1.
Winchester Repeating Arms Company
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The Winchester Repeating Arms Company was a prominent American maker of repeating firearms, located in New Haven, Connecticut. The ancestor of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was the Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson partnership of Norwich, Jennings rifle was a commercial failure, and Robbins & Lawrence ceased production in 1852. Smith designed a much-improved rifle based on Jennings, and the partners also hired away Robbins & Lawrence shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry. In 1855 the Smith & Wesson partnership, in order to manufacture what they called the Volcanic lever-action rifle and pistol, sought investors and its largest stockholder was clothing manufacturer Oliver Winchester. The Volcanic rifle had only limited success, the company moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester and his partner John M. Davies purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. After Smiths departure Benjamin Henry continued to work with a Smith development project, the self-contained metallic rimfire cartridge, Henry also supervised a new rifle design based loosely on the Volcanic to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, the Henry rifle ensured New Haven Arms success, and together with the Spencer rifle established the lever-action repeater in the firearms market. In 1866 Benjamin Henry, angered over what he believed was inadequate compensation, Oliver Winchester, hastening back from Europe, forestalled the move and reorganized New Haven Arms yet again as the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Another extremely popular model was rolled out in 1873, the Model 1873 introduced the first Winchester center fire cartridge, the. 44-40 WCF. These rifle families are known as the Gun That Won the West. The Model 1873 was followed by the Model 1876, a version of the 73. It was chambered for longer, more powerful cartridges such as. 45-60 WCF. 45-75 WCF, Oliver Winchester died in December 1880, his son and successor, William Wirt Winchester, died of tuberculosis four months later. William Wirt Winchesters widow, Sarah Winchester, used her inheritance, several of these are still in production today through companies such as Browning, Rossi, Navy Arms and others which have revived several of the discontinued models or produced reproductions. The early years of the century found the Winchester Repeating Arms Company competing with new John Browning designs. The race to produce the first commercial self-loading rifle brought forth the.22 rimfire Winchester Model 1903 and later centerfire Model 1905, Model 1907, and Model 1910 rifles. Winchester engineers, after ten years of work, designed the Model 1911 to circumvent Brownings self-loading shotgun patents, one of Winchesters premier engineers, T. C. Johnson, was instrumental in the development of these self-loading firearms and went on to superintend the designs of Winchesters classic Model 1912, Model 52 and Model 54
2.
.25-35 Winchester
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The. 25-35 Winchester, or WCF was introduced in 1895 by Winchester for the Winchester Model 1894 lever action rifle. The case was based on the. 30-30 cartridge and it was a popular round in the Winchester Model 1885 High Wall single-shot rifle. No production rifles had been made in. 25-35 WCF since the 1940s until 2005 when Winchester resumed chambering their Model 94 rifles in this cartridge, Winchester ammunition has kept the cartridge in production in the U. S. A. The 6. 5×52mmR is a European cartridge that is a variant of the. 25-35 Winchester. The 6. 5×52mmR has its origins in Germany and was introduced by RWS and is chambered in many drilling, any interchangeability between the two cartridges is solely dependent on individual chamber tolerances and should not be assumed
3.
.219 Zipper
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The.219 Zipper cartridge was created by Winchester Repeating Arms in 1937 to be used in their lever-action Model 64 rifle. It is a 30-30 Winchester cartridge necked down to a.22 caliber bullet, Marlin Firearms also offered their Marlin Model 336 rifle chambered for the cartridge. While the.219 Zipper was supposed to compete against other varmint cartridges of the time, most lever-action rifles use tubular magazines and this led to problems with accuracy. Winchester stopped producing.219 Zipper ammunition in 1962, Remington Arms stopped production of the cartridge soon afterwards, the.219 Zipper is the parent case of the.219 Donaldson Wasp, and P. O. Ackley created the.219 Zipper Improved in 1937 and it works well in guns designed to fire rimmed ammunition, such as rebarreled Lee–Enfields, but not in Mauser-type actions, which are not. The ballistics data in the infobox are for maximum loads, as determined by the writers for Accurate Arms and this was based upon the Winchester Model 64 rifle being chambered in. 25-35 WCF and. 30-30 Winchester rather than SAAMI specifications. The Hornady & Speer pointed bullets should not be used in the Model 64 rifle, list of rifle cartridges Barnes, Frank C. ed. by John T. Amber.219 Zipper, in Cartridges of the World, p.9
4.
P.O. Ackley
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Parker Otto Ackley was an American gunsmith, barrel maker, author, columnist, and wildcat cartridge developer. Ackley improved not only standard cartridges, but also other popular wildcats, Ackley began gunsmithing full-time in Oregon in 1936, but was interrupted by World War II. In 1945, he established a new shop in Trinidad, Colorado, for a complete biography read the book, P. O. It duplicates the ballistics of the vaunted 7mm Remington Mag, with 30% less propellant used and he also produced a number of experimental cartridges, not intended to be practical, but rather to test the limits of firearms. One of these cartridges was the.22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer. This humorously named cartridge was developed by Ackley for Bob Hutton of Guns & Ammo magazine, ackleys loads only managed 4,600 ft/s, firing a 50-grain bullet. Based on a.378 Weatherby Magnum case, the case is impractically over-capacity for the bore diameter, the advent of new slower-burning smokeless powders may have changed the equation, but in a cartridge case that routinely holds over 100-grains of powder, it is hardly worth the effort. NOTE, The term Ackley Improved has been applied by various gunsmiths conceptually to many cartridges not extant during P. O. To accomplish this, the chamber for a rimless bottle necked improved cartridge must be shorter in the body than the original so that there is no headspace when the round is chambered
5.
7-30 Waters
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By 1984, Winchester introduced a Model 94 rifle chambered for the 7-30 Waters, establishing it as a commercial cartridge. In 1986, Thompson/Center began chambering 10-inch, 14-inch, and 20-inch Contender barrels for the cartridge, why neck down a.30 cal. cartridge to 7mm. This quote from a review of the 7-08 Rem. provides the answer, anything a 7mm can do, a.30 caliber of comparable sectional density and ballistic coefficient can also do. The catch is, in order to send a. 30-caliber slug over a trajectory as flat as that 7mm bullet, 7mm produces clearly superior downrange performance in terms of delivered energy and trajectory at any given recoil level. This combination of heavier bullets with heavier powder charges significantly increases the recoil of the.30 caliber, the. 30-30 Winchester is typically limited to short ranges, primarily because of the relatively small case capacity and the 150-grain and 170-grain bullet weights. To compensate for this, Waters necked the cartridge down to use a 7mm bullet, because it was designed to function in lever-action rifles, the 7-30 maintained the same low working pressure, yet Waters original design fired a lighter bullet at a higher velocity. A typical. 30-30 factory load fires a 150-grain bullet at 2390 f/s, muzzle energy is just over 1900 ft-lbs for both of these loads, but the lighter weight 7mm bullet has a higher velocity and flatter trajectory. Handloaders for single-shot 7-30 Waters rifles or pistols are not limited to flat-nosed bullets and thus have a wide range manufacturers, speer Bullets offers a 130 gr, copper-jacketed soft-point flat-nosed bullet for use in lever-action rifles. It has a density of 0.23 and a ballistic coefficient of 0.257 Hornady Manufacturing Company does not offer either FTX or MonoFlex bullets in 7mm/.284 caliber. These would allow the use of pointed, ballistically efficient spitzer bullets in tubular magazines. He 7-30 Waters cartridge, with its trajectory and higher velocity, have made what many consider to be an ideal mountain rifle, lightweight. By 1982, Waters had perfected his new cartridge, firing a 139-grain flat-point bullet at a velocity of 2600 f/s from a lever-action rifle with a 24 barrel. After 13 years, production ceased in 1997, thompson Center Arms single-shot Contender and Encore rifles are both offered in 7-30 Waters in either stainless steel or blued steel through their custom shop. Thompson Center Arms began to chamber the 7-30 Waters in their Contender single shot pistol starting in 1986, factory loads are capable of velocities of 2400 f/s from the 14 pistol barrel, making the 7-30 Waters one of the fastest commercial rounds available for the pistol. Paco Kelly, of leverguns. com, I like the model 94 Winchesters. and it is exactly what it was designed for. a light, handy, and fairly powerful round and rifle for deer and black bear. Bullets in the 110- to 120-grain range are suitable for game and varmints, 120- to 154-grain range for deer. The 7-30 Waters has proven its capabilities in the field on big game weighing up to 300 pounds at woods ranges, as this is written, two bullets of flat nose form are available to handloaders for use in rifles with tubular magazines. For whitetails, the 120-grain Nosler is an excellent performer, but when greater penetration is needed for Mule Deer and Black Bear, Nosler and Hornady no longer offer flat nose bullets in 7mm
6.
