1.
.45 ACP
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The.45 ACP, or.45 Auto is a handgun cartridge designed by John Browning in 1905, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials it was adopted along with the Browning.45 Colt handgun as the.45 M1911 cartridge, the handgun was designated M1911 handgun. The U. S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s, the.45 Colt Single Action Army had largely been replaced, even by some double-action versions of the same caliber. The Army had fielded some double-action revolvers in.38 Long Colt and they determined the.38 caliber round was significantly less effective than the.45 Colt against determined opponents such as the Moro juramentado warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion. This experience, and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and they noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new.45 ACP cartridge. The resulting. 45-caliber cartridge, named the.45 ACP, was similar in performance to the.45 Schofield cartridge, by 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Brownings design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut, DWM, which submitted two Parabellum P08s chambered in.45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons. In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the testing with no failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911, the cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U. S. military purposes. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked F A811, the cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. Thompson insisted on a real man stopper pistol, following the showing of the Armys.38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine–American War. The.45 ACP has 1.62 ml cartridge case capacity.45 ACP maximum C. I. P. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =11.23 mm, Ø grooves =11.43 mm, land width =3.73 mm and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference, according to Commission Internationale Permanente pour lEpreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives rulings, the.45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to 131.000 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers and this means that.45 ACP chambered arms in C. I. P. Regulated countries are proof tested at 170.30 MPa PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP is set at 21,000 psi piezo pressure, while the SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP +P is set at 23,000 psi, piezo pressure
2.
20 gauge
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The 20-gauge shotgun is a type of smooth-bore shotgun that fires a shell that is smaller in caliber than a 12 gauge shotgun. It is often used by beginning shooters for target practice and for hunting small game. It takes 20 lead balls of the diameter of a 20-gauge shotgun bore to equal one pound, a 20-gauge shotgun is more suitable for hunting certain types of game, because it leaves meat intact, making it suitable for most game birds. 20-gauge shotguns are suitable for hunting game birds such as quail, grouse, turkey. A 20-gauge can also shoot slugs and thereby become an effective deer-hunting gun, in addition, 20-gauge shotguns have less recoil than 10,12 or 16-gauge versions on average, and may be more desirable to those who want to experience less recoil for prolonged shooting. The lower recoil also makes a 20-gauge appropriate for younger shooters who may have a difficult time firing a larger shotgun. However, recoil is largely dependent on the weight of the gun itself, for instance and this is widely considered a flaw in the design of so-called youth guns
3.
Gauge (bore diameter)
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The gauge of a firearm is a unit of measurement used to express the inner diameter of the barrel. Thus there are twelve 12-gauge balls per pound, etc, the term is related to the measurement of cannon, which were also measured by the weight of their iron round shot, an 8 pounder would fire an 8 lb ball. These very large rifles, sometimes called elephant guns, were intended for use in India, gauge is abbreviated ga. ga, or G. The space between the number and the abbreviation is often left out, as in 12ga. Therefore, a shotgun or n-bore rifle has a bore diameter of approximately d n =11.33 Explanation. Divide it by 11.3 to find the volume of the ball, multiply it by 0.75 and divide it by pi, then find its cube root, to find its radius in cm. Multiply it by 2 to find the diameter in cm, Divide it by 2.54 to find the diameter in inches. This simplifies to d n =1.67 / n 3 to find the diameter in inches of the barrel of an n-gauge shotgun. Therefore, if the diameter is in inches, n =4.66 / d n 3 Another source for a gauge size formula can be found in page Shotgun shell#Shotgun gauge diameter formula. Since shotguns were not originally intended to fire projectiles, but rather a compressible mass of shot. The fact that most shotgun bores are not cylindrical also causes deviations from the bore diameter. The chamber of the gun is larger, to accommodate the thickness of the walls. The forcing cone can be as short as a fraction of an inch, or as long as a few inches on some guns. At the muzzle end of the barrel, the choke can constrict the bore even further, so measuring the diameter of a shotgun is not a simple process. Shotgun bores are commonly overbored or backbored, meaning that most of the bore is larger than the value given by the formula. This is claimed to reduce recoil and improve patterning. A 12-gauge shotgun, nominally 18.5 mm, can range from a tight 18.3 mm to an extreme overbore of 20.3 mm. Some also claim an increased velocity with the barrels, up to 15 m/s
4.
Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles
5.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
6.
Pistol
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A pistol is a type of handgun. In some usage, the term refers to a subset of handguns. In other usage, the term is interchangeable with handgun, some handgun experts and dictionaries make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns, others use the terms interchangeably. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, for example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No.1 Mk VI. The English word was introduced in ca.1570 from the Middle French pistolet, the etymology of the French word pistolet is disputed. The first suggestion derives the word from Czech píšťala, a type of hand-cannon used in the Hussite Wars during the 1420s, the Czech word was adopted in German as pitschale, pitschole, petsole, and variants. The second suggestion is less likely, the use of the word as a designation of a gun is not documented before 1605 in Italy, long after it was used in French, the Czech word is well documented since the Hussite wars in 1420s. Other suggestions include from Middle High German pischulle or from Middle French pistole, also it is suggested that early pistols were carried by cavalry in holsters hung from the pommel of a horses saddle. The most common types of pistol are the shot. Single shot handguns were mainly seen during the era of flintlock and musket weaponry where the pistol was loaded with a ball and fired by a flint striker. However, as technology improved, so did the single shot pistol, new operating mechanisms were created, and due to this, they are still made today. It is the oldest type of pistol, and is used to hunt wild game. Multi-barreled pistols were common during the time as single shot pistols. As designers looked for ways to increase fire rates, multiple barrels were added to all guns including pistols, one example of a multi-barreled pistol is the Ducks foot pistol, which generally had either four or eight barrels, although some 20th century models had three barrels. Around 1850, pistols such as the Jarre harmonica gun were produced that had a sliding magazine, the sliding magazine contained pinfire cartridges or speedloaders. The magazine needed to be moved manually in many designs, hence distinguishing them from semi-automatic pistols, with the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one handgun barrel in quick succession. The semi-automatic pistol was the step in the development of the pistol. By avoiding multiple chambers—which need to be individually reloaded—semi-automatic pistols delivered faster rates of fire, an example of a modern blow back action semi-automatic pistol is the HK VP70
7.
Eley Brothers
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Eley Brothers were a manufacturer of firearms cartridges at the Eleys Cartridge Factory, located in Edmonton and bordered by the River Lee Navigation and the Great Eastern Railway at Angel Road. It was founded by Charles and William Eley in London in the 1820s, the Eley Brothers purchased the patent rights to the wire cartridge in the spring or early summer of 1828. The patent for “wire cartridge” was issued by the English Patent Office on 28 November 1827 to Joshua Jenour under Patent No.5570. Mr. Jenour had been born in Fleet Street, London in 1755 and had previously been the owner and manager of the Daily Advertiser, the wire cartridge consisted of a wire cage which held the shot together during the first stages of its flight. In 1828 Charles and William Eley established a factory in Charlotte Street, initially, Charles Eley had been the primary owner of the concern and the original wire cartridges had only the name of Charles Eley on them. The initial attempts to sell the Eley Wire Cartridge went poorly, during the mid-1830s, William Eley reinvigorated the company and began sell the Improved Patent Wire Cartridges. In 1837 the company added percussion caps to their range and though William was killed in an explosion in 1841 and his eldest son William Thomas forged an alliance with Samuel Colt, the two patenting a skin cartridge for use in the latters revolvers. In 1874 they went public to fuel expansion, but lost momentum after 1881 when William Thomas died and his brothers remained in control until 1901 but shareholders accused them of running it as a private company. Nevertheless, innovations included smokeless powder, and in the 1890s,400 types of cartridges were produced and they had established a factory at Tile Kiln Lane, Edmonton, London by 1865. In 1894 the company transferred production to enlarged premises at Angel Road which included a tramway to its wharf on the nearby River Lee. Twice the War Office removed the company from their Approved List of suppliers due to poor quality.303 British ammunition, moreover, poor facilities meant the company had to buy in components, unlike their competitors. In 1900 an explosion killed two workmen, the directors squabbled amongst themselves, and in 1906 the mostly female workforce went on strike when their wages were cut. A leading ballistics expert F W Jones, was brought in to improve matters, after the war, Eleys, along with other firms, became part of Explosive Trades Ltd, soon part of Nobel Industries. Many Belgians had been billeted in Edmonton as refugees and many, as elsewhere and this led to natural links between the two countries, and in the 1920s Eleys went into partnership with Fabrique Nationale, buying out the Belgian firm of Cartoucherie Russo - Belge. However, the need for ammunition had slumped, and the Angel Road factory closed in 1921, the name Eley persists as a brand name for gun cartridges, and in recent years for corrosion-proof-coated lead shot to fill scuba divers shot belts. The shot tower was demolished in the late 20th century, the area today is known as the Eley Industrial Estate. Eley Limited was brought by IMI industries and operated within IMI until 2014 when it was out by an investment company backed by Lloyds TSB. Eley Limited is now located in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, England.450 No 2 Nitro Express in 1903.360 No 2 Nitro Express in 1905.475 No.2 Nitro Express after 1907
8.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
9.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
10.
