1.
.223 Remington
–
The.223 Remington is a rifle cartridge. The name is pronounced either two-twenty-three or two-two-three Remington. It is commercially loaded with 0.224 inch diameter jacketed bullets, with weights ranging from 40 to 85 grains, a 90 gr Sierra Matchking bullet is available for reloaders. The.223 Rem was first offered to the sporting market in December 1963 in the Remington 760 rifle. In 1964 the.223 Rem cartridge was adopted for use in the Colt M16 rifle which became a standard rifle of the U. S. Army. The military version of the uses a 55 gr full metal jacket boattail design and was designated M193. In 1980 NATO modified the.223 Remington into a new design which is designated 5. 56×45mm NATO type SS109, the cartridge and rifle were developed as one unit by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U. S. Early development work begins in 1957, a project to create a Small Caliber High Velocity firearm is created. Eugene Stoner of Armalite is invited to scale down the AR-10 design, Winchester is also invited to participate. It was then known as the.224 Springfield, concurrently with the SCHV project Springfield armory is developing a 7.62 mm rifle. Harvey is ordered to cease all work on the SCHV to avoid any competition of resources, eugene Stoner of Armalite had been advised to produce a scaled down version of the 7.62 mm AR-10 design. In May 1957 Stoner gives a live demonstration of the prototype of the AR-15 for General Wyman. As a result, CONARC orders rifles to test, Stoner and Sierra Bullets Frank Snow begin work on the.222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator they determine that a 55 grain bullet would have to be fired at 3, robert Hutton starts development of a powder load to reach the 3,300 fps goal. He uses DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031 and an Olin Powder to work up loads, testing is done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22 Apex Barrel. During a public demonstration the round penetrates the US steel helmet as required. But testing shows chamber pressures to be excessively high, Stoner contacts both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington creates a larger cartridge which is called the.222 Special which is loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder,1958, During parallel testing of the T44E4 and the AR-15 the T44E4 experiences 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the AR-15
2.
Cartridge (firearms)
–
Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
3.
.284 Winchester
–
The.284 Winchester is an example of a commercially unsuccessful cartridge that has enjoyed a resurgence due to interest from long-range competitive shooters. The.284 Winchester has 4.29 ml cartridge case capacity, the case has a rebated rim and a body almost as large in diameter as that of typical belted magnum cases.284 Winchester maximum C. I. P. Americans would define the angle at alpha/2 =35 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =7.00 mm, Ø grooves =7.19 mm, land width =2.79 mm and the primer type is large rifle. Guidelines the.284 Winchester case can handle up to 440 MPa piezo pressure, regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.284 Winchester is set at 56,000 PSI, when the cartridge over all length is maintained, deeper-seating is necessary with long heavier bullets. This reduces usable powder capacity and hence performance compared to longer cartridges like the 280 Remington, the American.280 Remington cartridge is probably the closest ballistic twin of the.284 Winchester. When compared to the.284 Winchester the.280 Remington has a different maximum allowed chamber pressure. Larger game calls for bullets weighing from 150 to 160 grains, h4831, H450, H4350, H414, IMR-4350, and IMR-4831 are excellent powders for the.284 Winchester. These ballistics make it clear that the.284 Winchester is as good as the.280 Remington with the same weight bullet, of course the short, handy mountain rifles for which the.284 Winchester seems best suited seldom come with 24-inch barrels. Aside from Winchester, no major company has ever loaded factory ammunition for the.284 Winchester. The cartridge is used for long range target shooting like F-Class and 1000 yd/m long range competitions. For this application the.284 Winchester is loaded with 175 and 180 gr very-low-drag bullets, the.284 Winchester is not popular in Europe, where it competes with the 7×64mm, to which it is almost ballistically identical. When compared to the.284 Winchester the 7×64mm has a lower C. I. P, maximum allowed chamber pressure and as a European 7 mm cartridge has a slightly larger bore. European 7 mm cartridges all have 7.24 mm grooves Ø diameter, American 7 mm cartridges have 7.21 mm grooves Ø. While it has been occasionally factory chambered in rifles, the chief reason for its survival has always been wildcatting. Wildcats are not governed by C. I. P. or SAAMI rules so wildcatters can capitalize on achievable high operating pressures, today, the most popular and useful.284 Winchester-case based cartridge is not the original, but rather the 6. 5-284 Norma. This former wildcat was developed for long range target shooting where participants usually handload their ammunition and it is currently one of the most used non-wildcat cartridges by match shooters in F-Class and 1000 yd/m benchrest long range competitions
4.
