1.
Remington Arms
–
Remington Arms Company, LLC is an American manufacturer of firearms and ammunition in the United States. It was founded in 1816 by Eliphalet Remington in Ilion, New York, as E. Remington, Remington is Americas oldest gun maker and Its Americas oldest factory that still makes its original product-guns. It is the only U. S. company which produces both firearms and ammunition domestically and is the largest U. S. producer of shotguns, Remington has also developed or adopted more cartridges than any other gun maker or ammunition manufacturer in the world. Additionally its products are distributed in over 60 foreign countries, making its distribution base, Remington Arms is part of the Freedom Group, which is owned by Cerberus Capital Management. Remington built a new plant in Huntsville, Alabama which is now building Modern Sporting Rifles, the Remington company was founded in 1816. Eliphalet Remington II believed he could build a gun than he could buy. Farming communities in the region were famous for their skills and self-sufficiency. Remingtons father was a blacksmith, and wanted to expand his business into rifle barrel production, local residents often built their own rifles to save on costs, but purchased the barrel. Remingtons father sent him to a barrel maker in a major city to purchase a barrel. At the time, the method was to heat and wrap long flat bars of iron around a rod of the caliber desired. By heating and hammering the coiled bars around the central rod, after the young man returned home, his family added a successful barrel making operation to his fathers forge, in Ilion Gorge, New York. Remington began designing and building a rifle for himself. At age 23, he entered a match, though he only finished second. Before Remington left the field day, he had received so many orders from other competitors that he was now officially in the gunsmithing business. By 1828, the moved to nearby Ilion, New York. On March 7,1888, ownership of E. Remington & Sons left possession of the Remington family and was sold to new owners, Marcellus Hartley, at this time the name was formally changed to the Remington Arms Company. The Bridgeport site became the home of Remingtons ammunition plant, in 1912, Remington and Union Metallic Cartridge Company were combined into a single entity, called Remington UMC. In 1915, the plant at Ilion was expanded, and with this expansion became basically the same plant as today, during World War I, Remington produced arms under contract for several Allied powers
2.
Cartridge (firearms)
–
Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
3.
.250-3000 Savage
–
The. 250-3000 Savage is a rifle cartridge created by Charles Newton in 1915 and is also known as the.250 Savage. The name comes from its manufacturer, Savage Arms and the fact that the original load achieved a 3000 ft/s velocity with an 87 grain bullet. Charles Newton designed the 250-3000 Savage case to fit the popular Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle, Newton recommended loading 100 grain bullets at 2800 ft/s, but Savage Arms reduced bullet weight to obtain velocity of 3000 ft/s, making it the first American cartridge capable of that velocity. Achieving that velocity may have been the reason for the choice of the light-for-caliber 87 grain bullet, Newton questioned if the publicity advantages of velocity compensated for reduced penetration of the lighter bullet in larger game animals. The cartridge has a limit of 45,000 CUP set by SAAMI. It lacks the power of the bigger. 25-06 Remington but provides less noise, performance is very close to the.257 Roberts. Currently there are few new firearms being made in.250 Savage. It is an excellent cartridge with moderate recoil for hunting game on up to deer-sized game. Some varmint hunters use the version of this cartridge, known as the.250 Ackley or.250 Improved or.250 Ackley Improved as a dual-purpose intermediate-range cartridge. The.250 Ackley is the same basic cartridge with a steeper shoulder and this provides a velocity improvement of more than 250 ft/s over standard factory loads. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 6 mm caliber
4.
Bullet
–
The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
5.
Rifling
–
In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
6.
Primer (firearms)
–
In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
7.
Caliber
–
In guns, particularly firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the projectile it fires, in hundredths or sometimes thousandths of an inch. For example, a 45 caliber firearm has a diameter of.45 of an inch. Barrel diameters can also be expressed using metric dimensions, as in 9mm pistol, when the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation cal can be used. Good performance requires a bullet to closely match the diameter of a barrel to ensure a good seal. While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are referred to by the cartridge name. Firearm calibers outside the range of 17 to 50 exist, but are rarely encountered. Larger calibers, such as.577.585.600.700, the.950 JDJ is the only known cartridge beyond 79 caliber used in a rifle. Referring to artillery, caliber is used to describe the length as multiples of the bore diameter. A 5-inch 50 calibre gun has a diameter of 5 in. The main guns of the USS Missouri are 1650 caliber, makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming the cartridges, since no established convention existed then. One of the early established cartridge arms was the Spencer repeating rifle, later various derivatives were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller-diameter bullets, these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No.56 became the. 56-56, and the smaller versions. 56-52. 56-50, the. 56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a 50-cal bullet. Optionally, the weight in grains was designated, e. g. 45-70-405. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the.204 Ruger, metric diameters for small arms refer to cartridge dimensions and are expressed with an × between the bore diameter and the length of the cartridge case, for example,7. 62×51 NATO. This indicates that the diameter is 7. 62mm, loaded in a case 51mm long. Similarly, the 6. 5×55 Swedish cartridge has a diameter of 6.5 mm. An exception to rule is the proprietary cartridge used by U. S. maker Lazzeroni. The following table lists commonly used calibers where both metric and imperial are used as equivalents
8.
Rifle
–
A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called lands, which contact with the projectile. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling and this allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient bullets and thus improves range and accuracy. The word rifle originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a rifled gun, the word rifle is now used for any long hand-held aimed device activated by a trigger, such as Air rifles and the Personnel halting and stimulation response rifle. Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports, formerly, rifles only fired a single projectile with each squeeze of the trigger. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze, some fire in an automatic mode. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design, in fact, many light machine guns are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. A militarys light machine guns are chambered for the same caliber ammunition as its service rifles. Generally, the difference between a rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, cooling system. Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed, many machine guns allow the operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheating, whereas rifles generally do not. Most machine guns fire from a bolt in order to reduce the danger of cook-off. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier, the rifle is an individual weapon, the term rifle is sometimes used to describe larger crew-served rifled weapons firing explosive shells, for example, recoilless rifles. In many works of fiction a rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before firing, the origins of rifling are difficult to trace, but some of the earliest practical experiments seem to have occurred in Europe during the 15th century. Archers had long realized that a twist added to the feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. This might also have led to a increase in accuracy. Rifles were created as an improvement in the accuracy of smooth bore muskets, the black powder used in early muzzle-loading rifles quickly fouled the barrel, making loading slower and more difficult. Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters, muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle
9.
Varmint hunting
–
Varmint hunting is the practice of hunting vermin, generally small mammals targeted as a means of pest control, rather than for food. Varminter may refer to a varmint hunter, or describe hunting equipment either specifically designed for, or suitable for varmint hunting, such as a varmint rifle. Varmint hunters may hunt to exterminate a nuisance animal from their own property, to collect a bounty offered by another landowner or the government, the definitive varmints are ground burrowing animals such as groundhogs and prairie dogs. These animals are small and difficult to approach closely, and hunting requires a long range. Remington 700 SPS, Has a 26 heavy contour barrel with standard features include a hinged floorplate magazine, sling swivel studs. Ruger No.1 Varminter single-shot rifle, equipped with scope base and rings for telescopic sight, while the trigger is factory set and locked, the trigger does include sear engagement and overtravel adjustment screws, which can be adjusted by a gunsmith. Savage Model 12 Varminter, includes adjustable trigger, and free floated extended heavy barrel, no iron sights, sierra Varminter line of bullets, light weight, hollow point and soft point bullets designed for high velocities, minimal penetration, and maximum expansion needed for varmints. Pest control Nuisance wildlife management Rat-catcher Vermin
10.