Rim (firearms)
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A rim is an external flange that is machined, cast, molded, stamped or pressed around the bottom of a firearms cartridge. Thus, rimmed cartridges are sometimes called flanged cartridges, almost all cartridges feature an extractor or headspacing rim, in spite of the fact that some cartridges are known as rimless cartridges. These types are rimmed, rimless, semi-rimmed, rebated rim and these categories describe the size of the rim in relation to the base of the case. The rimmed cartridge, sometimes called flanged cartridge, is the oldest of the types and has a rim that is larger in diameter than the base of the cartridge. Rimmed cartridges use the rim to hold the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm, because the rimmed cartridge headspaces on the rim, the case length is of less importance than rimless cartridges. This allows some firearms chambered for similar rimmed cartridges to safely chamber and fire shorter cartridges, rimmed cartridges are well suited to certain types of actions, such as revolvers, where the rim helps hold the cartridge in position, and break-action firearms. Semi-automatic handguns have been chambered in rimmed cartridges as well, for example a LAR Grizzly or Desert Eagle in.357 or.44 Magnum, under the metric cartridge designation system, a capitalized R added at the end of the designation denotes a rimmed cartridge. For example,7. 62×54mmR is a cartridge, while 7. 62×51mm is a rimless cartridge.45 Auto Rim. Examples of rimmed handgun cartridges include the.38 Special.357 Magnum, rimmed rifle cartridge examples include the.22 Hornet.303 British and 7. 62×54mmR. Rimless cases are not well suited to break-open and revolver actions, though they can be used with modifications, such as a spring-loaded extractor or, in a revolver. Crimping affects the length of the cartridge, and thus cannot be used on cartridges which headspace on the case mouth. Examples of rimless handgun cartridges include the 9mm Parabellum.40 S&W, rimless rifle examples include the.223 Remington.308 Winchester. 30-06 Springfield and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. On a semi-rimmed case the rim projects slightly beyond the base of the case, the tiny rim provides minimal interference feeding from a box magazine, while still providing enough surface to headspace on. Semi-rimmed cases are less common than the other types, if the chamber is cut shallow, so the case headspaces off the mouth, the rim is used for extraction only, a standard chamber will use the rim for both headspacing and extraction. Examples of more commonly encountered rimless handgun cartridges are.25 ACP.32 ACP and.38 ACP, while the.308 Marlin Express.338 Marlin Express and.444 Marlin are rifle cartridges that are semi-rimmed. Rebated rim cartridges have a rim that is smaller in diameter than the base of the case. Functionally the same as a case, the rebated rim provides some additional benefits when considered in conjunction with other cartridges. One example of a rebated rim cartridge is the.50 Action Express, by using the same rim dimensions as the.44 Magnum, a Desert Eagle could be converted from.44 Magnum to.50 AE by merely changing the barrel and magazine
7.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
8.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
9.
Winchester Model 1894
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The Winchester Model 1894 rifle is a lever-action repeating rifle that became one of the most famous and popular hunting rifles. It was designed by John Browning in 1894 and originally chambered to fire two metallic black powder cartridges, the. 32-40 Winchester and. 38-55 Winchester and it was the first rifle to chamber the smokeless powder round, the.30 WCF. The 1894 was produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company through 1980, Repeating Arms under the Winchester brand until they ceased manufacturing rifles in 2006. Reproductions are being made by the Miroku company of Japan and imported into the United States by the Browning Arms company of Morgan, the Model 1894 has been referred to as the ultimate lever-action design by firearms historians such as R. L. Wilson and Hal Herring. The Model 1894 is the credited with the name Winchester being used to refer to all rifles of this type and was the first commercial sporting rifle to sell over 7,000,000 units. The Winchester Model 1894 was the first commercial American repeating rifle built to be used with smokeless powder, the 1894 was originally chambered to fire 2 metallic black powder cartridges, the. 32-40 Winchester and. 38-55 Winchester. In 1895 Winchester went to a different steel composition for rifle manufacturing that could handle higher pressure rounds and offered the rifle in. 25-35 Winchester, the. 30-30 Winchester, or. 30WCF, is the cartridge that has become synonymous with the Model 1894. Starting in 1899, the Model 1894 was also chambered in.32 Winchester Special, as a result, it was the first sporting rifle to sell over 7,000,000 units. The United States government purchased 1,800 commercial Model 1894s with 50,000. 30-30 cartridges during World War I and these rifles in the 835800 to 852500 serial number range were marked atop the receiver ring with a flaming bomb and U. S. The rifles were intended for United States Army Signal Corps personnel stationed in the Pacific Northwest to prevent interruption of spruce timber harvesting for aircraft production, the rifles were sold as military surplus after the war. To release Lee–Enfield rifles for use, the Royal Navy purchased approximately 5,000. 30-30 caliber Model 94 rifles in 1914 for shipboard guard duty. France purchased 15,100 Model 1894 carbines equipped with sling swivels on the side of the buttstock and barrel band. These French carbines were issued to motorcycle couriers, artillery troops, trench railway personnel, some of these rifles acquired Belgian proofmarks when sold as surplus through Belgium. In mid-1964, the manufacturing of the 94 was changed in order to make the firearm less expensive to produce, generally referred to as pre-64 models, the earlier versions command a premium price over post-change rifles. The limited number of production models produced prior to the changeover are considered quite desirable. The Winchester 1894s design allowed the cycling of cartridges than the Winchester 1892 carbines could permit. When the lever is pulled down, it brings the bottom of the receiver with it, opening up more space, the mechanism is complex but very reliable. Complete stripping of the action is a task that must be accomplished in precise sequence
10.
Smokeless powder
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Smokeless powder is the name given to a number of propellants used in firearms and artillery that produce negligible smoke when fired, unlike the black powder they replaced. The basis of the term smokeless is that the products are mainly gaseous. Despite its name, smokeless powder is not completely free of smoke, while there may be little noticeable smoke from small-arms ammunition, since the 14th century gunpowder was not actually a physical powder, and smokeless powder can be produced only as a pelletized or extruded granular material. Smokeless powder allowed the development of modern semi- and fully automatic firearms and lighter breeches, burnt black powder leaves a thick, heavy fouling that is hygroscopic and causes rusting of the barrel. The fouling left by smokeless powder exhibits none of these properties and this makes an autoloading firearm with many moving parts feasible. However, they are used as propellants, in normal use. Before the widespread introduction of smokeless powder the use of black powder caused many problems on the battlefield, Military commanders since the Napoleonic Wars reported difficulty with giving orders on a battlefield obscured by the smoke of firing. Verbal commands could not be heard above the noise of the guns, unless there was a strong wind, after a few shots, soldiers using black powder ammunition would have their view obscured by a huge cloud of smoke. Snipers or other concealed shooters were given away by a cloud of smoke over the firing position, black powder is also corrosive, making cleaning mandatory after every use. Likewise, black powders tendency to produce severe fouling caused actions to jam, nitroglycerine was synthesized by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847. Nitroglycerine is also sensitive, making it unfit to be carried in battlefield conditions. A major step forward was the discovery of guncotton, a nitrocellulose-based material and he promoted its use as a blasting explosive and sold manufacturing rights to the Austrian Empire. Guncotton was more powerful than gunpowder, but at the time was once again somewhat more unstable. John Taylor obtained an English patent for guncotton, and John Hall & Sons began manufacture in Faversham, English interest languished after an explosion destroyed the Faversham factory in 1847. Small arms could not withstand the pressures generated by guncotton, Abel patented this process in 1865 when the second Austrian guncotton factory exploded. After the Stowmarket factory exploded in 1871, Waltham Abbey began production of guncotton for torpedo, in 1863, Prussian artillery captain Johann F. E. Schultze patented a small-arms propellent of nitrated hardwood impregnated with saltpeter or barium nitrate. Prentice received an 1866 patent for a powder of nitrated paper manufactured at Stowmarket. In 1871, Frederick Volkmann received an Austrian patent for a version of Schultze powder called Collodin
11.
Grain (unit)
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A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and, for the troy grain, equal to exactly 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat, rather, expressions such as thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, the grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a grain of barley. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of known as the wheat grain. The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly 45⁄64 of a troy grain.79891 milligrams, 7000100000000000000♠1 gram is approximately 7001154323600000000♠15.43236 grains. The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, or other stones, called the jewellers grain or pearl grain, is equal to 1⁄4 of a carat. The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to 6995531150000000000♠53.115 mg. In both British Imperial and U. S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, the grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. The term also refers to a particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements. In archery, the grain is the unit used to weigh arrows. In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth, is measured in grains, in North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon of calcium carbonate equivalents. Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the metric unit parts per million, one grain per US gallon is approximately 6995171000000000000♠17.1 ppm. Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg, though no longer recommended, grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital. For example, the dosage of a standard 6996325000000000000♠325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 7000500000000000000♠5 grains, in that example the grain is approximated to 6995650000000000000♠65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 6995600000000000000♠60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer. The apothecaries system has its own system of notation, in which the symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals. For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written ASA gr
12.
Gram
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The gram is a metric system unit of mass. Originally defined as the weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre. The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the International System of Units is g following the numeric value with a space, the SI does not support the use of abbreviations such as gr, gm or Gm. The word gramme was adopted by the French National Convention in its 1795 decree revising the system as replacing the gravet introduced in 1793. Its definition remained that of the weight of a centimetre of water. French gramme was taken from the Late Latin term gramma and this word, ultimately from Greek γράμμα letter had adopted a specialised meaning in Late Antiquity of one twenty-fourth part of an ounce, corresponding to about 1.14 grams. This use of the term is found in the carmen de ponderibus et mensuris composed around 400 AD, the gram was the fundamental unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units. The gram is today the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide. 1 gram =15.4323583529 grains 1 grain =0.06479891 grams 1 avoirdupois ounce =28.349523125 grams 1 troy ounce =31.1034768 grams 100 grams =3.527396195 ounces 1 gram =5 carats 1 gram =8. 1 gram is roughly equal to 1 small paper clip or pen cap, the Japanese 1 yen coin has a mass of one gram. Conversion of units Duella Gold gram Orders of magnitude Gram at Encyclopædia Britannica
13.
