1.
Plastic-tipped bullet
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Plastic-tipped bullets are a type of bullet designed to bring the aerodynamics of the spitzer to hollow-point bullets. They consist of a fairly normal hollow-point bullet with the frontal cavity filled in by hard plastic, upon impact, the plastic drives into the hollow point, or fragments into small pieces and the bullet performs like a regular hollow-point, expanding to a larger diameter or fragmenting. The end result is a bullet with the characteristics of the spitzer bullet. These bullets possess the aerodynamics for longer, more flights. Traditionally, these bullets are intended for use in rifles and single-shot handguns, however, a few companies produce pistol ammunition with plastic-tipped hollow points where the plastic is molded into a more rounded tip. Examples of such pistol ammunition include Cor-Bon/Glasers Glaser PowRBall line and Extreme Shocks NyTrilium Air Freedom ammunition, ballistic Tip is a registered trademark of Nosler, but numerous other companies produce similar projectiles, including Hornady and Sierra. Hornady almost universally uses red plastic tips
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
4.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
5.
Rifling
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In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
6.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
7.
Carbine
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A carbine, from French carabine, is a long arm firearm but with a shorter barrel than a rifle or musket. Many carbines are shortened versions of full-length rifles, shooting the same ammunition, while others fire lower-powered ammunition, the smaller size and lighter weight of carbines make them easier to handle. An example of this is the US Armys M4 carbine, which is standard-issue, the carbine was originally a lighter, shortened weapon developed for the cavalry. After the Napoleonic Wars, cavalry began fighting dismounted, using the only for greater mobility. By the American Civil War, dismounted cavalry were mostly the rule, the principal advantage of the carbine was that its length made it very portable. A carbine was typically no longer than a sheathed sabre, and like a sabre was carried arranged to hang clear of the riders elbows. Carbines were usually less accurate and less powerful than the muskets of the infantry, due to a shorter sight plane. With the advent of fast-burning smokeless powder, the velocity disadvantages of a shorter barrel became less of an issue, eventually, the use of horse-mounted cavalry would decline. During the early 19th century, carbines were often developed separately from the rifles and, in many cases, did not even use the same ammunition. A notable weapon developed towards the end of the American Civil War by the Union was the Spencer carbine, one of the very first breechloading, repeating weapons. It had a spring-powered, removable tube magazine in the buttstock which held seven rounds and it was intended to give the cavalry a replacement weapon which could be fired from horseback without the need for awkward reloading after each shot. In the late 19th century, it common for a number of nations to make bolt-action rifles in both full-length and carbine versions. One of the most popular and recognizable carbines were the lever-action Winchester carbines and this made it an ideal choice for cowboys and explorers, as well as other inhabitants of the American West, who could carry a revolver and a carbine, both using the same ammunition. Other nations followed suit after World War I, when they learned that their traditional long-barreled rifles provided little benefit in the trenches, the US M1 carbine was more of a traditional carbine in that it was significantly shorter and lighter, with a 457. A shorter weapon was more convenient when riding in a truck, armored personnel carrier, helicopter, or aircraft, based on the combat experience of World War II, the criteria used for selecting infantry weapons began to change. In addition, improvements in artillery made moving infantry in areas even less practical than it had been. The majority of enemy contacts were at ranges of less than 300 metres, most rounds fired were not aimed at an enemy combatant, but instead fired in the enemys direction to keep them from moving and firing back. These situations did not require a heavy rifle, firing full-power rifle bullets with long-range accuracy, the lower-powered round would also weigh less, allowing a soldier to carry more ammunition
8.
Advanced Armament Corporation
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Advanced Armament Corporation or AAC is an American company that develops and manufactures firearms, firearm silencers, muzzle devices and related accessories. Under Brittinghams direction, AAC grew to be one of the largest silencer manufacturers in the U. S. including a number of military contracts. Of note, one of AACs chief silencer designers is Robert Silvers, in 2009, Brittingham sold the company to Remington Arms. Robert Silvers remained at the company as a leader of research, in early 2015 AAC moved locations from Lawrenceville, GA to a new, larger, state of the art facility located in Huntsville, AL. The company produces numerous lifestyle products related to AAC and/or the NFA firearms community, including T-shirts, stickers, AACs silencer lineup includes models suitable for virtually every firearm caliber between.22 Long Rifle and.50 BMG. Rimfire models include the Avaitor2, and Element2, centerfire rifle suppressors include the M4-2000, 762-SDN-6, SR series as well as the Cyclone, and others. The companys Titan-QD Fast-Attach suppressor is used on the US Armys M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, the suppressor eliminates 98 percent of muzzle flash,60 percent of recoil, and reduces sound by 32 decibels. Element 2, The Element is a premium thread-on silencer for handguns and rifles chambered in.17 HMR.22 LR, aviator 2, All aluminum thread-on silencer for handguns and rifles chambered in.22 LR that is user serviceable. Dragonfly, The Dragonfly is an integrally suppressed Ruger MK II pistol, Phoenix, The Phoenix is an integrally suppressed Ruger 10/22 rifle.45 ACP caliber pistols that is made from Titanium. Short versions were manufactured using an S suffix in the model names, M4-2000 designed for use with firearms chambered for 5. 56×45mm NATO/.223 Remington. 762-SDN-6 Fast attach 7.62 silencer optimized for the 300 AAC Blackout cartridge, in 2011, AAC was awarded a $14,201,731 contract for the muzzle brakes that they produce known as the Brakeout. This contract was procured via the Navy Electronic Commerce and Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, in 2016 the BlastOut gives users the ability to redirect muzzle blast forward when shooting unsuppressed. The.300 AAC Blackout cartridge was created by Advanced Armament Corporation in cooperation with Remington Defense and this has led to far wider adoption than the.300 Whisper, which is proprietary to SSK. This round has the overall length and width as the popular 5. 56×45mm NATO round, except it fires a 30 caliber bullet allowing for much better barrier penetration. These dimensions allow the 300 AAC Blackout to be used in existing magazines designed for M16 or AR-15 rifles, because the rim of the cartridge is identical, the same bolt and carrier can be used between calibers. The only part that needs to be changed to convert an existing AR-15 chambered in 5. 56×45mm to one chambered in 300 BLK is the barrel, Advanced Armament Corporation builds a number of rifles and receivers for this caliber including the MPW and the AAC Honey Badger PDW. PDW, a personal defense weapon based on the AR-15. MPW, a rifle chambered in.300 AAC Blackout, made with 16 and 12.5 barrels, additionally AAC partners with the National Rifle Association in grassroots lobbying efforts to educate voters about firearms legislation
9.