Bullet
–
The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
5.
Rifle cartridge
–
A rifle cartridge is a cartridge primarily designed and intended for use in a rifle or carbine. As their recoil is reduced compared to high power rifle cartridges. This allowed for the development of the assault rifle concept, which is a selective fire weapon that is more compact, the first intermediate cartridge was the German 7. 92×33mm Kurz. Other examples include the Soviet 7. 62×39mm used in the AK-47 and AKM series, the 5. 56×45mm NATO cartridge is also an intermediate cartridge. A full-powered cartridge is a service rifle cartridge with a minimum effective range of 1000 yards. Most full-powered cartridges have their origin in the turn of the 19th century with the advent of smokeless powder, examples include 7. 62x51mm NATO. 30-06 Springfield,7. 62x54mmR.303 British,7, 92x57mm Mauser, 7x57mm Mauser or 8mm Lebel. Today they are used only in medium machine guns, battle rifles
6.
Bushmaster Firearms International
–
Bushmaster Firearms International, LLC, based in Madison, North Carolina, United States, is a manufacturer and distributor of firearms. The companys product line revolves around semi-automatic pistol and rifle variants of the M4 / AR-15 design, Bushmaster Firearms was a company in Bangor, Maine, that went bankrupt and was purchased by Richard Dyke in 1976 and moved to Windham, Maine. According to a Maine newspaper, it was sold by Dyke to Cerberus while Krause Publications says it was first acquired by Quality Products Company. Dyke would sell the business in 2006 for 70 million dollars to Cerberus Capital Management, the company became part of the Freedom Group, owned by Cerberus Capital Management, in April 2006. In December 2010, Freedom Group announced that operations at the Windham, Maine, facility would cease as of March 2011. Windham Weaponry was founded by the former Bushmaster owners in 2011 in Windham, in December 2012, Cerberus Capital Management announced its intention to sell Bushmasters parent company, Freedom Group. In a press release, Cerberus stated that they would retain a financial advisor to design, Cerberus indicated that the decision to sell the company stemmed from publicity surrounding the use of a Bushmaster rifle in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. According to the company, It is apparent that the Sandy Hook tragedy was a event that has raised the national debate on gun control to an unprecedented level. Cerberus announced in late 2013 that it had failed to deliver on its promise to divest itself of the Freedom Arms group and has come up with a plan to buy out some Cerberus investors. Those who chose to give up their shares would get paid off by an unidentified lender. Bushmasters firearms, such as the XM-15 line, are offered in a 5.56 NATO chambering with forged aircraft-grade aluminum receivers. Most Bushmaster barrels are 4150 steel, offered in 1,9 twist rate, some barrels are available with 1,7 rifling, on special order. Stainless steel or chrome molybdenum barrels are available on certain models and their name is not related to the Bushmaster autocannon. Bushmaster Firearms originally produced their First Generation rifle using an aluminum lower receiver paired to a steel upper receiver. Originally marketed for police and the military, Bushmaster later changed its unique hybrid version AR-15/M-16 to the standard Colt/Armalite design, the First Generation rifles were chambered for the 5. 56mm round. Bushmaster First Generation rifles are rare and are collectibles. In 2002, the company was the target of a lawsuit involving one of its rifles. A stolen Bushmaster XM-15.223 caliber rifle was used in the attacks, the company cited mounting legal fees as the reason for settling. According to the company in 2010, Bushmaster began making the ACR available to the civilian market, posting it on its website
7.