Marlin Firearms
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Marlin Firearms Co. formerly of North Haven, Connecticut, is a manufacturer of semi-automatic, lever-action, and bolt-action rifles. In the past, the company made shotguns, derringers and revolvers, Marlin owned the firearm manufacturer H&R Firearms. In 2007, Remington Arms, part of the Freedom Group, Remington currently produces Marlin-brand firearms at its Kentucky and New York manufacturing facilities. Major models of Marlin rifles include, Marlin No, Marlin Model 1893, lever action repeater, precursor of the Model 36 and 336 Marlin Model 1895 Military Repeater,6 versions,1895, G, GBL, GS, M, SBL. All are chambered for the 45/70 caliber except for the M Marlin Model 444, Marlin Model 795, a.22 LR semi-automatic rifle. For example, there are 6 distinctly different variations manufactured for the Marlin Model 60, Marlin has been making lever-action rifles since 1881, and in 2008, they produced their 30 millionth lever-action rifle, which was donated to the National Rifle Association. Shotguns include, Marlin Model 25MG, a bolt action. S, patent 3,100,358 for what was named MicroGroove Rifling, which was a departure from the standard Ballard, or cut rifling. One purpose of Microgroove rifling was to increase the speed of producing rifle barrels, Marlin introduced Microgroove rifling in their.22 rimfire barrels in July 1953, with 16 grooves that were.014 wide, and nominally.0015 deep. Ballard rifled barrels have grooves generally in the range of. 069-.090 wide, the catalog also claimed that Microgroove rifling did not distort the bullet jacket as deeply as Ballard rifling hence improving accuracy with jacketed bullets at standard velocity. The use of oversized cast bullets greatly solves this problem, restoring accuracy with cast bullet handloads to levels seen from Ballard rifled barrels, Marlin Firearms was founded in the 1870s by John Marlin. Marlin produced lever-action rifles and pump-action shotguns in competition with Winchester, in 1917 Marlin Rockwell bought out the Hopkins & Allen Arms Company to promote an expanded line of firearms and restore the image of the Marlin company as makers of sporting arms. Marlin Firearms labored for a century as an underdog levergun maker to Winchester, however, in the 1980s and 1990s, Marlin finally began to outpace its old rival. It is currently the dominant seller of lever-action rifles in North America and its use of side ejection allows for flat-topped firearms, thereby making the mounting of scopes easier than for traditional Winchesters. This helped Marlin capture more market share as American shooters came to more and more on optics. Marlins are larger, stronger and heavier than most of the comparable Winchester line, in November 2000, Marlin purchased the assets of H&R1871, Inc. a Massachusetts-based manufacturer of shotguns and rifles, founded in 1871, and now located in Gardner, Massachusetts. Marketing its products under the names of Harrington & Richardson and New England Firearms, H&R1871 claimed to be the largest manufacturer of Single-shot shotguns. In December 2007 Remington Arms Company purchased Marlin, Remington announced in April 2008 that it would close the Gardner manufacturing plant by the end of 2008 affecting 200 workers. In March 2010, Marlin announced that it would close its North Haven plant, and move the work to Remington plants in Ilion, New York, and Mayfield, Kentucky
14.
Remington Arms
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Remington Arms Company, LLC is an American manufacturer of firearms and ammunition in the United States. It was founded in 1816 by Eliphalet Remington in Ilion, New York, as E. Remington, Remington is Americas oldest gun maker and Its Americas oldest factory that still makes its original product-guns. It is the only U. S. company which produces both firearms and ammunition domestically and is the largest U. S. producer of shotguns, Remington has also developed or adopted more cartridges than any other gun maker or ammunition manufacturer in the world. Additionally its products are distributed in over 60 foreign countries, making its distribution base, Remington Arms is part of the Freedom Group, which is owned by Cerberus Capital Management. Remington built a new plant in Huntsville, Alabama which is now building Modern Sporting Rifles, the Remington company was founded in 1816. Eliphalet Remington II believed he could build a gun than he could buy. Farming communities in the region were famous for their skills and self-sufficiency. Remingtons father was a blacksmith, and wanted to expand his business into rifle barrel production, local residents often built their own rifles to save on costs, but purchased the barrel. Remingtons father sent him to a barrel maker in a major city to purchase a barrel. At the time, the method was to heat and wrap long flat bars of iron around a rod of the caliber desired. By heating and hammering the coiled bars around the central rod, after the young man returned home, his family added a successful barrel making operation to his fathers forge, in Ilion Gorge, New York. Remington began designing and building a rifle for himself. At age 23, he entered a match, though he only finished second. Before Remington left the field day, he had received so many orders from other competitors that he was now officially in the gunsmithing business. By 1828, the moved to nearby Ilion, New York. On March 7,1888, ownership of E. Remington & Sons left possession of the Remington family and was sold to new owners, Marcellus Hartley, at this time the name was formally changed to the Remington Arms Company. The Bridgeport site became the home of Remingtons ammunition plant, in 1912, Remington and Union Metallic Cartridge Company were combined into a single entity, called Remington UMC. In 1915, the plant at Ilion was expanded, and with this expansion became basically the same plant as today, during World War I, Remington produced arms under contract for several Allied powers
15.
.30-40 Krag
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Since the cartridge it was replacing was the. 45-70 Government, the round was considered small-bore at the time. The design selected was ultimately the Krag–Jørgensen, formally adopted as the M1892 Springfield and it was also used in M1893 and later Gatling guns. After a brief experiment with a 230-grain bullet loading, the.30 Army loading was standardized in 1894 using a 220-grain metal-jacketed round-nose bullet with 40 grains of nitrocellulose powder. This loading developed a velocity of 2,000 ft/s in the 30-inch barrel of the Krag rifle. The rimmed. 30-40 round was known as.30 Army. The first use of a smokeless powder round by Winchester was a shot in 30-40. From the outset, the. 30-40 cartridge proved popular for hunting, in 1899, a Krag in. 30-40 caliber was used to shoot the world-record Rocky Mountain elk. The record stood until the half of the 20th century. The new loading increased the velocity in the rifle version of the Krag to 2,200 ft/s at 45,000 psi. However, once the new loading was issued, reports of cracked locking lugs on service Krags began to surface, in March 1900 the remaining stocks of this ammunition were returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original 2,000 ft/s specification. In 1903, after recommendations from the infantry Small Arms Board, the new cartridge was designated by its year of adoption, the. 30-03. Handbook of the Gatling Gun, Caliber.30
16.
Union Metallic Cartridge Company
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The Union Metallic Cartridge Company was an early manufacturer of cartridge ammunition for small arms. The company was founded in 1867 during the most rapid evolution of design to date. Following merger with Remington Arms in 1912, the manufacturing complex in Bridgeport. The factory was Remington headquarters until 1984 and the source of sporting, the New York sporting goods firm of Schuyler, Hartley & Graham purchased two small New England cartridge manufacturers in 1866. Machinery from the Crittenden & Tibbals Manufacturing Company of South Coventry, Connecticut, a powder magazine on Success Hill was destroyed by explosion of 16 tons of gunpowder on 14 May 1906. No lives were lost, but damage was reported as far away as Long Island, in February 1909 UMC completed a 190-foot shot tower which was the tallest building in Connecticut for many years. The red brick shot tower functioned by dropping molten lead from a height of 133 feet into vats of cold water 6 feet deep. Schuyler, Hartley & Graham had purchased the manufacturing firm of E. Remington and Sons in 1888. Remington merged with UMC in 1912 and Bridgeport became Remington-UMC corporate headquarters while firearms production stayed in Ilion, manufacture of ammunition continued at Bridgeport until 1970. Remington corporate headquarters moved to Delaware in 1984, and Remington had completely vacated the Bridgeport factory complex by 1988
17.
Reindeer
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This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous, some of its subspecies are rare, for this reason, it is considered to be vulnerable by the IUCN. Reindeer vary considerably in colour and size, both sexes can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between population and season. Antlers are typically larger on males, hunting of wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer are important to several Arctic and Subarctic peoples. In traditional festive legend, Santa Clauss reindeer pull a sleigh through the sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. The name Rangifer, which Carl Linnaeus chose for the genus, was used by Albertus Magnus in his De animalibus. This word may go back to a Saami word raingo, for the origin of the word tarandus, which Linnaeus chose as the specific epithet, he made reference to Ulisse Aldrovandis Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia fol. However, Aldrovandi – and before him Konrad Gesner – thought that rangifer, in any case, the tarandos name goes back to Aristotle and Theophrastus – see In history below. Because of its importance to many cultures, Rangifer tarandus and some of its subspecies have names in many languages, the name rein is of Norse origin. The Finnish name poro may also stem from the same, the word deer was originally broader in meaning, but became more specific over time. In Middle English, der meant a wild animal of any kind. Cognates of Old English dēor in other dead Germanic languages have the sense of animal, such as Old High German tior, Old Norse djúr or dýr, Gothic dius, Old Saxon dier. The name caribou comes, through French, from Mikmaq qalipu, meaning snow shoveler, in Inuktitut, spoken in eastern Arctic North America, the caribou is known by the name tuktu. In the western North American Arctic, the used by the Iñupiat is tuttu. Across the range of a species, individuals may display considerable morphological, genetic, COSEWIC developed Designated Unit attribution to add to classifications already in use. The species taxonomic name Rangifer tarandus was defined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, the subspecies taxonomic name, Rangifer tarandus caribou was defined by Gmelin in 1788. Based on Banfields often-cited A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer, R. t. caboti, R. t. osborni and R. t. terraenovae were considered invalid and included in R. t. caribou. Some recent authorities have considered them all valid, even suggesting that they are quite distinct and he affirms that true woodland caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention
18.
Pronghorn
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The pronghorn is a species of artiodactyl mammal indigenous to interior western and central North America. It is the surviving member of the family Antilocapridae. During the Pleistocene period, about 12 antilocaprid species existed in North America, three other genera existed when humans entered North America but are now extinct. As a member of the superfamily Giraffoidea, the pronghorns closest living relatives are the giraffes, the Giraffoidea are in turn members of the infraorder Pecora, making pronghorns more distant relatives of the Cervidae and Bovidae, among others. The scientific name of the pronghorn is Antilocapra americana, the pronghorn is the sole extant member of the family Antilocapridae. This species was first described by American ornithologist George Ord in 1815, the expedition, which aimed to unravel water routes in the continent for commercial purposes, led to the discovery or formal recognition of a variety of flora and fauna of North America. Following the discovery of a few subspecies of the grouse, Lewis and Clark came across the pronghorn near the mouth of the Niobrara River. Clark was the first to kill a pronghorn, and described his experience as follows, Lewis and Clark made several other observations on the behavior of the pronghorn and how the local tribes hunted them. They described the animal, which referred to as the Antelope or the Goat, as follows. Shy and timorous they generally only on the ridges, which command a view of all the approaches of an enemy. When they first see the hunters they run with great velocity, the Indians near the Rocky Mountains hunt these animals on horseback, and shoot them with arrows. The Mandans mode of hunting them is to form a large, strong pen or fold, the animals are surrounded by the hunters, and gently driven towards this pen, in which they imperceptibly find themselves enclosed, and are then at the mercy of the hunters. Pronghorns have distinct white fur on their rumps, sides, breasts, bellies, adult males are 1. 3–1.5 m long from nose to tail, stand 81–104 cm high at the shoulder, and weigh 40–65 kg. The females are the height as males, but weigh 34–48 kg. The feet have two hooves, with no dewclaws and their body temperature is 38 °C. The orbits are prominent and set high on the skull, with never an anteorbital pit, as in the Giraffidae, skin covers the bony cores, but in the pronghorn, it develops into a keratinous sheath which is shed and regrown on an annual basis. Unlike the horns of the family Bovidae, the sheaths of the pronghorn are branched. Males have a horn sheath about 12. 5–43 cm long with a prong, females have smaller horns that range from 2. 5–15.2 cm and sometimes barely visible, they are straight and very rarely pronged
19.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
20.
