1.
.308 Winchester
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The.308 Winchester is a rimless, bottlenecked rifle cartridge and is the commercial cartridge from which the 7. 62×51mm NATO round was derived. The.308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, two prior to the NATO adoption of the 7. 62×51mm NATO T65. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the hunting market as the.308 Winchester. Winchesters Model 70 and Model 88 rifles were chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the.308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action and it is also commonly used for civilian hunting, target shooting, Metallic Silhouette, bench rest target shooting, palma, metal matches and military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the.308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles, when loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance. Their interchange is, however, considered safe by the Sporting Arms, the.308 Winchester has 3.64 ml cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, all dimensions in millimeters and inches. Americans would define the angle at alpha/2 =20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm,4 grooves, Ø lands =7.62 mm, Ø grooves =7.82 mm, land width =4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle. Rulings the.308 Winchester can handle up to 415.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure, regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that.308 Winchester chambered arms in C. I. P, regulated countries are currently proof tested at 519.00 MPa PE piezo pressure. North American SAAMI maximum pressure for the 308 Winchester is 62,000 PSI, the.308 Winchester is one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the United States, and possibly the world. It has gained popularity in countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class. In North America it is used extensively on whitetail deer, pronghorn, clay Harvey, an American gun writer, says it is usable on moose and elk. Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, says he is surprised how many hunters there use the cartridge, craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the.308 is one of Normas best-selling calibers. In Africa the.308 Win is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland. The.308 Winchester has slightly more drop at range than the. 30-06 Springfield
2.
.375 H&H Magnum
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The.375 Holland & Holland Magnum is a medium-bore rifle cartridge. The.375 H&H was only the second ever to feature a belt. On these new rimless cartridges the belt replaced the rim in ensuring the correct headspace, the British company Holland & Holland introduced the cartridge in 1912 as the.375 Belted Rimless Nitro-Express. It initially used cordite propellant which was made in long strands – hence the shape of this cartridge. The.375 H&H often is cited as one of the most useful all-round rifle cartridges, especially in shooting large and dangerous game. In many regions with thick-skinned dangerous game animals, the.375 H&H is seen as the minimum acceptable caliber, and in many places it is now the legal minimum for hunting such game. African game guides, professional hunters, and cullers of dangerous game have repeatedly voted the.375 H&H as their preference for an all-round caliber if they could only have one rifle. The 9. 5×57mm Mannlicher–Schönauer cartridge had a influence on British rifle manufacturers and was soon adopted by Westley Richards. In an effort to compete, Holland & Holland introduced the. 400/375 Belted Nitro Express, the. 400/375 H&H as it is sometimes known was the first cartridge manufactured to feature a belt. The addition of a belt to a cartridge design provided the advantage of allowing for correct headspacing of highly tapered cartridges. The introduction of the 9. 3×62mm Mauser cartridge in 1905 had a profound, compared to the British double rifles, the Mauser was a far cheaper rifle to manufacture and therefore cheaper to acquire. The double rifles gained little from industrialization whereas the Mauser rifles had gained from production due to contracts to produce military rifles for many countries. The result was cheap magazine rifles capable of firing one of the very best candidates for the all round hunting cartridge in Africa. The influence of Mausers 98 action should not be understated, British gunmakers such as Rigby were purchasing the Mauser 98 actions for use in their own rifles with their own cartridges. The 9. 3×62mm demonstrated that it was adequate for everything from the Elephant to the dik-dik and had acquired a reputation to match and this trend did not go unnoticed by British rifle manufacturers. Secondly, the cartridge would require a high velocity so as to provide this penetration at extended ranges, the high velocity of the cartridge would have the added advantage of serving as a marketing tool. Thirdly, the cartridge must function reliably through a rifle in tropical conditions. Holland & Holland had determined that to provide adequate penetration a bullet with the sectional density similar to the 9. 3×62mm required impact velocities of about 2,150 ft/s, drawing from anecdotal evidence of hunters it was also determined that high velocities provided impressive kills on game
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Weatherby
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Weatherby, Inc. is an American gun manufacturer founded in 1945 by Roy Weatherby. The company is best known for its high-powered magnum cartridges, such as the.257 Weatherby Magnum,270 Weatherby Magnum.300 Weatherby Magnum.340 Weatherby Magnum, company headquarters is in the northern San Luis Obispo County town of Paso Robles, California. The original production rifles by Roy Weatherby were built on commercial Mauser actions by FN, Brevex, for bespoke rifles, Weatherby would build to a customers specifications, using any action the customer wanted, provided it was strong enough for the desired cartridge. For many years, Weatherby manufactured his rifles at his facility in South Gate. But in 1956, he contracted with Sako to build his production rifles on Weatherby-FN Mauser actions, custom rifles were still produced in South Gate, however. Weatherbys first break with Mauser actions came in 1956 when he commissioned the Danish firm of Schultz & Larsen to build 378 Weatherby Magnums utilizing their Model 54 bolt action and this action was very stout and featured four rear locking lugs. Many of its features would find their way into Weatherbys proprietary bolt action, built to withstand the hottest of Weatherbys experimental cartridges. The first Weatherby Mark V actions were manufactured in the U. S. by Pacific Founders, Inc. demand for the Mark V quickly exceeded Weatherbys manufacturing capability, so the company contracted with J. P. Sauer in West Germany to build production Mark V rifles. Manufacturing of the Mark V remained there until the early 1970s when material, some say the machining and finishing of the Howa made Mark Vs was actually better than the Sauer made guns. In 1995, manufacturing of the Mark V was moved back to the United States, the Mark V action remained relatively unchanged during the first five years of production. Shortly after, manufacturing moved from PFI in the U. S. to J. P. Sauer in Germany, in addition, the safety was redesigned and moved from the receiver to the bolt, which was changed from a smooth to a fluted surface. The first major change came in 1963 when Weatherby designed a shorter and more trim Mark V action for their 224 Weatherby Magnum varmint round, the bolt in this smaller Mark V action only had six locking lugs, versus the nine found on its bigger brother. Rifles chambered for the new 224 Wby Magnum were dubbed Varmintmaster, the Varmintmaster was later offered in 22-250 Remington, making this the first non-Weatherby cartridge offered in the Mark V. In 1967, the 9-lug Mark V action was offered for the first time in 30-06 and these two cartridges, the 30-06 and 22-250, remained the only two non-Weatherby chamberings offered in production Mark V rifles until the mid-1990s. Today, all standard calibers are only offered in 6-lug versions of the action. This makes 9-lug, 30-06 Mark Vs somewhat of a rarity, in the late 1960s, Weatherby contracted with Howa of Japan to build a Weatherby rifle that would be more affordable for the average hunter. The result was the Weatherby Vanguard which was introduced in 1970, the Vanguard is now available in select Weatherby magnum calibers. Today, Weatherby still offers only two lines of centerfire rifles, the Mark V and the Vanguard, the Mark V barreled action is manufactured by ATEK in Brainerd, MN while the barrel and action for the Vanguard are still manufactured by Howa in Japan
5.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
6.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
7.