Shotgun shell
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A shotgun shell is a self-contained cartridge typically loaded with multiple metallic shot, which are small, generally spherical projectiles. Traditionally lead was used, but increasingly steel, tungsten or bismuth shot has replaced lead, due to laws designed to protect the environment. An old non-lethal shotgun load consisted of a shell loaded with rock salt, which could inflict very painful, but rarely deadly, wounds. Most shotgun shells are designed to be fired from a smoothbore barrel, a rifled barrel will increase the accuracy of slugs, but makes it unsuitable for firing shot, as it imparts a spin to the shot cup, causing a centrifugal force that makes the shot cluster disperse. Specialty shotgun ammunition includes non-lethal rounds available in the form of slugs made of low-density material, early shotgun shells used brass cases, not unlike rifle and pistol cartridge cases of the same era. These brass shotgun hulls or cases closely resembled rifle cartridges, in terms of both the head and primer portions of the shell, as well as in their dimensions. Card wads, made of felt, leather, and cork, waterglass was commonly used to cement the top overshot wad into these brass shell casings. No roll crimp or fold crimp was used on these early brass cases, the primers on these early shotgun shells were identical to pistol primers of the same diameter. Starting in about 1877, paper hulls started to replace brass shotgun shells, paper hulls remained popular for nearly a century, until the late 1960s. These shotgun shells using paper hulls were nearly always roll crimped, although fold crimping also eventually became popular. Card wads, made of felt and cork, as well as paperboard, were all used at times, gradually giving way to plastic over powder wads, with card wads. Starting in the 1960s, plastic cases started to replace paper hulls for shotgun shells, by the 1980s, plastic cases had largely replaced nearly all paper hulls for shotgun shells. Today, modern shotgun shells typically consist of a plastic case, as noted previously, paper shells used to be common, and are still made, as are solid brass shells. Some companies have produced what appear to be all-plastic shells, although in these there is a metal ring cast into the rim of the shell to provide strength. Often the more powerful loads will use high brass shells, with the extended up further along the sides of the shell. The brass does not actually provide a significant amount of strength, the base of the shotshell is fairly thick to hold the large shotgun primer, which is longer than primers used for rifle and pistol ammunition. After the powder comes the wadding or wad, the primary purpose of a wad is to prevent the shot and powder from mixing, and to provide a seal that prevents gas from blowing through the shot rather than propelling it. The wad design may encompass a shock absorber and a cup that holds the shot together until it is out the barrel
11.
.45 Colt
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The.45 Colt or.45 Long Colt cartridge is a handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It is a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver and this cartridge was adopted by the U. S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 14 years. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U. S. Army in late 1872, the revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873. The cartridge is an inside lubricated type, the rebated heel type bullet design of its predecessor, the.44 Colt, was eliminated, since it was an outside lubricated type, which would pick up dirt and grit during handling. The.45 Colt replaced the.50 caliber Model 1871 Remington single shot pistol, while the Colt remained popular, the Smith & Wesson M1875 Army Schofield Revolver was approved as an alternate which created a logistic problem for the Army. Adoption of the.45 M1887 Military Ball Cartridge resolved the Armys ammunition logistic problems, the M1887 Govt round was replaced by the.38 Long Colt in 1892. In 1909, the.45 M1909 round was issued along with the.45 Colt New Service revolver and this round was never loaded commercially, and is almost identical to the original.45 Colt round, except having a larger diameter rim. The rim is large enough that it cannot be loaded in adjacent chambers in the rod-ejector Colt model, the.45 Colt remains popular with renewed interest in Cowboy Action Shooting. The modern.45 Colt bullet has changed as well, and it is now.451 inches in diameter for jacketed bullets, the.45 Colt became the basis for other rounds, such as the.454 Casull. The.45 Colt originally was a cartridge, but modern loadings use smokeless powder. The original black-powder loads called for 28 to 40 grains of powder behind a 230-to-255-grain lead bullet. These loads developed muzzle velocities of up to 1,050 ft/s, because of this power and its excellent accuracy, the.45 Colt was the most-used cartridge at the time of its introduction, succeeding the.44 WCF. The.45 Colt at that time did not enjoy the. 44-40s advantage of a Winchester rifle chambered for it, the rumor was that early.45 Colt cartridges had a very minimal rim, and would not eject reliably. Currently manufactured brass has a rim of adequate diameter for such uses, modern Winchesters, Marlins and replicas have remedied this omission almost 100 years after the fact, and the.45 Colt is now available in modern lever-action rifles. While this has one of numerous arguments to explain the lack of a rifle chambered in.45 Colt, in fact. It required the expiration of those original patents for the.45 Colt to become available in a rifle, todays standard factory loads develop around 400 ft·lbf of muzzle energy at about 860 ft/s, making it roughly equivalent to modern.45 ACP loads. There are Cowboy Action Shooting loads which develop muzzle velocities of around 750 ft/s, cartridges of the World states that.45 Colt should never be loaded to more than 800 fps. Some handloads and factory manufactured cartridges put this round in the class as the.44 Magnum using special revolvers
12.
Single-shot
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Single-shot firearms are firearms that hold only a single round of ammunition, and must be reloaded after each shot. The history of firearms began with designs, and many centuries passed before multi-shot designs became commonplace. The vast majority of firearms before the introduction of metallic cartridges in the 1860s were single-shot, however, multi-barrel, breech loading, revolving, and other multi-shot firearms had been experimented with for centuries. Notable pre-cartridge era single-shot firearms included matchlock, wheellocks, snaplock, doglock, miquelet locks, flintlock, muzzle loaders included Brown Bess muskets, Charleville muskets, Kentucky Rifles, dueling pistols, M1841 Mississippi Rifle, Springfield Model 1861 and many others. There were also breech loading pre-cartridge era single shots such as Hall rifles, Fergussion rifles, Sharps rifles, almost all of the early cartridge-fed rifles were single-shot designs, taking advantage of the strength and simplicity of single-shot actions. A good example is the trapdoor or Allin action used in early cartridge conversions of 1863 Springfield muzzleloading rifles. The conversion consisted of filing out the rear of the barrel, and attaching a folding bolt, the trapdoor, once loaded, the bolt was closed and latched in place, holding the round securely in place. The bolt contained a pin that used the existing percussion hammer. After firing, the act of opening the bolt would extract the fired case from the chamber. In 1866, the United States standardized on the. 50-70 cartridge, the trapdoor mechanism continued with the adoption of the Springfield 1873 rifle, chambered in the new. 45-70 cartridge. The Springfield stayed in service until 1893, when it was replaced by the Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifle, another muzzleloader conversion similar in concept to the Allin action was the British Snider–Enfield, also introduced in 1866, which hinged to the side rather than forward. Unlike the US Army, which kept its trapdoors for decades, martini–Henrys were the standard British rifles of the late Victorian era, and Martini–Enfield conversions continued in second-line service until the Second World War. Single-shot rifles were the tools of big-game hunters in the later 19th century. The single-shot big-game rifle would only be displaced by bolt action repeaters firing high-velocity smokeless-powder cartridges in the early 20th century. From about 1872 until the U. S. entry into World War I, during that golden age of match shooting, the most popular target rifles were made by Bullard, Stevens, Remington, Maynard, Ballard, Farrow, and Winchester. Calibers used by some of these rifles during matches ranged from the. 25/20. 32/40.33.35. 35-55. 38-55. 40-50. 40/70, but two calibers maintained consistency throughout their tenure during the single-shot era, the. 32-40 and the. 38-55 calibers. The minimum standard in the beginning of the sport had been 200 yard firing from the standing position. No rifle scopes, no rests, no prone positions
13.