M16 rifle
–
The M16 rifle, officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, is a United States military adaptation of the Armalite AR-15 rifle. The original M16 was a select-fire,5. 56×45mm rifle with a 20-round magazine, in 1964, the M16 entered American military service and the following year was deployed for jungle warfare operations during the Vietnam War. In 1969, the M16A1 replaced the M14 rifle to become the U. S. militarys standard service rifle, the M16A1 improvements include a bolt-assist, chrome plated bore and a new 30-round magazine. In 1983, the USMC adopted the M16A2 rifle and the U. S. Army adopted it in 1986, the M16A2 fires the improved 5. Adopted in 1998, the M16A4 is the generation of the M16 series. It is equipped with a carrying handle and Picatinny rail for mounting optics. The M16 has also widely adopted by other militaries around the world. Total worldwide production of M16s has been approximately 8 million, making it the most-produced firearm of its 5.56 mm caliber. The U. S. Army has largely replaced the M16 in combat units with the shorter and lighter M4 carbine, however, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing. During the Korean War, the select-fire M2 carbine largely replaced the gun in US service. However, combat experience suggested that the.30 Carbine round was under-powered, American weapons designers concluded that an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge. This culminated in the development of the 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridge, the US also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun. Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG, the first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47, and, while the M2 carbine offered a high rate of fire, it was under-powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK-47. A replacement was needed, a medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the firepower of the M2 Carbine. As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, continental Army Command to develop a.223 caliber select-fire rifle weighing 6 lb when loaded with a 20-round magazine. This request ultimately resulted in the development of a version of the Armalite AR-10. However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, in January 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production
8.
Colt AR-15
–
The Colt AR-15 is a lightweight,5. 56×45mm, magazine-fed, air-cooled semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle with a rotating bolt. It was designed to be manufactured with the use of aluminum alloys. Introduced in 1964, Colt has made many different types of AR-15 rifle and carbine models, including the AR-15, AR-15A2, AR-15A3, Sporter, HBAR, Government, Target, Match and it is based on the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, a select-fire weapon intended for military sales. In 1959, ArmaLite sold the design to Colt due to financial difficulties, after some modifications, the rifle eventually became the United States military M16 rifle. Shortly thereafter, Colt began to make semi-automatic versions for civilian sales, the term AR-15 is a Colt registered trademark, which they use to denote only the semi-automatic rifle versions available for civilian and law enforcement sales. The term AR-15 signifies Armalite rifle, design 15, other manufacturers make AR-15 clones and variants marketed under separate designations, although these are frequently referred to as AR-15s. This article discusses the semiautomatic version manufactured by Colt, the Colt AR-15 is based on the 5.56 mm ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, which is a smaller lighter version of the 7.62 mm ArmaLite AR-10. Both of these rifles were designed by Eugene Stoner, Robert Fremont, in 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt. After a Far East tour, Colt made its first sale of Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifles to Malaya on September 30,1959, Colt manufactured their first batch of 300 select-fire Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 rifles in December 1959. Colt marketed the Colt made ArmaLite AR-15 rifle to various military services around the world, after modifications, the new redesigned rifle was adopted by the United States military as the M16 rifle. Most Colt ArmaLite AR-15 rifles in U. S. service have long ago been upgraded to M16 rifle configuration, Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its semi-automatic variants that were marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers. The original AR-15 was a lightweight weapon, weighing less than 6 pounds with empty magazine. Later heavy-barrel versions of the civilian AR-15 can weigh upwards of 8.5 lb, patent 2,951,424 describes the cycling mechanism used in the original AR-15. The bolt carrier acts as a cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a stationary piston. This mechanism is called direct gas impingement, although it differs from prior gas systems. Stoner did not consider the AR-15 to be a direct impingement mechanism. Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the front sight base. The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube, here, the gas tube protrudes into a gas key, which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier
9.