Grain (unit)
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A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and, for the troy grain, equal to exactly 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat, rather, expressions such as thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, the grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a grain of barley. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of known as the wheat grain. The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly 45⁄64 of a troy grain.79891 milligrams, 7000100000000000000♠1 gram is approximately 7001154323600000000♠15.43236 grains. The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, or other stones, called the jewellers grain or pearl grain, is equal to 1⁄4 of a carat. The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to 6995531150000000000♠53.115 mg. In both British Imperial and U. S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, the grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. The term also refers to a particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements. In archery, the grain is the unit used to weigh arrows. In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth, is measured in grains, in North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon of calcium carbonate equivalents. Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the metric unit parts per million, one grain per US gallon is approximately 6995171000000000000♠17.1 ppm. Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg, though no longer recommended, grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital. For example, the dosage of a standard 6996325000000000000♠325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 7000500000000000000♠5 grains, in that example the grain is approximated to 6995650000000000000♠65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 6995600000000000000♠60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer. The apothecaries system has its own system of notation, in which the symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals. For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written ASA gr
8.
Rifling
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In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
9.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
10.
.30-378 Weatherby Magnum
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The. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum is a.30 caliber, belted, bottle-necked rifle cartridge. The cartridge was developed in response to a US Army military contract in 1959, while still unreleased to the public, the cartridge went on to set world records for accuracy including the first ten 10X in 1,000 yards benchrest shooting. It is currently the highest velocity.30 caliber factory ammunition available, the. 30-378 was originally designed by Roy Weatherby as an anti-personnel/anti-materiel military cartridge for a government contract. The cartridge was created by necking down the.378 Weatherby Magnum to accept a.308 in diameter bullet, the United States Army’s Redstone Arsenal requested a rifle cartridge that could develop 6,000 ft/s for the effects of light bullets against armor. The. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum was able to attain over 5,000 ft/s, using a slower burning and denser propellant, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum surpassed the US Army’s requirement of 6,000 ft/s. However, the public had to wait until 1996 for Weatherby to release the cartridge. In the meantime, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum had gone on to set records in 1,000 yards benchrest competitions. Earl Chronister, shooting a. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum shot the first ever ten shot 10X with the first nine shot to 3.125 inches and this record stood for over 30 years. Several variations of the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum were created by custom ammunition manufacturers, hammond rifles and H-S Precision were among the several custom gun manufacturers who chambered and built rifles long before Weatherby got around to releasing the rifle to the public. In 1995 Layne Simpson built a rifle chambered for the. 30-378 Weatherby and developed loading data, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum utilizes the.378 Weatherby Magnum as a parent cartridge. The.378 Weatherby case was necked down to accept a.30 caliber bullet while preserving the double radii shoulder of the parent case, the resulting case held a greater volume than any previous commercial cartridge. When the cartridge was created by Roy Weatherby in 1959 there were no commercial propellants that suited the cartridge. Even the standard slow burning powder of the time IMR4350 which was used in the Weatherby line of cartridges was too fast to take advantage of the capacity of the. 30-378 Weatherby cartridge. However, when launching 30 gr bullets which are light for caliber as the Redstone Arsenal contract specified, required the use of relatively faster propellants. However, the public and target shooters used 150 gr and heavier bullets. SAAMI compliant. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge schematic, All dimensions in inches, SAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel with a twist rate of 10 in. The recommended bore diameter is.3005 in and groove diameter is.3080 in with each groove having an arc width of.118 in, the. 30-378 Weatherby Magnum is one of the most accurate rifle cartridges. The cartridge held the record for accuracy at 1,000 yards for over thirty years
11.
.300 Weatherby Magnum
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The.300 Weatherby Magnum is a.30 caliber rifle cartridge created by Roy Weatherby in 1944 and produced by Weatherby. It has become the most popular of all the Weatherby cartridges, Roy Weatherby already had experience with other custom cartridges such as his own.270 Weatherby Magnum when he created the.300 Weatherby. Like most of his other magnum cartridges, this is based on a blown-out.300 H&H Magnum case, of course there are quite a few very large.30 caliber wildcat cartridges. One must note, however, when comparing the.300 RUM, performance data is often listed on the side of the ammunition box for those who wish to do an in-store comparison. On average, Weatherby factory ammo is loaded to higher pressures than Remington or Winchester magnum rounds. The Remington round can be handloaded to equal or even surpass the.300 Weatherby in power, the.300 Wby is in common use by big-game hunters all over the world. List of rifle cartridges 7 mm caliber other cartridges in the same caliber range Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
12.
.30-06 Springfield
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The.30 refers to the caliber of the bullet, and the 06 refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the. 30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and. 30-40 Krag cartridges and it remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers. In the early 1890s, the U. S. military adopted the smokeless powder. 30-40 Krag rimmed cartridge, the 1894 version of that cartridge used a 220-grain round-nose bullet. Around 1901, the U. S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with box magazine and that led to the 1903. 30-03 rimless service round that used the same 220-grain round-nose bullet as the Krag. The. 30-03 achieved a velocity of 2,300 ft/s. Consequently, the round-nosed U. S. 30-03 service cartridge was falling behind. For these reasons, the U. S. military developed a new, lighter, cartridge in 1906, the cartridge was loaded with Military Rifle 21 propellant, and its maximum range was claimed to be 4,700 yd. The M1903 Springfield rifle, which had been introduced alongside the. 30-03 cartridge, was modified to accept the new. 30-06 Springfield cartridge. Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber, other changes to the rifle included elimination of the troublesome rod bayonet of the earlier Springfield rifles. The M1906 maximum range was originally overstated, when the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only 1,800 yards, distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent. The range discrepancy became evident during World War I, before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery, long-range machine gun barrage or indirect fires were considered important in U. S. infantry tactics. When the US entered World War I, it did not have machine guns, so it acquired British. When those weapons were replaced with US machine guns firing the M1906 round. Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir, Miami, patrone was inroduced in 1914 and used a 197. 5-grain s. S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß boat-tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately 5,140 yd. Its maximum range was approximately 5,500 yd. Additionally, wartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammunition. Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first, as a result, the older. 30-06 ammunition was expended for training, stocks of.30 M1 Ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936, it was discovered that the range of the.30 M1 Ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many ranges. An emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible
13.