Recoil
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Recoil is the backward movement of a gun when it is discharged. To apply this counter-recoiling force, modern mounted guns may employ recoil buffering comprising springs and hydraulic recoil mechanisms, early cannons used systems of ropes along with rolling or sliding friction to provide forces to slow the recoiling cannon to a stop. Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded, however, the same pressures acting on the base of the projectile are acting on the rear face of the gun chamber, accelerating the gun rearward during firing. This results in the required counter-recoiling force being proportionally lower, modern cannons also employ muzzle brakes very effectively to redirect some of the propellant gasses rearward after projectile exit. This provides a force to the barrel, allowing the buffering system. The same physics affecting recoil in mounted guns and cannons applies to hand-held guns, hands, arms and shoulders have considerable strength and elasticity for this purpose, up to certain practical limits. For this reason, establishing recoil safety standards for small arms remains challenging, a change in momentum of a mass requires a force, according to Newtons first law, known as the law of inertia, inertia simply being another term for mass. That force, applied to a mass, creates an acceleration, according to Newtons second law, the law of momentum -- changing the velocity of the mass changes its momentum. It is important to understand at this point that velocity is not simply speed, velocity is the speed of a mass in a particular direction. In a very technical sense, speed is a scalar, a magnitude, in summation, the total momentum of the system equals zero, surprisingly just as it did before the trigger was pulled. There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy, recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy. The nature of the process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in the barrel upon the gun. It is also determined by the force applied to the gun. The recoil force only acts during the time that the ejecta are still in the barrel of the gun, except for the case of zero-recoil, the counter-recoil force is smaller than the recoil force but lasts for a longer time. Since the recoil force and the force are not matched. In the zero-recoil case, the two forces are matched and the gun will not move when fired. In most cases, a gun is very close to a free-recoil condition, an example of near zero-recoil would be a gun securely clamped to a massive or well-anchored table, or supported from behind by a massive wall. For example, placing the butt of a large caliber gun directly against a wall, the recoil of a firearm, whether large or small, is a result of the law of conservation of momentum
21.
.30-06 Springfield
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The.30 refers to the caliber of the bullet, and the 06 refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the. 30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and. 30-40 Krag cartridges and it remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers. In the early 1890s, the U. S. military adopted the smokeless powder. 30-40 Krag rimmed cartridge, the 1894 version of that cartridge used a 220-grain round-nose bullet. Around 1901, the U. S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with box magazine and that led to the 1903. 30-03 rimless service round that used the same 220-grain round-nose bullet as the Krag. The. 30-03 achieved a velocity of 2,300 ft/s. Consequently, the round-nosed U. S. 30-03 service cartridge was falling behind. For these reasons, the U. S. military developed a new, lighter, cartridge in 1906, the cartridge was loaded with Military Rifle 21 propellant, and its maximum range was claimed to be 4,700 yd. The M1903 Springfield rifle, which had been introduced alongside the. 30-03 cartridge, was modified to accept the new. 30-06 Springfield cartridge. Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber, other changes to the rifle included elimination of the troublesome rod bayonet of the earlier Springfield rifles. The M1906 maximum range was originally overstated, when the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only 1,800 yards, distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent. The range discrepancy became evident during World War I, before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery, long-range machine gun barrage or indirect fires were considered important in U. S. infantry tactics. When the US entered World War I, it did not have machine guns, so it acquired British. When those weapons were replaced with US machine guns firing the M1906 round. Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir, Miami, patrone was inroduced in 1914 and used a 197. 5-grain s. S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß boat-tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately 5,140 yd. Its maximum range was approximately 5,500 yd. Additionally, wartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammunition. Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first, as a result, the older. 30-06 ammunition was expended for training, stocks of.30 M1 Ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936, it was discovered that the range of the.30 M1 Ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many ranges. An emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible
22.
Magazine (firearms)
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A magazine is an ammunition storage and feeding device within or attached to a repeating firearm. Magazines can be removable or integral to the firearm, the magazine functions by moving the cartridges stored in the magazine into a position where they may be loaded into the chamber by the action of the firearm. The detachable magazine is often referred to as a clip, although this is technically inaccurate, magazines come in many shapes and sizes, from those of bolt-action express rifles that hold only a few rounds to drum magazines for self-loading rifles that can hold one hundred rounds or more. Various jurisdictions ban what they define as high-capacity magazines, with the increased use of semi-automatic and automatic firearms, the detachable box magazine became increasingly common. Soon after the adoption of the M1911 pistol, the magazine was settled on by the military and firearms experts. The defining difference between clips and magazines is the presence of a mechanism in a magazine, typically a spring-loaded follower. Use of the clip to refer to detachable magazines is a point of strong disagreement. The first mass-produced repeater was the Volcanic Rifle which used a bullet with the base filled with powder and primer fed into the chamber from a spring-loaded tube called a magazine. It was named after a building or room used to store ammunition, the anemic power of the Rocket Ball ammunition used in the Volcanic doomed it to limited popularity. The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine fed rifle, designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, it was one of the first firearms to use self-contained metallic cartridges. The Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company and it was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War and favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West and was famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle which are made to this day. The Henry and Winchester rifles would go on to see service with a number of militaries including Turkey, switzerland and Italy adopted similar designs. The first magazine-fed firearm to achieve success was the Spencer repeating rifle. The Spencer used a magazine located in the butt of the gun instead of under the barrel. The Spencer was successful, but the rimfire ammunition did occasionally ignite in the magazine tube and it could also injure the user. The new bolt-action rifles began to favor with militaries in the 1880s and were often equipped with tubular magazines. The Mauser Model 1871 was originally a single-shot action that added a magazine in its 1884 update
23.
Spitzer (bullet)
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To achieve this, the projectile must minimize air resistance in flight. Bullets with a drag coefficient decelerate less rapidly. A low drag coefficient flattens the projectiles trajectory somewhat at long ranges, the higher impact velocity of bullets with high ballistic coefficients means they retain more kinetic energy. The name spitzer is a form of the German word Spitzgeschoss. The development of spitzer bullets made military doctrines possible which expected rifle volleys at area targets at ranges up to 1,420 to 2,380 m, most spitzer bullets are loaded in intermediate and high-powered rifle cartridges. The spitzer bullet design was first introduced in 1898 as the Balle D by the French Army, the Balle D bullet was designed by Captain Georges Raymond Desaleux, in order to improve the ballistic performance of the existing French 8×50mmR Lebel service cartridge of 1886. Besides having a nose section the Balle D was also the first military rifle projectile that had a boat tail - a streamlined tapered base - to further minimize air resistance in flight. The 1898 pattern 8×50mmR Lebel Balle D spitzer nose profile combined with the boat tail resulted in a ballistic coefficient of 0.568 to 0.581, even by 21st century standards 800 m typical effective supersonic range is regarded as normal for a standard military rifle round. A new Spitzgeschoß aerodynamic bullet, credited to an independent ballistician Arthur Gleinich, was tested in 1902, after several shape revisions it entered mass production in 1904. The Spitzgeschoß nose was externally pointed like the French design and its shape was patented, the Gewehr-Prüfungskommission program resulted in the S Patrone a. k. a. The S Patrone was adopted by the German Army and Navy in 1903 and had a range of approximately 3,700 m. At the onset of World War 1 Germany developed a further refined bullet. This 12.8 grams full metal jacket s. S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß boat tail projectile had a coefficient of 0.557 to 0.593 and was loaded in the s. S. At 760 m/s muzzle velocity the s. S, Patrone had a maximum range of approximately 4,700 m and retained supersonic velocity up to and past 1,000 m under ICAO Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level. From its 1914 introduction the s. S, Patrone was mainly issued for aerial combat and as of 1918 in the later stages of World War I to infantry machine gunners. Fifteen years after World War 1 the S Patrone was phased out, Patrone became the standard issue ball ammunition for the German military. In 1906, United States ordnance authorities arranged to purchase the license for the Spitzgeschoß bullet design from Gleinich. The Ball, M1906 rounds had a velocity of 823 m/s and had a maximum range of approximately 3,117 m
24.
.308 Winchester
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The.308 Winchester is a rimless, bottlenecked rifle cartridge and is the commercial cartridge from which the 7. 62×51mm NATO round was derived. The.308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, two prior to the NATO adoption of the 7. 62×51mm NATO T65. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the hunting market as the.308 Winchester. Winchesters Model 70 and Model 88 rifles were chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the.308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action and it is also commonly used for civilian hunting, target shooting, Metallic Silhouette, bench rest target shooting, palma, metal matches and military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the.308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles, when loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance. Their interchange is, however, considered safe by the Sporting Arms, the.308 Winchester has 3.64 ml cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, all dimensions in millimeters and inches. Americans would define the angle at alpha/2 =20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm,4 grooves, Ø lands =7.62 mm, Ø grooves =7.82 mm, land width =4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle. Rulings the.308 Winchester can handle up to 415.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure, regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that.308 Winchester chambered arms in C. I. P, regulated countries are currently proof tested at 519.00 MPa PE piezo pressure. North American SAAMI maximum pressure for the 308 Winchester is 62,000 PSI, the.308 Winchester is one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the United States, and possibly the world. It has gained popularity in countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class. In North America it is used extensively on whitetail deer, pronghorn, clay Harvey, an American gun writer, says it is usable on moose and elk. Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, says he is surprised how many hunters there use the cartridge, craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the.308 is one of Normas best-selling calibers. In Africa the.308 Win is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland. The.308 Winchester has slightly more drop at range than the. 30-06 Springfield
25.
