileZilla is a free software, cross-platform FTP application, consisting of FileZilla Client and FileZilla Server. Client binaries are available for Windows, Linux, and macOS, the client supports FTP, SFTP and FTPS. FileZillas source code is hosted on SourceForge and the project was featured as Project of the Month in November 2003, however, there have been criticisms that SourceForge bundles malicious software with the application, and that FileZilla stores users FTP passwords insecurely. FileZilla was started as a science class project in the second week of January 2001 by Tim Kosse. Before they started to write the code, they discussed under which license they should release the code and they decided to make FileZilla an open-source project because many FTP clients were already available, and they didnt think that they would sell a single copy if they made FileZilla commercial. These are some features of FileZilla, site Manager to manage server lists and transfer queue for ordering file transfer tasks Bookmarks for easy access to most frequent use Drag and drop to download and upload. Directory comparison for comparing local files and server files in the same directory, when the file doesnt have the same information it will highlight that file in colour. Network configuration wizard, help configuring confusing network settings in form of step-by-step wizard Remote file editing, no need to download, edit on the computer and re-upload back to the server. Keep-alive, if the connection has been idle for the time it will check by sending keep-alive command. But Ive never been thrilled about its busy interface, which can be daunting for novice users, writing for Ars Technica in August 2008 Emil Protalinski said, this weeks free, third-party application recommendation is FileZilla. This FTP client is very quick and is regularly updated and it may not have a beautiful GUI, but it certainly is fast and has never let me down. Go Daddy, Clarion University of Pennsylvania and National Capital FreeNet recommend FileZilla for uploading files to their web hosting services, FileZilla is available in the repositories of many Linux distributions, including Debian, Ubuntu, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre. In January 2012 cNet. com gave FileZilla their highest rating of spectacular—five out of five stars, since the projects participation in SourceForges program to create revenue by adware, several reviewers started warning about downloading FileZilla and discouraged users from using it. In 2013 the projects hosting site, SourceForge. net, provided the main download of FileZilla with a download wrapper, numerous users reported that some of the adware installed without consent, despite declining all install requests, or used deception to obtain the users acceptance to install. Some of the adware was reported to resist removal or restoration of previous settings, also, users reported adware programs to download and install more unwanted software, some causing alerts by security suites, for being malware. The FileZilla webpage offers additional download options without adware installs, but the link to the adware download appears as the primary link, as of 2016, FileZilla displays ads when starting the application. These ads appear as part of the Check for updates dialog, from version 3 onwards, FileZilla stores all saved usernames and passwords as plain text files. A fork of the project named FileZilla Secure seeks to remedy this particular shortcoming
19.
File Transfer Protocol
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The File Transfer Protocol is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client using the Client–server model on a computer network. FTP is built on a model architecture and uses separate control. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, for secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS. SSH File Transfer Protocol is sometimes used instead, but is technologically different. The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by Abhay Bhushan, until 1980, FTP ran on NCP, the predecessor of TCP/IP. The protocol was replaced by a TCP/IP version, RFC765 and RFC959. FTP may run in active or passive mode, which determines how the connection is established. In both cases, the client creates a TCP control connection from a random, usually an unprivileged, in active mode, the client starts listening for incoming data connections from the server on port M. It sends the FTP command PORT M to inform the server on which port it is listening, the server then initiates a data channel to the client from its port 20, the FTP server data port. In situations where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept incoming TCP connections, both modes were updated in September 1998 to support IPv6. Further changes were introduced to the mode at that time. The server responds over the connection with three-digit status codes in ASCII with an optional text message. For example,200 means that the last command was successful, the numbers represent the code for the response and the optional text represents a human-readable explanation or request. An ongoing transfer of data over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt message sent over the control connection. While transferring data over the network, four data representations can be used, ASCII mode, Data is converted, if needed, from the sending hosts character representation to 8-bit ASCII before transmission, and to the receiving hosts character representation. As a consequence, this mode is inappropriate for files that contain other than plain text. Image mode, The sending machine sends each file byte by byte, EBCDIC mode, Used for plain text between hosts using the EBCDIC character set. Local mode, Allows two computers with identical setups to send data in a format without the need to convert it to ASCII
20.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
21.