M4 carbine
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The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5. 56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine and it has a 14.5 in barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is used by the United States Armed Forces and is replacing the M16 rifle in most United States Army. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers, the distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the standard hardware. The M4 is capable of firing in semi-automatic and three-round burst modes, while the M4A1 is capable of firing in semi-auto, following the adoption of the M16 rifle, carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations. The CAR-15 family of weapons served through the Vietnam War, nevertheless, as a short-range weapon it is quite adequate and thus, its caliber, is classed as a submachine gun. In 1988, Colt began work on a new design called the XM4 combining the best features of the Colt Commando. The XM4 was given a longer 14. 5-inch barrel with the M16A2s 1,7 inch rifle twist, the extended barrel improved the XM4s ballistics, reduced muzzle blast and gave the XM4 the ability to mount a bayonet and the M203 grenade launcher. The XM4 was also given the M16A2s improved rear sight and cartridge deflector, in 1994, the U. S. military officially accepted the XM4 into service as the M4 carbine to replace M16A2s in certain roles. The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers and staff non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 handgun and this is in keeping with the Marine Corps doctrine, Every Marine a rifleman. The Marine Corps, however, chose the full-sized M16A4 over the M4 as its infantry rifle. United States Navy corpsmen E5 and below are also issued M4s instead of the M9, as of 2013, the U. S. Marine Corps had 80,000 M4 carbines in their inventory. By July 2015, major Marine Corps commands were endorsing switching to the M4 over the M16A4 as the infantry rifle. Approval of the change would move the M16 to support personnel, in October 2015, Commandant Robert Neller formally approved of making the M4 carbine the primary weapon for all infantry battalions, security forces, and supporting schools in the U. S. Marine Corps. The switch is to begin in early 2016 and be completed by September 2016, on 1 July 2009, the U. S. Army took complete ownership of the M4 design. This allowed companies other than Colt to compete with their own M4 designs, the Army planned on fielding the last of its M4 requirement in 2010. On 30 October 2009, Army weapons officials proposed a series of changes to the M4 to Congress, requested changes included an electronic round counter that records the number of shots fired, a heavier barrel, and possibly replacing the direct impingement system with a gas piston system. The benefits of this, however, have come under scrutiny from both the military and civilian firearms community. S
10.
Colt AR-15
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The Colt AR-15 is a lightweight,5. 56×45mm, magazine-fed, air-cooled semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt. It was designed to be manufactured with the use of aluminum alloys. Introduced in 1964, Colt has made many different types of AR-15 rifle and carbine models, including the AR-15, AR-15A2, AR-15A3, Sporter, HBAR, Government, Target, Match and it is based on the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, a select-fire weapon intended for military sales. In 1959, ArmaLite sold the design to Colt due to financial difficulties, after some modifications, the rifle eventually became the United States military M16 rifle. Shortly thereafter, Colt began to make semi-automatic versions for civilian sales, the term AR-15 is a Colt registered trademark, which they use to denote only the semi-automatic rifle versions available for civilian and law enforcement sales. The term AR-15 signifies Armalite rifle, design 15, other manufacturers make AR-15 clones and variants marketed under separate designations, although these are frequently referred to as AR-15s. This article discusses the semiautomatic version manufactured by Colt, the Colt AR-15 is based on the 5.56 mm ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, which is a smaller lighter version of the 7.62 mm ArmaLite AR-10. Both of these rifles were designed by Eugene Stoner, Robert Fremont, in 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt. After a Far East tour, Colt made its first sale of Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifles to Malaya on September 30,1959, Colt manufactured their first batch of 300 select-fire Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 rifles in December 1959. Colt marketed the Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifle to various military services around the world, after modifications, the new redesigned rifle was adopted by the United States military as the M16 rifle. Most Colt ArmaLite AR-15 rifles in U. S. service have long ago been upgraded to M16 rifle configuration, Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its semi-automatic variants that were marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers. The original AR-15 was a lightweight weapon, weighing less than 6 pounds with empty magazine. Later heavy-barrel versions of the civilian AR-15 can weigh upwards of 8.5 lb, patent 2,951,424 describes the cycling mechanism used in the original AR-15. The bolt carrier acts as a cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a stationary piston. This mechanism is called direct gas impingement, although it differs from prior gas systems. Stoner did not consider the AR-15 to be a direct impingement mechanism. Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the front sight base. The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube, here, the gas tube protrudes into a gas key, which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier
11.
J. D. Jones
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J. D. Jones is an American firearms and cartridge designer, firearms writer and president of SSK Industries. Jones began hunting at an age, and became interested in bullet casting and handloading firearms cartridges. In the 1960s, Jones collaborated with Lee Jurras to create the Super Vel line of handgun ammunition. In 1977, Jones founded SSK Industries, a focused on cartridges and barrels for high-power handgun hunting. Jones is primarily known for two lines of firearms cartridges, the first is his line of JDJ cartridges, primarily intended for the T/C Contender, ranging from.224 to.577 calibre. The second is his Whisper family of cartridges, intended to cause damage at subsonic speeds. Jones is a Life Member of the National Rifle Association and Safari Club International and is an advocate of the Second Amendment. He has authored two columns for American Handgunner magazine,14. 5mm JDJ. 30-06 JDJ.950 JDJ SSK Industries official site JDJ Cartridges at Ammo-One. com
12.
Wildcat cartridge
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A wildcat cartridge, often shortened to wildcat, is a custom cartridge for which ammunition and/or firearms are not mass-produced. These cartridges are often created in order to optimize a certain performance characteristic of a commercial cartridge. Often, wildcats are commercially sold rounds that have been modified in some way to alter the cartridges performance, barrels for the caliber are originally manufactured by gunsmiths specializing in barrel making. Generally the same makers also offer reloading dies, tools to custom-load bullets into cases, because changing the barrel of a gun to accommodate custom cartridges requires precision equipment, most wildcats are developed by or in association with custom barrel makers. Ammunition is handloaded, using modified parent cases and the gunsmith-provided wildcat dies, handloaders use the data to develop a load by starting with minimum loads and carefully working up. Wildcat cases and cartridges can be found for sale, but only from small makers, larger manufacturers usually do not produce wildcats because there is such a limited market for them and because there are no established CIP or SAAMI standards, which causes liability concerns. Wildcat cartridges are developed for many reasons, generally, the goal is to optimize some characteristic of a commercial cartridge in a given context. The sport of metallic silhouette shooting, has given rise to a number of wildcats. Wildcat cartridges are developed because, Higher velocities can be obtained by increasing the case capacity. Greater energy can be attained by increasing the caliber or the case capacity, better efficiency can be achieved by increasing the shoulder angle, shortening the case, and reducing case taper. Greater consistency can be achieved by tuning the case capacity to a bullet diameter, weight. Some methods used to develop a wildcat are, Cold forming, the parent case is well lubricated and forced carefully into the reloading die for the wildcat caliber. This will swage the case into the new shape and this type of operation is used for reducing case dimensions, such as reducing the neck diameter or pushing the shoulder back, or changing the neck diameter. This consists of taking the parent case, or a cold formed case, loading it with a light bullet and light load of powder. Another technique uses a charge of fast burning powder topped with a full of Cream of Wheat. This technique is used for increasing case dimensions, such as pushing the neck forward, increasing the neck angle, or straightening the case walls. Generally, after either a cold forming or a fire forming operation, the mouth of the case will be longer than ideal, and the case will be trimmed back to the trim to length. Trimming is a normal reloading operation, as high pressure cartridges will flow each time they are fired, changing the diameter of the case
13.