.35 Whelen
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The.35 Whelen is a powerful medium-bore rifle cartridge that does not require a magnum action or a magnum bolt-face. The parent of this cartridge is the. 30-06 Springfield, which is necked-up to accept a bullet diameter of.358 in and this cartridge is more powerful than its parent, especially in killing power on large game. The.35 Whelen was developed in 1922 as a wildcat cartridge, Remington Arms Company standardized the cartridge as a regular commercial round and first made it available in the Remington model 700 Classic in 1988. One version of its origin is that it was designed by Colonel Townsend Whelen when he was commanding officer of the Frankford Arsenal. In a 1923 issue of American Rifleman Col. Whelen refers to it as the first cartridge that I designed and states that, Howe undertook this work of making dies, reamers, chambering tools, and of chambering the rifles, all in accordance with my design. Howe was a toolmaker at the Arsenal and later a founder of Griffin & Howe, in his 1940 book The Hunting Rifle, Design, Selection, Ballistics, Marksmanship, Col. Whelen gives a different version of its origin after describing the.400 Whelen. About the time we completed development of this cartridge, I went on a hunting trip in the Northwest. The. 30-06 case was necked to.35 caliber to use existing. 35-caliber bullets, Mr. Howe asked my permission to call this cartridge the.35 Whelen, but he alone deserves credit for its development. Suitable.358 in bullets range in weight from 150 to 300 grains, using a 250-grain bullet, the.35 Whelen will generate 3,500 ft·lbf at the muzzle from a 24 in barrel. The.35 Whelen is the twin of the.350 Remington Magnum. With the correct bullet choice this cartridge is suitable for virtually all thin-skinned large, the European designation for this cartridge would be 9 ×63 mm, with its wide bullet selection and high muzzle energy it is in the same echelon as the venerable 9. 3×62mm. It is possible to reload.35 Whelen cartridges with the bullets used to reload.357 Magnum cartridges
14.
.300 H&H Magnum
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The.300 H&H Magnum Cartridge was introduced by the British company Holland & Holland as the Super-Thirty in June,1925. The case was belted like the.375 H&H Magnum, and is based on the same case, the belt is for headspace as the cases shoulders have a narrow slope rather than an actual shoulder. More modern magnums continue this practice, but headspacing on the belt is not necessary with their more sharply angled shoulders. The cartridge was used by American shooter Ben Comfort to win the 1000-yard Wimbledon Cup Match at Camp Perry in 1935, winchester chambered the Model 70 in.300 Holland & Holland Magnum in 1937. The cartridge offered superior ballistics to the. 30-06 for long range, and it excels with the heaviest. 30-calibre bullets in the 180–220-grain range. SAAMI has set the limit for this cartridge at 54,000 P. S. I. It has never been as popular as the. 30-06, the.300 H&H is a fine African plains game cartridge, and suitable for all but the most dangerous big game and pachyderms. The CIP treats the.300 H&H Magnum and the.30 Super Belted Rimless H&H as separate entities and provides separate entries for the cartridges, there are minute but significant variations with regard to dimensions between the two cartridges. While both cartridges are regulated by the CIP only the chamber of the.300 H&H Magnum is regulated by the CIP, the CIP does not provide chamber dimensions for the.30 Super. Although cartridges are considered interchangeable, chambers conforming to the strict minimum chamber of the.30 Super may not be able to chamber the.300 H&H Magnum. Both cartridges are based on.375 H&H Magnum cartridge design which provides an increase in capacity over many other cartridges and they feature tapering bodies and very shallow shoulders which prevent them from headspacing reliably on their shoulders. The belt plays a role in these cartridges in that it provides a demarcation point for reliable headspacing of the cartridge. As the CIP uses the shoulder vertex length as an index to provide correct headspacing for the cartridge, however, as the.30 Super is rated for a lower pressure, the.300 H&H Magnum cartridge should not be fired in a.30 Super. However, the.30 Super can be discharged in a.300 H&H Magnum rifle, as most significant difference between the cartridges was that the.30 Super was loaded to a far lower pressure than the.300 H&H Magnum
15.
.264 Winchester Magnum
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The.264 Winchester Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge. Apart from the.244 H&H Magnum and.257 Weatherby Magnum, Winchester had been manufacturing the shortened Holland & Holland cases under a contract for Weatherby for use in their.257 Weatherby Magnum.270 Weatherby Magnum and 7mm Weatherby Magnum cartridges. The Weatherby cases had been based on the Winchesters.30 Super cartridge and this new series of shortened Holland & Holland cases was based on the.375 Holland & Holland case. The advantages of the case were twofold, the cartridge could function through the standard length rifle action as used by the popular. 30-06 Springfield. It was also close to the limitations of powders available at the time given the case capacity of the cartridge. The longer, full length.375 H&H case would not have resulted in a performance improvement due the powders available at that time. It was similar to the reasoning behind the shortened cases used by Weatherby as DuPonts IMR4350 was the slowest burning powder available then, the.264 Winchester Magnum is a cartridge which was standardized by SAAMI, which published recommended specifications for the cartridge. SAAMI recommends a six groove barrel with a rate of twist of one revolution in 9 in, a diameter of.256 in. The recommended maximum pressure for the cartridge is 64,000 psi, the.264 Winchester Magnum gained a reputation as a very flat shooting cartridge. When introduced, it was first chambered in the Winchester Model 70 Westerner rifle, at present Remington, Winchester, HSM, and DoubleTap Ammunition produce ammunition for this cartridge. Manufacturers offer a 140 gr bullet at 3,030 ft/s and this ammunition has a maximum point blank range of 300 yd when sighted in at 250 yd. Some ammunition offers premium 140 gr Nosler Partition and 125 gr Accubond bullets driven at 3,100 ft/s and 3,250 ft/s through a 24-inch barrel. One manufacturer loads a 160 gr Woodleigh Weldcore bullet at 3,020 ft/s and 3240 ft/lb through a 26 barrel which takes advantage of this magnum load. For this reason, this cartridge is better suited for shooters who are willing to make their own rather than those who purchase over the counter ammunition. Due to the crowded nature of the market for which the cartridge competes in. In particular, the 7mm Remington Magnum release in 1962 led to the poor reception by the shooting public. The 7mm Remington Magnum shot almost as flat as the.264 Winchester Magnum, ballistically it is almost identical to the 6.5 x 68 and the 6.5 x 63 Messner Magnum. Mag. is an excellent, potentially accurate, very flat-shooting cartridge capable of taking any game in the lower 48 US states, and one of the most powerful of all.264 in cartridges
16.