Mozilla Foundation
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The Mozilla Foundation is a non-profit organization that exists to support and collectively lead the open source Mozilla project. Founded in July 2003, the sets the policies that govern development, operates key infrastructure and controls Mozilla trademarks. It owns a subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which employs many Mozilla developers and coordinates releases of the Mozilla Firefox web browser. The subsidiary is 100% owned by the parent, and therefore follows the same non-profit principles, the Mozilla Foundation was founded by the Netscape-affiliated Mozilla Organization. The organization is based in the Silicon Valley city of Mountain View, California. The Mozilla Foundation describes itself as a organization that promotes openness. On February 23,1998, Netscape created the Mozilla Organization to co-ordinate the development of the Mozilla Application Suite, when AOL drastically scaled back its involvement with Mozilla Organization, the Mozilla Foundation was launched on July 15,2003 to ensure Mozilla could survive without Netscape. As part of a move to target end-users, the foundation made deals with commercial companies to sell CDs containing Mozilla software. In both cases, the group chose the same suppliers as Netscape for these services, the Mozilla Foundation also became more assertive over its intellectual property, with policies put in place for the use of Mozilla trademarks and logos. New projects such as marketing were also started, with the formation of the Mozilla Corporation, the Mozilla Foundation delegated all their development and business-related activities to the new subsidiary. The Mozilla Foundation now focuses on its Webmaker initiative as well as on governance, the Mozilla Foundation owns the Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property, which it licenses to the Mozilla Corporation. It also controls the Mozilla source code repository and decides who is allowed to code in. It also handles relationships with businesses, many of which generate income, unlike the Mozilla Foundation, the Mozilla Corporation is a tax-paying entity, which gives it much greater freedom in the revenue and business activities it can pursue. From 2004 to 2014, the majority of revenue came from a deal with Google, in November 2014, Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo, making Yahoo Search the default search engine for Firefox in the US. Yandex Search is the default for Firefox in Russia and Baidu continues its role as the default in China, Mozilla China, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Corporation with its headquarters in Beijing. The Mozilla Foundation is funded by donations and search royalties, initial funding in 2003 came from AOL, which donated US$2 million, and from Mitch Kapor who donated US$300,000. The group has tax-exempt status under section 501 of the U. S. tax code, in 2006, the Mozilla Foundation received US$66.8 million in revenues, of which US$61.5 million is attributed to search royalties from Google. The original contract expired in November 2006, however, Google renewed the contract until November 2008 and again through 2011
22.
Web browser
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A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier that may be a web page, image, hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, the most popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Safari, Opera and Firefox. The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees the Webs continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus, the first commonly available web browser with a graphical user interface was Erwise. The development of Erwise was initiated by Robert Cailliau, andreesens browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use, Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industrys first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market, Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002. Opera debuted in 1996, it has never achieved widespread use and it is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendos Wii video game console. In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model, as of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share. Apples Safari had its first beta release in January 2003, as of April 2011, the most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chromes take-up has increased year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, in December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chromes user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chromes usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined, by April 2014, Chromes usage had hit 45%. Internet Explorer was deprecated in Windows 10, with Microsoft Edge replacing it as the web browser. The ways that web browser makers fund their development costs has changed over time, the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was a research project. In addition to being freeware, Netscape Navigator and Opera were also sold commercially, Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system, and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac, in this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through lock-in to Microsofts browser
23.