.300 Whisper
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The.300 Whisper is a CIP standard cartridge in the Whisper family, a group of cartridges developed in the early 1990s by J. D. Jones of SSK Industries. Some implementations of.300 Whisper meet the SAAMI specifications for 300 AAC Blackout, as of 2016, there is no CIP specification for the latter and no SAAMI specification for the former, leading to assumptions of these two being interchangeable, which is not true in all cases. The.300 Whisper was originally based on the.221 Fireball case necked up to.30 caliber, however, avid reloaders have found the.223 Remington or 5. 56×45mm NATO works well when shortened and resized to.30 caliber. Firing in the.300 Whisper chamber results in a sharper shoulder. Magnum pistol powders such as H110 work well for supersonic loads, sierra 240 grain jacketed bullets work well if the barrel has a 1,8 twist. Barrels with a 1,10 twist will stabilize 220 grain bullets at subsonic speeds,125 grain bullets will reach 2400 ft/s. The use of bullets, along with the low powder weight and small case capacity. These subsonic loads offer energy levels similar to that of the popular.45 ACP pistol cartridge, cases for the.300 Whisper can be formed from common and plentiful.223 Remington brass by sizing and trimming to length. However, J. D. Jones has recommended against this and this problem can be exacerbated when military 5. 56×45mm cases are used. Perhaps most importantly, any firearm with a.223 Remington bolt face can be converted to.300 Whisper by re-barreling the action, as such, the.300 Whisper works well in AR-15–based rifles, especially when some type of gas regulator is installed. Whisper is a trademark of SSK Industries. The.300 AAC Blackout can be seen as a SAAMI-certified version of Jones wildcat
14.
Submachine gun
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A submachine gun is a magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire pistol cartridges. The term submachine gun was coined by John T. Thompson, the submachine gun was developed during World War I. At its zenith during World War II, millions of SMGs were made, after the war, new SMG designs appeared frequently. However, by the 1980s, SMG usage decreased, today, submachine guns have been largely replaced by assault rifles, which have a greater effective range and are capable of penetrating the helmets and body armor used by modern infantrymen. Carbine-type automatic weapons firing pistol rounds were developed during the stages of World War I by Italy, Germany. Their improved firepower and portability offered an advantage in trench warfare, in 1915, the Italians introduced the Villar-Perosa aircraft machine gun. It fired pistol-caliber 9mm Glisenti ammunition, but was not a true submachine gun and this odd design was then modified into the Beretta OVP carbine-type submachine gun, which then evolved into the Beretta Model 1918 after the end of World War I. Both the Beretta OVP and the Model 1918 had a wooden stock, a 25-round top-fed box magazine. The Germans initially used heavier versions of the P08 pistol equipped with a larger-capacity snail-drum magazine, by 1918, Bergmann Waffenfabrik had developed the MP18, the first practical submachine gun. This weapon fired the 9×19mm Parabellum round and used the same 32-round snail-drum magazine as the Luger P-08, the MP18 was used in significant numbers by German stormtroopers employing infiltration tactics, achieving some notable successes in the final year of the war. However, these were not enough to prevent Germanys collapse in November 1918, after World War I, the MP18 would evolve into the MP28/II SMG, which incorporated a simple 32-round box magazine, a semi & full auto selector, and other minor improvements. The Thompson submachine gun had been in development at approximately the time as the Bergmann. However, the war ended before prototypes could be shipped to Europe, although it had missed its chance to be the first purpose-designed submachine gun to enter service, it became the basis for later weapons and had the longest active service life of the three. However, the FBI and other U. S. police forces themselves showed no reluctance to use, eventually, the submachine gun was gradually accepted by many military organizations, especially as World War II loomed, with many countries developing their own designs. The Italians were among the first to develop submachine guns during World War I, however, they were slow to produce them during World War II. The Beretta Model 1938 was not available in numbers until 1943. The 38 was made in a series of improved and simplified models all sharing the same basic layout. The Beretta has two triggers, the front for semi-auto and rear for full-auto, most models use standard wooden stocks, although some models were fitted with an MP 40-style under-folding stock and are commonly mistaken for the German SMG
15.
Colt's Manufacturing Company
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Colts Manufacturing Company is an American firearms manufacturer, founded in 1855 by Samuel Colt. It is the corporation to Colts earlier firearms-making efforts, which started in 1836. Colts earliest designs played a role in the popularization of the revolver. Although Samuel Colt did not invent the concept, his designs resulted in the first very successful ones. The most famous Colt products include the Colt Walker, made 1847 in the facilities of Eli Whitney Jr. Though they did not develop it, for a long time Colt was also responsible for all AR-15 and M16 rifle production. The most successful and famous of these are numerous M16 carbines, including the Colt Commando family, in 2002, Colt Defense was split off from Colts Manufacturing Company. Colts Manufacturing Company now serves the market, while Colt Defense serves the law enforcement, military. The two companies remained in the same West Hartford, Connecticut location cross-licensing certain merchandise before reuniting in 2013, following the loss of its M4 contract in 2013, Colt was briefly in Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, starting in 2015. Samuel Colt received a British patent on his design for a revolver in 1835. That same year, he founded his first corporation for its manufacture, the first firearm manufactured at the new Paterson plant, however, was the Colt First Model Ring Lever rifle beginning in 1837. This was followed thereafter in late 1837 by the introduction of the Colt Paterson. This corporation suffered quality problems in production, making firearms with interchangeable parts was still rather new, and it was not yet easy to replicate across different factories. Interchangeability was not complete in the Paterson works, and traditional gunsmithing techniques did not fill the gap entirely there, the Colt Paterson revolver found patchy success and failure, some worked well, while others had problems. The United States Marine Corps and United States Army reported quality problems with these earliest Colt revolvers, production had ended at the New Jersey corporation by 1842. Colt made another attempt at revolver production in 1846 and submitted a prototype to the US government, during the Mexican–American War, this prototype was seen by Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker who made some suggestions to Colt about making it in a larger caliber. Having no factory or machinery to produce the pistols, Samuel Colt collaborated with the Whitney armory of Whitneyville and this armory was run by the family of Eli Whitney. Eli Whitney Jr, the son of the patriarch, was the head of the family armory
16.