7 mm Remington Ultra Magnum
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The 7mm Remington Ultra Magnum or 7mm RUM is a 7mm rifle cartridge introduced by Remington Arms in 2001. The 7mm RUM was created using the.404 Jeffery case which was used to develop the.375 RUM.300 RUM. By necking down the.300 RUM to suit the.284 or 7mm projectile, the resulting case has significantly more capacity than any conventional belted magnum. Compared to the 7mm Remington Magnum, top 7mm RUM loads deliver 25% more energy at 300 yards, such performance demands a price and in this case, that is a large muzzle blast, sharp recoil and short barrel life. The 7mm Ultra Magnum boasts the largest case of any commercial 7mm cartridge, list of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 7 mm caliber
17.
.25-06 Remington
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The. 25-06 Remington had been a wildcat cartridge for half a century before being standardized by Remington in 1969. It is based on the. 30-06 Springfield cartridge necked-down to.257 caliber with no other changes, nominal bullet diameter is 0.257 inches and bullet weights range from 75 to 120 grains. Charles Newton necked down the. 30-06 Springfield cartridge in 1912 to accept the 117-grain. 25-35 Winchester bullet, newtons early modification encouraged commercial release of a shortened case as the. 250-3000 Savage in 1915. A. O. Niedner of Dowagiac, Michigan introduced rifles for the.25 Niedner in 1920, Niedner Arms Corporation retained the 17° 30′. 30-06 shoulder chambering.25 caliber barrels rifled with one twist in 12 inches. Similar cartridges were identified as the.25 Hi-Power.25 Whelen, greater case capacity offered minimal velocity improvement over the. 250-3000 Savage case with contemporary smokeless powders. Availability of DuPonts Improved Military Rifle powders encouraged commercial release of the.257 Roberts using the 57mm-long Mauser case in 1934. Release of IMR4350 in 1940 and availability of surplus 4831 powder salvaged from Oerlikon 20mm cannon cartridges after World War II greatly improved performance of the full-length. 25-06 case. The cartridge is capable of propelling a 117 grain bullet at up to 3,200 feet per second, the cartridge has less felt recoil than a 30-06 in a similar weight rifle, due to the lighter weight bullets used. Shooters who are recoil sensitive will find the recoil from the 25-06 bearable and this cartridge is not quite as powerful as the.257 Weatherby Magnum, usually running 200–300 ft/s. Slower with a bullet weight. SAAMI pressure limit for the. 25-06 is 63,000 PSI. 25-caliber bullets typically have high ballistic coefficients without being heavy and this characteristic, when combined with the large case capacity of its parent. 30-06 case, allows relatively high muzzle velocities without heavy recoil. The combination of ballistic coefficients with high muzzle velocities give the. 25-06 a very flat trajectory as well as retaining kinetic energy down-range. The. 25-06 is generally considered to be a round for medium-sized game such as deer and antelope because of its combination of substantial kinetic energy. However bullet types and weights are loaded that allow the. 25-06 to be used for taking game ranging from animals like prairie dogs. These bullets range from lightly constructed 75-grain bullets with muzzle velocities in the 3,700 ft/s range to more robust 120-grain bullets with muzzle velocities in the 3,000 ft/s range. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 6 mm caliber Delta L problem Sectional density. 30-06 descendants
18.
.25 Winchester Super Short Magnum
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The.25 Winchester Super Short Magnum is a third member of the Winchester Super Short Magnum cartridge family created by Winchester and Browning. It is the largest caliber of the WSSMs and is the most capable of handling large game such as deer and it is a necked-up version of the.243 WSSM, which is in turn a shortened.300 WSM. The WSSM cartridges are based on ballistics design philosophies that are intended to produce a level of efficiency. Like other WSSM cases, the.25 is short and fat, unlike the other WSSM rounds, the.25 is a magnum in name only, based on the case it uses. Performance wise it is a clone of the. 25-06 Remington, the 25 WSSM provides the same performance as the 25-06 Remington, with the advantage of having lighter short action rifles. Having the short fat design, the cartridge loads burn at a consistent rate. Performance is far less than other.25 caliber magnum rounds as the.257 Weatherby Magnum, in fact, ballistically its almost identical to the improved version of the.257 Roberts, which P. O. - Browning The Overlooked.25 Caliber Cartridges by Chuck Hawks
19.
.257 Roberts
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The.257 Roberts also known as.257 Bob is a medium-powered.25 caliber cartridge. Many cartridge designers in the 1920s were creating various.25 caliber cartridges, because of its size, the 7×57mm Mauser case was a common choice, having near the ideal volume capacity for the quarter-bore using powders available at that time. Ned Roberts is usually credited with being the designer for this cartridge idea, from its introduction until the appearance of more popular 6 mm cartridges such as.243 Winchester and 6mm Remington, it was a very popular general purpose cartridge. Today, although overshadowed by other cartridges, it lives on with rifles being available from some major manufacturers. The neck of the Roberts case would be enlarged to accept handloaded 6.5 mm bullets. The modified Roberts cases are known as 6. 5×.257 Roberts. Neither unmodified.257 Roberts ammunition nor the original 6. 5×50mm Arisaka ammunition are suitable for firing in rechambered Arisaka rifles, with light bullets the.257 produces little recoil and has a flat trajectory suitable for varmint hunting. With heavier bullets it is capable of taking all but the largest North American game animals, the original factory load for this is very similar to the. 250-3000 Savage. Remington introduced the version of this popular wildcat as a low-pressure round. At the time there were many older actions available of questionable strength, with a modern action and handloading, this cartridge is capable of markedly improved performance. One of the improvements is called the.257 Roberts which has a SAAMI maximum pressure limit of 58,000 PSI compared to the 54,000 PSI listed for the standard.257 Roberts. Ackley said that the.257 Roberts Ackley Improved was probably the most useful all-around cartridge, the Ackley Improved was a typical change of a steeper shoulder coupled with blown-out sides for more of a straight cartridge, providing greater powder capacity. Using a 24 barrel except, * using a 22 barrel,6 mm caliber Delta L problem List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges.257 Roberts at Reloaders Nest.257 Roberts at The Reload Bench
20.