Pinfire cartridge
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Invented by Frenchman Casimir Lefaucheux in the 1830s but not patented until 1835, it was one of the earliest practical designs of a metallic cartridge. Its history is associated with the development of the breechloader which replaced muzzle-loading weapons. The Swiss gun maker Samuel Joannes Pauly patented the first breechloading cartridge in 1812 and this was for use in a shotgun with fixed barrels which was loaded by lifting a breech block on the top. This was fired by a percussion cap which was used on the still dominant muzzle-loading guns. Casimir Lefaucheux of Paris decided in 1832 to patent a breechloader where the barrel hinged downwards to reveal the breech ends and these still used a separate percussion cap. These pins fitted into a groove cut in the top of each barrel-end. The cartridge used metal bases with paper tubes which were loaded by the shooter or his staff but were not entirely gas-tight. This reduced the force of the charge and allowed powder residue and they were cheap and clean shooting. These improved pinfire guns grew in popularity in France and some were imported by British gun makers to overwhelming indifference on the part of the gun users there and they were prejudiced technically against a gun that broke in the middle, despite the much vaunted benefits of breechloading. They owned muzzle-loaders of exquisite perfection, considered themselves the best engineers in the world, and had a view of the French - the old enemy. It wasnt until the Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in London that breechloading guns were more seriously by British. Lang was universally credited to be the first established British gunmaker to produce pinfires in any numbers and his first weapon of this new type was produced in 1853. After Casimirs death in 1852, his son Eugene continued to market the design with great success. It became increasingly popular in Europe and large numbers of shotguns and they were quicker and easier to load than percussion weapons with loose black powder, percussion caps and bullet, and they were also much more likely to fire reliably when wet. Pinfire cartridges were available in a number of sizes for various types of weapon. They were also used during the American Civil War, although sometimes despised because of their low power compared to Colt, some navies also adopted them, sea service examples often being made out of brass which is largely unaffected by the corrosion caused by salt. Pinfire became obsolete once reliable rimfire and centerfire cartridges became available because without a pin which needed aligning in the slot in the wall they were quicker to load. They were also safer because they had no protruding pin which could cause the ammunition to detonate during rough handling
14.
Mossberg 500
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Mossberg 500 is a series of pump action shotguns manufactured by O. F. Model numbers included in the 500 series are the 500,505,510,535, introduced in 1960, all model 500s are based on the same basic concept designed by Carl Benson. A single large locking lug is used to secure the breech, the magazine tube is located below the barrel, and is screwed into the receiver. The slide release is located to the rear of the trigger guard. Sights vary from model to model, from simple bead sight to a receiver mounted ghost ring or a base for a telescopic sight. Most models come with the receiver drilled and tapped for the installation of a sight or a scope base. The factory scope base is attached to the barrel via a cantilever-type mount, intended for use in harsh and dirty conditions, such as waterfowl hunting or combat, the Model 500 series is designed to be easy to clean and maintain. All Model 500s feature interchangeable barrels, which may be removed without the use of tools, by loosening a screw on the end of the magazine tube, allowing the barrel to be removed. The Model 500s bolt locks into a recess located on the top of the barrel instead of the receiver itself. The trigger housing and safety button are made of plastic to reduce cost, the trigger assembly, which includes the trigger, hammer, sear, and trigger body with guard, can be removed by pushing out one retaining pin and pulling downwards on the guard. The elevator can be removed by putting the gun on safety and squeezing the sides together, the fore-end can then be moved to the rear, allowing the bolt and bolt carrier to drop out, and then the forend can be removed by moving it forward. The cartridge stop and interrupter will then free, leaving just the ejector. The magazine spring and follower may be removed by unscrewing the tube from the receiver and this level of field stripping is sufficient to allow all components to be cleaned. The name Model 500 covers an entire family of pump shotguns designed to chamber 3-inch magnum shells, the standard model holds five 2. 75-inch or five 3-inch shells in the magazine and one in the chamber. The Model 500 is available in 12 gauge,20 gauge, a 16 gauge was offered at one time but has been discontinued. The standard finish for the Model 500 is an aluminum alloy receiver. Some models come with a matte black matte-anodized receiver, and a blued barrel. Some 500 models are anodized to look parkerized, with parkerized barrels and this is also true of the 590 series since an aluminum receiver cannot be parkerized
15.
Combination gun
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A combination gun is a break-action hunting firearm that comprises at least one rifled barrel and one shotgun barrel. Combination guns using one rifle and one shotgun barrel usually are in an over and under configuration, side-by-side versions are referred to as cape guns. A drilling is a gun that has three barrels. Combination guns generally use rimmed cartridges, as rimless cartridges are difficult to extract from a break-action weapon. Combination guns have a history in Europe, Africa, and Asia. These guns are almost exclusively hunting arms, as a result, they are popular with gamekeepers who often need the flexibility of the combination gun during their normal duties. The earliest combination guns were called swivel guns, which used a set of barrels designed to rotate to either the rifled or smooth-bore barrel to line up with a flintlock mechanism. Modern combination guns tend to resemble double-barreled shotguns and double rifles, combination guns generally have a selector that allows the user to choose which barrel will fire. Drillings with two barrels and one rifle barrel may have two triggers, one for each shotgun barrel, and a selector that will allow one trigger to fire the rifle barrel. Four-barrel versions known as Vierlings generally have two triggers, and selectors to switch each between shotgun and rifle, combination guns are over/under designs, usually with a shotgun barrel over a rifle barrel. Iron sights are used for aiming the rifle, and the front sight alone is sufficient to point the shotgun. Scope mounts are available, sometimes with a cutout for aiming the shotgun barrels, however, the thinness of the shotgun barrels that are usually on top make the scope mounting awkward. An interesting combination gun is the Ithaca M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon and a civilian version Springfield Armory M6 Scout, a cape gun is a side-by-side version of a combination gun, and is typically European in origin. These were at one time popular in southern Africa where a variety of game could be encountered. British versions are chambered for the.303 British service cartridge. German and Austrian cape guns have the barrel on the right side. The front trigger is usually a set trigger as well, the German and Austrian versions are commonly chambered in 9. 3×74mmR and 16-gauge, although they were chambered in a wide variety of rifle and shotgun cartridges. The most common layout was a shotgun with a centerfire rifle barrel centered on the bottom
16.
.22 Hornet
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The.22 Hornet or 5. 6×35mmR is a varmint, small-game, predator, and competition centerfire rifle cartridge commercially introduced in 1930. It is considerably more powerful than the.22 WMR and the.17 HMR, the Hornet also differs very significantly from these in that it is not a rimfire but a centerfire cartridge. This makes it handloadable and reloadable, and thus much more versatile and it was the smallest commercially available.22 caliber centerfire cartridge until the introduction of the FN5. 7×28mm. The.22 Hornet fills the gap between such popular varmint/predator cartridges as the.22 WMR and the.223 Remington, in regard to muzzle velocity, muzzle energy and noise, it is well suited to vermin and predator control in relatively built-up areas. Harwoods cartridge was formed by necking down. 25-20 Winchester brass to.22 caliber, the modern.22 Hornets ancestry is generally attributed to experiments done in the 1920s using the black-powder.22 WCF at Springfield Armory. Winchester adopted what had so far been a cartridge in 1930. It was not until 1932 that any company began selling commercially made guns for the cartridge, wildcat variants of the.22 Hornet, such as the.22 K-Hornet, can boost bullet velocity and energy considerably above factory. Factory ammunition is available from all major manufacturers, generally with bullets weighing 34,35,45, or 46 grains. Muzzle velocity typically is in the 2,500 to 3,100 ft/s range, published handload data from major handloading-product companies shows how versatile the.22 Hornet can be. Beginning during World War II, aircrew survival rifles in.22 Hornet were developed and issued by the U. S. military and they were a bolt-action rifle with adjustable stock, a break-open rifle/shotgun over-under, and a takedown bolt-action rifle. Military survival issue.22 Hornet ammunition was loaded with soft-point expanding jacketed bullets, however, they were labeled Under no circumstances is the ammunition to be used for offensive or defensive measures against enemy personnel. This ammunition is provided for use with your emergency survival Rifle for the Killing of Game for food under emergency survival conditions only and it was later determined by the USAF that exigent circumstances and self defense would have exempted soft point ammunition from that provision. The.22 Hornet is a cartridge for the Field/Hunters pistol category in IHMSA. Survivalist Mel Tappan on the.22 Hornet, It is accurate, has no recoil. Ts performance limits its use to game and pests within 150 or 175 yards. It is by no means a deer cartridge, even with handloads. The Hornet is considered an optimal cartridge for hunting, though it is not as powerful as modern.22 centerfires. At mid-century, southern sportsman Henry Edwards Davis pronounced the Winchester Model 70 chambered for the Hornet the best commercial rifle for wild turkeys the world has ever seen
17.