6.8mm Remington SPC
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Based upon the.30 Remington cartridge, it is midway between the 5. 56×45mm NATO and 7. 62×51mm NATO in bore diameter and muzzle energy. It uses the same bullet as the venerable.270 Winchester hunting cartridge. The 6. 8mm SPC cartridge was designed to address the deficiencies of the performance of the 5. 56×45mm NATO cartridge currently in service with the U. S. The cartridge was the result of the Enhanced Rifle Cartridge program, the goal was to create a cartridge that would bridge the gap between 5.56 mm and 7. 62×51mm NATO. The program started the design by using a. S, in tests, it was determined that a 6. Further tests showed that a 6.8 mm caliber projectile was a compromise between the two, providing accuracy, reliability and terminal performance up to 500 meters. The combination of the case, powder load, and projectile easily outperformed the 7. 62×39mm Soviet cartridge. The resulting cartridge was named the 6.8 Remington Special Purpose Cartridge due to the size of its projectiles, also, there is the issue of having to readjust the sights if a new barrel is placed on an existing upper receiver. The 6.8 SPC delivers 44% more energy than the 5. 56mm NATO at 100–300 metres, the 6.8 mm SPC is not the ballistic equal of the 7. The 6.8 mm generates around 2,385 J of muzzle energy with a 7. 5-gram bullet. In comparison, the 5. 56×45mm round generates around 1,796 J with a 4.0 g bullet, one of the enigmatic features of this cartridge is it being designed for a short barrel carbine length rifle that the standard rifle length is. The round only gains about 7. 6–10.7 m/s for every 25 mm of barrel length past the standard 410-millimetre barrel up to barrels length around 560–610 mm with no gain/loss in accuracy and it also does very well in rifles with less than 410 mm barrels. In recent developments the performance of the 6, the Personal Defense Weapon known as the Six8 is SPC II w 1,250 millimetres twist and is able to use all current 6.8 SPC factory ammunition. See Gold Dot below for ATKs part, typical trajectory information from carbines with drop and velocity calculated at sea level with a 91 metres zero. When the LWRC Six8 was being developed, Alliant Techsystems was contracted to develop a new 6. 8×43mm round for the weapon. Unlike smaller commercial firms, ATK is a large ammunition supplier that delivers products for the U. S. Army, so it had large resources, commercial cartridges varied in case capacity and thickness, but LWRC wanted a thick and durable case for military uses. A90 gr load was developed specifically for a muzzle velocity. Effective range would be over 300 yd and the bullet would still have enough energy to penetrate intermediate barriers, three 90 gr loads were constructed for testing that included Gold Dot, Monolithic Hollow Point, and FMJ
17.
6.5mm Grendel
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The 6. 5mm Grendel is an intermediate cartridge designed by Arne Brennan, Bill Alexander, and Janne Pohjoispää as a low recoil, high accuracy, 200-800 yard cartridge specifically for the AR-15. It is a variation of the 6. 5mm PPC. Since its introduction, it has proven to be a design and is now expanding out into other firearms including bolt-action rifles. The name 6. 5mm Grendel was a trademark owned by Alexander Arms until it was released to allow the cartridge to become SAAMI standardized. The 6. 5mm Grendel design goal was to create an effective 200-800 yard AR-15 magazine-length cartridge for the AR-15 that surpassed the performance of the native 5.56 NATO /223 Remington cartridge. Firing factory loaded ammunition loaded with bullets ranging from 90 to 129 grains, its muzzle velocity ranges from 2,500 ft/s with 129- and 130-grain bullets to 2,900 ft/s with 90 gr bullets. The case head diameter of the Grendel is the same as that of the.220 Russian, the 7. 62×39mm and this diameter is larger than the 5. 56×45mm NATO, thereby necessitating the use of a non-standard AR-15 bolt. The increased case diameter results in a reduction in the capacity of standard size M16/AR-15 magazines. A Grendel magazine with the dimensions as a STANAG 30-round 5.56 magazine will hold 26 rounds of 6. 5mm ammunition. 1943, The Soviets develop and adopt the 7. 62×39mm M43 cartridge, late 1950s, The.220 Russian hunting cartridge is developed, based on the military 7. 62×39mm M43 design. 1984, Louis Palmisano and William B, davis, PhD, develop the 6. 5mm PPC from the.220 Russian for the US Shooting Team for use in bolt-action rifles in the 1986 world championships. While performance was exceptional, the US Shooting Team stays with 6mm, the 6. 5mm PPC is shelved and never seen again, although Dr. Louis Palmisano believes the 6. 5mm PPC could be a formidable competition cartridge with new sub-100 grain bullets. 2000, Arne Brennan, after thousands of rounds of testing 6.5 PPC, eventually the 6. 5mm PPC caught his attention as it would fit his existing high strength.50 Beowulf bolt. So he machined a solid brass 6. 5mm PPC dummy round and it was a cartridge that was small enough to double-stack in an AR-15 size magazine. July 2002, American firearms journalist David M. Fortier and Bill Alexander share ideas for a 6. 5mm Intermediate cartridge, Fortier shares his idea for a 7. 62×39mm based cartridge for use in the Kalashnikov system. He shelves his idea, though, when Alexander shares what he is working on for the AR-15, august 2002, Arne Brennan and Bill Alexander are introduced by a mutual acquaintance at Lothar Walther USA. January 2003, Janne Pohjoispää, an engineer working for Lapua, Pohjoispää decides against basing it on the PPC as Lapua is already producing.220 Russian brass. He redesigns it using Lapuas.220 Russian case as the starting point, the two bounce ideas off each other and finalize the cartridge
18.
STANAG magazine
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A STANAG magazine or NATO magazine is a type of detachable firearm magazine proposed by NATO in October 1980. The U. S. M16 rifle magazine was proposed for standardization, many NATO members, but not all, subsequently developed or purchased rifles with the ability to accept this type of magazine. However the standard was never ratified, in due to German and French work on proprietary magazines respectively for the Heckler & Koch G11 and FAMAS. The STANAG magazine concept is only an interface, dimensional and controls requirement, therefore, it not only allows one type of magazine to interface with various weapon systems, but also allows STANAG magazines to be made in various configurations and capacities. The standard capacities of STANAG-compatible magazines are 20 or 30 rounds of 5. 56×45mm NATO ammunition, there are also 5-, 10-, 40- and 50-round box magazines, as well as 60- and 100-round casket magazines, 90-round snail-drum magazines, and 100-round drum magazines. There has also been a 150-round drum magazine produced, the STANAG magazine, while relatively compact compared to other types of 5. Because STANAG4179 is only a standard, production quality from manufacturer to manufacturer is not uniform. As a result, in March 2009, the U. S. military began to accept delivery of improved STANAG magazines, to increase reliability, these magazines incorporate heavier, more corrosion resistant springs and new tan-colored anti-tilt followers. In addition, many commercial magazine manufacturers now offer improved STANAG-compatible magazines and these magazines are made from high-grade stainless steel bodies, rust- and set-resistant chrome-silicon springs, and anti-tilt followers. There are also highly reliable polymer magazines, some with view windows, ARDEC began development of a new magazine design in July 2013 to address feeding issues of older designs with the new M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round. It was first made public in 2014 and completed development in mid-2016 as the Enhanced Performance Magazine, the RAM-LINE 30-round COMBO MAG is a uniquely notable STANAG magazine. These commercial translucent plastic magazines can be used in both AR-15 type rifles and Ruger Mini-14 type rifles
19.