Game (hunting)
–
Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world, in some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, as either small game or large game. Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food, the term game arises in medieval hunting terminology by the late 13th century and is particular to English, from the generic meaning of Old English gamen joy, amusement, sport, merriment. Small game includes animals, such as rabbits, pheasants. Large game includes animals like deer and bear, big game is a term sometimes used interchangeably with large game although in other contexts it refers to large, typically African, mammals which are hunted mainly for trophies in safaris. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world and this is influenced by climate, animal diversity, local taste and locally accepted views about what can or cannot be legitimately hunted. Sometimes a distinction is made between varieties and species of a particular animal, such as wild turkey and domestic turkey. Fish caught for sport are referred to as game fish, the flesh of the animal, when butchered for consumption is often described as having a gamey flavour. This difference in taste can be attributed to the diet of the animal. In some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, a single small game licence may cover all small game species and be subject to yearly bag limits. Large game are often subject to individual licensing where a licence is required for each individual animal taken. In some parts of Africa, wild animals hunted for their meat are called bushmeat, see article for more detailed information on how this operates within the economy. In Africa, animals hunted for their pelts or ivory are sometimes referred to as the big game, also see the legal definition of game in Swaziland. South Africa has 62 species of gamebirds, including guineafowl, francolin, partridge, quail, sandgrouse, duck, geese, snipe, bustard, of the remaining 41 species,24 have shown an increase in numbers and distribution range in the last 25 years or so. The status of 14 species appears unchanged, with insufficient information being available for the three species. S. and Canada, deer are the most commonly hunted big game. Other game species include, In the PRC there is a special category called ye wei. In the UK game is defined in law by the Game Act 1831 and it is illegal to shoot game on Sundays or at night. Other that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife, the ban is generally considered voluntary on private lands, and few birds live away from RSPB or Forestry Commission land allegedly
11.
.220 Swift
–
The.220 Swift is a semi-rimmed rifle cartridge developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935. It was the first factory loaded rifle cartridge with a velocity of over 4,000 ft/s. The.220 Swift remains the fastest commercial cartridge in the world, the Swift is a large cased.224 caliber cartridge and bullet that was created for small game such as prairie dogs, groundhogs and other vermin such as marmots. Upon its introduction it astounded the varmint hunting world by being fully 1,400 ft/s faster than its nearest competitor and it was found to be an extremely accurate cartridge as well. The original factory load from Winchester provided a 48-grain bullet launched at 4,100 feet per second, handloaders could marginally improve on this but only at maximum loads. The Swift can be loaded with bullets to reach 4,400 ft/s. In recent times 75-grain.224 bullets have been developed for use in high velocity.22 caliber rifles for taking larger game and long-distance shooting. Heavier bullets perform best in rifles that have a rifling twist rate taking into consideration the diameter, length. The prototype for the.220 Swift was developed in 1934–35 by Grosvenor Wotkyns who necked down the. 250-3000 Savage as a means of achieving very high velocities, however the final commercial version developed by Winchester is based on the 6mm Lee Navy cartridge necked down. The.220 Swift was developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935 as a new caliber for their Model 54 bolt-action rifle. When the Winchester Model 70 bolt action was first issued in 1936, the Swift has the dubious privilege of being possibly the most controversial of all the many. 224 in caliber cartridges, and has inspired equal heights of praise and criticism. More popular, however, is the smaller and slightly lower velocity. 22–250, the Swifts high-velocity performance comes at a price, because the high velocities and high internal firing temperatures accelerate chamber and bore wear. Modern metallurgy and cryogenic treatment have vastly improved barrel life with the.222 Remington, the Swift remains a controversial deer caliber.220 Swift to be used. In the cartridges early days during the 1930s, expert red deer stalkers such as W. D. M, bell, the recently retired African elephant hunter, used the. There is, however, little debate about the Swifts proven effectiveness on small deer species, such as Roe, most factory Swift rifles come with a fairly slow twist-rate such as 1–12 or 1–14, designed to stabilize the lighter bullets popular in varmint hunting. Custom Swifts can have faster twist-rates such as 1–9 allowing them to heavy bullets. Ackley maintained that the.220 Swift was a round for medium-large game. 5 mm caliber, other cartridges of 5–6 mm caliber, delta L problem List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Varmint rifle
12.
Hydrostatic shock (firearms)
–
There is scientific evidence that hydrostatic shock can produce remote neural damage and produce incapacitation more quickly than blood loss effects. Human autopsy results have demonstrated brain hemorrhaging from fatal hits to the chest, thirty-three cases of fatal penetrating chest wounds by a single bullet were selected from a much larger set by excluding all other traumatic factors, including past history. It has often asserted that hydrostatic shock and other descriptions of remote wounding effects are nothing. Correspondence in the journal, Neurosurgery, reviews the published evidence, col. Chamberlin described what he called “explosive effects” and “hydraulic reaction” of bullets in tissue. liquids are put in motion by ‘shock waves’ or hydraulic effects. With liquid filled tissues, the effects and destruction of tissues extend in all directions far beyond the wound axis, col. Chamberlin recognized that many theories have been advanced in wound ballistics. During World War II he commanded an 8, 500-bed hospital center that treated over 67,000 patients during the fourteen months that he operated it, ackley estimates that 85% of the patients were suffering from gunshot wounds. Col. Chamberlin spent many hours interviewing patients as to their reactions to bullet wounds and he conducted many live animal experiments after his tour of duty. On the subject of wound ballistics theories, he wrote, Other World War II era scientists noted remote pressure wave effects in the peripheral nerves, dr. Fackler based his argument on the lithotriptor, a tool commonly used to break up kidney stones. The lithotriptor uses sonic pressure waves which are stronger than those caused by most handgun bullets, hence, Fackler argued, ballistic pressure waves cannot damage tissue either. Dr. Fackler claimed that a study of bullet wounds in Vietnam found “no cases of bones being broken, or major vessels torn. In only two cases, an organ that was not hit, suffered some disruption. ”Dr. Fackler cited a personal communication with R. F. Bellamy. However, Bellamy’s published findings the following year estimated that 10% of fractures in the set might be due to indirect injuries. Facklers critics argue that Facklers evidence does not contradict distant injuries, as Fackler claimed, a summary of the debate was published in 2009 as part of a Historical Overview of Wound Ballistics Research. The Wound Data and Munitions Effectiveness Team gathered data on wounds sustained during the Vietnam War, in their analysis of this data published in the Textbook of Military Medicine, Ronald Bellamy and Russ Zajtchuck point out a number of cases which seem to be examples of distant injuries. Bellamy and Zajtchuck describe three mechanisms of distant wounding due to pressure transients, 1) stress waves 2) shear waves and 3) a vascular pressure impulse. ”The WDMET data includes a case of a lung contusion resulting from a hit to the shoulder. The caption to Figure 4-40 says, “The pulmonary injury may be the result of a stress wave. ”They describe the possibility that a hit to a soldiers trapezius muscle caused temporary paralysis due to “the stress wave passing through the soldiers neck indirectly cervical cord dysfunction. ”In addition to waves, Bellamy. They estimate that 10% of bone fractures in the data may be the result of indirect injuries, that is, bones fractured by the bullet passing close to the bone without a direct impact. A Chinese experiment is cited which provides a formula estimating how pressure magnitude decreases with distance. ”Bellamy and Zajtchuck suggest the fracture in Figures 4-46, damage due to shear waves extends to even greater distances in abdominal injuries in the WDMET data
13.
Wildcat cartridge
–
A wildcat cartridge, often shortened to wildcat, is a custom cartridge for which ammunition and/or firearms are not mass-produced. These cartridges are often created in order to optimize a certain performance characteristic of a commercial cartridge. Often, wildcats are commercially sold rounds that have been modified in some way to alter the cartridges performance, barrels for the caliber are originally manufactured by gunsmiths specializing in barrel making. Generally the same makers also offer reloading dies, tools to custom-load bullets into cases, because changing the barrel of a gun to accommodate custom cartridges requires precision equipment, most wildcats are developed by or in association with custom barrel makers. Ammunition is handloaded, using modified parent cases and the gunsmith-provided wildcat dies, handloaders use the data to develop a load by starting with minimum loads and carefully working up. Wildcat cases and cartridges can be found for sale, but only from small makers, larger manufacturers usually do not produce wildcats because there is such a limited market for them and because there are no established CIP or SAAMI standards, which causes liability concerns. Wildcat cartridges are developed for many reasons, generally, the goal is to optimize some characteristic of a commercial cartridge in a given context. The sport of metallic silhouette shooting, has given rise to a number of wildcats. Wildcat cartridges are developed because, Higher velocities can be obtained by increasing the case capacity. Greater energy can be attained by increasing the caliber or the case capacity, better efficiency can be achieved by increasing the shoulder angle, shortening the case, and reducing case taper. Greater consistency can be achieved by tuning the case capacity to a bullet diameter, weight. Some methods used to develop a wildcat are, Cold forming, the parent case is well lubricated and forced carefully into the reloading die for the wildcat caliber. This will swage the case into the new shape and this type of operation is used for reducing case dimensions, such as reducing the neck diameter or pushing the shoulder back, or changing the neck diameter. This consists of taking the parent case, or a cold formed case, loading it with a light bullet and light load of powder. Another technique uses a charge of fast burning powder topped with a full of Cream of Wheat. This technique is used for increasing case dimensions, such as pushing the neck forward, increasing the neck angle, or straightening the case walls. Generally, after either a cold forming or a fire forming operation, the mouth of the case will be longer than ideal, and the case will be trimmed back to the trim to length. Trimming is a normal reloading operation, as high pressure cartridges will flow each time they are fired, changing the diameter of the case
14.