Rimfire ammunition
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Rimfire is a method of ignition for metallic firearm cartridges as well as the cartridges themselves. It is called rimfire because the pin of a gun strikes and crushes the bases rim to ignite the primer. Once the rim of the cartridge has been struck and the bullet discharged, while many other different cartridge priming methods have been tried since the 19th century, only rimfire technology and centerfire technology survive today in significant use. Frenchman Louis-Nicolas Flobert invented the first rimfire metallic cartridge in 1845 and his cartridge consisted of a percussion cap with a bullet attached to the top and the idea was to improve the safety of indoor shooting. In English-speaking countries, the Flobert cartridge corresponds to.22 BB, Rimfire cartridges are limited to low pressures because they require a thin case so that the firing pin can crush the rim and ignite the primer. Rimfire cartridges of.44 caliber up to.56 caliber were once common when black powder was used as a propellant, however, modern rimfire cartridges use smokeless powder which generates much higher pressures and tend to be of.22 caliber or smaller. Rimfire cartridges are typically inexpensive, primarily due to the inherent cost-efficiency of the ability to manufacture the cartridges in large lots, the price of metals used in the cartridges increased in 2002, the prices of the ammunition then further increased in 2012 possibly due to hoarding. The idea of placing a priming compound in the rim of the cartridge evolved from an 1831 patent, by 1845, this had evolved into the Flobert.22 BB Cap, in which the priming compound is distributed just inside the rim. The.22 BB Cap is essentially just a percussion cap with a round ball pressed in the front, intended for use in an indoor gallery target rifle, it used no gunpowder, but relied entirely on the priming compound for propulsion. Its velocities were very low, comparable to an airgun, the next rimfire cartridge was the.22 Short, developed for Smith & Wessons first revolver, in 1857, it used a longer rimfire case and 4 grains of black powder to fire a conical bullet. This led to the.22 Long, with the bullet weight as the short. This was followed by the.22 Extra Long with a longer than the.22 Long. The.22 Long Rifle is a.22 Long case loaded with the heavier Extra Long bullet intended for performance in the long barrel of a rifle. Larger rimfire calibers were used during the American Civil War in the Henry Repeater, the Spencer Repeater, the Ballard rifle and the Frank Wesson carbine. The early 21st century has seen a revival in interest in rimfire cartridges, a new and increasingly popular rimfire, the 17 HMR is based on a.22 WMR casing with a smaller formed neck which accepts a.17 bullet. The advantages of the 17 HMR over.22 WMR and other rimfire cartridges are its much flatter trajectory, the.17 HM2 is based on the.22 Long Rifle and offers similar performance advantages over its parent cartridge, at a significantly higher cost. While.17 HM2 sells for about four times the cost of.22 Long Rifle ammunition, it is significantly cheaper than most centerfire ammunition. A notable rimfire cartridge that is still in production in Europe and this cartridge can fire a small ball, but is primarily loaded with a small amount of shot, and used in smoothbore guns as a miniature shotgun, or garden gun
18.
M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon
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The M6 Air Crew Survival Weapon was a specially-made firearm issued to United States Air Force aircraft crews to help forage for food in the event of a plane crash. It was issued to U. S. Air Force aircrew from the late 1950s until the early 1970s, plans to replace both with the MA-1 never came to fruition. The M6 was a combination gun, with a rifle barrel located above the shotgun barrel. The rifle barrel fired a.22 Hornet bullet and the barrel was chambered for a.410 bore shell. For compact storage, the M6 folded in half and a compartment in the stock held 9 rounds of.22 Hornet ammunition with 4 shotgun shells, a firing pin selector allowed the shooter to choose which barrel would be fired. The M6 was never intended as a weapon with which to engage hostile troops, instead it was designed so that a downed aircrew could forage for wild game. Designed in the 1920s by the Springfield Armory it was first produced by Winchester in 1930, because most bomber crews operated in the Arctic region during the Cold War, a trigger bar was used that could be depressed while wearing mittens as opposed to a conventional trigger. The standard version, as used by the military, has a 14-inch barrel version, being a military firearm, the originals were sold only to the US military. Springfield Armory, Inc. manufactured three versions called the M6 Scout with 18 barrels for legality reasons, the Springfield Armory M6 Scout and pistol has been made in.22 Hornet/.410 bore calibers and alternately in.22 Long Rifle with.410 bore. The prototype M6 pistol built for Springfield Armory was a version of the M6 which could fire a.45 Colt cartridge in the.410 bore, in 2010, Chiappa began marketing a version of the Aircrew Survival Weapon called the Chiappa X-Caliber. It is an evolution of the M6 Scout, which had the major failing of disassembling by removing a pin to take the gun down into two easy to stow parts, if the pin was lost, the gun could not be reassembled. The Chiappa X-Caliber is designed to fold in half by pushing one locking lever, in addition, it comes with adapters that allow up to a dozen different calibers of cartridges and shotshells to be used, one at a time in each barrel. Marble Game Getter M30 Luftwaffe drilling TP-82 The Athens Arms & Ordnance M6Scout The M6 Survival System New Survival Gun, Combines Rifle and Shotgun 1951 article at bottom of page 107
19.
Springfield Armory, Inc.
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Springfield Armory, Inc. is a firearms manufacturer and importer based in Geneseo, Illinois, founded in 1974. It is one of the largest firearm companies in the world, the company is a four-time recipient of the National Rifle Association American Riflemans Golden Bullseye award. After Springfield Armory – the United States first armory – was closed by the government in 1968. Ballance began using the name Springfield Armory through his company dedicated to the first civilian production of the M14 rifle, Ballance began in San Antonio, Texas, and soon after moved to Devine, Texas, where the company gained momentum and popularity. In 1974, Ballance sold the company to the Reese family, the company then expanded its market into pistols, notably the M1911. After further success, the company began to branch into other types of firearms, the company, now run by Dennis Reese and Tom Reese, manufactures and imports dozens of different firearms in many styles and models. A motto used by the company, The First Name in American Firearms, is a homage to the first U. S. national armory and namesake, there is no other connection between the company and defunct federal armory. The companys main products are M1911 pistols, and the M1A rifle series and it has been importing the Croatian HS2000 pistol as the XD series since 2002. Previously the company offered clones of the M1 Garand, Beretta BM59, FN FAL, HK91 and they have also imported Tanfoglio and Astra semi-automatic pistols under the Springfield name. Springfield Armory also has a custom shop, where full-custom M1911A1s and semi-custom XD pistols are built. The custom shops most famous product is the Professional Model, an M1911 variant, the Professional Model was one of only two guns to pass the controversial trials set forth by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for a new pistol for its Hostage Rescue Team and SWAT teams. The head gunsmith is David Williams, the first two directors of the custom shop were Les Baer and Jack Weigand
20.
National Firearms Act
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The National Firearms Act, 73rd Congress, Sess. 1236, enacted on June 26,1934, currently codified as amended as I. R. C. 53, is an Act of Congress in the United States that, in general, imposes a statutory excise tax on the manufacture and transfer of certain firearms, the Act was passed shortly after the repeal of Prohibition. The NFA is also referred to as Title II of the Federal firearms laws, the Gun Control Act of 1968 is Title I. All transfers of ownership of registered NFA firearms must be done through the federal NFA registry, the NFA also requires that permanent transport of NFA firearms across state lines by the owner must be reported to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Temporary transport of items, most notably silencers, do not need to be reported. Like the current National Firearms Act, the 1934 Act required NFA firearms to be registered and taxed, the $200 tax was quite prohibitive at the time. With a few exceptions, the tax amount is unchanged, conventional pistols and revolvers were ultimately excluded from the Act before passage, but other concealable weapons were not. Under the original Act, NFA weapons were machine guns, short-barreled rifles, short-barreled shotguns, any other weapons, minimum barrel length was soon amended to 16 inches for rimfire rifles and by 1960 had been amended to 16 inches for centerfire rifles as well. The United States Supreme Court, in 1968 decided the case of Haynes v. United States in favor of the defendant, as one could possess an NFA firearm and choose not to register it, and not face prosecution due to Fifth Amendment protections, the Act was unenforceable. To deal with this, Congress rewrote the Act to make registration of existing weapons impossible except by the government, the National Firearms Act of 1934 defines a number of categories of regulated firearms. These weapons are known as NFA firearms and include the following. Both continuous fully automatic fire and burst fire are considered machine gun features, the weapons receiver is by itself considered to be a regulated firearm. Short-barreled rifles This category includes any firearm with a buttstock and either a barrel less than 16 long or an overall length under 26. The overall length is measured with any folding or collapsing stocks in the extended position, the category also includes firearms which came from the factory with a buttstock that was later removed by a third party. Short barreled shotguns This category is defined similarly to SBRs, silencers This includes any portable device designed to muffle or disguise the report of a portable firearm. This category does not include non-portable devices, such as sound traps used by gunsmiths in their shops which are large, many AOWs are disguised devices such as pens, cigarette lighters, knives, cane guns and umbrella guns. AOWs can be pistols and revolvers having smooth bore barrels designed or redesigned to fire a shotgun shell
21.