Netherlands Marine Corps
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The Korps Mariniers is the marine corps and amphibious infantry component of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The marines are trained to operate anywhere in the world in all environments, under any condition and circumstance, the Korps Mariniers can be deployed to any location in the world within 48 hours. Their motto is Qua Patet Orbis, the corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the Prime Minister of the Dutch Republic, Johan de Witt, and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the Regiment de Marine. Its leader was Willem Joseph van Ghent, the Dutch had successfully used ordinary soldiers in ships at sea in the First Anglo-Dutch War. It was the fifth European Marine unit formed, being preceded by the Spains Infantería de Armada, the Portuguese Marine Corps, Frances Troupes de marine, like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods when its Marines were disbanded. The Netherlands itself was under French occupation or control from 1810 until 1813, a new Marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the Korps Koninklijke Grenadiers van de Marine was raised under King Louis Bonaparte. The modern Korps Mariniers dates from 1814, receiving its current name in 1817, the Korps battle honour Chatham is one of the few ever won on British soil by a foreign unit. The July 2nd attack on Landguard fort near Harwich, performed by 1.500 Mariniers after landing at Woodrich was beaten off by the forts garrison, the Mariniers also fought in the Franco-Dutch War/Third Anglo-Dutch War. They returned to their ships in time to stop an English invasion by defeating a combined English. Led by Gerolf van Isselmuyden, they served in the battle of Seneffe against the French in 1674. Dutch support of American independence led to the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, in 1704, Netherlands Marines were part of a combined English-Dutch force under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt that captured Gibraltar and defended it successfully shortly afterwards. They would combine with the British again for the bombardment of Algiers in 1816, the Korps Mariniers served in some of the operations of the Netherlands in the Dutch East Indies colony. The Netherlands took an approach to conquering the entire colony. The battle honors from the Aceh War and Bali date from this time, the Germans ended the stalemate by bombing Rotterdam. The threat of an attack by marines caused its German captain to scuttle the Antilla in Aruba in 1940 and he ordered his men to salute them out of respect for their bravery and determination and labeled them Zwarte duivels. Some Mariniers later joined the Princess Irene Brigade to fight against the Germans and they distinguished themselves in combat near the Dutch city of Tilburg in the autumn of 1944. It was part of the A Division, which was commanded by a Korps Mariniers officer. The Dutch kept Western New Guinea after the Indonesian National Revolution, the same year it was invaded and incorporated into Indonesia
20.
Full metal jacket bullet
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A full metal jacket bullet is a small-arms projectile consisting of a soft core encased in a shell of harder metal, such as gilding metal, cupronickel, or less commonly a steel alloy. In military nomenclature, it is often labeled ball ammunition, the harder gilding was less prone to deformation than softer exposed lead, which improved feeding. Jacketed bullets had been in use since at least 1882, in general, a bullet jacket allows for higher muzzle velocities than bare lead without depositing significant amounts of metal in the bore. It also prevents damage to bores from steel or armor-piercing core materials, historically, the first successful full metal jacket rifle bullets were invented by Col. Eduard Rubin of the Swiss Army in 1882. Full metal jacket bullets were first used as ammunition in 1886. By design, fully jacketed projectiles have less capacity to expand after contact with the target than a hollow-point projectile. While this can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage as an FMJ bullet may pierce completely through a target, leading to severe wounding. Furthermore, a projectile that goes completely through a target can cause unintentional damage downrange of the target, the bullet design inspired the title of the film Full Metal Jacket, by Stanley Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford. Hollow-point bullet Soft-point bullet Huon, Jean, military Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridges. International Peace Conference at The Hague, which entered force on September 4,1900. Photos showing terminal effects of British Mark 7.303 bullets
21.
Frangibility
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A material is said to be frangible if through deformation it tends to break up into fragments, rather than deforming elastically and retaining its cohesion as a single object. Common biscuits or crackers are examples of materials, while fresh bread. A structure is frangible if it breaks, distorts, or yields on impact so as to present a hazard to the vehicle. A frangible structure is designed to be frangible and to be of minimum mass. Frangible pavement lights or smoke outlet panels may be placed in the pavement in front of a building, to allow these areas to be broken and smoke to escape from the basement in case of fire. These are commonly found in London, for example, where the area may be outlined by a metal demarcation strip. A frangible light pole base is designed to break away when a vehicle strikes it and this lessens the risk of injury to occupants of the vehicle. Frangible supports are used for Airport Approach Structures. Examples are the Glaser Safety Slug and the breaching round, Frangible bullets will disintegrate upon contact with a surface harder than the bullet itself. Frangible bullets are used by shooters engaging in close quarter combat training to avoid ricochets, targets are placed on steel backing plates that serve to completely fragment the bullet. Frangible bullets are made of non-toxic metals, and are frequently used on green ranges. Following a serious incident, caused by an aircraft hitting a lighting structure at San Francisco International airport. A frangible object was defined as an object of low mass, designed to break, distort or yield on impact and this characteristic is seemingly contradictory to the operational requirements for stiffness and rigidity imposed on this type of equipment. This work has resulted in part 6 of the Aerodrome Design Manual, based on the results of these tests, design criteria were formulated. An overview of the carried out to achieve these results is given in Frangibility of Approach Lighting Structures at Airports. The missing reference in this article is in Impact simulation of an approach light structure by an aircraft wing section. It states that numerical methods can be used to evaluate the frangibility of structures, a first publication on this subject is given in Frangible design of instrument landing system/glide slope towers
22.