Bugzilla
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Bugzilla is a web-based general-purpose bugtracker and testing tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla project, and licensed under the Mozilla Public License. Bugzilla is used, among others, by the Mozilla Foundation, WebKit, Linux kernel, FreeBSD, GNOME, KDE, Apache, Red Hat, Eclipse and LibreOffice. Bugzilla 2.0 was the result of that port to Perl, in April 2000, Weissman handed over control of the Bugzilla project to Tara Hernandez. Under her leadership, some of the contributors were coerced into taking more responsibility. In July 2001, facing distraction from her other responsibilities in Netscape, Hernandez handed control to Dave Miller, Bugzilla 4.0 was released on February 15,2011. Bugzilla is usually installed on Linux using the Apache HTTP Server, bugzillas installation process is command line driven and runs through a series of stages where system requirements and software capabilities are checked. Mandated design requirements include, The ability to run on freely available, while Bugzilla development includes work to support commercial databases, tools, and operating systems. The maintenance of speed and efficiency at all costs, for instance, Mozilla. org uses it to track feature requests as well. In this case items can be submitted by anybody, and will be assigned to a particular developer, various status updates for each bug are allowed, together with user notes and bug examples. By design, Bugzilla is programmed to return the string zarro boogs found instead of 0 bugs found when a search for bugs returns no results, Zarro Boogs is a meta-statement about the nature of software debugging. Bug tracking systems like Bugzilla readily describe how many known bugs are outstanding, the response zarro boogs, is intended as a buggy statement itself, implying that even when no bugs have been identified, software is still likely to contain bugs that have not yet been identified. When asked to explain this message, Terry Weissman had the following to say, way back when, when Netscape released version 4.0 of its browser, we had a release party. Naturally, there had been a big push to try and fix every known bug before the release, anyway, at the release party, T-shirts were handed out that said something like Netscape 4.0, Zarro Boogs. Just like the software, the T-shirt had no known bugs, so, when you query for a list of bugs, and it gets no results, you can think of this as a friendly reminder. Of *course* there are bugs matching your query, they just arent in the bugsystem yet, — Terry Weissman From The Bugzilla Guide –2.16.10 Release, Glossary Comparison of issue-tracking systems Official website
24.
Mozilla Application Suite
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The Mozilla Application Suite is a discontinued cross-platform integrated Internet suite. Its development was initiated by Netscape Communications Corporation, before their acquisition by AOL and it was based on the source code of Netscape Communicator. The development was spearheaded by the Mozilla Organization from 1998 to 2003 and it has been superseded by SeaMonkey Internet suite, a community-driven Internet suite that is based on the same source code and continued to be developed with newer Mozilla codebase. The Mozilla Suite was composed of several programs, Navigator, Communicator, a Web page developer, an IRC client. Also included were tools to synchronise the application with PalmPilot devices, versions 6 and 7 of the Netscape suite were based on the Mozilla Suite. The last official version is 1.7.13, as Mozilla Foundation is currently focusing on the development of Firefox, the Mozilla Suite is available under the terms of the Mozilla projects tri-license, as free and open source software. In March 1998, Netscape released most of the base for its popular Netscape Communicator suite under an open source license. The name of the application developed from this would be Mozilla, coordinated by the newly created Mozilla Organization, under the AOL banner, the Mozilla Organization continued development of the browser and management of the Mozilla source until July 2003 when this task was passed to the Mozilla Foundation. The Foundation is an organization composed primarily of developers and staff from mozilla. org. It received initial donations from AOL, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Red Hat, AOL has since announced it will be using Mozillas Gecko layout engine. According to the Mozilla development roadmap published on April 2,2003, to distinguish the suite from the standalone products, the suite is marketed as Mozilla Suite or the more lengthy Mozilla Application Suite. On March 10,2005, the Mozilla Foundation announced that they would not release any further versions of the suite beyond 1.7. x. However, the Mozilla Foundation emphasized that they would provide infrastructure for community members who wished to continue development, in effect, this means that the suite will still continue to be developed, but not by the Mozilla Foundation itself. To avoid confusing organizations that want to use the Mozilla Suite, it was announced that the new, community-developed product would be named SeaMonkey. Mozilla supported tabbed browsing, which allows users to open multiple Web pages in the browser window. This feature was written with the popular MultiZilla extension for Mozilla as a base, Mozilla also belonged in the group of browsers who early on adopted customizable pop-up blocking. The browser had a number of features which helped users find information, first, Mozilla had an incremental find feature known as find as you type. With this feature enabled, a user could simply begin typing a word while viewing a Web page, as the user typed more of the word, the browser refined its search
25.