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
Handgun
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A handgun is a firearm designed to be handheld, in either one or both hands. This characteristic differentiates handguns as a class of firearms from long guns such as rifles. Major handgun subtypes are the revolver and pistol, other subtypes include derringers, the words pistol and handgun have overlapping variations, in meaning. Although handgun use often includes bracing with a hand, the essential distinguishing characteristic of a handgun is its facility for one-handed operation. The word pistol is often synonymous with the word handgun, some handgun experts make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns. But UK/Commonwealth usage often does not make this distinction, handheld firearms were first made in China where gunpowder was first developed. By the 14th century, they existed in Europe as well, the first handheld firearms that might better be called pistols were made as early as the 15th century, but their creator is unknown. By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms, previously there had been no such differentiation, and in fact Samuel Colts original patent was for a revolving-breech pistol. There is no equivalent for handgun in the Romance languages. The general types of handguns are listed below in their order of historical appearance, each type can be classified into many sub-types. Some of these types can also be classified using the general distinction between muzzle-loading firearms and breech-loading firearms. Single-shot pistols are the simplest possible form of pistols and are known to have existed in AD1365, the earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were nothing more than miniature cannon. Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as types of locks were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, an analogous to that used in todays cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, the flintlock remained the standard method of small arms ignition around two hundred years. In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, an example of a single-shot pistol is the flare gun
23.
Rifle
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A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called lands, which contact with the projectile. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling and this allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient bullets and thus improves range and accuracy. The word rifle originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a rifled gun, the word rifle is now used for any long hand-held aimed device activated by a trigger, such as Air rifles and the Personnel halting and stimulation response rifle. Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports, formerly, rifles only fired a single projectile with each squeeze of the trigger. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze, some fire in an automatic mode. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design, in fact, many light machine guns are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. A militarys light machine guns are chambered for the same caliber ammunition as its service rifles. Generally, the difference between a rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, cooling system. Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed, many machine guns allow the operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheating, whereas rifles generally do not. Most machine guns fire from a bolt in order to reduce the danger of cook-off. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier, the rifle is an individual weapon, the term rifle is sometimes used to describe larger crew-served rifled weapons firing explosive shells, for example, recoilless rifles. In many works of fiction a rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before firing, the origins of rifling are difficult to trace, but some of the earliest practical experiments seem to have occurred in Europe during the 15th century. Archers had long realized that a twist added to the feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. This might also have led to a increase in accuracy. Rifles were created as an improvement in the accuracy of smooth bore muskets, the black powder used in early muzzle-loading rifles quickly fouled the barrel, making loading slower and more difficult. Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters, muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle
24.
Weatherby Mark V
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The Weatherby Mark V is a centerfire, bolt-action rifle manufactured by Weatherby of Paso Robles, California. The rifle was introduced in 1957 by Weatherby and was designed to contain the high pressures associated with the Weatherby line of high performance cartridges. It is the rifle of the Weatherby line of firearms. The Weatherby Mark V rifles are considered prestigious or luxury firearms by many, ever since Roy Weatherby began manufacturing rifles he had to rely on a third party to provide the actions for his rifles. Beginning in 1949 Weatherby began building his rifles around the FN Belgian Mauser action, in 1955 Schultz & Larson actions were added to the mix while adding the Mathieu left handed action to his rifle action line up. With the addition of the large capacity.378 Weatherby Magnum a new type was warranted so the Brevex Magnum Mauser action was added. A little later the FN Sako Mauser actions were added to action types used by Weatherby to build his rifles, Roy Weatherby had been disappointed by the length of time that was taken discussing and negotiating before coming to an agreement with his European manufacturing partners. With five European companies supplying actions, the frequent trips made to Europe left him time to run the day-to-day business operations in South Gate. Roy Weatherby had found the Mauser-type wanting due to the head not being completely enclosed and supported within the breech. He had been aware that many handloaders were overloading their cartridges seeking higher performance and this in turn would lead to hot gases making their way through the bolt and into the shooters face and eyes and causing injuries to his customers. If a rupture should occur, the bolt would have holes through which hot gases could be vented safely towards the side and away from the shooters face. Further as a safety measure he required an enclosed or shrouded bolt sleeve that would prevent the hot gases from making their way through the bolt mechanism to the shooters face. To Weatherby, the safety and strength of the design were paramount, Weatherby designed the action type with nine locking lugs arranged in three rows. It was determined early on that these lugs would not protrude outside the bolt, such a design would be conducive to a smooth fluid movement of the bolt through its feeding and extraction cycles. In spring 1955 Weatherby demonstrated his new action at the annual NRA meetings in Washington, the action type was shown to Burt Munhall of H. P. White Ballistics Laboratory and to General Julian Hatcher to elicit their opinion of the design, both were impressed with the design and encouraged Weatherby to commercialize the action as soon as possible. At this time Weatherby had been looking for someone to provide the design, drawings. General Hatcher suggested that John Garand would be suitable for the job, however, when contacted Garand expressed disinterest in the project as he was enjoying his retirement
25.
Weatherby Varmintmaster
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The Weatherby Varmintmaster is a lighter quicker-handling version of the Weatherby Mark V. It was first offered for sale in 1963 in two lengths, a 24-inch standard weight and 26-inch heavy weight. The price then was $295, same as the Mark V, compared with the Mark V it weighs 40% less with most parts being reduced in size by 20%. Weatherby ceased production of its smallest rifle in 1994
26.
Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles
27.
Weatherby PA-08
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The Weatherby PA-08 is a 12 gauge 3 in pump action shotgun marketed by Weatherby Inc. The shotgun is economically priced and constitutes the low end of products marketed by Weatherby, the PA-08 is manufactured in Turkey for Weatherby. Both the Upland and the Synthetic are available with a 26 in or a 28 in, the PA-08 TR is marketed as a home defense shotgun and has a 18.5 in barrel. All versions of these shotguns can handle both 2.75 in or 3 in 12 gauge shells, Weatherby also markets the SA-08, a semi-automatic version of this firearm
28.
Weatherby SA-08
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The Weatherby SA-08 is a semi-automatic shotgun marketed by Weatherby Inc. The shotgun is available in either 12 or 20 gauge, like the Weatherby PA-08 pump action shotgun this shotgun constitutes Weatherbys low-end shotgun line. The SA-08 is manufactured in Turkey for Weatherby and this semi-automatic uses a dual valve system which require to be manually changed out when moving from light to heavy loads and vice versa. The SA-08 is available in six models, all 12 and 20 gauge models come with improved cylinder modified and full choke tubes. 12 gauge models weigh 6.75 lb and 20 gauge models weigh 6 lb The Upland version comes with a stock and is available in both 12 and 20 gauges and with either a 26 in or 28 in barrel. It comes with a The Synthetic is offered with similar options as the Upland with the exception that it comes with an injected molded synthetic stock, the Waterfowl 3.0 is similar to the Synthetic but only comes in a 12 gauge. A special dipping process is used to adhere the Mothwing Marsh Mimicry camouflage to all metal, the Synthetic Youth model is similar to the Synthetic except that it is available only in 20 gauge and comes with a 24 in barrel. The Deluxe model is similar to and is available in the options as the Upland model. The stock and metal work have a gloss finish. The Entre Rios is a shotgun for the shooting of doves and it is available only in 28 gauge and is available with either a 26 in or 28 in barrel. Finish is similar to that of the Deluxe model and this model comes with skeet, improved cylinder and modified chokes. The Entre Rios model weigh about 5.25 lb
29.
.224 Weatherby Magnum
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The.224 Weatherby Magnum is a sporting cartridge that was developed in 1963 by Roy Weatherby after about 10 years of development. It is a cartridge with no major firearms manufacturers chambering rifles for it other than Weatherby. It was originally called the.224 Weatherby Varmintmaster when it was introduced alongside the Weatherby Varmintmaster rifle, but the rifle was discontinued in 1994 and the cartridge was renamed. The cartridge design began earlier but its introduction was delayed, at least in part. An earlier high-velocity.22 caliber round from Weatherby called the.220 Weatherby Rocket was based on the.220 Swift though it was unsuccessful and never manufactured. Performance is similar to the popular. 22-250 and the lesser used.225 Winchester putting it in between the.220 Swift and.223 Remington cartridges, possibly because of the similar performance and popularity of the. 22-250, this round has never gotten a very large following. Costs for ammunition and rifles for this also tend to be much more expensive.22 caliber rifles are legal in some areas for big game up to the size of deer or larger. Convention holds the.224 Weatherby and similar cartridges are better suited to long-range varminting, similar statements are made concerning other big 22 caliber cartridges like the 220 Swift and.223 WSSM. Currently many states in the United States do allow 22 caliber rifles on big game, ackley believed that fast 22 caliber cartridges were suitable for medium-large game. Craig Boddington has said that such cartridges are suitable for smaller deer, bullets suited for hunting big-game are available from major manufacturers such as Nosler and Barnes. 5 mm caliber, other cartridges of 5–6 mm caliber, list of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Weatherby official site
30.
.240 Weatherby Magnum
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The.240 Weatherby Magnum was developed in 1968 by Roy Weatherby. It was the last cartridge to be designed by Roy Weatherby, the.240 Weatherby Mag. is a proprietary cartridge used only in Weatherby rifles. This particular Weatherby case is unique, other than shape, it isnt physically based on other Weatherby cases, having the same rim diameter and similar length as the. 30-06. It utilizes the traditional Weatherby rounded double shoulder and a case with a length of 2. 496in. In terms of velocity, the.240 Weatherby Magnum was once the fastest commercially produced 6 mm cartridge, there were several faster wildcat rounds available, but the.240 Wby. Mag. outclassed the 6 mm Remington and the newer.243 WSSM by about 150 ft/s, however, the lightweight.243 WSSM 55gr Ballistic Silvertip now outpaces Weatherbys offerings according to some. Loading data from Western Powders puts the.240 Wby, Mag. at over 4,000 ft/s with a 62 grain Barnes bullet. While favoured by some varmint hunters, the.240 Wby, with the heavier bullets the.240 Wby. Mag. makes for a deer hunting cartridge, but it does tend to require a long barrel in order to achieve peak performance. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Weatherby Web Site
31.
.270 Weatherby Magnum
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The.270 Weatherby Magnum was the first belted magnum based on the.300 H&H Magnum to be developed by Roy Weatherby. It has the characteristic double-radius shoulders and is necked down to accommodate the. 277in bullets. Like most Weatherby cartridges, the.270 Weatherby was standardized by the Small Arms and Ammunitions Manufacturers Institute in 1994, the first Weatherby cartridge to be used in Africa was the.270 Weatherby on a jackal on June 8,1948. Given its higher pressure and larger case which holds more powder than the.270 Winchester and this performance comes at the cost of more recoil and barrel heat. In addition, a barrel is necessary to take advantage of extra powder to gain maximum velocity. The cartridge is excellent at long-range hunting, but is not well suited to high-volume shooting such as varmint hunting, for those handloading their own cartridges, this is an easy round to load. It does best with full-power loads and is not well-suited for reduced loads, ed Weatherby, son of Roy Weatherby says that the.270 Weatherby is his favorite caliber. As he puts it, there just isnt a better long-range deer caliber and he goes on to mention that it is also quite effective for elk, and pronghorn. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 7 mm caliber
32.