United States Special Operations Command
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The command is part of the Department of Defense and is the only Unified Combatant Command legislated into being by the U. S. Congress. USSOCOM is headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, the idea of a unified special operations command had its origins in the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw, the disastrous attempted rescue of hostages at the American embassy in Iran in 1980. Since its activation on 16 April 1987, U. S, Special Operations Command has participated in many operations, from the 1989 invasion of Panama to the ongoing Global War on Terrorism. Since the incident, the Army Chief of Staff, General Edward C, shy Meyer, called for a further restructuring of special operations capabilities, eventually helping to create the U. S. By 1983, there was a small but growing sense in the Congress for the need for military reforms, in June, the Senate Armed Services Committee began a two-year-long study of the Defense Department, which included an examination of SOF spearheaded by Senator Barry Goldwater. The Joint Special Operations Agency thus did little to improve SOF readiness, capabilities, or policies, within the Defense Department, there were a few staunch SOF supporters. Noel Koch, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, at the same time, a few on Capitol Hill were determined to overhaul United States Special Operations Forces. Senators Nunn and Cohen also felt strongly that the Department of Defense was not preparing adequately for future threats, Senator Cohen agreed that the U. S. needed a clearer organizational focus and chain of command for special operations to deal with low-intensity conflicts. In October 1985, the Senate Armed Services Committee published the results of its review of the U. S. military structure, entitled Defense Organization. Mr. James R. Locher III, the author of this study, also examined past special operations. This influential document led to the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, by spring 1986, SOF advocates had introduced reform bills in both houses of Congress. Congress held hearings on the two bills in the summer of 1986, Admiral William J. Crowe Jr. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, led the Pentagons opposition to the bills. He proposed, as an alternative, a new Special Operations Forces command led by a three-star general and this proposal was not well received on Capitol Hill—Congress wanted a four-star general in charge to give SOF more clout. A number of retired officers and others testified in favor of the need for reform. By most accounts, retired Army Major General Richard Scholtes gave the most compelling reasons for change, after his formal testimony, Scholtes met privately with a small number of Senators to elaborate on the problems that he had encountered in Grenada. Both the House and Senate passed SOF reform bills, and these went to a committee for reconciliation. Senate and House conferees forged a compromise, the final bill, attached as a rider to the 1987 Defense Authorization Act, amended the Goldwater-Nichols Act and was signed into law in October 1986. Congress clearly intended to force DOD and the Administration to face up to the realities of past failures, DOD and the Administration were responsible for implementing the law, and Congress subsequently had to pass two additional bills to ensure proper implementation
23.
Joint Special Operations Command
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It was established in 1980 on recommendation of Colonel Charlie Beckwith, in the aftermath of the failure of Operation Eagle Claw. It is located at Pope Field, for this task, the Joint Communications Unit is tasked to ensure compatibility of communications systems and standard operating procedures of the different special operations units. The Joint Special Operations Command also commands and controls the Special Mission Units of U. S and these are elite special forces units that perform highly classified activities. The Intelligence Support Activitys primary role is as a reconnaissance, intelligence-gathering SMU, while Delta Force. Units from the Armys 75th Ranger Regiment and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment are controlled by JSOC when deployed as part of JSOC Task Forces such as Task Force 121, JSOC has an operational relationship with the CIAs Special Activities Division. SADs Special Operations Group often recruits from JSOC, advanced Force Operations is a term used by the U. S. Department of Defense to describe a task force that encompasses personnel from Delta Force and SEAL Team Six. OPB is defined by the U. S, Special Operations Command as Non-intelligence activities conducted prior to D-Day, H-Hour, in likely or potential areas of employment, to train and prepare for follow-on military operations. In the Iraq War, Repass, who first commanded the 10th Special Forces Group, took control of a Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force, AFO units were heavily involved in Operation Anaconda and Operation Viking Hammer. The Joint Special Operations Package / Rotational Group of the United States Special Operations Command consist of Tier 1, Joint Special Operations Command units that train and deploy together. All Tier 1 and Tier 2 units maintain three separate groups within their respective units. These groups are identical and deploy within their respective JSOC package. The rotational cycle is three months. This allows one group to be deployed overseas, another to be on an 18-hour worldwide emergency deployment notice, Tier 1 and Tier 2 units take leave together within their respective JSOC package. This term is called block leave, given the wartime tasking of JSOC, an additional deployment package is currently being created. This will allow less operational strain on these units, JSOC has provided support to domestic law enforcement agencies during high-profile or high risk events such as the Olympics, the World Cup, political party conventions and Presidential inaugurations. Although use of the military for law enforcement purposes in the U. S. is generally prohibited by the Posse Comitatus Act, in January 2005, a small group of commandos were deployed to support security at the Presidential inauguration. They were allegedly deployed under a secret counter-terrorism program named Power Geyser and it was a black SOF unit, whose primary objective was of capturing or killing senior leadership and HVT within both al-Qaeda and the Taliban. The British Special Boat Service was integrated directly into Swords structure, later in 2002, CJSOTF became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF-180 that commanded all US forces forces assigned to Operation Enduring Freedom–Afghanistan
24.
Ballistic gelatin
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Ballistic gelatin is a testing medium scientifically correlated to swine muscle tissue, in which the effects of bullet wounds can be simulated. It was developed and improved by Martin Fackler and others in the field of wound ballistics, ballistic gelatin is a solution of gelatin powder in water. Ballistic gelatin closely simulates the density and viscosity of human and animal muscle tissue, and is used as a standardized medium for testing the terminal performance of firearms ammunition. The most commonly used formula is a 10% ballistic gelatin, which is prepared by dissolving 1 part 250 bloom gelatin into 9 parts of warm water, mixing the water while pouring in the powdered gelatin. The older NATO formula specifies a 20% solution, chilled to 10 °C, in either case, a 1988 research paper by Martin Fackler recommends that the water should not be heated above 40 °C, as this can cause a significant change in the ballistic performance. While the exact calibration methods vary slightly, the method used by the INS National Firearms Unit is fairly typical. It requires a velocity of 183 ±3 m/s, and a BB penetration between 8.3 and 9.5 cm. MacPhersons Figure 5-2, Velocity Variation Correction to Measured BB Penetration Depth, ballistic gels made from natural gelatin are typically yellow-brown in color, and are not re-usable. Newer synthetic substitutes are engineered to closely simulate the ballistic properties of gelatin, while being colorless. Some synthetic gels are also re-usable, since they can be melted and reformed multiple times without affecting the ballistic properties of the gels and these bullets use the hydraulic pressure of the tissue or gelatin to expand in diameter, limiting penetration and increasing the tissue damage along their path. Bullets intended for hunting are also tested in ballistic gelatin. They sometimes placed real bones or synthetic bones in the gel to simulate bone breaks as well, various weapons are then tested on the gel torso to simulate and record the destructive effects the weapons would have on a real human body
25.