Gunsmith
–
A gunsmith is a person who repairs, modifies, designs, or builds guns. This occupation differs from an armorer, a gunsmith does factory level repairs, renovation, and makes modifications and alterations for special uses. Gunsmiths may also apply carvings, engravings and other features to an otherwise finished gun. Due to the breadth of subject matter to be mastered. Alternatively, some gunsmiths learn many of the skills of the trade, the primary technical responsibility of gunsmiths is to ensure that the guns work and function safely. They accomplish this firstly by always properly observing gun safety handling procedures and they accomplish this secondly by inspecting guns to ensure safe mechanical operation. Some of those around them are, Improper Assembly Missing Parts Cracks, all cracked parts are cause for concern, bore Obstructions, being either dented or bent barrels, or foreign material in barrels. Improper Headspace, dimensions concerning the locations of the chamber. Safety-Mechanism Malfunctions, potentially allowing a gun with the safety mechanism supposedly engaged to unexpectedly fire, worn Sear Edges, potentially allowing a firearm to unexpectedly fire when the safety mechanism is disengaged. Firing-Pin Tips Deformed, leading to the possibility of primer-rupture, many failure modes are dependent on the particular model of firearm. Disassemble, clean, inspect, lubricate & reassemble, Repair burred or damaged parts with files & stones. Replace defective parts with factory-made replacements, hand-fitting as necessary, add after-market customizations, sling-swivels recoil-pads iron-sights scopes grip caps butt plates Repair and re-finish wooden stock parts. Deepen or clean up worn or damaged engravings & markings, re-crown damaged muzzles on a lathe. Install or repair rib on shotgun barrels, or repair double-barrel assemblies, troubleshoot and repair feeding, ejecting & firing problems. Test-fire guns with conventional loads to ensure proper operation, fabricate wooden stocks to customer specifications and body dimensions. Fit same to existing receiver and barrel, glass-bed actions to stocks to improve accuracy. Remove existing metal finish, and re-blue metal parts, fabricate replacement parts from metal stock. Modify trigger-pull weight through careful stoning of trigger mechanism parts, fire proof-loads through weapons to ensure sufficient strength of parts under over-load conditions
15.
Browning Arms Company
–
Browning Arms Company is an American maker of firearms and fishing gear. Founded in Morgan, Utah, the company offers a variety of firearms including shotguns, rifles. Other manufactured sporting goods include sport bows, knives, fishing rods, the company was founded to market the sporting designs of John Browning, one of the worlds most prolific firearms inventors. Nearly all of John Brownings innovative designs have been manufactured under license by companies, including Winchester, Colt, Remington, Fabrique Nationale dHerstal of Belgium. Browning is currently a fully owned subsidiary of FN Herstal, Browning Arms Company is best known for the Browning BPS shotgun, the A-Bolt rifle, X-Bolt rifle, the Auto-5 semi-automatic shotgun, the BAR semi-automatic rifle, and the Hi-Power 9mm pistol. Browning also manufactures a set of trap shotguns in the Cynergy series, Browning sells a variety of non-firearms outdoors products, such as gun safes, knives, shooting accessories and clothing. 22LR.22 WMR and. In that year, a agreement was reached with Connecticut-based H. H. Brown Shoe Company. The product line included the John M. Browning collection, Field and Game series, the line has grown to include Kangaroo leather boots, Rubber boots and waders, and upland game boots. In 1968, Browning introduced a line of cutlery in the form of 3 fixed-blade hunting knives, in 2004 Browning partnered with several custom knifemakers to produce a series of Living History Knives honoring famous American Generals and battles. Browning has recently partnered with Big-game hunter, Russ Kommer as their knife designer, the actual line from the play is slightly different, Wenn ich Kultur höre. entsichere ich meinen Browning. Browning is the sponsor of hunting show Goin Country hosted by Kristy Lee Cook which used to air on the Versus channel before it became the NBC Sports Network, the relationship between Cook and Browning started after she was shown on American Idol wearing a Browning hat. FN Model 1910 M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle Official website
16.
Remington Model 700
–
The Remington Model 700 is a series of bolt-action rifles manufactured by Remington Arms since 1962. All are based on the same centerfire bolt action and they often come with a 3-, 4- or 5-round internal magazine depending on caliber, some of which have a floor-plate for quick-unloading, and some of which are blind. The rifle can also be ordered with a box magazine. The Model 700 is available in many different stock, barrel and it is a development of the Remington 721 and 722 series of rifles, which were introduced in 1948. The Remington 700 action is designed for mass production and it is a manually operated bolt action with two forward dual-opposed lugs. The bolt face is recessed, fully enclosing the base of the cartridge, the ejector is a plunger on the bolt face actuated by a coil spring. The bolt is of 3-piece construction, brazed together, the receiver is milled from round cross-section steel. The Remington 700 comes in a number of variants, with different stocks, barrel configurations, metal finishes. In addition, there are three lengths of action, the symmetrical two-lug bolt body has a.695 in diameter. The differing action dimensions influence lock time, the long action has a lock time of 3.0 milliseconds and the short action has a 15% faster lock time of 2.6 milliseconds. To these can be added various magazine configurations, a magazine which has no floorplate, a conventional magazine with detachable floorplate. There are standard consumer versions as well as designed for military. Some variants come with bipods, slings and other accessories, there are several variants of the consumer version of the Model 700, including, Model 700 Model 700 SPS Model 700 ADL Model 700 BDL Model 700 CDL Model 700 VTR Model 700 Safari. Heavy barrel versions with laminated stocks like the Model 700 SPS varmint are available for varmint hunting, the Model 700 ADL was replaced as the most economical Model 700 by the Model 700 SPS in newer production. The 700CDL is usually higher priced than the 700BDL, but has a barrel in comparison. The Mil-Spec refers solely to the 5-R rifling profile designed by Boots Obermeyer and used in the single broach-cut barrels he produces for use in the M24, M40, the contour of the hammer-forged production Remington barrel is much thinner than that used in the M24 and M40 rifle systems. Remington produced a 700 ML muzzleloading rifle from 1996 onward, the EtronX electronic primer ignition system was implemented in the Model 700 EtronX introduced in 2000. There are two models of the 700P – the standard 700P with a 26 heavy barrel and the 700P Light Tactical Rifle which has a 20 fluted heavy barrel
17.