Percussion cap
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The percussion cap, introduced circa 1820, was the crucial invention that enabled muzzleloading firearms to fire reliably in any weather. This gave rise to the caplock or percussionlock system, before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems that produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the guns main powder charge. Flintlocks were prone to misfire in wet weather, and many flintlock firearms were later converted to the more reliable percussion system, the percussion cap is a small cylinder of copper or brass with one closed end. Inside the closed end is an amount of a shock-sensitive explosive material such as fulminate of mercury. The percussion cap is placed over a hollow metal nipple at the end of the gun barrel. Pulling the trigger releases a hammer strikes the percussion cap. The flame travels through the nipple to ignite the main powder charge. Percussion caps were, and still are, made in sizes for pistols and larger sizes for rifles. While the metal percussion cap was the most popular and widely used type of primer, accordingly, several manufacturers developed alternative, auto-priming systems. The Maynard tape primer, for example, used a roll of paper much like todays toy cap gun. The Maynard tape primer was fitted to some firearms used in the mid-nineteenth century, other disc or pellet-type primers held a supply of tiny fulminate detonator discs in a small magazine. Cocking the hammer automatically advanced a disc into position, however, these automatic feed systems were difficult to make with the manufacturing systems in the early and mid-nineteenth century and generated more problems than they solved. While it had a number of problems, it was used by the Prussians. In the 1850s, the cap was first integrated into a metallic cartridge. By the late 1860s, breech-loading metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete, today, reproduction percussion firearms are popular for recreational shooters and percussion caps are still available. Most percussion caps now use non-corrosive compounds such as lead styphnate, the percussion cap replaced the flint, the steel frizzen, and the powder pan of the flint-lock mechanism. It was only applied to the British military musket in 1842. The first percussion firearm produced for the US military was the carbine version of the M1819 Hall rifle
26.
Savage Model 99
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The Model 99, and its predecessor models 1892 and 1895, are a series of lever action rifles created by the Savage Arms Company in Utica, New York. The Model 99 was preceded by the Model 1895, which was the first hammerless lever-action rifle produced, the hammerless design was a useful improvement as it reduces the lock time. This allows the rifle to be fired more accurately, because the riflemans muscular tremors have less time to move the rifle off-aim, a hammerless design is also less likely to jam in brush or clothing. The Krag–Jørgensen was chosen over the Savage and other models, the Model 1892 was never put into production, and instead it was further developed into the Model 1895. The Model 1895 musket in. 30-40 Krag was the winner of an 1896 competition for a New York National Guard rifle contract, later refinements to the Model 1895 design led to the Model 1899, later simply shortened to the Model 99. In 1899, Savage offered to any existing Model 1895 rifle or carbine to Model 1899 configuration for a $5 fee. The 1895, as well as the later Model 1899 and early Model 99, the rotating magazine uses a spring-loaded spool with grooves to hold the cartridges. The Savage 1899 took advantage of the spool to include a counter to indicate how many shots are left, the Model 99 continued using this system for many years, until its replacement with a detachable magazine. The rotating magazine design allowed the rifle to be one of the first lever-action rifles to use spitzer bullets, previous lever-action rifles used tubular magazines, which placed cartridges of ammunition end to end. The pointed tips of a bullet would touch the primer of the cartridge in front of it. Another novel safety feature was that, upon cocking the rifle, during World War I, the Montreal Home Guard was issued Model 99 rifles in musket form, which incorporated a bayonet lug and military-style stock. It is known as the Model 99D Musket, the Montreal Home Guard contract was for a total of 2,500 rifles, all of which are believed to have been delivered. These rifles were chambered in.303 Savage, as altering the design for the Canadian standard.303 British Mk VII cartridge would have resulted in a delay in delivery. Guardsmen were responsible for purchasing their own rifles and had the option of having their names stamped on the stock, many also chose to have their names engraved on the left side of the receiver
27.
Thompson/Center Arms
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Thompson/Center Arms is an American firearms company based in Springfield, Massachusetts. The company is best known for its line of interchangeable-barrel, single-shot pistols, Thompson/Center also manufactures muzzle-loading rifles and is credited with creating the resurgence of their use in the 1970s. In the 1960s, Warren Center developed an unusual break-action, single-shot pistol that later known as the Contender in his basement workshop. Meanwhile, the K. W. Thompson Tool Company had been searching for a product to manufacture year-round, in 1965, Warren Center joined the K. W. Thompson Tool Company, and together, they announced Warren Centers Contender pistol in 1967. As K. W. Thompson Tool began marketing Centers Contender pistol, then, in 1970, Thompson/Center created the modern black powder industry, introducing Warren Centers Hawken-styled black powder muzzle-loader rifle. On January 4,2007, Thompson/Center was purchased by Smith & Wesson, on December 8,2010, Smith & Wesson announced that the original Rochester, New Hampshire plant would be closed and manufacturing was transferred to Springfield, Massachusetts. Thompson/Centers success came with the emergence of long range hunting, target shooting. Their break-action, single-shot design brought rifle-like accuracy and power in a handgun, the Contender, first introduced in 1967, is a break-action, single-shot pistol or rifle with a number of unique features. The first unique feature is the way the barrel is attached to the frame, by removing the fore-end, a large hinge pin is exposed, by pushing this hinge pin out, the barrel can be removed. Since the sights and extractor remain attached to the barrel in the Contender design, a barrel of another caliber can be installed and pinned in place, the fore-end replaced, and the pistol is ready to shoot with a different barrel and pre-aligned sights. This allowed easy changes of calibers, sights, and barrel lengths, the Encore was released in 1983. The Encore uses a different trigger mechanism, designed to be stronger than the original Contenders, the Encore uses a considerably larger and stronger frame than the Contender, and accordingly, is found in over 86 cartridges - ranging from.22 Hornet to the huge.416 Rigby. There has even been one pistol-length stainless barrel made in.600 Nitro Express, the Encore barrel list also includes shotgun barrels in 28,20, and 12 gauge, and muzzleloading barrels in.45.50 caliber, and 12 gauge using #209 shotgun primers. In 2007, Encore rimfire barrels became available in 22 LR and 17 HMR, an upgraded T/C Encore is called the Pro Hunter which generally includes stocks with rubber Flex Tech inserts and are stainless or carbon steel with weather shielding. There are other differences among the rifles including the breech plug on muzzleloader versions. The original Contender, now known as the generation one Contender, was replaced by the G2 Contender soon after the Encore came out, the G2 Contender is essentially dimensionally the same as the original Contender, but uses an Encore style trigger group. Unlike the original Contender, dry-firing of the G2 Contender is possible only in the center hammer position, also, unlike the original Contender, the break-action does not need to be opened/closed to practice dry-firing, provided the hammer is lowered between dry firing shots. The adjustability of G2 Contender triggers is also different from the original G1 Contender
28.
Thompson/Center Contender
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The Thompson/Center Contender is a break-action single-shot pistol or rifle that was introduced in 1967 by Thompson/Center Arms. It can be chambered in calibers from.22 Long Rifle to. 45-70 Government, warren Center, working in his basement shop in the 1960s, developed a unique, break-action, single-shot pistol. In 1965, Center joined the K. W. Thompson Tool Company, as K. W. Thompson Tool began marketing Centers Contender pistol, the company name was changed to Thompson/Center Arms Company. The most unusual feature of the Contender is how the barrel is attached to the frame, by removing the fore-end, a large hinge pin is exposed, by pushing this hinge pin out, the barrel can be removed. Since the sights and extractor remain attached to the barrel in the Contender design, a barrel of another caliber or length can be installed and pinned in place, the fore-end replaced, and the pistol is ready to shoot with a different barrel and pre-aligned sights. This allowed easy changes of calibers, sights, and barrel lengths, the initial baseline design of the Contender had no central safe position on the hammer, having only centerfire and rimfire firing pin positions, each being selectable through using a screwdriver. Three variants of the original Contender design were developed, distinguished easily by the hammer design. The first variant has a push button selector on the hammer for choosing rimfire vs, some of the very earliest Contenders, those requiring a screwdriver to switch the firing pin between rimfire and centerfire, had smooth sides, without the cougar etched on the sides. Unlike the later G2 Contender, the original Contender may be safely dry-fired to allow a shooter to become familiar with the trigger pull, the break-action only has to be cycled, while leaving the hammer in the second notch position, to practice dry-firing. G2s with switchable firing pins can be safely dry-fired with the only in the safety position. Barrels have been made in lengths of 6,8 3/4,10,12,14,16, heavier recoiling cartridge barrels have been made with integral muzzle brakes. Barrels for the original Contender may be used on the later-released G2 Contender, the earliest barrels, from early 1967 to late 1967, were all octagonal with a flat bottom lug, and were available in only 10 and 8 3/4 inch lengths. The next group of barrels, from late 1967 to 1972, were available in 6,8 3/4, later, round barrels were added in a wider variety of lengths, including 10,12, and 14. Likewise, round barrels in heavier barrel configurations, known as Super 14 pistol and Super 16 pistol barrels, carbine barrels in 16 and 21 inches were added for the Contenders. Various barrels have sometimes included ejectors as well as extractors, or extractors, only, as well as containing either a flat bottom lug, barrels have been made available in either blued or stainless configurations, to match the finish available on Contender receivers. Unlike most other actions, the break-action design does not require the barrels to be specially fitted to an individual action. Since the sights are mounted on the barrel, they remain sighted-in, Pistol grips, butt stocks and fore-ends have been made available in stained walnut, or in recoil reducing composite materials. Different pistol fore-ends are required for the octagonal versus the round versus the bull barrels, the fore-ends have had an assortment of either one or two screw attachment points, used for attaching the fore-ends to the barrel with its matching one or two attachment points
29.