Ballistic coefficient
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In ballistics, the ballistic coefficient of a body is a measure of its ability to overcome air resistance in flight. It is inversely proportional to the negative acceleration — a high number indicates a low negative acceleration and this is roughly the same as saying that the projectile in question possesses low drag, although some meaning is lost in the generalization. BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient, here are several methods to compute i or Cd, i =2 n ⋅4 n −1 n Where, i = Coefficient of form. N = number of calibers of the projectiles ogive, where n is unknown, n =4 Where, n = number of calibers of the projectiles ogive. L = length of the head in number of calibers, or A drag coefficient can also be calculated mathematically, C d =8 ρ ⋅ v 2 ⋅ π ⋅ d 2 Where, Cd = drag coefficient. ρ = density of the projectile, V = projectile velocity at range. π ≈3.14159 d = measured cross section of projectile in m or in or From standard physics as applied to “G” models, i = C G C p Where, CG = drag coefficient of 1.00 from any “G” model, reference drawing, projectile. Cp = drag coefficient of the actual test projectile at range, when needed, these terms and denotations shall be followed in bold font to denote the accepted Wikipedia standard. All Ordnance size and velocities are nominal or averaged as is historically and mathematically customary, in 1537, Niccolò Tartaglia did some test firing to determine the maximum angle and range for a shot. His conclusion was near 45 degrees and he noted that the shot trajectory was continuously curved. In 1636, Galileo Galilei published results in Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences and he found that a falling body had a constant acceleration. This allowed Galileo to show that a trajectory was a curve. Circa 1665, Sir Isaac Newton derived the law of air resistance, newtons experiments on drag were through air and fluids. He showed that drag on shot increases proportionately with the density of the air, cross sectional area, newton’s experiments were only at low velocities to about 260 m/s. This challenge supposes that air resistance increases exponentially to the velocity of a projectile, keill gave no solution for his challenge. Johann Bernoulli took up this challenge and soon thereafter solved the problem and air resistance varied as “any power” of velocity and this is the precursor to the concept of the “standard projectile”. In 1742, Benjamin Robins invented the ballistic pendulum and this was a simple mechanical device that could measure a projectiles velocity. Robins reported muzzle velocities ranging from 1,400 ft/s to 1,700 ft/s, in 1844, the Electro-ballistic chronograph was invented and by 1867 the electro-ballistic chronograph was accurate to with in one ten millionth of a second
26.
Heckler & Koch MP5
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The Heckler & Koch MP5 is a 9mm submachine gun of German design, developed in the 1960s by a team of engineers from the German small arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH of Oberndorf am Neckar. There are over 100 variants of the MP5, including some semi-automatic versions, the MP5 is one of the most widely used submachine guns in the world, having been adopted by 40 nations and numerous military, law enforcement, intelligence, and security organizations. It is widely used by SWAT teams in North America, in 1999, Heckler & Koch developed the Heckler & Koch UMP, the MP5s successor, both are available as of 2017. The MP5 was created within the group of firearms and was initially known as the HK54. Work on the MP5 began in 1964 and two later it was adopted by the German Federal Police, border guard and army special forces. The MP5 became a mainstay of SWAT units of law enforcement agencies in the United States since then, however, in the late 1990s, as a result of the North Hollywood shootout, police special response teams have supplanted some MP5s with AR-15-based assault rifles. The MP5 is manufactured under license in several nations including Greece, Iran, Mexico, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The primary version of the MP5 family is the MP5A2, which is a lightweight, air-cooled and it fires from a closed bolt position. The fixed, free floating, cold hammer-forged barrel has 6 right-hand grooves with a 1 in 250 mm rifling twist rate and is pressed and pinned into the receiver. The first MP5 models used a straight box magazine, but since 1977, slightly curved. The adjustable iron sights consist of a rotating rear diopter drum, the MP5 has a hammer firing mechanism. The trigger group is housed inside a polymer trigger module. The S or Sicher position in white denotes weapon safe, E or Einzelfeuer in red represents single fire, the SEF symbols appear on both sides of the plastic trigger group. The selector lever is actuated with the thumb of the hand and is located only on the left side of the original SEF trigger group or on both sides of the ambidextrous trigger groups. The safety/selector is rotated into the various firing settings or safety position by depressing the tail end of the lever, tactile clicks are present at each position to provide a positive stop and prevent inadvertent rotation. The safe setting disables the trigger by blocking the release with a solid section of the safety axle located inside the trigger housing. The non-reciprocating cocking handle is located above the handguard and protrudes from the cocking handle tube at approximately a 45° angle. This rigid control is attached to a piece within the cocking lever housing called the cocking lever support
27.
Heckler & Koch MP7
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The MP7 is a German Personal Defence Weapon manufactured by Heckler & Koch and chambered for the HK4. 6×30mm cartridge. The MP7 went into production in 2001 and it is a direct rival to the FN P90, also developed in response to NATOs requirement. The weapon has been revised since its introduction and the current production versions are the MP7A1, the proliferation of high-quality body armour has begun to make guns that fire pistol ammunition ineffective. In response to this trend, Heckler & Koch designed the MP7 to penetrate body armor, the MP7 uses a short-stroke piston gas system as used on H&Ks G36 and HK416 assault rifles, in place of a blowback system traditionally seen on sub-machine guns including those by H&K. The 4. 6×30mm ammunition is exclusive to the gun and offers low recoil and this ammunition is unique among submachine guns in that the bullet is made almost entirely of a hardened steel penetrator instead of softer copper or lead. The weapon allows a conventional 20-round, 30-round, or 40-round box magazine to be fitted within the pistol grip, the weapon features an ambidextrous fire selector, bolt catch lever and magazine release. It has a stock and a folding front grip, it can be fired either one-handed or two-handed. It is compact and light, due to the use of polymers in its construction, the MP7s specially designed armour piercing high velocity rounds consist of either copper plated solid steel, alloy plated steel jacket or copper-alloy-jacketed lead core projectiles. Standard AP high velocity DM11 round with a 2.0 g projectile has a velocity of 720 m/s and has a muzzle energy of 506 J. The DM11 round penetrates the NATO CRISAT target even at 200 m, the round has a small diameter, allowing for redoubling penetration capability and high capacity in a very small magazine. VBR of Belgium produces a 4. 6×30mm 2-part controlled fragmenting projectile that is claimed to increase the content of the permanent wound cavity and double the chance to hit a vital organ. Heckler & Koch claims that the CPS Black Tip ammunition made by Fiocchi has an energy of approximately 525 J. PDW, The first prototype shown in 1999 was designated the PDW and it had a short Picatinny rail on the top and a smooth pistol grip surface. MP7, In 2001 it was named the MP7 and went into production and it included a full length Picatinny rail, a thick curved stock and an anti-slide surface on the pistol grip much like the HK USP. It also featured folding iron sights mounted on the Picatinny rail, the weapon was made slightly longer, but because the stock was shortened, the overall length did not change. The stock is also able to be locked into 3 positions, recent MP7A1 models have a trigger safety similar to a Glock pistol, the middle section of the trigger must be pulled first before the outer part will move. This helps to stop accidental discharges if the trigger is bumped, mP7-SF, Semi-automatic only variant of MP7. Currently used by Ministry of Defence Police in United Kingdom, when the sights are folded flat, they resemble Partridge style open sights
28.