Magazine (firearms)
–
A magazine is an ammunition storage and feeding device within or attached to a repeating firearm. Magazines can be removable or integral to the firearm, the magazine functions by moving the cartridges stored in the magazine into a position where they may be loaded into the chamber by the action of the firearm. The detachable magazine is often referred to as a clip, although this is technically inaccurate, magazines come in many shapes and sizes, from those of bolt-action express rifles that hold only a few rounds to drum magazines for self-loading rifles that can hold one hundred rounds or more. Various jurisdictions ban what they define as high-capacity magazines, with the increased use of semi-automatic and automatic firearms, the detachable box magazine became increasingly common. Soon after the adoption of the M1911 pistol, the magazine was settled on by the military and firearms experts. The defining difference between clips and magazines is the presence of a mechanism in a magazine, typically a spring-loaded follower. Use of the clip to refer to detachable magazines is a point of strong disagreement. The first mass-produced repeater was the Volcanic Rifle which used a bullet with the base filled with powder and primer fed into the chamber from a spring-loaded tube called a magazine. It was named after a building or room used to store ammunition, the anemic power of the Rocket Ball ammunition used in the Volcanic doomed it to limited popularity. The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine fed rifle, designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, it was one of the first firearms to use self-contained metallic cartridges. The Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company and it was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War and favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West and was famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle which are made to this day. The Henry and Winchester rifles would go on to see service with a number of militaries including Turkey, switzerland and Italy adopted similar designs. The first magazine-fed firearm to achieve success was the Spencer repeating rifle. The Spencer used a magazine located in the butt of the gun instead of under the barrel. The Spencer was successful, but the rimfire ammunition did occasionally ignite in the magazine tube and it could also injure the user. The new bolt-action rifles began to favor with militaries in the 1880s and were often equipped with tubular magazines. The Mauser Model 1871 was originally a single-shot action that added a magazine in its 1884 update
10.
Jeff Cooper
–
John Dean Jeff Cooper was a United States Marine, the creator of the modern technique of handgun shooting, and an expert on the use and history of small arms. Cooper graduated from Stanford University with a degree in political science. He received a commission in the United States Marine Corps in September 1941. During World War II he served in the Pacific theatre on the USS Pennsylvania, by the end of the war he had been promoted to major. He resigned his commission in 1949, but returned to duty during the Korean War, where he was involved in irregular warfare. After the Korean War, the Marine Corps declined his application to remain on active duty, in the mid-1960s, he received a masters degree in history from the University of California, Riverside. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, he was a high school. In 1976, Cooper founded the American Pistol Institute in Paulden, Cooper began teaching shotgun and rifle classes to both law enforcement and military personnel, as well as civilians, and did on-site training for individuals and groups from around the world. He sold the firm in 1992, but continued living on the Paulden ranch and he was known for his advocacy of large caliber handguns, especially the Colt 1911 and the.45 ACP cartridge. Coopers modern technique defines pragmatic use of the pistol for personal protection, the modern technique emphasizes two-handed shooting using the Weaver stance, competing with and eventually supplanting the once-prevalent one-handed shooting. There are several conditions of readiness in which such a weapon can be carried, Cooper promulgated most of the following terms, Condition 4, Chamber empty, empty magazine, hammer down. Condition 3, Chamber empty, full magazine in place, hammer down, Condition 2, A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer down. Condition 1, A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, Condition 0, A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety off. Condition 1 is widely referred to as cocked and locked and Condition 3 is known as Israeli carry and this firearm condition system can also be used to refer to other firearm actions, particularly when illustrating the differences between carry modes considered to be safe for various actions. For example, a firearm is designed to be carried in Condition 2. Cooper conceived and designed the Bren Ten pistol around the 10mm Auto, the cartridge was more powerful than both the 9×19mm Parabellum and the.45 ACP round. The most important means of surviving a confrontation, according to Cooper, is neither the weapon nor the martial skills. The primary tool is the mindset, set forth in his book
11.