7mm Weatherby Magnum
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The 7 mm Weatherby Magnum is a powerful 7 mm rifle cartridge offered by the Weatherby firearms company in their Mark V rifles. The cartridge was one of the first cartridges offered by the Weatherby company and it was developed in the 1940s by Roy Weatherby. The 7 mm Weatherby Magnum did not get a lot of exposure until the part of the 1950s when the Weatherby rifles became more available. It is a cartridge for a one-rifle hunter that shoots long distances. It has taken game of all sizes around the world, the 7mm Weatherby Magnum is useful for all American plains game including the great Bears and the American Bison. It is also useful when African and Australian plains game are hunted. It is a high velocity cartridge giving about 300-400 fps higher velocity with lighter bullets than the more popular 30-06 Springfield which is regarded as considerably fast. It is quite easy to flinch in anticipation of the significant recoil,7 mm caliber Weatherby Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 7mm Weatherby Magnum by Chuck Hawks
33.
.338-378 Weatherby Magnum
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The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum started out as the wildcat cartridge. 338-378 Keith-Thomson Magnum during the early 1960s. Keith and Thomson are Elmer Keith and R. W. Bob Thomson, the. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum was added to the Weatherby product line in 1998. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum’s parent case is the.378 Weatherby Magnum, the. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is created by necking down the.378 Weatherby Magnum to 8.59 mm then fire forming it in the rifle chamber. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum has a capacity of about 8.1 g. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum’s main appeal is long-range shooting, a Weatherby factory cartridge loaded with a 16.2 g hunting bullet, in a rifle with a 71 cm barrel will yield a muzzle velocity of 933 m/s and muzzle energy of 7046 J. This same bullet will carry a down range velocity to 457 m of 648 m/s, a hand loaded. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum used for 1000 yd target shooting loaded with a 19. The. 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for hunting all game animals on the North American, European and Asian continents, in Africa the 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for taking medium and large game. The free recoil of the 338-378 Weatherby Magnum from a rifle is 73 J as compared to an average 27 J from a rifle chambered for. 30-06 Springfield. The.338 Lapua Magnum is however a rimless cartridge and the.338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a rebated rim cartridge, list of rifle cartridges 8 mm caliber
34.
.340 Weatherby Magnum
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The.340 Weatherby Magnum rifle cartridge was introduced in 1963 by creator Roy Weatherby in response to the.338 Winchester Magnum. The.340 Weatherby Magnum uses the same.338 in, diameter bullets as the.338 Winchester Magnum but it does so at greater velocity than its Winchester competition. Reloaders may have trouble matching the published Weatherby velocities as Weatherby factory ammunition is loaded to maximum specifications, Weatherby no longer loads the 250gr. Round-nose cartridge pictured but continues to load the 250 gr, Weatherby has also expanded their factory loads including Nosler Ballistic-tip and Barnes TSX bullets complementing the powerful cartridge. Currently A-square is the other factory ammunition producer of the.340 Weatherby Magnum which has led to limited popularity of the caliber. In field tests the.340 clearly out performs the 300 Ultra mag.338 win mag. and even rivals the larger.375 H&H, providing a much flatter shooting and harder hitting performance. This cartridge is powerful enough for even the largest North American game and is suitable for most African game as well, Weatherby.338 Winchester Magnum List of rifle cartridges
35.
.375 Weatherby Magnum
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The.375 Weatherby Magnum is a medium-bore rifle cartridge. The cartridge is an out, improved and provided with the Weatherby double radius shoulder – given the Weatherby treatment – version of the.375 H&H Magnum. The.375 Weatherby Magnum was designed by Roy Weatherby in South Gate California in 1944, the original cases were fire formed from.300 H&H Magnum Winchester brass, then from Richard Speer’s 300 Weatherby brass before finally settling with Norma as a source for cases. It was also with Norma that Weatherby finally found a source for loaded ammunition, production of.375 Weatherby ammunition ceased in 1960 but was reintroduced in 2001 due to demand. The.375 Weatherby was designed as a game cartridge. The cartridge is able to fire a 300 gr bullet at 2,800 ft/s generating an energy of 5,224 ft·lbf with the trajectory of the 30-06 Springfield. This performance level makes it an all round African safari cartridge that is usable against plains game species as well. The.375 Weatherby is considered powerful for North American game. As the.375 Weatherby is an improved cartridge.375 H&H Magnum ammunition can be fired in.375 Weatherby chambers with a loss in performance of the.375 H&H ammunition. Cases thus fired are in essence fire formed to the Weatherby cartridges dimensions, Reloading data is available from A-Square, Barnes and Hornady. Ammunition is available from Weatherby, A-Square and Connelly Precision, rifles are available from Weatherby and A-Square. Most.375 H&H rifles can be converted to the.375 Weatherby Magnum by having the new chamber reamed with no further modifications made to the rifle. The cartridge also makes an excellent choice for those who want a step up in performance over the.375 H&H Magnum without the recoil or cost of the.378 Weatherby Magnum, the.375 Weatherby Magnum is an improved version of the.375 H&H Magnum. The parent case is based on the.300 H&H Magnum blown out, the cartridge features the Weatherby double radius shoulder. The Weatherby Magnum is not considered a proprietary cartridge as the CIP has published specifications for the cartridge, CIP recommends a 6 groove barrel with grove width of 3.25 mm, a bore Ø of 9.35 mm and a grove Ø of 9.55 mm. The recommended twist rate is one revolution in 305 mm. Case capacity is 105 gr. of water, as an improved cartridge the.375 Weatherby Magnum provides a leap in performance over its parent cartridge. The velocity gain over the.375 H&H Magnum works out to be about 240 ft/s, the.375 Weatherby Magnum fires a 270 gr at 2,940 ft/s generating 5,181 ft·lbf and a 300 gr at 2,800 ft/s which generates 5,224 ft·lbf. The cartridge generates more energy than factory loads for the.375 Remington Ultra Magnum.416 Rigby or the.458 Winchester Magnum, List of cartridges by caliber List of rifle cartridges 9mm caliber Barnes, Frank C. ed. by John T. Amber
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.378 Weatherby Magnum