Classilla
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The name is a portmanteau of Classic, and Mozilla. Like the Suite it is descended from, Classilla offers E-mail, Usenet, Gopher, FTP and World Wide Web access, using a modified version of the Gecko layout engine called Clecko. Classilla also includes its own versions of the DOM Inspector, Mozilla Composer and Venkman components, the primary maintainer is Cameron Kaiser. The project shares administration with TenFourFox, a fork of Mozilla Firefox for older versions of Mac OS X. Official support for Mac OS9 in the Mozilla Application Suite ended with the release of Mozilla 1.2.1 in 2002, of these, WaMCom was the arguably longest maintained, with its final release on 23 July 2003. In May 2009, Cameron Kaiser announced his intentions to start porting later Mozilla updates back to the 1.3. 1-based version used in WaMCom and this first version, given the version number 9.0 to match Mac OS9, was released on 30 June 2009. The developers consider the project to be alpha quality software, similarly, it only scores 31/100 in Acid 3. Classilla also adds support for user agent spoofing, which was not part of the original Mozilla suite, starting with 9.3.0, Classilla presents a mobile user agent by default. In a likewise fashion, Classilla also inherits many of the security failings of earlier versions of the Application Suite, many of which are still not patched and openly warned of by the developers
26.
Internet suite
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An Internet suite is an Internet-related software suite. Internet suites usually include a web browser, e-mail client, download manager, HTML editor, the diversity of Internet suite offerings was greatest in the mid-1990s, when proprietary web browser vendors felt it more profitable to sell entire retail suites of applications on compact disc. Dropped means that development has ended for that operating system but development for other operating systems continued. Listing with major features, with approximate grouping, note specific features in suites are often divided between applications differently, or integrated in different ways. The years category refers mainly to the development and release period
27.
Classic Mac OS
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This is a list of macOS components, features that are included in the current Mac operating system. Latest version 2.7 Automator is a developed by Apple Inc. Automator enables the repetition of tasks across a variety of programs, including Finder, Safari, Calendar, Contacts. It can also work with third-party applications such as Microsoft Office, the icon features a robot holding a pipe, a reference to pipelines, a computer science term for connected data workflows. Automator was first released with Mac OS X Tiger, Automator provides a graphical user interface for automating tasks without knowledge of programming or scripting languages. Tasks can be recorded as they are performed by the user or can be selected from a list, the output of the previous action can become the input to the next action. Automator comes with a library of Actions that act as individual steps in a Workflow document, a Workflow document is used to carry out repetitive tasks. Workflows can be saved and reused, unix command line scripts and AppleScripts can also be invoked as Actions. The actions are linked together in a Workflow, the Workflow can be saved as an application, Workflow file or a contextual menu item. Options can be set when the Workflow is created or when the Workflow is run, a workflow file created in Automator is saved in /Users//Library/Services. Latest version 10.8 Calculator is a calculator application made by Apple Inc. It has three modes, basic, scientific, and programmer, Basic includes a number pad, buttons for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing, as well as memory keys. Scientific mode supports exponents and trigonometric functions, and programmer mode gives the user access to more options related to computer programming, Apple currently ships a different application called Grapher. Calculator has Reverse Polish notation support, and can speak the buttons pressed. The Calculator appeared first as an accessory in first version of Macintosh System for the 1984 Macintosh 128k. Its design was maintained with the basic math operations until the final release of classic Mac OS in 2002. A Dashboard Calculator widget is included in all versions of macOS from Mac OS X Tiger onwards and it only has the basic mode of its desktop counterpart. Since the release of OS X Yosemite, there is also a simple calculator widget available in the notifications area, since the release of Mac OS X Leopard, simple arithmetic functions can be calculated from Spotlight feature
28.