.22 Long Rifle
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The.22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition, and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today. The cartridge is often referred to simply as.22 LR and various rifles, pistols, revolvers, and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber. American firearms manufacturer J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company introduced the cartridge in 1887 by combining the casing of the.22 Long with the 40-grain bullet of the.22 Extra Long. The round owes its origin to the Flobert BB cap of 1845 through the.22 Smith & Wesson cartridge of 1857 and it is one of the few cartridges that are accepted by a large variety of rifles, as well as pistols. The.22 Long Rifle and related cartridges use a bullet, which means that the bullet is the same diameter as the case. Low cost, minimal recoil, and relatively low noise make the.22 LR an ideal cartridge for recreational shooting, initial training, small-game hunting. Used by Boy Scouts for the rifle shooting merit badge, the cartridge is popular among novice shooters, a wide variety of rimfire ammunition is available commercially, and the available ammunition varies widely both in price and performance. Bullet weights among commercially available range from 20 to 60 grains. Promotional loads for plinking can be purchased in bulk for significantly less cost than precision target rounds, the low cost of ammunition has a substantial effect on the popularity of the.22 LR. For this reason, rimfire cartridges are used for target practice. The low recoil of the cartridge makes it ideal for introductory firearms courses, novice shooters can be surprised or frightened by the recoil of more powerful rounds. Beginners shooting firearms beyond their comfort level frequently develop a habit of flinching in an attempt to counter anticipated recoil, the resulting habit impedes correct posture and follow-through at the most critical phase of the shot and is difficult to correct. With high recoil eliminated, other errors in marksmanship technique are easier to identify, available for this round are AR-15 upper receivers and M1911 slide assemblies. Many handgun manufacturers have an upper pistol conversion kit to make it shoot.22 ammunition and these rimfire conversions allow shooters to practice inexpensively while retaining the handling characteristics of their chosen firearms. Additionally.22 conversion kits allow practice at indoor ranges which prohibit high-power firearms, annual production is estimated by some at 2–2.5 billion rounds. The NSSF estimates that half of the US production of 10 billion cartridges is composed of. 22LR, performance varies between barrel length and the type of action. For example, bolt-action rifles may perform differently from semiautomatic rifles, the.22 LR is effective to 150 yd, though practical ranges tend to be less. After 150 yd, the ballistics of the round are such that it will be difficult to compensate for the large drop, the relatively short effective range, low report, and light recoil has made it a favorite for use as a target-practice cartridge
22.
Thompson/Center Arms
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Thompson/Center Arms is an American firearms company based in Springfield, Massachusetts. The company is best known for its line of interchangeable-barrel, single-shot pistols, Thompson/Center also manufactures muzzle-loading rifles and is credited with creating the resurgence of their use in the 1970s. In the 1960s, Warren Center developed an unusual break-action, single-shot pistol that later known as the Contender in his basement workshop. Meanwhile, the K. W. Thompson Tool Company had been searching for a product to manufacture year-round, in 1965, Warren Center joined the K. W. Thompson Tool Company, and together, they announced Warren Centers Contender pistol in 1967. As K. W. Thompson Tool began marketing Centers Contender pistol, then, in 1970, Thompson/Center created the modern black powder industry, introducing Warren Centers Hawken-styled black powder muzzle-loader rifle. On January 4,2007, Thompson/Center was purchased by Smith & Wesson, on December 8,2010, Smith & Wesson announced that the original Rochester, New Hampshire plant would be closed and manufacturing was transferred to Springfield, Massachusetts. Thompson/Centers success came with the emergence of long range hunting, target shooting. Their break-action, single-shot design brought rifle-like accuracy and power in a handgun, the Contender, first introduced in 1967, is a break-action, single-shot pistol or rifle with a number of unique features. The first unique feature is the way the barrel is attached to the frame, by removing the fore-end, a large hinge pin is exposed, by pushing this hinge pin out, the barrel can be removed. Since the sights and extractor remain attached to the barrel in the Contender design, a barrel of another caliber can be installed and pinned in place, the fore-end replaced, and the pistol is ready to shoot with a different barrel and pre-aligned sights. This allowed easy changes of calibers, sights, and barrel lengths, the Encore was released in 1983. The Encore uses a different trigger mechanism, designed to be stronger than the original Contenders, the Encore uses a considerably larger and stronger frame than the Contender, and accordingly, is found in over 86 cartridges - ranging from.22 Hornet to the huge.416 Rigby. There has even been one pistol-length stainless barrel made in.600 Nitro Express, the Encore barrel list also includes shotgun barrels in 28,20, and 12 gauge, and muzzleloading barrels in.45.50 caliber, and 12 gauge using #209 shotgun primers. In 2007, Encore rimfire barrels became available in 22 LR and 17 HMR, an upgraded T/C Encore is called the Pro Hunter which generally includes stocks with rubber Flex Tech inserts and are stainless or carbon steel with weather shielding. There are other differences among the rifles including the breech plug on muzzleloader versions. The original Contender, now known as the generation one Contender, was replaced by the G2 Contender soon after the Encore came out, the G2 Contender is essentially dimensionally the same as the original Contender, but uses an Encore style trigger group. Unlike the original Contender, dry-firing of the G2 Contender is possible only in the center hammer position, also, unlike the original Contender, the break-action does not need to be opened/closed to practice dry-firing, provided the hammer is lowered between dry firing shots. The adjustability of G2 Contender triggers is also different from the original G1 Contender
23.
Sawed-off shotgun
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A sawed-off shotgun also called a sawn-off shotgun and a short-barreled shotgun, is a type of shotgun with a shorter gun barrel—typically under 18 inches—and often a shortened or absent stock. Despite the colloquial term, barrels do not, strictly speaking, have to be shortened with a saw, barrels can be manufactured at shorter lengths as an alternative to traditional, longer barrels. This makes them easier to transport due to their smaller profile, the design also makes the weapon easy to maneuver in cramped spaces, a feature sought by military close quarters combat units, law enforcement SWAT team users, and home defense purposes. With modern pump action/magazine tube shotguns, the shorter barrel limits the capacity of the weapon due to the magazine tube protruding beyond the barrel. Therefore the magazine tubes are matched in length to the barrel, in the 1930s, the United States, Britain and Canada mandated that a proper permit is required to own these firearms. They are subject to legal restrictions depending upon jurisdiction and they also are in use by military forces and police agencies worldwide. Compared to a shotgun, the sawn-off shotgun has a shorter effective range, due to a lower muzzle velocity. Despite these drawbacks, its size makes it easier to maneuver. Powerful and compact, the weapon is especially suitable for use in small spaces, military vehicle crews use short-barreled combat shotguns as ancillary weapons. In urban combat zones, military entry teams often use entry shotguns when breaching and entering doorways, to make shotguns less concealable, many jurisdictions have a minimum legal length for shotgun barrels. These restrictions are aimed at making concealable shotguns not available to criminals who intend to use the weapons in the commission of robberies or other crimes. A sawed-off shotgun is often an unofficial modification of a standard shotgun, in countries where handguns are more costly or difficult to obtain, criminals might convert legally purchased or stolen shotguns into concealable weapons. For criminal organizations, the availability of standard hunting ammunition is another advantage of sawed-off shotguns. This practice is not limited to localities where handguns are difficult to obtain, sawed-off shotguns might be made for a number of reasons, such as the reputation they have gained through portrayal in action movies and news reports of crime incidents. The term is applied to illegal weapons that are created by cutting off the barrel of a standard shotgun. This has an effect on double-barreled or single-shot shotguns because the barrel can be cut to any length. Repeating-fire shotguns with box magazines do not lose shell capacity when sawed off, shotguns manufactured with barrels under the legal minimum length frequently fall into special categories. Many nations have placed restrictions on sawed-off shotguns
24.