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The.378 Weatherby Magnum was designed by Roy Weatherby in 1953. It was an original belted magnum design with no parent case, inspired by the.416 Rigby, the 215 magnum rifle primer was developed by Federal specifically for this round. The cartridge can hold upwards of 7.13 g of powder, the 378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge also has the double radius shoulder design found on the first and smaller proprietary line of Weatherby magnum cartridges. The motivation behind the development of the.378 came from the performance gains of the improved.375 Weatherby over its parent case. Roy Weatherby in 1953 killed an African elephant with one shot while on safari, however, in using this event as a marketing tool, it was revealed some African countries have a minimum 10.16 mm bullet size for hunting dangerous game. Weatherby responded by necking up the.378 to 11.63 mm and called the new cartridge the.460 Weatherby Magnum and it is considered a Safari grade cartridge. The.378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for taking all African game animals from large African antelopes, Nile crocodile, hippopotamus, some hunters on the North American continent employ the.378 for American elk, Brown bears, and polar bears. The.378 Weatherby will generate considerable free recoil, an average of 104 J from a 4.1 kg rifle and this compares to 27 J from a rifle chambered for. 30-06 Springfield or For the 375 H&H Magnum. The.378 has been responsible for numerous wildcat cartridges, being necked-down as the.22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer, some of the.378 Weatherby Magnum wildcat cartridges are shortened versions, like the. 30-378 Arch and the.460 Short A-Square. Some. 378-based wildcats have gone on to be part of the Weatherby line. 30-378. 338-378.416 and.460
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.416 Weatherby Magnum
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The.416 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked cartridge designed by Ed Weatherby and launched commercially in 1989. It is a dangerous-game cartridge intended for the hunting of dangerous game such as elephant. It is considered the most powerful commercial.416 cartridge, besting the Remington, Rigby, unlike earlier Weatherby cartridges which were designed by Roy Weatherby, this cartridge was designed by his son Ed Weatherby. Beginning in the 1960s and through the 1970s, safari hunting in Africa was on the decline, due to the lack of interest, ammunition manufacturers like Kynoch ceased operations. However, by the 1980s, a renewed interest in safari hunting created a demand for big-bore dangerous-game cartridges, in 1988 Remington stepped up to the plate with their iteration of the.416 Hoffman, which was given the name.416 Remington Magnum. Unlike the Rigby, the Remington cartridge utilized the.375 H&H Magnum case and therefore, unlike the.416 Rigby, could be chambered in most firearm actions. Taking advantage of this momentum, Weatherby introduced their own.416 cartridge in 1989, it was based on the.378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge, in traditional Weatherby fashion, a Weatherby cartridge would outclass similar-caliber cartridges with regard to the performance of the cartridge. To accomplish this task Weatherby relied on one of the largest commercial sporting cartridge cases available, the.416 Weatherby Magnum uses the same case as the.378 Weatherby Magnum and the.460 Weatherby Magnum. The case design was inspired by the.416 Rigby cartridge and features a belt, unlike the.416 Ruger and the.416 Remington, the.416 Weatherby Magnum requires an extra-large bolt face and large magnum action to contain the cartridge due to its oversized dimensions. Putting this in perspective, the.416 Weatherby Magnum has a capacity of 140 gr. of water. The.416 Weatherby Magnum has been standardized by both the CIP and SAAMI, SAAMI recommends a 6-grooved barrel with a bore Ø of.408 in and a groove Ø of.416 in with a twist rate of one revolution in 14 in. Weatherbys pressure rating is 65,000 psi, however, Weatherbys own factory ammunition is loaded to lower levels than this maximum. As with other Weatherby cartridges, there are discrepancies between SAAMI and CIP dimensions and this is arises from the CIPs treatment of the double-venturi case, shoulder and neck area of the cartridge. The CIP attempts to treat the shoulder as a shoulder with transitional radius between each of the segments. List of rifle cartridges 10 mm caliber
38.
.460 Weatherby Magnum
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The.460 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge, developed by Roy Weatherby in 1957. The cartridge is based on the.378 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the. 458-inch bullet, the original.378 Weatherby Magnum parent case was inspired by the.416 Rigby. The.460 Weatherby Magnum was designed as an African dangerous game cartridge for the hunting of heavy. However handloaders can push the cartridge to generate as much as 15,000 foot-pounds of energy in a bolt action. However, doing so necessitates a rifle so heavy it is almost inoperable for hunting purposes, the.700 Nitro Express was itself eclipsed in only five years by the 1993 introduction by A-Square of the.577 Tyrannosaur. The.577 T-Rex develops approximately 10,180 foot-pounds force with a velocity of 2,460 ft/s, the.460 will launch a 500-grain bullet at a chronographed velocity of 2,700 ft/s from a 26-inch barrel, measuring 8,100 ft·lbf of muzzle energy. Prior to the arrival of the.460 Weatherby Magnum on the hunting scene, Roy Weatherby had expected that the. Furthermore, new regulations prohibiting the hunting of heavy, thick skinned and these regulations would essentially ban the use of all previous Weatherby cartridges for the hunting of elephant, African Cape buffalo and rhinoceros.40 caliber rifles. He accomplished this by necking up the.378 Weatherby Magnum case to accept a.458 caliber bullet and he named the new cartridge the.460 Weatherby Magnum. The first rifles for the.460 Weatherby Magnum were built on Brevex Magnum Mauser action, however, Roy Weatherby was not the first cartridge designer to neck up the.378 Weatherby Magnum to.45 caliber. That distinction belongs to John Buhmiller, a gunsmith and hunter from Montana, Buhmiller named his cartridge the.45 Weatherby. He had success with the cartridge in Africa shooting Cape buffalo and rogue elephants in 1956, Norma Precision of Sweden was the first and only manufacturer of.460 Weatherby Magnum cases and ammunition which carried the Weatherby name and has done so under contract from Weatherby. During Weatherby’s partnership with J. P. Sauer/Dynamit-Nobel, production at Norma ceased and shifted to RWS, a wholly owned subsidiary of Dynamit-Nobel. However, RWS did not tool up in time to produce the.460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge, DuPont at one time shipped DuPont No.4350 powder to Norma Projektilfabrik for the reloading of Weatherby ammunition. But some time later Norma was able to source a powder with similar burn characteristics locally which was used instead of DuPonts IMR4350, Norma would later purchase the company and rename the powder Norma 204. The.460 Weatherby Magnum case uses a necked up.378 Weatherby Magnum case. Although the.378 Weatherby Magnum case was inspired by the.416 Rigby case, the.460 Weatherby Magnum requires a case with the large propellant capacity necessary to propel a 500 gr bullet at 2,700 ft/s. To accomplish this goal, the cartridge case has a capacity able to hold 141.1 gr. of water