Handloading
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Handloading or reloading is the process of loading firearm cartridges or shotgun shells by assembling the individual components, rather than purchasing completely assembled, factory-loaded ammunition. Economy, increased accuracy, performance, commercial ammunition shortages, Reloading fired cartridge cases can save the shooter money, or provides the shooter with more, and higher quality, ammunition within a given budget. Besides economy, the ability to customize the performance of ammunition is a common goal, hunters may desire cartridges with specialized bullets or specific performance as regards bullet and velocity. Target shooters seek the best achievable accuracy, as well as the best shot-to-shot consistency, shotgunning enthusiasts can make specialty rounds not available in commercial inventories at any price. This technique also enables hunters to use the rifle and caliber to hunt a wider variety of game. Collectors of obsolete firearms who want to shoot those guns often must handload because appropriate cartridges or shotshells are no commercially produced. Handloaders can also create cartridges for which no equivalent exists - wildcat cartridges. As with any hobby, the enjoyment of the reloading process may be the most important benefit. Recurring shortages of ammunition are also reasons to reload cartridges. There are three aspects to ballistics, internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal ballistics, internal ballistics refers to things that happen inside the firearm during and after firing but before the bullet leaves the muzzle. Each cartridge reloaded can have each component carefully matched to the rest of the cartridges in the batch, brass cases can be matched by volume, weight, and concentricity, bullets by weight and design, powder charges by weight, type, case filling, and packing scheme. Where the most extreme accuracy is demanded, such as in rifle benchrest shooting, handloading is a prerequisite for success. The basic piece of equipment for handloading is the press, a press is a device that uses compound leverage to push the cases into the dies that perform the loading operations. Presses vary from simple, inexpensive single stage models, to complex progressive models that will eject a cartridge with each pull of a lever. Inexpensive tong tools have been used for reloading since the mid-19th century and they resembled a large pair of pliers and can be caliber specific or have interchangeable dies. Reloading presses are often categorized by the letter of the alphabet that they most resemble, O, C, the sturdiest presses, suitable for bullet swaging functions as well as for normal reloading die usage, are of the O type. Heavy steel completely encloses the single die on these presses, equally sturdy presses for all but bullet swaging use often resemble the letter C. Both steel and aluminum construction are seen with C presses, some users prefer C style presses over O presses, as there is more room to place bullets into cartridge mouths on C presses
30.
Elastomer
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An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity and very weak inter-molecular forces, generally having low Youngs modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is used interchangeably with the term rubber. Each of the monomers which link to form the polymer is made of carbon. Elastomers are amorphous polymers existing above their glass transition temperature, so that considerable segmental motion is possible, at ambient temperatures, rubbers are thus relatively soft and deformable. Their primary uses are for seals, adhesives and molded flexible parts, application areas for different types of rubber are manifold and cover segments as diverse as tires, shoe soles, and dampening and insulating elements. The importance of rubbers can be judged from the fact that global revenues are forecast to rise to US$56 billion in 2020, Rubber like solids with elastic properties are called elastomers. Polymer chains are held together in elastomers by weakest intermolecular forces and this weak binding forces permit the polymers to be stretched. Natural rubber, neoprene rubber, buna-s and buna-n are elastomers, elastomers are usually thermosets but may also be thermoplastic. The long polymer chains cross-link during curing, i. e. vulcanizing, the molecular structure of elastomers can be imagined as a spaghetti and meatball structure, with the meatballs signifying cross-links. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed, as a result of this extreme flexibility, elastomers can reversibly extend from 5-700%, depending on the specific material. Without the cross-linkages or with short, uneasily reconfigured chains, the stress would result in a permanent deformation. Temperature effects are present in the demonstrated elasticity of a polymer. It is also possible for a polymer to exhibit elasticity that is not due to covalent cross-links, butyl rubber Halogenated butyl rubbers Styrene-butadiene Rubber Nitrile rubber, also called Buna N rubbers Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubbers Therban and Zetpol. One should go through all differentiation while editing between Plastics and articles thereof and Rubber and articles thereof
31.
External ballistics
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External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. Gun-launched projectiles may be unpowered, deriving all their velocity from the propellants ignition until the exits the gun barrel. External ballistics is also concerned with the free-flight of other projectiles, such as balls, arrows etc. When in flight, the main or major forces acting on the projectile are gravity, drag, and if present, wind, if in powered fight, thrust, and if guided, the forces imparted by the control surfaces. In small arms external ballistics applications, gravity imparts a downward acceleration on the projectile, drag, or the air resistance, decelerates the projectile with a force proportional to the square of the velocity. Wind makes the projectile deviate from its trajectory, during flight, gravity, drag, and wind have a major impact on the path of the projectile, and must be accounted for when predicting how the projectile will travel. Meso variables can become significant for firearms users that have to deal with angled shot scenarios or extended ranges, at extremely long ranges, artillery must fire projectiles along trajectories that are not even approximately straight, they are closer to parabolic, although air resistance affects this. In super gun artillery cases, like the Paris gun, very subtle effects that are not covered in this article can further refine aiming solutions. The CP behind the CG condition yields stable projectile flight, meaning the projectile will not overturn during flight through the due to aerodynamic forces. Projectiles like small arms bullets and artillery shells must deal with their CP being in front of their CG, to stabilize such projectiles the projectile is spun around its longitudinal axis. The spinning mass creates gyroscopic forces that keep the bullets length axis resistant to the destabilizing overturning torque of the CP being in front of the CG, the effect of gravity on a projectile in flight is often referred to as projectile drop or bullet drop. It is important to understand the effect of gravity when zeroing the sighting components of a gun, to plan for projectile drop and compensate properly, one must understand parabolic shaped trajectories. In order for a projectile to impact any distant target, the barrel must be inclined to an elevation angle relative to the target. This is due to the fact that the projectile will begin to respond to the effects of gravity the instant it is free from the constraints of the bore. The imaginary line down the axis of the bore and out to infinity is called the line of departure and is the line on which the projectile leaves the barrel. Due to the effects of gravity a projectile can never impact a target higher than the line of departure, when a positively inclined projectile travels downrange, it arcs below the line of departure as it is being deflected off its initial path by gravity. Projectile/Bullet drop is defined as the distance of the projectile below the line of departure from the bore. Even when the line of departure is tilted upward or downward, projectile drop does not describe the actual trajectory of the projectile
32.
Trajectory
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A trajectory or flight path is the path that a moving object follows through space as a function of time. The object might be a projectile or a satellite, for example, it can be an orbit—the path of a planet, an asteroid, or a comet as it travels around a central mass. A trajectory can be described either by the geometry of the path or as the position of the object over time. In control theory a trajectory is a set of states of a dynamical system. In discrete mathematics, a trajectory is a sequence k ∈ N of values calculated by the application of a mapping f to an element x of its source. A familiar example of a trajectory is the path of a projectile, in a significantly simplified model, the object moves only under the influence of a uniform gravitational force field. This can be an approximation for a rock that is thrown for short distances. In this simple approximation, the trajectory takes the shape of a parabola, generally when determining trajectories, it may be necessary to account for nonuniform gravitational forces and air resistance. This is the focus of the discipline of ballistics, one of the remarkable achievements of Newtonian mechanics was the derivation of the laws of Kepler. In the gravitational field of a point mass or an extended mass. Newtons theory later developed into the branch of physics known as classical mechanics. It employs the mathematics of differential calculus, over the centuries, countless scientists have contributed to the development of these two disciplines. Classical mechanics became a most prominent demonstration of the power of thought, i. e. reason. It helps to understand and predict an enormous range of phenomena, trajectories are, consider a particle of mass m, moving in a potential field V. Physically speaking, mass represents inertia, and the field V represents external forces of a kind known as conservative. Given V at every relevant position, there is a way to infer the associated force that would act at that position, not all forces can be expressed in this way, however. The motion of the particle is described by the differential equation m d 2 x → d t 2 = − ∇ V with x → =. On the right-hand side, the force is given in terms of ∇ V and this is the mathematical form of Newtons second law of motion, force equals mass times acceleration, for such situations
33.
Marlin Model 336
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The Marlin Model 336 is a lever-action rifle and carbine made by Marlin Firearms. Since its introduction in 1948, it has offered in a number of different calibers and barrel lengths. Currently, the model with a 24-inch barrel is available in. 30-30 Winchester. The Model 336 is currently produced by Remington Arms, the Model 336 is a direct development of the Marlin Model 1893 rifle which was produced from 1893 to 1936. Based on the patents of L. L. Hepburn, the Model 1893 incorporated a new locking bolt system, in 1936, with only minor changes to the stock, forearm, and sights, the Model 1893 was redesignated the Model 1936. All of these featured a solid-top receiver made of forged steel. In 1948, the Model 36 was replaced by the Model 336, an evolution of the Model 36 rifle, the Model 336 is easily distinguished from its predecessors by its open ejection port machined into the side of the receiver. Like its predecessors, the receiver and all working parts of the Model 336 are constructed of steel forgings. With its solid, flat top receiver and side ejection of fired cartridges, in 1956, Marlin also incorporated its proprietary Micro-Groove rifling system into the Model 336 and other centerfire Marlin rifles. This rifling system, which used a number of relatively shallow rifling grooves, cut down production time. According to Marlin, the Micro-Groove system provides very uniform bore dimensions and a smooth bore finish designed to improve accuracy, prevent gas leakage. The Model 336 is designed to be disassembled for cleaning. Removal of the pivot screw with a flathead screwdriver, allows field stripping of the lever arm, bolt. Unlike many lever action designs, the Model 336 can be cleaned from the breech, much like a bolt-action rifle and this in turn avoids damage to the muzzle caused by cleaning rods and tools. As of 1983, the Model 336 was ranked the #2 all-time leader in U. S. high-powered sporting rifle sales, after the Winchester Model 1894, with over 3.5 million sold. Marauder, Trapper, Model 336Y Marlin has made short carbine versions of the Model 336 over the years, including the Model 336 Marauder, Trapper, usually featuring a short 16- or 18-inch barrel, these carbines are considerably shorter and lighter than the standard 20 carbine. Marlin sold these rifles as the Glenfield Models 30, 30A, however, Marlin continued to offer a less expensive version of the Model 336, variously called the Model 336W or Model 30AW, originally sold only to the Wal-Mart chain. Fitted with a stock and lower-cost sights, these rifles were frequently offered as part of a special package with an inexpensive rifle scope, sling
34.