Semi-automatic rifle
–
A semi-automatic rifle is a self-loading rifle that fires a single round each time the trigger is pulled. In contrast, an automatic rifle continuously fires rounds as long as the trigger is pressed. The ability to load the next round allowed for an increase in the rounds per minute the operator could fire. These rifles are known as self-loading rifles or auto-loading rifles and are often mistaken for automatic rifles or machine guns. Self-loading rifles were one of the most revolutionary designs in the history of warfare and they can be efficiently fed by en-bloc clip and internal magazine, detachable magazine or a combination of stripper clip and internal magazine. The first successful design for a rifle is attributed to German-born gunsmith Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher. The Model 85 was followed by the equally innovative Mannlicher Models 91,93 and 95 semi-automatic rifles.5 mm ammunition that were fed into the M1894 by a stripper clip. The Auto-5 relied on long recoil operation, this remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years. Production of the Auto-5 was finally ended in 1999, in 1903 and 1905, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduced the first semi-automatic rimfire and centerfire rifles designed especially for the civilian market. The Winchester Model 1903 and Winchester Model 1905 operated on the principle of blowback in order to function semi-automatically, johnson, the Model 1903 achieved commercial success and continued to be manufactured until 1932 when the Winchester Model 63 replaced it. Winchester introduced a medium caliber semi-automatic rifle, the Model 1907 as an upgrade to the Model 1905, utilizing a system of operation. Both the Models of 1905 and 1907 saw limited military and police use, in 1906, Remington Arms introduced the Remington Auto-loading Repeating Rifle. Remington advertised this rifle, renamed the Model 8 in 1911 and this is a locked-breech, long recoil action designed by John Browning. The Model 81 superseded the Model 8 in 1936 and was offered in.300 Savage as well as the original Remington calibers, the first semi-automatic rifle adopted and widely issued by a major military power was the Fusil Automatique Modele 1917. This is a breech, gas-operated action which is very similar in its mechanical principles to the future M1 Garand in the United States. The M1917 was fielded during the stages of WWI but it did not receive a favorable reception. However its shortened and improved version, the Model 1918, gave complete satisfaction during the Moroccan Rif War from 1920 to 1926, the Lebel bolt-action rifle remained the standard French infantry rifle until replaced in 1936 by the MAS-36 despite the various semi-automatic rifles designed between 1918 and 1935. In 1937, the American M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle to replace its nations bolt-action rifle as the infantry weapon
12.
Big-game hunting
–
Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game, almost always large terrestrial mammals, for meat, other animal by-products, trophy or sport. The term is associated with the hunting of Africas Big Five game. Along with the big five animals, many species are hunted including kudu, antelope. Moose, elk, caribou, bison, mule deer, and white-tailed deer are the largest game hunted in North America, big-game hunting is conducted in Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. In Africa, lion, Cape buffalo, elephant, giraffe, in North America, animals such as bear, wolf, caribou, moose, elk, alligator, boar, sheep and bison are hunted. In South America, deer and other species are hunted, in Europe, sheep, boar, goats, elk, deer, and other species are hunted. In Asia, several species of deer, bear, sheep, in Australia, several species of deer and wild boar are hunted. Hunting of big game for food is an ancient practice, dating back thousands of years and it is associated in Europe with the appearance of the Aurignacian culture, although bone fractures on Neanerthal fossils suggest a possible earlier appearance. Based on cave paintings, it appears that early man hunted mammoth in groups, using a combination of spears or large rocks, various big-game hunting methods have been developed over centuries. The main methods in use today are stalking, ambush, driving, trapping or a combination thereof, calling and baiting may be used to increase the effectiveness of any method or combination. The stalking method consists of following the animal until the kill can be made, generally the hunter approaches the game stealthily - camouflaging his appearance, scent or sound depending on which sense is most likely to reveal him to his prey under the conditions. Stalks can routinely persist for days for certain game under certain conditions, tracking game for stalking is a skill that has been learned by hunters since pre-historic times, and is used to with great success today. Ground blinds, tree stands, cocking-cloths, dugout blinds, all of these blinds are used in the ambush method. Cocking-cloths, or stalking blinds, are used in stalking prey, generally, baiting big-game includes the use of blinds, all the methods described herein may be used in combination. Driving game, as a method, is the act of directing the movement of the animal in order to kill it. Game may be driven to a trap, to a fall that will kill it, such as over a cliff, the use of vehicles in stalking and driving game can increase the hunters range and speed, and therefore, his effectiveness. Vehicles may also be used as blinds, ground and air vehicles have been used in hunting big game, both for scouting game location and for the stalk. By far the most common used by hunters is the firearm
13.