Weatherby
–
Weatherby, Inc. is an American gun manufacturer founded in 1945 by Roy Weatherby. The company is best known for its high-powered magnum cartridges, such as the.257 Weatherby Magnum,270 Weatherby Magnum.300 Weatherby Magnum.340 Weatherby Magnum, company headquarters is in the northern San Luis Obispo County town of Paso Robles, California. The original production rifles by Roy Weatherby were built on commercial Mauser actions by FN, Brevex, for bespoke rifles, Weatherby would build to a customers specifications, using any action the customer wanted, provided it was strong enough for the desired cartridge. For many years, Weatherby manufactured his rifles at his facility in South Gate. But in 1956, he contracted with Sako to build his production rifles on Weatherby-FN Mauser actions, custom rifles were still produced in South Gate, however. Weatherbys first break with Mauser actions came in 1956 when he commissioned the Danish firm of Schultz & Larsen to build 378 Weatherby Magnums utilizing their Model 54 bolt action and this action was very stout and featured four rear locking lugs. Many of its features would find their way into Weatherbys proprietary bolt action, built to withstand the hottest of Weatherbys experimental cartridges. The first Weatherby Mark V actions were manufactured in the U. S. by Pacific Founders, Inc. demand for the Mark V quickly exceeded Weatherbys manufacturing capability, so the company contracted with J. P. Sauer in West Germany to build production Mark V rifles. Manufacturing of the Mark V remained there until the early 1970s when material, some say the machining and finishing of the Howa made Mark Vs was actually better than the Sauer made guns. In 1995, manufacturing of the Mark V was moved back to the United States, the Mark V action remained relatively unchanged during the first five years of production. Shortly after, manufacturing moved from PFI in the U. S. to J. P. Sauer in Germany, in addition, the safety was redesigned and moved from the receiver to the bolt, which was changed from a smooth to a fluted surface. The first major change came in 1963 when Weatherby designed a shorter and more trim Mark V action for their 224 Weatherby Magnum varmint round, the bolt in this smaller Mark V action only had six locking lugs, versus the nine found on its bigger brother. Rifles chambered for the new 224 Wby Magnum were dubbed Varmintmaster, the Varmintmaster was later offered in 22-250 Remington, making this the first non-Weatherby cartridge offered in the Mark V. In 1967, the 9-lug Mark V action was offered for the first time in 30-06 and these two cartridges, the 30-06 and 22-250, remained the only two non-Weatherby chamberings offered in production Mark V rifles until the mid-1990s. Today, all standard calibers are only offered in 6-lug versions of the action. This makes 9-lug, 30-06 Mark Vs somewhat of a rarity, in the late 1960s, Weatherby contracted with Howa of Japan to build a Weatherby rifle that would be more affordable for the average hunter. The result was the Weatherby Vanguard which was introduced in 1970, the Vanguard is now available in select Weatherby magnum calibers. Today, Weatherby still offers only two lines of centerfire rifles, the Mark V and the Vanguard, the Mark V barreled action is manufactured by ATEK in Brainerd, MN while the barrel and action for the Vanguard are still manufactured by Howa in Japan
18.
Weatherby Mark V
–
The Weatherby Mark V is a centerfire, bolt-action rifle manufactured by Weatherby of Paso Robles, California. The rifle was introduced in 1957 by Weatherby and was designed to contain the high pressures associated with the Weatherby line of high performance cartridges. It is the rifle of the Weatherby line of firearms. The Weatherby Mark V rifles are considered prestigious or luxury firearms by many, ever since Roy Weatherby began manufacturing rifles he had to rely on a third party to provide the actions for his rifles. Beginning in 1949 Weatherby began building his rifles around the FN Belgian Mauser action, in 1955 Schultz & Larson actions were added to the mix while adding the Mathieu left handed action to his rifle action line up. With the addition of the large capacity.378 Weatherby Magnum a new type was warranted so the Brevex Magnum Mauser action was added. A little later the FN Sako Mauser actions were added to action types used by Weatherby to build his rifles, Roy Weatherby had been disappointed by the length of time that was taken discussing and negotiating before coming to an agreement with his European manufacturing partners. With five European companies supplying actions, the frequent trips made to Europe left him time to run the day-to-day business operations in South Gate. Roy Weatherby had found the Mauser-type wanting due to the head not being completely enclosed and supported within the breech. He had been aware that many handloaders were overloading their cartridges seeking higher performance and this in turn would lead to hot gases making their way through the bolt and into the shooters face and eyes and causing injuries to his customers. If a rupture should occur, the bolt would have holes through which hot gases could be vented safely towards the side and away from the shooters face. Further as a safety measure he required an enclosed or shrouded bolt sleeve that would prevent the hot gases from making their way through the bolt mechanism to the shooters face. To Weatherby, the safety and strength of the design were paramount, Weatherby designed the action type with nine locking lugs arranged in three rows. It was determined early on that these lugs would not protrude outside the bolt, such a design would be conducive to a smooth fluid movement of the bolt through its feeding and extraction cycles. In spring 1955 Weatherby demonstrated his new action at the annual NRA meetings in Washington, the action type was shown to Burt Munhall of H. P. White Ballistics Laboratory and to General Julian Hatcher to elicit their opinion of the design, both were impressed with the design and encouraged Weatherby to commercialize the action as soon as possible. At this time Weatherby had been looking for someone to provide the design, drawings. General Hatcher suggested that John Garand would be suitable for the job, however, when contacted Garand expressed disinterest in the project as he was enjoying his retirement
19.
Special Air Service
–
The Special Air Service is a special forces unit of the British Army. The SAS was founded in 1941 as a regiment, and later reconstituted as a corps in 1950, the unit undertakes a number of roles including covert reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, direct action and hostage rescue. The Special Air Service traces its origins to 1941 and the Second World War and it was reformed as part of the Territorial Army in 1947, named the 21st Special Air Service Regiment. It was conceived as a force to operate behind enemy lines in the North African Campaign. Its first mission, in November 1941, was a drop in support of the Operation Crusader offensive. Due to German resistance and adverse conditions, the mission was a disaster,22 men. Its second mission was a major success, transported by the Long Range Desert Group, it attacked three airfields in Libya, destroying 60 aircraft with the loss of 2 men and 3 Willys MB. In September 1942, it was renamed 1st SAS, consisting at that time of four British squadrons, one Free French, one Greek, in January 1943, Colonel Stirling was captured in Tunisia and Paddy Mayne replaced him as commander. In April 1943, the 1st SAS was reorganised into the Special Raiding Squadron under Maynes command and the Special Boat Squadron was placed under the command of George Jellicoe. The Special Raiding Squadron fought in Sicily and Italy along with the 2nd SAS, the Special Boat Squadron fought in the Aegean Islands and Dodecanese until the end of the war. In 1944 the SAS Brigade was formed from the British 1st and 2nd SAS, the French 3rd and 4th SAS and the Belgian 5th SAS. It was tasked with parachute operations behind the German lines in France and carried out supporting the Allied advance through Belgium, the Netherlands. As a result of Hitlers issuing of the Commando Order on 18 October 1942, in July 1944, following Operation Bulbasket,34 captured SAS commandos were summarily executed by the Germans. In October 1944, in the aftermath of Operation Loyton another 31 captured SAS commandos were summarily executed by the Germans, at the end of the war the British Government saw no further need for the force and disbanded it on 8 October 1945. The following year it was decided there was a need for a long-term deep-penetration commando unit, ultimately, the Artists Rifles, raised in 1860 and headquartered at Dukes Road, Euston, took on the SAS mantle as 21st SAS Regiment on 1 January 1947. In 1950, a 21 SAS squadron was raised to fight in the Korean War, after three months of training in Britain, it was informed that the squadron would no longer be required in Korea and so it instead volunteered to fight in the Malayan Emergency. Upon arrival in Malaya, it came under the command of Mike Calvert who was forming a new unit called the Malayan Scouts, the Rhodesians returned home after three years service and were replaced by a New Zealand squadron. By this time the need for a regular army SAS regiment had been recognised, in 1959 the third regiment, the 23rd SAS Regiment, was formed by renaming the Reserve Reconnaissance Unit, which had succeeded MI9 and whose members were experts in escape and evasion
20.
Special Air Service Regiment
–
The Special Air Service Regiment, officially abbreviated SASR though commonly known as the SAS, is a special forces unit of the Australian Army. Formed in 1957, it was modelled on the British SAS sharing the motto. The regiment is based at Campbell Barracks, in Swanbourne, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia and it has taken part in operations in Borneo, Vietnam, Somalia, East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as many other peacekeeping missions. The SASR also provides a counter-terrorist capability, and has involved in a number of domestic security operations. In addition to warfighting during conventional conflicts, the regiment is tasked with maintaining a specialist counter-terrorist capability. Other capabilities include training local or indigenous forces, recovery of Australian citizens, the SASR is also trained in counter-insurgency operations. During such tasks the SASR seeks to evade rather than confront the enemy, SASR soldiers also direct fire support including air strikes to destroy enemy installations and disrupt or kill enemy forces whenever possible. SASR reconnaissance patrols can be inserted by air, land or water and have proven capable of covering large distances and staying concealed in jungle, desert, SASR patrols may also conduct sabotage and short-duration raids on high-value targets, including headquarters, airfields and communications nodes. TAG maintains a capability to conduct military operations beyond the scope of state/territory. Offensive counter-terrorist operations may include action and hostage recovery. A capability to board ships at anchor, ships underway and off-shore gas, TAG is kept at high readiness for a period of 12 months, before being replaced by another squadron in this role. The 2nd Commando Regiment provides Tactical Assault Group to respond to incidents on the east coast of Australia. The 1st Special Air Service Company was established on 25 July 1957 at Swanbourne, in 1960, the company became part of the Royal Australian Regiment and was given the responsibility for commando and special forces operations. As part of the organisation adopted by the Australian Army at the time. On 20 August 1964, the SAS gained regimental status and was expanded to two squadrons and a headquarters, severing the link with the RAR. The raising of a squadron was approved on 30 April 1965 as part of an overall expansion of the Australian Army. The SASR first saw action in 1965 as part of the British Commonwealth force stationed in north Borneo during the Indonesian Confrontation, the SASR troopers operated alongside their British and New Zealand counterparts in operations aimed at stopping Indonesian infiltration into Malaysia, taking part in Operation Claret. 1 Squadron conducted reconnaissance patrols in Sarawak from February to July 1965 and they suffered their first fatality on 2 June when a soldier was gored by an elephant
21.