Ghostzilla
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Ghostzilla was an open source web browser for Microsoft Windows based on Mozilla Application Suite 1.0.1. It ran the browser inside the space of another application. When moving the cursor out of the window, the browser subsequently disappeared, Ghostzilla was originally launched as a shareware project priced at $19.95 USD. The project then became freeware and later open source, from May 2004 until January 2005, the project was removed from public view due to a copyright claim from Mozilla. It later returned with code directly derived from Mozillas open source, excluding the core proprietary library used to create minimal pages and it also came with warnings about the potential for misuse. In February 2007, the site was removed.5, an open source project, InstaBrowser, appeared in July 2007 mimicking Ghostzillas ideas. By September 2009 this project was renamed Ninja Browser but was again short-lived, Ghostzilla is a browser which can be used directly from a CD or USB stick. Ghostzilla changes the layout of the web pages pending on the users preferences as categorized into 6 different stealth modes, images are hidden or grayed out. Users can change their preferences so that the bar turns off. If the cursor is placed outside the Ghostzilla window, Ghostzilla hides itself, archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Last ever archived version of Ghostzilla site
29.
Gnuzilla
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GNUzilla is the GNU version of the Mozilla Application Suite. Mozilla produces free and open-source software, but the binaries include trademarked artwork, some Mozilla add-ons or plugins are also non-free software. GNUzilla encompasses GNU IceCat, the GNU version of Mozillas Firefox web browser, all releases are posted in the same FTP folder. GNU IceCat releases follow the LTS releases of Firefox, using the version numbers. GNU Project GNUzilla and IceCat GNUzilla Project group page
30.
GNU
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GNU /ɡnuː/ is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Projects own GPL, GNU is a recursive acronym for GNUs Not Unix. Chosen because GNUs design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software, the GNU project includes an operating system kernel, GNU HURD, which was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation. However, non-GNU kernels, most famously Linux, can also be used with GNU software, and since the kernel is the least mature part of GNU, the combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel is commonly known as Linux. Richard Stallman, the founder of the project, views GNU as a means to a social end. unix-wizards. Software development began on January 5,1984, when Stallman quit his job at the Lab so that they could not claim ownership or interfere with distributing GNU components as free software, Richard Stallman chose the name by using various plays on words, including the song The Gnu. The goal was to bring a free software operating system into existence. This philosophy was published as the GNU Manifesto in March 1985. It was thus decided that the development would be started using C and Lisp as system programming languages, at the time, Unix was already a popular proprietary operating system. The design of Unix was modular, so it could be reimplemented piece by piece, in October 1985, Stallman set up the Free Software Foundation. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU, as GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was Cygnus Solutions, now part of Red Hat, GNU developers have contributed to Linux ports of GNU applications and utilities, which are now also widely used on other operating systems such as BSD variants, Solaris and macOS. Many GNU programs have been ported to other operating systems, including proprietary platforms such as Microsoft Windows, GNU programs have been shown to be more reliable than their proprietary Unix counterparts. As of November 2015, there are a total of 466 GNU packages hosted on the official GNU development site. With the April 30,2015 release of the Debian GNU/HURD2015 distro, GNU OS now provides the components to assemble a system that users can install. This includes the GNU Hurd kernel, that is currently in a pre-production state, the Hurd status page states that it may not be ready for production use, as there are still some bugs and missing features. However, it should be a base for further development. Due to Hurd not being ready for use, in practice these operating systems are Linux distributions
31.