Derringer
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The term derringer is a genericized misspelling of the last name of Henry Deringer, a famous 19th-century maker of small pocket pistols. The original Deringer pistol was a single-shot muzzleloading pistol, with the advent of cartridge firearms, a derringer is generally the smallest usable handgun of a given caliber. They were frequently used by women, because they are easily concealable in a purse or as a stocking gun, such weapons designed specifically for women were called muff pistols, due to their compact size enabling them to be carried in a muff. Derringers are not repeating firearms—repeating mechanisms such as used in semi-automatic handguns and/or revolvers would add significant bulk to the gun. The famous Remington derringer design doubled the capacity, while maintaining the size, by adding a second barrel on top of the first. Each barrel then held one round, and a cam on the hammer alternated between top and bottom barrels, the Remington derringer was in.41 Short caliber and achieved wide popularity. The.41 Short bullet moved very slowly, at about 425 feet per second, around half the speed of a modern.45 ACP. It could be seen in flight, but at close range, such as at a casino or saloon card table. The Remington derringer was sold from 1866 to 1935, a Remington-pattern derringer in.38 Special is still smaller than the most compact.25 ACP semiautomatic, and provides superior terminal ballistic performance to the.25 ACP. While the classic Remington design is a single-action, manufacturers have also made double-action derringers, including some four-shot models, with the barrels stacked in a 2 ×2 block. The COP357 Derringer provided four shots of.357 Magnum in a not much larger than a.25 ACP automatic. The COP derringer was invented by Robert Hillberg and closely resembled his earlier work on insurgency weapons, a related design, often grouped with derringers since it fits no other standard classification, is the Semmerling pistol. It is a five-shot.45 ACP pistol with a manual repeater, another military pistol that is truly a derringer design is the FP-45 Liberator, a.45 ACP insurgency weapon dropped behind Axis lines in World War II. The current production of derringers are used by Cowboy Action Shooting reenactors as well as a concealed-carry weapon and it is the smallest handgun that is capable of handling the largest ammunition. Some favor the derringer as a carry weapon because of its size as well as the swiftness of putting it into action. Critics believe it is not a weapon for self-defense since the derringer possesses only a two-shot capacity. The Philadelphia Deringer was a small percussion handgun designed by Henry Deringer, a popular concealed carry handgun of the era, this pocket pistol design was widely copied by competitors, sometimes down to the markings. A new percussion cap would then be placed on the tube, then, to fire the handgun, a user would fully cock the hammer, aim, and squeeze the trigger
25.
Taurus (manufacturer)
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Forjas Taurus is a manufacturing conglomerate based in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Founded as a tool and die manufacturer, the company now consists of focusing on firearms, metals manufacturing, plastics, body armor, helmets. Taurus produced its first revolver, the Model 38101SO, in 1941, beginning in 1968, it exported revolvers to the U. S. market through a series of importers. In 1977, Taurus was purchased from Bangor Punta by its current owners, in order to more effectively tap the U. S. market, the company created a subsidiary, Taurus International Manufacturing Incorporated, also known as Taurus USA, in 1984. In 1997 Forjas Taurus purchased the rights & equipment to manufacture Rossi brand revolvers and they currently manufacture three.38 Special models and four.357 Magnum models under the Rossi name, manufactured in São Leopoldo, Brazil. The current product line includes steel-frame pistols, polymer-frame pistols, revolvers, and law enforcement weapons, one writer said in 2010 that the uality of Taurus handguns in the modern era is second to none. In 2015, Taurus settled a lawsuit for $39 million and recalled nearly one million handguns produced between 1997 and 2013 due to safety defects, Taurus was originally known for manufacturing revolvers similar in design to those offered by Smith & Wesson. The company moved away from this realm by offering larger framed models such as the Raging Bull, the most recent addition to the Taurus pistol lineup is a copy of the Colt 1911.45 ACP pistol, the PT1911. This slightly redesigned and updated design offers many features and this is around one million pistols and includes the following models. IMBEL Taurus USA Taurus France Taurus Export Taurus Forum Carryconcealed. net review of the Taurus 605B2
26.
Magnum Research
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Magnum Research Inc. is an American privately held corporation based in Fridley, Minnesota which manufactures and distributes firearms. The majority owners, Jim Skildum and John Risdall, have been with the company since its founding in 1979, in June 2010, Kahr Arms, an American-based producer of compact pistols, announced its purchase of the Minnesota-based firearms manufacturer. MRI was responsible for the design and development of the Desert Eagle pistol, for some time the pistols were also manufactured by Israel Military Industries until 1995, when MRI shifted the manufacturing contract and license to Saco Defense in Saco, Maine. In 2000 MRI shifted manufacturing back to IMI, which later reorganized under the name Israel Weapon Industries, since 2009 the Desert Eagle Pistol has been exclusively produced in the USA only, at MRI’s Pillager, Minnesota facility. Magnum Research imported the IMI/IWI Jericho 941 series of pistols under the Baby Eagle name until the end of 2008, currently, the Baby Eagle name is used on a new series of striker-fired polymer-framed pistols. For a time they also imported the Barak SP-21 pistol, other products include the BFR series of single-action magnum revolvers, the Mountain Eagle rifle, Magnum Lite rifle, and Micro Desert Eagle. MRI offers custom gunsmithing services and has a line of guns that are coated with titanium nitride in artful patterns and designs
27.
Smith & Wesson
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Smith & Wesson is a manufacturer of firearms in the United States. The corporate headquarters are based in Springfield, Massachusetts, founded in 1852, Smith & Wessons pistols and revolvers have become standard issue to police and armed forces throughout the world, in addition to their popularity among sport shooters. Apart from firearms, Smith & Wesson has been known for the types of ammunition it has introduced over the years. Wesson founded the Smith & Wesson Company in Norwich, Connecticut in 1852 to develop the Volcanic rifle, Smith developed a new Volcanic Cartridge, which he patented in 1854. The Smith & Wesson Company was renamed Volcanic Repeating Arms in 1855, Smith left the company and returned to his native Springfield, Massachusetts, Wesson stayed on as plant manager with Volcanic Repeating Arms. As Samuel Colts patent on the revolver was set to expire in 1856 and his research pointed out that a former Colt employee named Rollin White held the patent for a Bored-through cylinder, a component he would need for his invention. Wesson reconnected with Smith and the two partners approached White to manufacture a newly designed revolver-and-cartridge combination, rather than make White a partner in their company, Smith and Wesson paid him a royalty of $0.25 on every revolver that they made. It would become Whites responsibility to defend his patent in any court cases which led to his financial ruin. The orders for the Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver outpaced the production capabilities. In 1860 demand was so great that Smith & Wesson expanded into a new facility, at the same time, the companys design was being infringed upon by other manufacturers which led to numerous lawsuits filed by Rollin White. In many of these part of the restitution came in the form of the offender being forced to stamp Manufactured for Smith & Wesson on the revolvers in question. Whites vigorous defense of his patent caused a problem for armsmakers in the United States at the time as they could not manufacture cartridge revolvers, at the end of the war the US Government charged White with causing the retardation of arms development in America. Demand for revolvers declined at the close of the Civil War, in 1870 the company introduced a large frame revolver in heavier calibers than the pocket sized revolvers it had been making. The design was known as the Smith & Wesson Model 3, after an organized campaign by the NRA and NSSF, thousands of retailers and tens of thousands of firearms consumers boycotted Smith & Wesson. On 11 May 2001, Saf-T-Hammer Corporation acquired Smith & Wesson Corp. from Tomkins plc for US$15 million, Saf-T-Hammer assumed US$30 million in debt, bringing the total purchase price to US$45 million. The acquisition of Smith & Wesson was chiefly brokered by Saf-T-Hammer President Bob Scott, after the purchase, Scott became the president of Smith & Wesson to guide the 157-year-old company back to its former standing in the market. On 15 February 2002, the name of the newly formed entity was changed to Smith & Wesson Holding Corporation, about 2006 Smith & Wesson refocused its marketing on big box retailers, according to Smith & Wesson CEO Mike Golden in a 2008 conference call with investors. In December 2014, Smith & Wesson Holding announced it was paying $130.5 million for Battenfeld Technologies, the company made the acquisition with the eventual intent to merge all its existing Smith & Wesson, M&P and Thompson Center Arms accessories into a single division
28.