Grain
–
Grains are small, hard, dry seeds, with or without attached hulls or fruit layers, harvested for human or animal consumption. Agronomists also call the plants producing such seeds grain crops, the two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals such as wheat and rye, and legumes such as beans and soybeans. Because of the ubiquity of grain as a source, the term grain is often used to describe something small. After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other foods, such as starchy fruits. Thus, major global commodity markets exist for canola, maize, rice, soybeans, wheat, in botany, grains and cereals are synonymous with caryopses, the fruits of the grass family. In agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called if they resemble caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as grain amaranth, and amaranth products may be described as whole grains, the pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Andes had grain-based food systems but, at the higher elevations, none of the grains was a cereal. All three grains native to the Andes are broad-leafed plants rather than such as corn, rice. All cereal crops are members of the grass family, cereal grains contain a substantial amount of starch, a carbohydrate that provides dietary energy. As is the case all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrate. Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids and they are also used as fuel or lubricants. Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards, risks include grain entrapment, where workers are submerged in the grain and unable to remove themselves, explosions caused by fine particles of grain dust, and falls
22.
.204 Ruger
–
The.204 Ruger is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Hornady and Ruger. The 204 Ruger was developed from the.222 Remington Magnum, only the European 5. 6×50mm Magnum is larger, which itself is a lengthened version of the 222 Remington Magnum. The 222 Remington Magnum provides about 5% more usable case capacity than the most popular member of the family, to make the 204 Ruger, the 222 Remington Magnum case was necked down to.204 inches and shoulder moved forward and angle increased to 30 degrees. Bullets available in.204 caliber range from 26 to 55 grains, the Hornady factory load is listed at 4,225 ft/s with a 32-grain bullet. To achieve these velocities, the uses a proprietary powder composition known internally as SMP746, specially formulated by Primex. The propellant features a de-coppering agent that helps prevent fouling, reloading data from Hornady, using commercially available powders, indicate velocity peaking at just under 4,200 ft/s with the 32-grain bullet in longer barrels. Many AR-15 rifle manufacturers now offer the.204 Ruger as an alternative chambering alongside the usual 5. 56×45mm/.223 Rem. With the backing of a major gunmaker and an ammunition company. Rugers initial offerings included the bolt action Model 77 MKII,1, and Hornady offered loadings with 30-and-40-grain bullets. The.204 Ruger has proven to be an accurate and efficient cartridge, an early tester reported 1/2 MOA groups at 100 yards with the Hornady loads. This is not surprising, considering that the first cartridge in the family, the.204 Ruger was intended primarily for varmint rifles, which require bullets with flat trajectories but not much mass or kinetic energy. The.204 was splitting the difference between the popular.224 varmint rounds such as the.220 Swift and. 22-250 Remington, and the tiny.172 caliber rounds such as the.17 Remington and the.17 HMR. The resulting cartridge provides somewhat higher velocities than any of these, rugers claim to being the velocity king with the.204 was based on two points. First, no other high performance 20 caliber cartridge was commercially produced, second, the ammunition used to achieve the 4225 ft/s was available only from Hornady using a special powder not available to the general public. Note that handloaders typically achieve velocities more in the area of 4,100 ft/s using a 32-grain bullet, note also that handloads using a 40-grain bullet in other commercial cartridges such as the. 22-250 Remington also achieve velocities similar to those of the.204 Ruger. The advantage of the.204 Ruger is that it achieves these velocities with less powder, less recoil, the 204 Ruger has a maximum range of approximately 500 yards. Hornady now offers a 24-grain lead free cartridge that claims 4400 fps, however, Hornadys 35 gr NTX. 22-250 claims 4450 fps
23.
Vermin
–
Vermin are pests or nuisance animals, that spread diseases or destroy crops or livestock. Use of the term implies the need for extermination programs, since the term is defined in relation to human activities, which species are included vary from area to area and person to person. Varmint or varmit is an American-English colloquialism, particularly common to the American east and South-east within the bordering states of the vast Appalachia region. The term vermin is used to refer to a scope of organisms, including rodents, cockroaches, fleas, termites, lice, bed bugs. Birds which eat crops and fruit are an example. The American crow, is hated by farmers because of crop depredation. Pigeons, which have been introduced in urban environments, are also sometimes considered vermin. Some varieties of snakes and arachnids may also be referred to as vermin, vermin is also used as a term for vile people, an enemy of a state or nation, or certain ethnic groups that are considered subhuman. Species can develop into vermin if introduced into regions where they find living conditions. In such cases, humans often choose to fill the role of the predator to limit the danger to the environment, examples of vermin include goats on the Galápagos Islands, rabbits in Australia or cats on Prince Edward Islands. Rats, mice, and cockroaches are common urban and suburban vermin, hunting laws and definitions vary by province in Canada. Under Tudor vermin laws, many creatures were seen as competitors for the produce of the countryside, the declaration of the red kite as vermin led to its decline to the point of extirpation in the UK by the 20th century. However, the red kite is being reintroduced by the trans-location of breeding pairs from other parts of Europe, parasite Varmint hunting The dictionary definition of vermin at Wiktionary The New Brunswick Ministry of Natural Resources
24.
Prairie dog
–
Prairie dogs are herbivorous burrowing rodents native to the grasslands of North America. The five species are, black-tailed, white-tailed, Gunnisons, Utah and they are a type of ground squirrel, found in the United States, Canada and Mexico. In the United States, they range primarily to the west of the Mississippi River, despite the name, they are not canines. Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which similar to a dogs bark. The name was in use at least as early as 1774, the 1804 journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition note that in September 1804, they discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog. Its genus, Cynomys, derives from the Greek for dog mouse, the black-tailed prairie dog was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804. Lewis described it in detail in 1806, calling it the barking squirrel.5 and 1.5 kilograms. Sexual dimorphism in body mass in the prairie dog varies 105 to 136% between the sexes, among the species, black-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the least sexually dimorphic, and white-tailed prairie dogs tend to be the most sexually dimorphic. Prairie dogs are herbivorous, though they eat some insects. They feed primarily on grasses and small seeds, in the fall, they eat broadleaf forbs. In the winter, lactating and pregnant females supplement their diets with snow for extra water and they also will eat roots, seeds, fruit, and buds. Grasses of various species are eaten, white-tailed prairie dogs have been observed to kill ground squirrels, a competing herbivore. Prairie dogs live mainly at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 ft above sea level, the areas where they live can get as warm as 38 °C in the summer and as cold as −37 °C in the winter. As prairie dogs live in areas prone to environmental threats, including hailstorms, blizzards, burrows help prairie dogs control their body temperature as they are 5–10 °C during the winter and 15–25 °C in the summer. Prairie dog burrows are 5–10 m long and 2–3 m below the ground, the entrance holes are generally 10–30 cm in diameter. Prairie dog burrows can have up to six entrances, sometimes the entrances are simply flat holes in the ground, while at other times they are surrounded by mounds of soil either left as piles or hard packed. Some mounds, known as dome craters, can be as high as 0. 2–0.3 m high, other mounds, known as rim craters, can be as high as 1 m. Dome craters and rim craters serve as observation posts used by the animals to watch for predators and they also protect the burrows from flooding
25.