Warpzilla
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The Mozilla Application Suite is a discontinued cross-platform integrated Internet suite. Its development was initiated by Netscape Communications Corporation, before their acquisition by AOL and it was based on the source code of Netscape Communicator. The development was spearheaded by the Mozilla Organization from 1998 to 2003 and it has been superseded by SeaMonkey Internet suite, a community-driven Internet suite that is based on the same source code and continued to be developed with newer Mozilla codebase. The Mozilla Suite was composed of several programs, Navigator, Communicator, a Web page developer, an IRC client. Also included were tools to synchronise the application with PalmPilot devices, versions 6 and 7 of the Netscape suite were based on the Mozilla Suite. The last official version is 1.7.13, as Mozilla Foundation is currently focusing on the development of Firefox, the Mozilla Suite is available under the terms of the Mozilla projects tri-license, as free and open source software. In March 1998, Netscape released most of the base for its popular Netscape Communicator suite under an open source license. The name of the application developed from this would be Mozilla, coordinated by the newly created Mozilla Organization, under the AOL banner, the Mozilla Organization continued development of the browser and management of the Mozilla source until July 2003 when this task was passed to the Mozilla Foundation. The Foundation is an organization composed primarily of developers and staff from mozilla. org. It received initial donations from AOL, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Red Hat, AOL has since announced it will be using Mozillas Gecko layout engine. According to the Mozilla development roadmap published on April 2,2003, to distinguish the suite from the standalone products, the suite is marketed as Mozilla Suite or the more lengthy Mozilla Application Suite. On March 10,2005, the Mozilla Foundation announced that they would not release any further versions of the suite beyond 1.7. x. However, the Mozilla Foundation emphasized that they would provide infrastructure for community members who wished to continue development, in effect, this means that the suite will still continue to be developed, but not by the Mozilla Foundation itself. To avoid confusing organizations that want to use the Mozilla Suite, it was announced that the new, community-developed product would be named SeaMonkey. Mozilla supported tabbed browsing, which allows users to open multiple Web pages in the browser window. This feature was written with the popular MultiZilla extension for Mozilla as a base, Mozilla also belonged in the group of browsers who early on adopted customizable pop-up blocking. The browser had a number of features which helped users find information, first, Mozilla had an incremental find feature known as find as you type. With this feature enabled, a user could simply begin typing a word while viewing a Web page, as the user typed more of the word, the browser refined its search
32.
OS/2
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OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively. The name stands for Operating System/2, because it was introduced as part of the generation change release as IBMs Personal System/2 line of second-generation personal computers. The first version of OS/2 was released in December 1987 and newer versions were released until December 2001, OS/2 was intended as a protected mode successor of PC DOS. Because of this heritage, OS/2 shares similarities with Unix, Xenix, IBM discontinued its support for OS/2 on 31 December 2006. Since then, it has been updated, maintained and marketed under the name eComStation, in 2015 it was announced that a new OEM distribution of OS/2 would be released that was to be called ArcaOS. The development of OS/2 began when IBM and Microsoft signed the Joint Development Agreement in August 1985 and it was code-named CP/DOS and it took two years for the first product to be delivered. OS/21.0 was announced in April 1987 and released in December, the original release is textmode-only, and a GUI was introduced with OS/21.1 about a year later. OS/2 features an API for controlling the display and handling keyboard. In addition, development tools include a subset of the video, a task-switcher named Program Selector is available through the Ctrl-Esc hotkey combination, allowing the user to select among multitasked text-mode sessions. Communications and database-oriented extensions were delivered in 1988, as part of OS/21.0 Extended Edition, SNA, X. 25/APPC/LU6.2, LAN Manager, Query Manager, SQL. The promised graphical user interface, Presentation Manager, was introduced with OS/21.1 in October,1988 and it had a similar user interface to Windows 2.1, which was released in May of that year. The Extended Edition of 1.1, sold only through IBM sales channels, introduced distributed database support to IBM database systems, in 1989, Version 1.2 introduced Installable Filesystems and notably the HPFS filesystem. HPFS provided a number of improvements over the older FAT file system, including long filenames, in addition, extended attributes were also added to the FAT file system. The Extended Edition of 1.2 introduced TCP/IP and Ethernet support, OS/2 and Windows-related books of the late 1980s acknowledged the existence of both systems and promoted OS/2 as the system for the future. The collaboration between IBM and Microsoft unravelled in 1990, between the releases of Windows 3.0 and OS/21.3, during this time, Windows 3.0 became a tremendous success, selling millions of copies in its first year. Much of its success was because Windows 3.0 was bundled with most new computers, OS/2, on the other hand, was available only as an expensive stand-alone software package. In addition, OS/2 lacked device drivers for many devices such as printers. Windows, on the hand, supported a much larger variety of hardware
33.