Handloading
–
Handloading or reloading is the process of loading firearm cartridges or shotgun shells by assembling the individual components, rather than purchasing completely assembled, factory-loaded ammunition. Economy, increased accuracy, performance, commercial ammunition shortages, Reloading fired cartridge cases can save the shooter money, or provides the shooter with more, and higher quality, ammunition within a given budget. Besides economy, the ability to customize the performance of ammunition is a common goal, hunters may desire cartridges with specialized bullets or specific performance as regards bullet and velocity. Target shooters seek the best achievable accuracy, as well as the best shot-to-shot consistency, shotgunning enthusiasts can make specialty rounds not available in commercial inventories at any price. This technique also enables hunters to use the rifle and caliber to hunt a wider variety of game. Collectors of obsolete firearms who want to shoot those guns often must handload because appropriate cartridges or shotshells are no commercially produced. Handloaders can also create cartridges for which no equivalent exists - wildcat cartridges. As with any hobby, the enjoyment of the reloading process may be the most important benefit. Recurring shortages of ammunition are also reasons to reload cartridges. There are three aspects to ballistics, internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal ballistics, internal ballistics refers to things that happen inside the firearm during and after firing but before the bullet leaves the muzzle. Each cartridge reloaded can have each component carefully matched to the rest of the cartridges in the batch, brass cases can be matched by volume, weight, and concentricity, bullets by weight and design, powder charges by weight, type, case filling, and packing scheme. Where the most extreme accuracy is demanded, such as in rifle benchrest shooting, handloading is a prerequisite for success. The basic piece of equipment for handloading is the press, a press is a device that uses compound leverage to push the cases into the dies that perform the loading operations. Presses vary from simple, inexpensive single stage models, to complex progressive models that will eject a cartridge with each pull of a lever. Inexpensive tong tools have been used for reloading since the mid-19th century and they resembled a large pair of pliers and can be caliber specific or have interchangeable dies. Reloading presses are often categorized by the letter of the alphabet that they most resemble, O, C, the sturdiest presses, suitable for bullet swaging functions as well as for normal reloading die usage, are of the O type. Heavy steel completely encloses the single die on these presses, equally sturdy presses for all but bullet swaging use often resemble the letter C. Both steel and aluminum construction are seen with C presses, some users prefer C style presses over O presses, as there is more room to place bullets into cartridge mouths on C presses
14.
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
–
Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
15.