Roy Rogers
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Roy Rogers was an American singer and actor who was one of the most popular Western stars of his era. Known as the King of the Cowboys, he appeared in over 100 films and numerous radio, in many of his films and television episodes, he appeared with his wife, Dale Evans, his golden palomino, Trigger, and his German shepherd dog, Bullet. His show was broadcast on radio for nine years and then on television from 1951 through 1957 and his productions usually featured a sidekick, often Pat Brady, Andy Devine, or George Gabby Hayes. In his later years, Rogers lent his name to the chain of Roy Rogers Restaurants. Rogers was born Leonard Slye, the son of Mattie and Andrew Andy Slye in Cincinnati, the family lived in a tenement on 2nd Street, where Riverfront Stadium would later be constructed. In 1919 the Slye family purchased a farm in Duck Run, located near Lucasville, Ohio, about 12 miles north of Portsmouth, a notable gift was a horse on which young Len Slye learned the basics of horsemanship. Living on the farm with no radio, the made their own entertainment. On Saturday nights, they often invited neighbors over for square dances, during which Len would sing, play mandolin and he also learned to yodel during this time, and he and his mother would use different yodels to communicate with each other across distances on the farm. Len attended high school in McDermott, Ohio, but after he completed his year there his family returned to Cincinnati. Realizing that his family needed his help, Len quit school. He tried to attend school, but after being ridiculed for falling asleep in class, he quit school. They stayed for four months before returning to Ohio, soon after returning, Len had the opportunity to travel again to California with Marys father-in-law, and the rest of the family followed in the spring of 1930. The Slye family rented a house near Mary, and Len. In the spring of 1931, after the company went bankrupt, Len traveled to Tulare, California. During this time he lived in a camp similar to the ones depicted in John Steinbecks novel The Grapes of Wrath. The economic hardship of the Great Depression was just as severe in California as it was in Ohio, after 19-year-old Len Slyes second arrival in Lawndale, his sister Mary suggested that he audition for the Midnight Frolic radio program, which was broadcast over KMCS in Inglewood. A few nights later, wearing a Western shirt that Mary had made for him, he overcame his shyness and appeared on the program playing guitar, singing, a few days later, he was asked to join a local country music group, the Rocky Mountaineers. He accepted the offer and became a member in August 1931
35.
Amadeo Rossi
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Amadeo Rossi SA, founded in 1889 in São Leopoldo, Brazil, is a Brazilian arms manufacturer. Rossi produces pistols and revolvers used by civilians and security forces, and exports worldwide. It is considered one of the largest weapons manufacturers in Brazil, in the 1970s Rossis began to be distributed in the United States by Interarms Virginia. This continued until 1997, when Rossi founded BrazTech, their own representative in North America. Their revolvers had great popularity in the United States, Canada, the production line of revolvers and handguns was acquired by Taurus. Rossi currently produces only hunting rifles, shotguns and traditional line of Puma rifles and it also has a line of own airgun, known as Rossi Dione. Rossi guns can still be found in the market, made by Amadeo Rossi or by Taurus. Rossi distributes in Brazil airgun brands Beeman, Hatsan, SAG, Zoraki, Crossman, among others, besides airsofts brands HFC, CQB, Swiss Arms and Crossman
36.
Single-shot
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Single-shot firearms are firearms that hold only a single round of ammunition, and must be reloaded after each shot. The history of firearms began with designs, and many centuries passed before multi-shot designs became commonplace. The vast majority of firearms before the introduction of metallic cartridges in the 1860s were single-shot, however, multi-barrel, breech loading, revolving, and other multi-shot firearms had been experimented with for centuries. Notable pre-cartridge era single-shot firearms included matchlock, wheellocks, snaplock, doglock, miquelet locks, flintlock, muzzle loaders included Brown Bess muskets, Charleville muskets, Kentucky Rifles, dueling pistols, M1841 Mississippi Rifle, Springfield Model 1861 and many others. There were also breech loading pre-cartridge era single shots such as Hall rifles, Fergussion rifles, Sharps rifles, almost all of the early cartridge-fed rifles were single-shot designs, taking advantage of the strength and simplicity of single-shot actions. A good example is the trapdoor or Allin action used in early cartridge conversions of 1863 Springfield muzzleloading rifles. The conversion consisted of filing out the rear of the barrel, and attaching a folding bolt, the trapdoor, once loaded, the bolt was closed and latched in place, holding the round securely in place. The bolt contained a pin that used the existing percussion hammer. After firing, the act of opening the bolt would extract the fired case from the chamber. In 1866, the United States standardized on the. 50-70 cartridge, the trapdoor mechanism continued with the adoption of the Springfield 1873 rifle, chambered in the new. 45-70 cartridge. The Springfield stayed in service until 1893, when it was replaced by the Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifle, another muzzleloader conversion similar in concept to the Allin action was the British Snider–Enfield, also introduced in 1866, which hinged to the side rather than forward. Unlike the US Army, which kept its trapdoors for decades, martini–Henrys were the standard British rifles of the late Victorian era, and Martini–Enfield conversions continued in second-line service until the Second World War. Single-shot rifles were the tools of big-game hunters in the later 19th century. The single-shot big-game rifle would only be displaced by bolt action repeaters firing high-velocity smokeless-powder cartridges in the early 20th century. From about 1872 until the U. S. entry into World War I, during that golden age of match shooting, the most popular target rifles were made by Bullard, Stevens, Remington, Maynard, Ballard, Farrow, and Winchester. Calibers used by some of these rifles during matches ranged from the. 25/20. 32/40.33.35. 35-55. 38-55. 40-50. 40/70, but two calibers maintained consistency throughout their tenure during the single-shot era, the. 32-40 and the. 38-55 calibers. The minimum standard in the beginning of the sport had been 200 yard firing from the standing position. No rifle scopes, no rests, no prone positions
37.
Bolt-action
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Bolt-action firearms are most often rifles, but there are some bolt-action shotguns and a few handguns as well. Examples of this date as far back as the early 19th century. From the late 19th century, all the way through both World Wars, the rifle was the standard infantry firearm for most of the worlds militaries. Bolt-action firearms are still popular for hunting and target shooting. The first bolt-action rifle was produced in 1824 by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse, von Dreyse would perfect his Nadelgewehr by 1836, and it was adopted by the Prussian Army in 1841. It however was not the first bolt-action weapon to see combat as it was not fielded until 1864, during the American Civil War, the bolt-action Palmer carbine was patented in 1863, and by 1865,1000 were purchased for use as cavalry weapons. The French Army adopted its first bolt-action rifle, the Chassepot rifle, in 1866, ultimately the military turned to bolt-action rifles using a box magazine, the first of its kind was the M1885 Remington–Lee, but the first to be generally adopted was the British 1888 Lee–Metford. World War I marked the height of the bolt-action rifles use, there are, however, many semi-automatic sniper rifle designs, especially in the designated marksman role. Today, bolt-action rifles are used as hunting rifles. These rifles can be used to hunt anything from vermin, to deer, to game, especially big game caught on a safari. Bolt-action shotguns are considered a rarity among modern firearms, but were formerly a commonly used action for.410 entry-level shotguns, as well as for low-cost 12 gauge shotguns. The M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System is the most advanced and recent example of a bolt-action shotgun, some pistols utilize a bolt action, although this is uncommon, and such examples are typically specialized target handguns. Most of the bolt-action designs involve the shooters doing a turn + pull handle movement to open the bolt, cock the firing pin, there are three major turning bolt-action system designs, the Mauser system, the Lee–Enfield system, and the Mosin–Nagant system. The vast majority of bolt-action rifles utilize one of three systems, with other designs seeing only limited use. The Mauser system is stronger than that of the Lee–Enfield due to two locking lugs just behind the head which make it better able to handle higher pressure cartridges. The 8×68mm S and 9. 3×64mm Brenneke magnum rifle cartridge families were designed for the Mauser M98 bolt action. A novel safety feature was the introduction of a locking lug present at the rear of the bolt that normally did not lock the bolt. The Mauser system features cock on opening, meaning the upward rotation of the bolt when the rifle is opened cocks the action, a drawback of the Mauser M98 system is that it cannot be cheaply mass-produced very easily
38.
Remington Model 788
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The Remington 788 is a bolt-action, centerfire rifle that was made by Remington Arms from 1967 to 1983. It was marketed as an inexpensive yet accurate hunting rifle to compete with other gun companies less expensive rifles alongside their more expensive Model 700 line, the 788 utilizes a single-column detachable magazine holding 3 rounds. A.22 rimfire model was produced known as the 580,581. A target version of the.22 caliber 58x series, the 540X, was used by the US military as a training rifle, the Remington 788 has two distinguishing design features. The first is the rear-lugged bolt, the bolt has nine lugs in three rows of three lugs each. They lock into the receiver behind the magazine well, due to this design, the bolt handle lifts only 60 degrees on opening giving more clearance for scopes compared to the 90 degrees required for the Model 700 and other two-lug rifles. The bolt travel is reduced because of the rear lugs. The bolt pictured is a pre-1975 locking model from a.308 Winchester caliber rifle, the locking bolt requires the safety to be in the fire or off position in order to rotate the handle and actuate the bolt. Rifles manufactured from 1975 to 1983 have non-locking bolts which can be actuated while the safety is engaged, the second distinguishing feature is the receiver. It has an ejection port than similar bolt-action rifles. The single stack magazine design yields a smaller feed opening in the bottom of the receiver compared to using a double stack magazine well. A rifles accuracy tends to increase slightly as the rigidity of the receiver increases, thus the Remington 788 has the structural foundation to be a very accurate rifle. A left-handed version was produced in.308 and 6mm Remington calibers, the Carbine version with an 18. 5-inch barrel was produced in.308 Winchester, 7mm-08, and.243. The stock was revised in 1980 being the only significant change throughout the production history, the following table presents a breakdown of this rifles 15 year production run by caliber, year, and configuration
39.