MS-DOS
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MS-DOS is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for a system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers. Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC DOS1.0 for use in their PCs. During its life, several competing products were released for the x86 platform and it was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI. It is a operating system, and consumes negligible installation space. MS-DOS was a form of 86-DOS – owned by Seattle Computer Products. This first version was shipped in August 1980, Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS1.10 for $75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS1. 10/1.14 to IBM, within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies. It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer, thus, there were many different versions of MS-DOS for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible machine and an MS-DOS machine. This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, Microsoft omitted multi-user support from MS-DOS because Microsofts Unix-based operating system, Xenix, was fully multi-user. After the breakup of the Bell System, however, AT&T Computer Systems started selling UNIX System V, believing that it could not compete with AT&T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1987 transferred ownership of Xenix to the Santa Cruz Operation. On 25 March 2014, Microsoft made the code to SCP MS-DOS1.25, as an April Fools joke in 2015, Microsoft Mobile launched a Windows Phone application called MS-DOS Mobile which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS. Version 3.1 – Support for Microsoft Networks Version 3.2 – First version to support 3.5 inch,720 kB floppy drives and diskettes. Version 3.21 Version 3.22 – Version 3.25 Version 3.3 – First version to support 3.5 inch,1.44 MB floppy drives and diskettes, Version 3. 3a Version 3.31 – supports FAT16B and larger drives. MS-DOS4.0 and MS-DOS4.1 – A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features and it is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed below MS-DOS4. x – includes a graphical/mouse interface. It had many bugs and compatibility issues. Version 4.00 – First version to support a hard disk partition that is greater than 32 MiB. Version 4.01 – Microsoft rewritten Version 4.00 released under MS-DOS label, First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks
34.
IPodLinux
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IPodLinux is a µClinux-based Linux distribution designed specifically to run on Apple Inc. s iPod. As of 2009, the project has been inactive and its website is no longer maintained, further development of free and open source software for iPods have continued with the Rockbox Project, zeroslackr, and freemyipod, which have largely supplanted iPodLinux. Some third party installers are still available at http, //aqua-gero. com/miche/, IPodLinux in essence consists of a Linux kernel built from µClinux sources using the uClibc C standard library with driver code for iPod components. It includes userland programs from µClinux and/or BusyBox, a UNIX-style file system, many games, including TuxChess, Bluecube, Chopper, StepMania and more. The bootloader for the 4th generation iPod was extracted by Nils Schneider, previous software methods to extract the necessary bootloader no longer worked. Bernard Leach had previously discovered how to operate the piezo buzzer inside the iPod, Schneider was able to use his program with some modifications to make a series of clicks for each byte of the new iPods bootloader. The extraction process took 22 hours to complete and required Schneider to construct a box to prevent outside interference with the process. On June 11,2008 the organizations website was suspended and replaced with a redirect to a blank page, the server had its services restored incrementally. On October 1,2008 the iPodLinux. org DNS address was updated, on June 22,2009 the server was pulled offline again. The server was online again on September 8. In September 2010 the server went offline again and has not got online again yet, alexander Papst, one of the developers, has posted a mirror of the site at ipodlinux. wiki. As of 2015, the site is offline, according to the iPodLinux wiki, developers have succeeded in getting to work- it does not imply that the feature is ready for widespread use. As of August 5,2006, only the 1st, 2nd, the iPodLinux project does not plan support for the iPod shuffle due to the lack of a GCC compiler for the shuffles DSP57000 core, as well as the fact that the iPod shuffle lacks a screen. Installers are in the process of being made, as of now, there is Installer 2.3 for Microsoft Windows or Linux which can install on any generation iPod. 5th generation iPod. In addition to that, the much spoken about audio recording feature currently does not work on the latest ipodlinux/zeroslackr builds, in ipodlinux, an under development message is given under recording, while in zeroslackr, recording is not displayed at all. Arguably one of the more notable accomplishments is its video player. This video player only plays uncompressed AVI files, which are basically just a series of bitmap formatted frames with an overlay that commonly loses sync with the video output. A new compression technique called MoviePod, released in 2006, enables people to put more video content on their iPod and it includes several new features, most notably modularity, users can install new applications without recompiling all of podzilla
35.