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
–
Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
26.
Delta L problem
–
The delta L problem refers to certain firearm chambers and the incompatibility of some ammunition made for that chamber. ΔL is a Commission Internationale Permanente geometric dimensioning and tolerancing definition for cases that are longer than the chamber they have to fit in. Delta L essentially means difference in length, if the chamber in a C. I. P. Conforming firearm is shorter than a non-C. I. P, conforming maximum sized cartridge, use of that ammunition in the firearm may lead to chambering and/or feeding problems in the shoulder area of the chamber, or other headspace issues. The length specification S is a dimension for the computation of the dimensions of firearms cartridges. It designates the distance between the contact surface and the apex of the junction cone. When the length values for the peak of the junction cone measure of the cartridge and the chamber are compared it becomes clear that these values do not always agree. A precondition for such a comparison is that the angles are identical, since otherwise shifts will occur. But the corresponding lengths L1 and L2 are larger and this condition results from the fact that the length of the junction cone becomes larger if the diameter becomes smaller. With most European cartridges, the dimension S is always identical, on the other hand, many American cartridge designs exhibit an oversize designated as delta L. This leads to the situation that a cartridge manufactured at the upper limit can not be loaded into a chamber that was manufactured at the lower tolerance limit. The locking mechanism normally compensates a light oversize of 0.02 mm –0.03 mm without any problems, break barrel arms will not simply close when the cartridges and chamber dimensions are not in concert. For this reason the chambers of break barrel arms are manufactured with reamers that take ΔL into account. Generally bolt-action and break barrel hunting rifles in C. I. P, regulated countries are not cut to the minimum C. I. P. Chamber dimensions so this problem is mostly theoretical and these problems can also occur with other European made rifle brands. The main cause for the ΔL is that the two main ammunition and firearms industry standards organizations, C. I. P. This leads to officially sanctioned conflicting differences between European and American ammunition dimensions and chamber dimensions, since C. I. P. and SAAMI do not rule nor control civilian ammunition standards worldwide other causes for conflicting standards leading to ΔL issues are also possible. Published a ΔL cartridge and theoretical C. I. P, minimum chamber length shortage dimensions list
27.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
Popular Mechanics
–
Popular Mechanics is a classic magazine of popular science and technology. First published by Henry Haven Windsor, January 11,1902, there are nine international editions, including a now-defunct Latin American version that had been published for decades, and a newer South African edition. The Russian edition of Popular Mechanics has been issued since 2002, in 2013, the US edition changed from twelve to ten issues per year. Popular Mechanics features regular sections on automotive, home, outdoors, science, a recurring column is Jay Lenos Garage featuring observations by the famed late-night talk show host and vehicle enthusiast. Popular Mechanics was established in 1902, the first issue appeared on January 11,1902. The magazine was originally self-published by the Popular Mechanics Company but in 1958 became a subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation, a nearly complete archive of Popular Mechanics issues from 1905 through 2005 is available through Google Books. Popular Mechanics Show is the weekly podcast of Popular Mechanics magazine. Enthusiasts and Innovators, Possible Dreams and the Innovation Station at the Henry Ford Museum, society for the History of Technology. Possible Dreams, Enthusiasm for Technology in America, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village
29.
P.O. Ackley
–
Parker Otto Ackley was an American gunsmith, barrel maker, author, columnist, and wildcat cartridge developer. Ackley improved not only standard cartridges, but also other popular wildcats, Ackley began gunsmithing full-time in Oregon in 1936, but was interrupted by World War II. In 1945, he established a new shop in Trinidad, Colorado, for a complete biography read the book, P. O. It duplicates the ballistics of the vaunted 7mm Remington Mag, with 30% less propellant used and he also produced a number of experimental cartridges, not intended to be practical, but rather to test the limits of firearms. One of these cartridges was the.22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer. This humorously named cartridge was developed by Ackley for Bob Hutton of Guns & Ammo magazine, ackleys loads only managed 4,600 ft/s, firing a 50-grain bullet. Based on a.378 Weatherby Magnum case, the case is impractically over-capacity for the bore diameter, the advent of new slower-burning smokeless powders may have changed the equation, but in a cartridge case that routinely holds over 100-grains of powder, it is hardly worth the effort. NOTE, The term Ackley Improved has been applied by various gunsmiths conceptually to many cartridges not extant during P. O. To accomplish this, the chamber for a rimless bottle necked improved cartridge must be shorter in the body than the original so that there is no headspace when the round is chambered
30.
.300 Savage
–
The.300 Savage cartridge is a rimless.30 caliber rifle cartridge developed by the Savage Arms Company in 1920. It was designed to replace the less powerful.303 Savage in their popular Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle. Despite having a case and a rather stumpy neck, the cartridge is capable of propelling a 150-grain bullet at over 2,600 ft/s with an effective range of over 300 yd. Although it fell short of its ballistic goals, its performance outclassed other contemporary.30 caliber lever-action cartridges including the. 30-30 Winchester. The.300 Savage distinguished itself further by serving as a peer to the.308 Winchester cartridge, a round that was developed for the U. S. armed forces in the 1950s and which is still in use today. In 2008, Savage Arms released a run of its bolt-action Savage Model 110 rifle called the 50th Anniversary Model. Only 1000 of these limited edition rifles were sold, pressure level for the.300 Savage is set by SAAMI at 46,000 CUP. The.308 Winchester operates at a pressure of 52,000 CUP. In Canada, the cartridge has been used for deer, moose, and elk
31.
.308 Winchester
–
The.308 Winchester is a rimless, bottlenecked rifle cartridge and is the commercial cartridge from which the 7. 62×51mm NATO round was derived. The.308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, two prior to the NATO adoption of the 7. 62×51mm NATO T65. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the hunting market as the.308 Winchester. Winchesters Model 70 and Model 88 rifles were chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the.308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action and it is also commonly used for civilian hunting, target shooting, Metallic Silhouette, bench rest target shooting, palma, metal matches and military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the.308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles, when loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance. Their interchange is, however, considered safe by the Sporting Arms, the.308 Winchester has 3.64 ml cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, all dimensions in millimeters and inches. Americans would define the angle at alpha/2 =20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm,4 grooves, Ø lands =7.62 mm, Ø grooves =7.82 mm, land width =4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle. Rulings the.308 Winchester can handle up to 415.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure, regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that.308 Winchester chambered arms in C. I. P, regulated countries are currently proof tested at 519.00 MPa PE piezo pressure. North American SAAMI maximum pressure for the 308 Winchester is 62,000 PSI, the.308 Winchester is one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the United States, and possibly the world. It has gained popularity in countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class. In North America it is used extensively on whitetail deer, pronghorn, clay Harvey, an American gun writer, says it is usable on moose and elk. Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, says he is surprised how many hunters there use the cartridge, craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the.308 is one of Normas best-selling calibers. In Africa the.308 Win is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland. The.308 Winchester has slightly more drop at range than the. 30-06 Springfield
32.
.243 Winchester
–
The.243 Winchester is a popular sporting rifle cartridge. Initially designed as a target/varmint round, it may be used for such as coyote, blacktail deer, whitetail deer, mule deer, pronghorn. It can also be used against larger animals such as black bear or elk but is said to be too light for such large animals. Rounds of at least 90 grains are better suited for hunting larger animals while rounds less than 90 grains are more suitable for varmints, the.243 is based on a necked down.308 cartridge case. It is very popular with shooters, Metallic Silhouette, and long range shooters, because of its accuracy. This cartridge was first introduced in 1955 for the Winchester Model 70 bolt-action and Model 88 lever-action sporting rifles, just about every major manufacturer offers rifles chambered in.243. Its predecessor in the Winchester lineup, the very similar, the Winchester round remains available today whereas the. No military is known to designate this round for service. In a non-sporting context, bolt-action rifles chambered for the.243 were utilized by the Los Angeles Police Departments Special Weapons And Tactics unit during its early years. A specialist 115 grain projectile can move up to 3150fps from a 28 inch barrel, P. O. Ackley created an improved version of this cartridge called the.243 Winchester Improved. Like other improved cartridges, this created a steeper shoulder and blew the sides out, giving about 10% more powder capacity, both versions of the.243 cartridge are good for hunting deer. The.243 produces a velocity of 2,960 feet per second with a 100-grain projectile from a 24-inch barrel, commercially loaded.243 ammunition is available with bullet weight ranging from 55 grains up to 115 grains. Twist rate of the barrel is the deciding factor in which bullets to use,1,10 being the most popular as it is sufficient to stabilize up to 100-gr. However, for VLD -profile and bullets heavier than 100 grs, a 1,8 or 1,7 is necessary
33.