.30 Remington
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The.30 Remington cartridge was created in 1906 by Remington Arms. It was Remingtons rimless answer to the popular. 30-30 Winchester cartridge, factory ammunition was produced until the late 1980s, but now it is a prospect for handloaders. Load data for the. 30-30 Winchester can be used safely for the.30 Remington, although the cartridge has dwindled into obscurity it lives on by being the parent case of the 10mm Auto and the 6. 8mm Remington SPC cartridge. Unlike the. 30-30, the.30 Remington can utilize standard pointed bullets rather than round nosed ones when used in rifles with box magazines and ones with special tubular magazines. This gives it an advantage over the. 30-30 cartridge which is most often chambered in lever-action rifles with standard tubular magazines. While the.30 Remington is ballistically equivalent to the. 30-30 Winchester cartridge, however.30 Remington cases can be made from. 30-30 cases by turning off the rim, cutting an extractor groove, and fire-forming the shoulder
29.
Eglin Air Force Base
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Eglin Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately 3 miles southwest of Valparaiso, Florida in Okaloosa County. The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing, the 96 TW is the test and evaluation center for Air Force air-delivered weapons, navigation and guidance systems, Command and Control systems, and Air Force Special Operations Command systems. Eglin AFB was established in 1935 as the Valparaiso Bombing and Gunnery Base and it is named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick I. Eglin, who was killed in a crash of his Northrop A-17 pursuit aircraft on a flight from Langley to Maxwell Field, Eglin is an Air Force Materiel Command base serving as the focal point for all Air Force armaments. Eglin is responsible for the development, acquisition, testing, deployment and sustainment of all air-delivered non-nuclear weapons, the base plans, directs and conducts test and evaluation of U. S. and allied air armament, navigation and guidance systems, and command and control systems. Severe weather testing of aircraft and other equipment is carried out here at the McKinley Climatic Laboratory, the residential portion of the base is a census-designated place, its population was 8,082 at the 2000 census. Eglin Air Force Base has 2,359 military family housing units, unmarried junior enlisted members generally live in one of Eglin’s seven dormitories located near the dining hall, chapel, base gym, Enlisted Club and bus lines on base. Each individual unit generally handles dormitory assignments, bachelor Officer Quarters are not available. Several units and one dormitory are currently being renovated in 2011, Eglin is also one of the few military air bases in the U. S. to have scheduled passenger airline service as the Destin–Fort Walton Beach Airport is co-located on the base property. The 96 TW is the test and evaluation wing for Air Force air-delivered weapons, navigation and guidance systems, Command and Control systems, the Eglin Gulf Test Range provides approximately 130,000 square miles of over water airspace. The 96 TW reports to the Air Force Test Center at Edwards AFB, the 33d FW Nomads is the largest tenant unit at Eglin. The 33 FW is a joint graduate flying and maintenance training wing for the F-35 Lightning II, organized under Air Education and Training Commands 19th Air Force. Reactivated at Eglin on 1 April 1965 with F-4C Phantom IIs, as of 1 October 2009, the 33d FW transitioned to a training wing for the new F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The final F-15s assigned to the 33d departed the base in September 2009, as the first of its kind in the Department of Defense, the joint wing is responsible for F-35 JSF pilot and maintainer training for the Air Force, Marine Corps and the Navy. The first of 59 F-35s arrived from Fort Worth, Texas on 14 July 2011, the F-35A made its first flight on 15 December 2006. The VFA-101 Grim Reapers are authorized operate 15 assigned F-35C aircraft, the F-35C is a carrier-capable low-observable multi-role fighter aircraft, designed to provide unmatched airborne power projection from the sea. The F-35C bears structural modifications from the other variants, necessitated by the increased resiliency required for carrier operations, the wing tests every fighter, bomber, unmanned aerial vehicle, and associated weapon system in the Air Force inventory. The wing reports to the USAF Air Warfare Center at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada and these weapons include air-launched cruise missiles, standoff missiles, and gravity bombs
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Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Recoil (magazine)
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RECOIL is a magazine dedicated to handguns, tactical rifles, tactical knives and other shooting-related activities in the United States. It claims to cater to the Firearms Lifestyle, the magazine primarily offers reviews on firearms, ammunition, knives, and shooting gear, as well as gunsmithing tips, historical articles, gun collecting, self-defense and automobiles. In addition to departments, each issue contains a few featured articles. Each issue includes a fold-out target, susannah Breslin of Forbes wrote that, RECOIL is more Maxim than your dads Guns & Ammo with regard to the magazines photography and subject matter. RECOIL debuted in January 2012 as a magazine and by December 2012 became bi-monthly. Iain Harrison took command as editor in January 2013, in 2015 RECOIL won “Best Outdoor Sports & Recreation Magazine” at the 64th Annual Western Publishing Association Maggie Awards for its July issue
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Jane's Defence Weekly
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Janes Defence Weekly is a weekly magazine reporting on military and corporate affairs, edited by Peter Felstead. It is one of a number of military-related publications named after John F. T. Jane and it is a unit of Janes Information Group, which was purchased by IHS in 2007. The magazine has a circulation and is frequently cited in publications worldwide. Janes Defence Weekly was established in 1984 replacing the now-defunct Janes Defence Review, the latter was started in 1978 and was published on a monthly basis
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.222 Remington
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The.222 Remington, which is also known as the Triple Deuce/Triple Two/Treble Two is a centerfire rifle cartridge. Introduced in 1950, it was the first commercial rimless.22 cartridge made in the United States, as such, it was an entirely new design, without a parent case. The.222 Remington was a popular target cartridge from its introduction until the mid-1970s and it remains a popular vermin or varmint cartridge at short and medium ranges with preferred bullet weights of 40-55 grains and muzzle velocities from 3000-3500 fps. The.222 Remington was introduced in the Remington Arms Model 722 bolt action rifle, factory rifles often produce groups of one minute of arc or less with no tuning. The accuracy and flat trajectory of the resulted in the adoption of the round for varmint. The faster.220 Swift and. 22-250 Remington provided more reach than the.222 Remington and these larger cartridges have more power than the.222, but also more muzzle blast and barrel erosion. The.222 Remington is popular in Europe where it is known as 5. 7×43, Sako was one of the first European makers to introduce.222 Remington rifles and cartridges, and German and Austrian hunters quickly adopted the.222 Remington for hunting smaller deer sized game. The.222 Remington was finally eclipsed in benchrest competition by the 6mm PPC, the greater powder capacity put the velocities between the standard.222 Remington and the. 22-250. The cartridge was not accepted by the military, but it was introduced commercially, in 1963, the 5. 56×45mm NATO, also based on a stretched.222 case, was adopted along with the new M16 rifle. The NATO cartridge had a capacity only 5% less than the Magnum, the new 5. 56×45mm cartridge was commercialized by Remington as the.223 Remington. Given the close performance to other cartridges and military acceptance, both the.222 Remington and the.222 Magnum faded quickly into obsolescence, being replaced by the.223 Remington. While the.222 Remington is rarely found in current production in America, in addition to the.222 Magnum and.223 Remington, the.222 has also served as the parent case for the.221 Fireball, the fastest production handgun cartridge. The.222 Remington still is popular in Europe, where producers like Sako, Tikka. Examples of countries with such legislation include France and Spain