Apple Inc.
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Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
36.
IPod
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The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23,2001, about 8½ months after iTunes was released, the most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15,2015. There are three current versions of the iPod, the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano, like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch. Before the release of iOS5, the branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad. As of iOS5, separate apps named Music and Videos are standardized across all iOS-powered products, while the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod, in mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15,2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor. The core is over 5 times faster than models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors, Space grey, pink, gold, silver, though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apples digital hub category, when the company began creating software for the market of personal digital devices. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, the product was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23,2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put 1,000 songs in your pocket, Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayers reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system, portalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the softwares look, starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apples corporate font, color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2006 Apple presented an edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2
37.
Quizilla
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Quizilla was a user-generated quiz website. It originally started as a website for quizzes, many users were posting quizzes that were actually chapters of fan fiction, so a legitimate section for stories was added even though it is not always used. In 2005 and 2006, the website underwent multiple changes and additions, including a section for poems. On October 16,2006, Viacoms MTV Networks announced it had bought Quizilla for a sum of money. After selling to TeenNick the site went from a free writing site to a PG-rated site, due to the sudden changes, many users work was deleted, which caused many people to abandon the site. In September 2014, Quizilla announced it was shutting down on October 1, the site was created on August 4,2002, by Matthew Nielsen. In late July 2005, the site got a new design with a red background, a game page was added, which included puzzles and a Napoleon Dynamite-themed hangman game. In October 2005, many new features under request were added such as poems, Zillapedia, an astrology section, in December 2005, a tag feature was added and feature that allowed users to label content. In January 2006, themes, sets of fonts, backgrounds, polls could be made starting in February 2006. In April 2006, message boards were added after numerous requests, in August 2006, new story and poem editors were made available. Also, new sections were added for lyrics and scored quizzes, in December 2007, the site announced the site layout and content would be changed. In early May 2008, the site changed the site layout and content, as promised in December of the previous year. On September 28,2009, The N changed its name to TeenNick, in 2011, MTV Networks was renamed Viacom Media Networks. On September 9,2011, Quizilla left the Most Popular Stories section void, after this, many people joined the site to post fanfiction stories, many started ending up on the Most Popular Stories list, because so many people were reading them. On November 19,2011, no stories, poems, quizzes, etc. were on the Most Popular, Top Rated, Ultimate, on November 21,2011, the URL quizilla. teennick. com directed to a new quiz site linked with Teen Nick. On November 30,2011, Quizilla put quizzes, stories, poems, etc. back on the Most Popular, Top Rated, Ultimate, and Newest lists. On February 11,2014, not as works were being posted, believed to be due either to a system hack or the fact that many users had moved to less restrictive sites. In September 2014, the site announced it was shutting down on October 1 due to the drop in active users, as of October 2014, the site is now closed down