.260 Remington
–
The.260 Remington cartridge was introduced by Remington in 1997. Many wildcat cartridges based on the.308 Winchester case had existed for years before Remington standardized this round, although loaded to higher pressures, the ballistics of this cartridge are basically similar to the 6. 5×55mm when bullet weights do not exceed 140 grains. When loaded with bullets, the 6. 5×55mm is capable of greater velocity. Due to its overall length the.260 Remington can be chambered in a shorter length action than the 6. 5×55mm. Because 6.5 mm bullets have relatively high ballistic coefficients and it is capable of duplicating the trajectory of the.300 Winchester Magnum while generating significantly lower recoil. Also, converting a rifle chambered for the.308 Winchester to.260 Remington generally requires more than a simple barrel change. Remington has had a record of adopting successful wildcat cartridges into the Remington fold by offering rifles and ammunition. However, it was not Remington who first attempted to standardize the cartridge, LTC Arthur Alphin and his company A-Square LLC submitted the first proposal and drawings to SAAMI for the standardization of the cartridge. Remington was to file papers with SAAMI to do the same a few months later. When the dust settled it was found that the 6. 5-08 would be called the.260 Remington instead of 6. 5–08 A-Square, the 6.5 -08 cartridge was created simply by necking down the.308 Winchester. Handloaders and wildcatters can easily form.260 cases by necking down the 7mm-08 Remington or necking up the.243 Winchester. Since the parent cartridges were available for low cost, the 6.5 -08 was often an economical alternative to cartridges such as the 6. 5×55mm. Since the 6. 5-08 was a cartridge, there were variations between cartridge chambers depending on the reamer used to cut the chamber. Furthermore, depending on whether one chose to form the case from.243 Winchester or.308 Winchester influenced the neck thickness, a cartridge formed for a specific rifle may or may not successfully chamber or worse may reach dangerous pressures in another. The 6. 5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer,6. 5×55mm,6. 5×57 Mauser, starting with the.264 Winchester Magnum and later the 6. 5mm Remington Magnum, North American cartridges in this caliber have been largely failures. However, Remington continues to manufacture several types.260 Remington loads, the use of the.260 Remington brass. The.260 Remington uses the.308 Winchester case as its parent cartridge which is simply necked down to accept a.264 caliber bullet with no changes made to the case. As the cartridge follows a design, it has little taper which allowed its parent cartridge to feed reliably through auto-loading rifles such as the M14, FN FAL
34.
7mm-08 Remington
–
The 7mm-08 Remington is a rifle cartridge that is almost a direct copy of a wildcat cartridge developed around 1958 known as the 7mm/308. As these names would suggest, it is the.308 Winchester case necked down to accept 7 mm bullets with an increase in case length. Of cartridges based upon the.308, it is the second most popular behind only the.243 Winchester, however, the.308 is more popular than both. In 1980, the Remington Arms company popularized the cartridge by applying its own name and offering it as a chambering for their Model 788 and Model 700 rifles. The popularity of the cartridge means there is a wide selection of factory loads. Bullets weighing from 100 to 195 grains are available, bullets in the 130-150gr range will suit most hunting applications while long range shooters will opt for the heavier bullets to take advantage of their higher ballistic coefficients. Depending on construction, bullets of 154 to 195gr can also be used in loads suitable for medium, medium burning rifle powders usually work best in the 7mm-08. With the wide range of bullet weights available, the 7mm-08 is suitable for varminting, game-hunting, Metallic Silhouette and it is also suitable for plains game. For long-range target and metallic silhouette shooting, the plastic-tipped 162gr A-Max has proven to be accurate with a 0.625 BC. This A-Max bullet, and the 150gr Sierra Match King, are popular with silhouette shooters, the 7mm-08 Remington works in most hunting environments, including dense forest areas and large open fields. It has a flatter trajectory than the.308 Win. and its trajectory is comparable to the.270 Winchester. Its recoil is a bit more than a.243 Win. and this mild recoil makes it suitable for youth and adults who are new shooters, however, the cartridge serves experienced shooters and hunters equally well. Howard Brant of Shooting Industry magazine wrote, the 7mm-08 is a real sleeper as far as the field is concerned. It is a cartridge which packs more than sufficient wallop to efficiently down all medium-sized big-game animals found in North America. Wayne van Zwoll of Petersens Hunting magazine wrote, Efficient case design, civil in recoil, its a perfect match for lightweight, short-action rifles. It has also courted favor on metallic silhouette ranges, where its 140-grain bullets reach 500-yard targets faster and he also described it as deadly for elk. David E. Petzal of Field & Stream, wrote, The virtues of the 7mm/08 include very light recoil, not much muzzle blast, plenty of bullet weight to do the job, and gilt-edged accuracy. The 7mm-08, with loads, meets the required standard for moose hunting in Sweden, Finland
35.
.307 Winchester
–
The 307 Winchester cartridge was introduced by Winchester in 1982 to meet the demand of.300 Savage performance in a lever-action rifle equipped with a tubular magazine. It is nearly identical to the more common.308 Winchester cartridge. The Winchester Big Bore Model 94 Angle Eject rifle was the only rifle produced to fire the cartridge and it is still commercially loaded today, but many handload to gain better performance and accuracy. Because of safety concerns owing to the tubular magazine, flat-nosed bullets are normally used. Ballistic Coefficient,0.251 The.307 Winchester is the parent case for the proprietary round 6.5 JDJ #2 and it is also the parent case for the 7mmSTE.308 Marlin Express List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
36.
.338 Federal
–
The.338 Federal is a rifle cartridge based on the.308 Winchester case necked up to.33 caliber. It was created by Federal Cartridge and Sako in 2006 and intended as a big game cartridge with reasonable recoil for lightweight rifles, the.338 Federal was designed by Federal Ammunition and it is a SAAMI standardized cartridge that was released in 2006. It compares favorably to the 7mm Remington Magnum, below is a ballistics table comparing the.338 Federal with other various calibers. Included in the table below is the older.358 Winchester, another based on the.308. Sako, Kimber Manufacturing, Tikka, Savage, and Ruger offered bolt action rifles, petersons Rifle Shooter magazine reviewed the.338 Federal in a Kimber 84M in Truly Useful, The.338 Federal. Chub Eastman of Guns & Ammo has an article on reloading the.338 Federal.338 Federal and he also wrote of using it to hunt antelope in New Mexico
37.
.358 Winchester
–
The.358 Winchester is a.35 caliber rifle cartridge based on a necked up.308 Winchester created by Winchester in 1955. The cartridge is known in Europe as the 8. 8x51mm. This cartridge came over 30 years later than the.35 Whelen which is based on the. 30-06 Springfield, the relationship in performance between the.358 Win and the.35 Whelen is similar to that between the.308 Win and the. 30-06. It created a more powerful than the.35 Remington. Some think that the cartridge is good as a short-range and woods round. Another benefit is that this round can be loaded with light loads for informal shooting using smaller powder charges and bullets designed for the.38 Special. If the 250 grain bullet is used, it is reliable against the great bears, noted web firearms author Chuck Hawks agrees with the Speer reloading manual that The.358 Winchester is one of the best woods cartridges ever designed. Winchester occasionally offers one load for this cartridge, the Winchester Super-X Silvertip and it consists of a 200-grain pointed soft point bullet with an advertised muzzle velocity of 2,490 ft/s, and an advertised muzzle energy of 2,753 ft·lbf. Hunting Shack offers a choice of two loads,225 grains or 250 grains, buffalo Arms also offers a choice of two loads,200 grains or 250 grains. Old Western Scrounger currently offers a 250 grain load, and, while temporarily suspended, Hornady offers a 200 grain, soft point load with a muzzle energy of 2,720. Cartridge cases can be formed from.308 cases, list of rifle cartridges 9 mm caliber Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Winchesters Sleeper.358 WCF, by Paco Kelly.358 Winchester Reloading info from Accurate Arms
38.