Metallic silhouette shooting
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Metallic silhouette shooting is a group of target shooting disciplines that involves shooting at steel targets representing game animals at varying distances, seeking to knock the metal target over. Metallic silhouette shooting can be done with airguns, black-powder firearms, modern handguns, a related genre is shot with bow and arrow, the metal targets being replaced with cardboard or foam. The targets used are rams, turkeys, pigs, and chickens, Metallic silhouette is descended from an old Mexican sport, dating back to the early 1900s, where live game animals were staked out at varying distances as targets. By 1948, metal cutouts of the animals were used instead of animals. Because of the sports Mexican roots, in America the silhouettes are often referred to by terms from several varieties of American Spanish, namely Gallina, Jabali, Guajalote, the first silhouette range constructed in the United states was in 1967 at Nogales, Arizona. Growth was steady until 1973 when the NRA become involved in the sport, by the mid 1980s it was the fastest growing gun sport to ever hit the United states. The International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union is the international federation controlling Metallic Silhouette for both rifle and pistol competitions. There are some differences between the international federations IMSSU rules and those of the NRA and IHMSA, but it is generally possible to compete in all with the same equipment. At this point, the NRA has stopped holding their national championship match for pistol silhouette, Silhouette shooting is growing in popularity in Canada. The Silhouette Rifle Association of Canada is the body for Rifle Metallic Silhouette Target Shooting in Canada. Sanctions the Canadian National Rifle Silhouette Championships hosted each year by one of the participating provincial silhouette associations, the Canadian Nationals adhere to NRA silhouette rules and regulations. Targets are set up in groups of 5 of each kind, each group of targets must be shot left to right, if a target is missed then the next shot is taken at the next target. Any target hit out of order is considered a miss, targets are engaged in order of distance, chickens, pigs, turkeys, rams. The target must be knocked down or pushed off the stand in order to score a hit. Shooters are allowed to have a spotter with them, who watches where the shots land and advises the shooter on corrections to make. All disciplines require a minimum of 10 shots at each type of target, for a minimum of 40 shots per match, normal matches are 40,60,80, or 120 shots. To score a hit, the target must be knocked off its stand, scores are recorded as the number of hits per rounds fired, so 30 hits with 40 shots would be a score of 30x40. A tie can be broken in one of two ways, A sudden death shoot-off, used at all National and large regional competitions, master class and AAA shooters would shoot at Turkeys, AA class shoot at Rams, A shoots at Chickens and B class shoots at Pigs
40.
Break action
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A separate operation may be required for the cocking of a hammer to fire the new round. They are also known as hinge-action, break-open, break-barrel, break-top, a substantial hinge pin joins the two parts of the rifle or shotgun, the stock with its firing mechanism and the fore-piece and barrel, which hold the round to be fired. In some cases the pin may be easily removable, allowing the two portions of the weapon to be compactly and safely stored. In other cases the hinge will consist of a hook over a pin, a latch is operated to release the two parts of the weapon, allowing the breech to be exposed. A shell is inserted into the breech, and the mechanism is closed and latched, the hammer is then pulled back and latched. The weapon can now ready be fired, done by squeezing the trigger, after firing the rounds, the break action is unlatched and the barrel and forearm are allowed to fall forward. This causes an extractor catch to remove the spent shell, which falls to the ground. The weapon is now ready for a new cycle, the break open action is one of the most compact firearms actions. Since there are no parts to reciprocate, it is shorter than repeating designs and this compactness results in reductions in weight and size compared to larger actions, this can also allow a longer barrel in a firearm of similar size. Since the cartridge extractor or ejector is built into the assembly on break open actions. This makes break open actions ideal for interchangeable barrel firearms, such as the popular Thompson Center Arms Contender, the simplicity of the break open design, especially external hammer types, also reduces the cost of manufacture. There were a number of companies, such as H & R Firearms, while most firearms are designed for right-handed shooters, break action guns operate identically when fired from either shoulder. Another advantage of the action is the ability to insert longer cartridges into the chamber. This allows cartridges of an impractical in other designs, as well as easy use of caliber conversion sleeves.410 bore shells. The break open design is best suited for non-repeating firearms, modern double rifles are very expensive, and designed for short range use, the barrels are often regulated for ranges under 100 yards for use against dangerous game. Wear in the mechanism is focused upon the small area of the latch. In some firearms, such as the Thompson Center guns, the latch is a part that could be replaced when worn. Designs without a replaceable latch may be fixed by building up the part with a welder
41.
Magnum Research
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Magnum Research Inc. is an American privately held corporation based in Fridley, Minnesota which manufactures and distributes firearms. The majority owners, Jim Skildum and John Risdall, have been with the company since its founding in 1979, in June 2010, Kahr Arms, an American-based producer of compact pistols, announced its purchase of the Minnesota-based firearms manufacturer. MRI was responsible for the design and development of the Desert Eagle pistol, for some time the pistols were also manufactured by Israel Military Industries until 1995, when MRI shifted the manufacturing contract and license to Saco Defense in Saco, Maine. In 2000 MRI shifted manufacturing back to IMI, which later reorganized under the name Israel Weapon Industries, since 2009 the Desert Eagle Pistol has been exclusively produced in the USA only, at MRI’s Pillager, Minnesota facility. Magnum Research imported the IMI/IWI Jericho 941 series of pistols under the Baby Eagle name until the end of 2008, currently, the Baby Eagle name is used on a new series of striker-fired polymer-framed pistols. For a time they also imported the Barak SP-21 pistol, other products include the BFR series of single-action magnum revolvers, the Mountain Eagle rifle, Magnum Lite rifle, and Micro Desert Eagle. MRI offers custom gunsmithing services and has a line of guns that are coated with titanium nitride in artful patterns and designs
42.
Magnum Research BFR
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The Magnum Research BFR is a single-action revolver manufactured by Magnum Research. It is made from steel and is manufactured in a variety of heavy calibers, such as.500 S&W Magnum, including some traditional rifle cartridges, such as the. 30-30. The name BFR officially is an acronym for Big Frame Revolver, although other meanings, such as Big Finest Revolver and it is also referenced informally by some people as the Big Fucking Revolver. The BFR comes in two models, one with a long cylinder for larger rifle cartridges, and one with a more traditional revolver cylinder length. Note that some models that use identical bores such as the. 45/70, Magnum Research makes these guns in custom calibers and discourages the use of most rimless cartridges in their revolvers due to mechanical issues. The BFR can be customized for the.50 Beowulf cartridge
43.
Wildcat cartridge
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A wildcat cartridge, often shortened to wildcat, is a custom cartridge for which ammunition and/or firearms are not mass-produced. These cartridges are often created in order to optimize a certain performance characteristic of a commercial cartridge. Often, wildcats are commercially sold rounds that have been modified in some way to alter the cartridges performance, barrels for the caliber are originally manufactured by gunsmiths specializing in barrel making. Generally the same makers also offer reloading dies, tools to custom-load bullets into cases, because changing the barrel of a gun to accommodate custom cartridges requires precision equipment, most wildcats are developed by or in association with custom barrel makers. Ammunition is handloaded, using modified parent cases and the gunsmith-provided wildcat dies, handloaders use the data to develop a load by starting with minimum loads and carefully working up. Wildcat cases and cartridges can be found for sale, but only from small makers, larger manufacturers usually do not produce wildcats because there is such a limited market for them and because there are no established CIP or SAAMI standards, which causes liability concerns. Wildcat cartridges are developed for many reasons, generally, the goal is to optimize some characteristic of a commercial cartridge in a given context. The sport of metallic silhouette shooting, has given rise to a number of wildcats. Wildcat cartridges are developed because, Higher velocities can be obtained by increasing the case capacity. Greater energy can be attained by increasing the caliber or the case capacity, better efficiency can be achieved by increasing the shoulder angle, shortening the case, and reducing case taper. Greater consistency can be achieved by tuning the case capacity to a bullet diameter, weight. Some methods used to develop a wildcat are, Cold forming, the parent case is well lubricated and forced carefully into the reloading die for the wildcat caliber. This will swage the case into the new shape and this type of operation is used for reducing case dimensions, such as reducing the neck diameter or pushing the shoulder back, or changing the neck diameter. This consists of taking the parent case, or a cold formed case, loading it with a light bullet and light load of powder. Another technique uses a charge of fast burning powder topped with a full of Cream of Wheat. This technique is used for increasing case dimensions, such as pushing the neck forward, increasing the neck angle, or straightening the case walls. Generally, after either a cold forming or a fire forming operation, the mouth of the case will be longer than ideal, and the case will be trimmed back to the trim to length. Trimming is a normal reloading operation, as high pressure cartridges will flow each time they are fired, changing the diameter of the case
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.35 Remington
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The.35 Remington is the only remaining cartridge from Remingtons lineup of medium-power rimless cartridges still in commercial production. Introduced in 1906, it was chambered for the Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle in 1908. It is also known as 9x49mm Browning and 9mm Don Gonzalo, over the years, the.35 Remington has been chambered in a variety of rifles by most firearms manufacturers, and continues in popularity today in the Marlin Model 336 lever-action. It is also a popular cartridge for single-shot hunting pistols like the Thompson/Center Contender, for hunters looking for a good woods gun, the.35 Remington is popular, taking second place to the. 30-30 Winchester. It has a small but loyal following in the northeast and areas of the southern United States, the cartridge uses a medium to heavy bullet and has moderate recoil based on a moderate pressure level of 33,500 CUP as set by SAAMI. The normal factory load consists of a 200 grain round-nosed bullet with a velocity of 2080 feet per second. This 200 grain bullet is nearly 18% heavier than the. 30-30s 170 grain bullet and this gives it a substantial increase in power over the. 30-30, especially when used on larger game species. Remington helped promote the advantage in power that the.35 Remington had over the. 30-30 through a series of advertising campaigns in the early 1900s. One of their advertisements even publicized the ability of the.35 Remington to penetrate a 5/16″ steel plate, the.35 Remington is considered a fine round for deer, elk, black bear, and other medium and large game as long as ranges are reasonable. List of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 9 mm caliber
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Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