.444 Marlin
–
The.444 Marlin is a rifle cartridge designed in 1964 by Marlin Firearms and Remington Arms. It was designed to fill in a gap left by the older. 45-70 when that cartridge was not available in any new lever action rifles, the.444 resembles a lengthened.44 Magnum and provides a significant increase in velocity. It is usually used in the Marlin 444 lever-action Rifle, in the mid-1960s the. 45-70 had all but disappeared from the American marketplace. There was no big-bore cartridge available in a rifle in current production. They created what is essentially a version of the.44 Magnum by making it nearly an inch longer to give it power similar to the. 45-70. The case Marlin created is very similar to a rimmed.303 British trimmed, hunters initially had some troubles because the.444 was frequently hand-loaded using existing.429 bullets that were designed for use at handgun velocities. Remington has stated in letter and email, when asked, that their 240gr.444 bullet was not the same as a.44 magnum handgun bullet, nevertheless, the rifle did gain in popularity as more suitable bullets were designed for its higher velocity. In 1972 Marlin re-introduced the. 45-70 to their lever-action line, sales of the.444 are now overshadowed by. 45-70 cartridge which has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity due to interest in cowboy action shooting. This quick action and powerful stopping power has been shown to be an efficient, the.444 Marlin can push a 240-grain bullet at velocities over 2,400 ft/s generating 3,070 ft·lbf of energy making it well suited for all North American large game. SAAMI has rated this cartridge at 44,000 CUP and it functions efficiently when used with cast lead bullets. Hand-cast bullets allows the shooter to optimize the alloy for strength, proper cartridge length is maintained by seating the bullet to the correct depth and using a crimp die to put a firm crimp on the seated bullet to prevent slippage in the magazine tube. Best cast bullet accuracy in the.444 Marlin is attained when utilizing bullets sized to.432 diameter and this bullet diameter is dictated more by the large diameter of chamber throats than by groove diameter of the barrel. A projectile closely fitting the throat dimensions greatly enhances the cast bullet performance of this cartridge, full factory velocity handloads when assembled using hard-cast, gas-checked bullets of.432 diameter will rival accuracy of any jacketed ammunition for this cartridge. Three years after the introduction of the.444 Marlin, Hornady introduced a new heavier 265-grain.430 inches bullet created specifically for use in this new.44 caliber cartridge. Since then Hornady has also made a 265 grain interlock Light Magnum that boosts velocity to nearly 2,350 ft/s and 3,140 ft·lbf of energy at the muzzle. Hornadys latest offering for this caliber is its new LEVERevolution ammunition that has a soft polymer spire point that can be loaded in tubular magazines. Other specialized companies such as Buffalo Bore, Cor-Bon, and Grizzly Cartridge offer loadings for the.444 Marlin in bullet weights up to 320 grains, the newer.450 Marlin is also frequently compared with it. A 265-grain bullet in.429 in has the same density as a 300-grain bullet in.458 in
16.
.45-70
–
The. 45-70 rifle cartridge, also known as. 45-70 Government, was developed at the U. S. Armys Springfield Armory for use in the Springfield Model 1873, which is known to collectors as the trapdoor Springfield. The new cartridge was a replacement for the stop-gap. 50-70 Government cartridge which had adopted in 1866. The new cartridge was completely identified as the. 45-70-405, but was referred to as the.45 Government cartridge in commercial catalogs. The minimum acceptable accuracy of the, a skilled shooter, firing at known range, could consistently hit targets that were 6 ×6 feet at 600 yards —the armys standard target. It was a skill valuable mainly in mass or volley fire, after the Sandy Hook tests of 1879, a new variation of the. 45-70 cartridge was produced, the. 45-70-500, which fired a heavier,500 grain, bullet. The heavier bullet produced significantly superior ballistics, and could reach ranges of 3,350 yards, which were beyond the maximum range of the. 45-70-405. While the effective range of the. 45-70 on individual targets was limited to about 1,000 yards with either load and it was hoped the longer range of the. 45-70-500 would allow effective volley fire at ranges beyond those normally expected of infantry fire. While the nominal diameter was.450 inches, the groove diameter was actually closer to.458 inches. As was standard practice with many early U. S. commercially produced cartridges, specially-constructed bullets were often paper patched and this patch served to seal the bore and keep the soft lead bullet from coming in contact with the bore, preventing leading. Like the cloth or paper used in muzzleloading firearms, the paper patch fell off soon after the bullet left the bore. Paper-patched bullets were made of soft lead.450 inches in diameter, when wrapped in two layers of thin cotton paper, this produced a final size of.458 inches to match the bore. Paper patched bullets are available, and some black-powder shooters still roll their own paper patched bullets for hunting. Arsenal loadings for the. 45-70-405 and. 45-70-500 government cartridges generally used groove diameter grease groove bullets of.458 inches diameter. The predecessor to the. 45-70 was the. 50-70-450 cartridge, adopted in 1866 and used until 1873 in a variety of rifles, many of them percussion rifled muskets converted to trapdoor action breechloaders. The conversion consisted of milling out the rear of the barrel for the tilting breechblock, the. 50-70 was nevertheless adopted as a temporary solution until a significantly improved rifle and cartridge could be developed. The result of the quest for an accurate, flatter shooting.45 caliber cartridge. Like the. 50-70 before it, the. 45-70 used a copper center-fire case design, a reduced power loading was also adopted for use in the trapdoor carbine
17.