Magnum Research BFR
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The Magnum Research BFR is a single-action revolver manufactured by Magnum Research. It is made from steel and is manufactured in a variety of heavy calibers, such as.500 S&W Magnum, including some traditional rifle cartridges, such as the. 30-30. The name BFR officially is an acronym for Big Frame Revolver, although other meanings, such as Big Finest Revolver and it is also referenced informally by some people as the Big Fucking Revolver. The BFR comes in two models, one with a long cylinder for larger rifle cartridges, and one with a more traditional revolver cylinder length. Note that some models that use identical bores such as the. 45/70, Magnum Research makes these guns in custom calibers and discourages the use of most rimless cartridges in their revolvers due to mechanical issues. The BFR can be customized for the.50 Beowulf cartridge
29.
Taurus Judge
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The Taurus Judge is a five shot revolver designed and produced by Taurus International, chambered for.410 bore shot shells and the.45 Colt cartridge. Taurus promotes the Judge as a tool against carjacking and for home protection. There have been two model designations for this firearm, the 4410 and the 4510. Both model numbers are essentially the same revolver, and any 4410 or 4510 will yield basically the same performance, Taurus International reports that the Judge is their top-selling firearm. The rifling is shallower than normal, giving single-projectile loads less stabilization than they would receive in other handguns while reducing the dispersion of the shot from shotshells. Taurus developed the shallow rifling after numerous experiments to find rifling that worked well with both types of ammunition. However, the Judge is considered a shotgun under California state law, which has a broader definition of short-barreled shotgun. The Judge, a derivative of the Taurus Tracker, comes in three lengths, two cylinder lengths, and two finishes. The 3 barrel model also comes in two classes, the standard steel construction and alloy-based Ultra-Lite. Felt recoil can be significant with the Ultra-Lite series, due to its light weight, as of December 2008, spur-less hammers remain available with all short-barrel lengths of The Judge. Crimson Trace laser grips are available for models of this firearm. At the Shooting, Hunting, Outdoor Trade Show in January 2009 and these have been labeled the Public Defender series and are based on the Taurus Model 85 frame. As with the original Judge, these shoot five rounds of either.45 Colt or.410 shot, Taurus is positioning the Public Defender series as a concealed carry piece. Taurus also introduced the tactical R Ported, the Taurus 4510TKR-3SSR and 4510TKR-3BR offer a 3″ ported barrel with a Picatinny rail. In 2010 Taurus introduced the Raging Judge which is chambered for.454 Casull as well.45 Colt and 3.410 shot shells, in 2011 at SHOT Show in Las Vegas, Nevada Taurus introduced the Raging Judge XXVIII chambered for 28 gauge shot shells. The 67 ounce revolver held five shells in the cylinder and had a 6.5 barrel, the cylinder used a double lock-up similar to the Raging Judge chambered in.454 Casull. However, Mark Keefe at American Rifleman reported that Taurus invited the BATFE to a meeting to discuss the revolver, on March 27,2011, Taurus International President and CEO Bob Morrison stated on the Gun Talk radio show that the Taurus Raging Judge XXVIII was still under development. Ultimately, the gun never made it into production and no statement was made by Taurus about the gun again
30.
.454 Casull
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The.454 Casull is a firearm cartridge, developed as a wildcat cartridge in 1957 by Dick Casull and Jack Fullmer. It was first announced in November 1959 by Guns & Ammo magazine, the basic design was a lengthened and structurally improved.45 Colt case. The wildcat cartridge finally went mainstream in 1997, when Ruger began chambering its Super Redhawk in this caliber, Taurus followed with the Raging Bull model in 1998 and the Taurus Raging Judge Magnum in 2010. The.45 Schofield and.45 Colt cartridges can fit into the. 454s chambers, the.454 Casull was finally commercialized in 1998, when SAAMI published its first standards for the cartridge. The round is one of the most powerful handgun cartridges in production, the.454 Casull generates almost 5 times the recoil of the.45 Long Colt, and about 75% more recoil energy than the.44 Magnum. It can deliver a 250 grain bullet with a velocity of over 1,900 feet per second. One Buffalo Bore loading drives a heavier 300 grain JFN bullet at 1,650 ft/s for 1,813 ft-lb of muzzle energy, the.454 Casull round is primarily intended for hunting medium or large game, metallic silhouette shooting, and bear protection. The.460 Smith & Wesson Magnum cartridge introduced in 2005 is basically a lengthened.454 Casull cartridge and has the diameter as a.45 Colt or.454 Casull. Therefore, revolvers chambered for the.460 S&W will also chamber the.454 Casull, the.45 Colt, List of cartridges by caliber List of handgun cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
31.
Smith & Wesson Governor
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The Smith & Wesson GOVERNOR® is a snub-nosed single-action/double-action revolver built on the Z-frame with a lightweight scandium alloy or stainless steel frame. Similar to the Taurus Judge, the GOVERNOR can fire 2 1⁄2-inch.410 shotgun shells.45 Colt, the rear sights are fixed, similar to those found on the small J-Framed.38 Special and.357 Magnum as well as the medium-sized K-frame service revolvers. The front sights on both the standard and Crimson Trace® models feature a night sight that is drift-adjustable for windage corrections. It holds six rounds and due to the selection of cartridges can be loaded with any combination of rounds in a mix six fashion. For a large handgun, the GOVERNOR is very lightweight due to the used in its construction. Two versions of the model are manufactured, the iron sight alloy GOVERNOR®. There is a steel version with open iron sights. Taurus Judge - A similar revolver by Taurus Official website
32.
Moon clips
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A moon clip is a ring-shaped or star-shaped piece of metal designed to hold multiple cartridges together as a unit, for simultaneous insertion and extraction from a revolver cylinder. Moonclips may either hold an entire cylinders worth of cartridges together, half a cylinder, moon clips can be used either to chamber rimless cartridges in a double-action revolver, or to chamber multiple rimmed cartridges simultaneously. Moon clips are made from spring grade steel, although plastic versions have also been produced. Unlike a speedloader, a moon clip remains in place during firing, the modern moon clip was devised shortly before World War I. The device then became widespread during the war, when the relatively new M1911 semi-automatic pistol could not be manufactured fast enough for the war effort, War Department asked Smith & Wesson and Colt to devise ways to use the M1911s.45 ACP rimless cartridge in their revolvers. The result was the M1917 revolver, employing moon clips to chamber the military-issue.45 ACP ammunition. Smith & Wesson invented and patented the half-moon clip, but at the request of the Army allowed Colt to also use the free of charge in their own version of the M1917 revolver. Moon Clips can be formed by stamped high carbon steel, heat treated and finished to prevent rust, alternatively they can be made from pre-heat treated stainless steel and cut out using either wire EDM or Laser machinery. They can also be made by injection molding plastic, each process has its benefits and drawbacks such as cost and durability. Moon clips may be faster to use than a speedloader. This feat was possible by using moon clips to allow quick and reliable ejection of the rounds
33.
MIL Thunder 5
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Thunder 5 is a large, double-action revolver chambered in the. 410-bore shotshell cartridge. It is also designed to fire the.45 Colt revolver cartridge and it is similar to a Taurus Judge, but is not a copy of the gun, as the Thunder 5 predates the Judge by a decade. The revolver, somewhat unusual for the type of weapon, features a safety lever. It also features Pachmayr decelerator grips, the Thunder 5 comes in either matte or bright stainless steel finish and has fixed sights. The Thunder 5 is a large revolver, especially for a snub nose. As the barrel is rifled, the Thunder 5 is not considered a shotgun under United States federal law. However, a variant was produced in. 45/70 Government that is legal in California, production of the. 45/70 variant started in 1994. Sub-caliber sleeve inserts in 9mm Parabellum.38 Special/.357 Magnum and.38 Super were produced, in more recent years, the Thunder 5 has become a hotter collectors item, and has even appeared in a few movies
34.