.356 Winchester
–
The.356 Winchester is a semi-rimmed, bottle-necked, centerfire rifle cartridge which was designed for use in lever-action rifles. It was developed concurrently with the.307 Winchester which acted as the parent cartridge, both cartridges were introduced in 1982 in the then-new Model 94 XTR lever-action rifle. The.356 Winchester was developed using the similar to that of the.308 Winchester. Hence the.358 Winchester, which is essentially.308 Winchester necked up to accept a.358 in bullet, is similar to that of the.356 Winchester. Performance of the.356 Winchester is close to that of the.358 Winchester giving up only 50–100 ft/s with any bullet weight, however, the.356 has slightly less case capacity than the.358 Winchester due to its thicker brass case. Furthermore, heavier bullets will need to be seated more deeply than in the.358 Winchester as the cartridge has to function reliably through a lever rifles feeding mechanism. For these reasons the factory 250 gr bullet loses about 90 ft/s to the.358 Winchester while the 200 gr factory load is only 30 ft/s slower, the Marlin Model 336ER was offered in.356 Winchester for several years, but was discontinued in 1987. The same year, Winchester ceased production of their Model 94s chambered for.356 Winchester and it was brought back immediately in 1988, but was again discontinued in the mid-1990s. Despite its nomenclature, the.356 Winchester actually uses a.358 caliber bullet, olin engineers who developed the.356 Winchester advise against loading it with anything other than flat-nose bullets if it is to be used in a tubular-magazine lever-rifle. If it were being loaded for use in a single-shot or double-rifle, list of rifle cartridges Glossary of firearms terminology
39.
6mm BR
–
The 6mm BR is a centerfire cartridge created for benchrest shooting. The cartridge is known as the 6mm Bench Rest or simply 6 BR. There are two variants of very similar dimensions, known as the 6mm BR Remington and the 6mm Norma BR. Soon after the introduction of the. 308×1.5 Barnes cartridge, by 1963 there were several.22 and.24 caliber cartridges based on the Barnes’ cartridge. The new cartridges’ accuracy and efficiency was noticed by the bench rest shooting community, the.24 caliber cartridge version became known as the 6mm Bench Rest or the 6mm BR due to its widespread use in the sport of bench rest shooting. Because the cartridge was a wildcat and was not standardized until several years later, cases required fire forming in the chamber as chambers of the rifles varied from one to another. Several 6mm BR variants exist apart from the Remington and Norma versions, in 1978 Remington started manufacturing their Remington 40-X rifle in the 6mm BR and named their version of the cartridge the 6mm Bench Rest Remington. By 1988 Remington was also manufacturing ammunition, Remington continues to offer the 6mm BR Remington in the 40-X series rifles. The Remington version of this cartridge is now considered to be obsolete, in 1996 Norma of Sweden introduced the 6mm Norma BR which was dimensionally similar to the 6mm BR Remington. However the chamber of the Norma version provided a longer throat making allowances for the seating of VLD bullets and this is the most common variation of the cartridge used today. The 6mm Norma BR has become a popular chambering in match rifles used in 300 metres ISSF and CISM and other 300 metres rifle disciplines. The 6mm BR Remington cartridge is based a necked down. 308×1.5 Barnes cartridge which in turn is based on the.308 Winchester case shortened to 1.5 inches and it is one of the earlier cartridges to follow the short, fat design concept. Short fat cartridges have characteristics that make more efficient and accurate. The 6mm Norma BR cartridge was introduced by Norma in 1996 and this required a much longer throat in rifles chambered for the Norma cartridge. List of rifle cartridges 6 mm caliber 6mmBR. com - 6mm BR Rifle Shooting and Reloading Information 6mm BR Remington page at ChuckHawks. com
40.
7mm BR Remington
–
The 7mm BR Remington, commonly called the 7mm BR or the 7mm Benchrest Remington in long form, was a cartridge developed by Remington for the Remington XP-100 single-shot bolt-action handgun. The cartridge was developed for the Unlimited Class in the sport of Metallic silhouette shooting, later it was introduced in the Remington Model XB-40 single-shot bolt-action rifle, which was specifically designed for the benchrest shooting community. The 7mm BR is based on previous Remington benchrest cartridges 6mm BR Remington and these cartridges in turn trace their origin to.308 Winchester via the. 308×1. 5-inch Barnes cartridge. The 7mm BR was designed by merely necking up the pre-existing 6mm BR Remington to accept a.28 caliber bullet. The cartridge is capable of developing 2,200 ft/s with a 139 gr bullet or 2,100 ft/s with a 154 gr bullet in a 15 in barrel, as a hunting cartridge it is adequate for smaller deer species and ranges under 150 yd. With lighter bullets, this makes an excellent varmint or predator cartridge. The 7mm BR Remington, however, was conceived as a handgun cartridge for Metallic Shooting. It has enough energy and momentum to knock down targets out to 200 yd and has had success in that particular shooting discipline. Later it was adopted in Benchrest shooting by Remington who introduced the X-40 rifle in that chambering. At one time Remington produced ammunition and cases for this cartridge and they continued to supply the 7mm BR Remington case though to the early 1990s. Today the cartridge is considered obsolete and no one produces loaded ammunition and Remington no longer manufactures firearms chambered for this cartridge, table of handgun and rifle cartridges
41.
Remington-Keene rifle
–
The Remington-Keene is an early bolt-action rifle with a tube magazine. Remington manufactured prototypes of Keenes patents for consideration by the United States Army Ordnance Department Magazine Gun Board convened in 1878, although the Army rejected the design in favor of the Winchester-Hotchkiss, Remington commenced production and offered the rifle to the United States Navy Bureau of Ordnance. The Navy purchased 250 rifles for comparison with their 2,500 Hotchkiss rifles and 300 M1885 Remington-Lee rifles. The Remington-Keene rifles were delivered in 1880 with US and an anchor stamped on the side of the barrel and WWK. These rifles remained in service for less than a decade aboard USS Trenton, in July 1880 the United States Department of the Interior purchased 600 Frontier Model carbines with 24 in barrels to arm the Indian Police on a number of reservations in the western United States. Rifles were manufactured for civilian sales chambered for. 45-70. 40-60, and.43 Spanish
42.
M1903 Springfield
–
It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19,1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1 Garand starting in 1937. However, the M1903 Springfield remained in service as a standard infantry rifle during World War II. It also remained in service as a rifle during World War II, the Korean War. It remains popular as a firearm, historical collectors piece. Troops armed with outclassed Springfield Model 1892–99 Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifles and older single-shot Springfield rifles, the Spanish soldiers inflicted 1,400 U. S. casualties in a matter of minutes. A U. S. Army board of investigation was commissioned as a result of this battle. They recommended replacement of the Krag, the M1903 not only replaced the various versions of the U. S. The two main problems cited with the Krag were its slow-to-load magazine and its inability to handle higher chamber pressures for high-velocity rounds. The United States Army attempted to introduce a higher-velocity cartridge in 1899 for the existing Krags, though a stripper-clip or charger loading modification to the Krag was designed, it was clear to Army authorities that a new rifle was required. In 1882, the bolt action.45 Remington Lee rifle design of 1879, several hundred 1882 Lee Navy Models were also subjected to trials by the U. S. Army during the 1880s, though the rifle was not formally adopted. The Navy adopted the Model 1885, and later different style Lee Model 1895, in Army service, both the 1885 and 1895 6mm Lee were used in the Spanish–American War, along with the.30 Krag and the. 45-70 Model 1873 Springfield. The Lee rifles detachable box magazine was invented by James Paris Lee, other advancements had made it clear that the Army needed a replacement. In 1892, the U. S. military held a series of rifle trials, the Krag officially entered U. S. service in 1894, only to be replaced nine years later by the Springfield M1903. A prototype rifle was produced in 1900, interestingly, it was similar to Rifle No.5. This design was rejected, and a new design combining features of the 1898 Krag rifle, Springfield began work on creating a rifle that could handle higher loads around the turn of the 20th century. Taking a cue from the 1898 Mauser Gewehr 98, a safety lug was added to the side of the bolt behind the extractor. The bolt handle was also bent downwards, to make operation of the bolt faster, the Springfield Model 1901 almost entered production