Bond Arms
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Bond Arms Inc. is a firearms manufacturer located in Granbury, Texas which makes derringers. Bond arms was founded by tool and die maker, Greg Bond in Granbury. The company became incorporated as Bond Arms in 1995 and was licensed by the BATFE as a manufacturer and dealer. Bond Arms is the largest manufacturer of derringers in the firearms industry, Bond Arms Derringers are made in a variety of calibers including the.45 Long Colt /.410 Shotshell. The three most popular models are the Texas Defender, Cowboy Defender, and Snake Slayer Derringers, Bond Arms Derringers are equipped with a trigger guard, except the Cowboy Defender. The trigger guard is removable for a traditional appearance. Bond Arms constructs their Derringers in such a way that a user can change barrels, in fall of 2014 Bond Arms introduced two California Legal models called the Big Bear and Brown Bear. Bond Arms Handgun Models, The company sells a one-hand opening knife in partnership with Buck Knives, Bond arms offers custom grip panels for their guns and a line of custom holsters made in-house. The Texas Defender, Bond Arms. 45acp/410 Shotshell carryconcealed. net
35.
Thompson/Center Contender
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The Thompson/Center Contender is a break-action single-shot pistol or rifle that was introduced in 1967 by Thompson/Center Arms. It can be chambered in calibers from.22 Long Rifle to. 45-70 Government, warren Center, working in his basement shop in the 1960s, developed a unique, break-action, single-shot pistol. In 1965, Center joined the K. W. Thompson Tool Company, as K. W. Thompson Tool began marketing Centers Contender pistol, the company name was changed to Thompson/Center Arms Company. The most unusual feature of the Contender is how the barrel is attached to the frame, by removing the fore-end, a large hinge pin is exposed, by pushing this hinge pin out, the barrel can be removed. Since the sights and extractor remain attached to the barrel in the Contender design, a barrel of another caliber or length can be installed and pinned in place, the fore-end replaced, and the pistol is ready to shoot with a different barrel and pre-aligned sights. This allowed easy changes of calibers, sights, and barrel lengths, the initial baseline design of the Contender had no central safe position on the hammer, having only centerfire and rimfire firing pin positions, each being selectable through using a screwdriver. Three variants of the original Contender design were developed, distinguished easily by the hammer design. The first variant has a push button selector on the hammer for choosing rimfire vs, some of the very earliest Contenders, those requiring a screwdriver to switch the firing pin between rimfire and centerfire, had smooth sides, without the cougar etched on the sides. Unlike the later G2 Contender, the original Contender may be safely dry-fired to allow a shooter to become familiar with the trigger pull, the break-action only has to be cycled, while leaving the hammer in the second notch position, to practice dry-firing. G2s with switchable firing pins can be safely dry-fired with the only in the safety position. Barrels have been made in lengths of 6,8 3/4,10,12,14,16, heavier recoiling cartridge barrels have been made with integral muzzle brakes. Barrels for the original Contender may be used on the later-released G2 Contender, the earliest barrels, from early 1967 to late 1967, were all octagonal with a flat bottom lug, and were available in only 10 and 8 3/4 inch lengths. The next group of barrels, from late 1967 to 1972, were available in 6,8 3/4, later, round barrels were added in a wider variety of lengths, including 10,12, and 14. Likewise, round barrels in heavier barrel configurations, known as Super 14 pistol and Super 16 pistol barrels, carbine barrels in 16 and 21 inches were added for the Contenders. Various barrels have sometimes included ejectors as well as extractors, or extractors, only, as well as containing either a flat bottom lug, barrels have been made available in either blued or stainless configurations, to match the finish available on Contender receivers. Unlike most other actions, the break-action design does not require the barrels to be specially fitted to an individual action. Since the sights are mounted on the barrel, they remain sighted-in, Pistol grips, butt stocks and fore-ends have been made available in stained walnut, or in recoil reducing composite materials. Different pistol fore-ends are required for the octagonal versus the round versus the bull barrels, the fore-ends have had an assortment of either one or two screw attachment points, used for attaching the fore-ends to the barrel with its matching one or two attachment points
36.
Double-barreled shotgun
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A double-barreled shotgun is a shotgun with two parallel barrels, allowing two shots to be fired. Since there is no reciprocating action needed to eject and reload the shells, double-barreled shotguns come in two basic configurations, the side-by-side shotgun and the over/under shotgun, indicating the arrangement of barrels. The original double-barreled guns were nearly all SxS designs, which was a practical design of muzzle-loading firearms. Early cartridge shotguns also used the SxS action, because they kept the exposed hammers of the earlier muzzle-loading shotguns they evolved from, when hammerless designs started to become common, the O/U design was introduced, and most modern sporting doubles are O/U designs. One significant advantage that doubles have over single barrel repeating shotguns is the ability to access to more than one choke at a time. Some shotgun sports, such as skeet, use crossing targets presented in a range of distance. Others, like sporting clays, give the targets at differing ranges, and targets that might approach or recede from the shooter. Having two barrels lets the use a more open choke for near targets, and a tighter choke for distant targets. Thus, double-barreled shotguns are only at practical shotgun ranges. SxS shotguns are more expensive, and may take more practice to aim effectively than a O/U. The off-center nature of the recoil in a SxS gun may make shooting the body-side barrel slightly more painful by comparison to an O/U, single-shot, gas-operated, and to a lesser extent recoil-operated, designs will recoil less than either. The early doubles used two triggers, one for each barrel, double trigger designs are typically set up for right-handed users. Discharging both barrels at the time has long been a hunting trick employed by hunters using 8 gauge elephant shotguns. Later models use a trigger that alternately fires both barrels, called a single selective trigger or SST. The SST does not allow firing both barrels at once, since the single trigger must be pulled twice in order to both barrels. This can be faster than a pump shotgun, which requires pumping to eject and reload for the second shot. Note, however, in neither the pump or semi-automatic will the second shot be a different choke pattern from the first shot, whereas for a double, thus, depending on the nature of the hunt, the appropriate choke for the shot is always at hand. Conversely, on a hunt, where the birds are driven towards the shooter
37.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
38.
Remington Model 870
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The Remington Model 870 is a pump-action shotgun manufactured by Remington Arms Company, LLC. It is widely used by the public for sport shooting, hunting, the Remington 870 was the fourth major design in a series of Remington pump shotguns. John Pedersen designed the fragile Remington Model 10, john Browning designed the Remington Model 17, which served as the basis for the Remington 31. The Model 31 was well liked, but struggled for sales in the shadow of the Winchester Model 12, Remington sought to correct that in 1951 by introducing a modern, streamlined, rugged, reliable, and relatively inexpensive shotgun – the 870. Sales of the 870 have been steady and they reached two million guns by 1973. As of 1983, the 870 held the record for best-selling shotgun in history with three million sold, by 1996, spurred by sales of the basic Express models, which were added as a lower-cost alternative to the original Wingmaster line, sales topped seven million guns. On April 13,2009, the ten millionth Model 870 was produced, the 870 features a bottom-loading, side ejecting receiver, tubular magazine under the barrel, dual action bars, internal hammer, and a bolt which locks into an extension in the barrel. The basic fire control group design was first used in the automatic 11–48, twelve gauge stocks will also interchange on the older 12-gauge-sized 20-gauge receivers, although modification is needed to fit the smaller sized 20-gauge receivers employed since the late 1970s. Several parts of the 870 will interchange with the semi-automatic Remington 1100, the original 870 models were offered with fixed chokes. In 1986 Remington introduced the new Remington Rem Choke system of screw-in chokes, initially, the Rem Chokes were offered only in 12 gauge in barrel lengths of 21,26, and 28. The following year the availability was expanded to the 20 gauge, the potential issue was resolved with the introduction of the Flexi Tab carrier. Guns with this modification can be identified by the U-shaped cut-out on the carrier, the cut-out, combined with a modified machining on the underside of the slide assembly, allows the action to be opened with a shell on the carrier. There are hundreds of variations of the Remington 870 in 12,16,20,28 gauges, in 1969 Remington introduced 28 gauge and. From the original fifteen models offered, Remington currently produces dozens of models for civilian, law enforcement,870 variants can be grouped into, Express – Matte blue/black bead-blasted with hardwood, laminated hardwood or synthetic stocks and chambered for 2 3/4 and 312 or 20 gauge shotshells. All Expresses have been chambered in 3 in 12 and 20 gauge, Marine – Nickel-plated with synthetic stocks. Mark 1 – adopted by the United States Marine Corps in the late 1960s and saw service into the 21st century. The Model 870 Mark 1 has a 21 inch barrel with an extended magazine increasing total capacity to 8 rounds, and was fitted with an adapter allowing use of the standard M7 bayonet for the M16 rifle. MCS – A new modular version of the M870 which can be modified with different barrels, magazine tubes