.458 SOCOM
–
The.458 SOCOM is a moderately large round designed for a specialized upper receiver that can be mounted on any AR-15 pattern lower receiver. The 300-grain round offers a supersonic muzzle velocity of 1,900 ft/s and 2,405 ft·lbf, similar to. 45-70, inspired by the lack of power offered by the 5.56 NATO cartridge used in the M4 carbine and the M16 rifle, the. Marty ter Weeme of Teppo Jutsu designed the cartridge in 2000, Tony Rumore fired the very first round of.458 SOCOM ammunition in the Tromix shop located in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma on February 16,2001, at 8, 30pm. SOCOM is the acronym for the Special Operations Command, during the developments phase, various other cartridges were considered and proposed to the project sponsor, but rejected as not meeting all the requirements. The cartridges considered were 7. 62×39mm, 9×39mm Grom.45 Professional, at the time, the.499 LWR cartridge was still in development phase and had not been chambered commercially. Research had indicated that a short belted cartridge called the.458 ×1.5 Barnes had been adopted for use in suppressed bolt-action rifles for use in SE Asia during the Vietnam War. It was shown as effective in terms of ballistics, firing a 500 grain bullet subsonically, combined with the wide selection of bullets available in.458 diameter, this cemented the choice of caliber. The.50 AE rim diameter was reduced from.514 inch to.473 inch for compatibility with other platforms, the case length was chosen to be compatible with the Barnes 300-grain X Spitzer bullet. In 2009, Barnes developed a new bullet specifically for use in the.458 SOCOM, as noted above, the cartridge was designed to be 100% compatible with the M4 platform. This included the buffer, buffer spring, GI magazines, many aftermarket. 223/5.56 magazines, in. 223/5.56 caliber, cartridges stack in a staggered fashion. A standard 20-round 5. 56mm NATO magazine can hold seven.458 SOCOM rounds, today.458 SOCOM rifles and complete upper halves are available from Tromix, Lead Star Arms, Rock River Arms, and CMMG. Radical firearms, Disappear Gear and Wilson Combat offer barrels and uppers although they do not use designer-copyrighted reamers, barrels and bolts can be purchased from Southern Ballistic Research and Tromix. Because this round has not been accepted as a SAAMI standard round, loaded ammunition is also manufactured by Southern Ballistic Research, Cor-Bon, XCaliber Ammunition, and Buffalo Bore, in addition to several smaller boutique loaders
18.
.50 Beowulf
–
The.50 Beowulf is a rifle cartridge developed by Bill Alexander of Alexander Arms for use in a modified AR-15 rifle. The cartridge utilizes a rebated rim, sized to match the rim of the 7. 62×39mm and 6. 5mm Grendel rounds. The case body is similar in dimensions to the.500 S&W Magnum revolver cartridge, being slightly longer. The round is intended to improve stopping power greatly at short- to medium-range as compared to the standard 5. 56×45mm NATO round, adaptability is limited due to its use of the 7. 62×39mm bolt face. The.50 Beowulf is a proprietary caliber developed as a specialized cartridge, Alexander Arms oversees all aspects of the production of the system and related accessories. Their reluctance to divulge information has been a source of irritation to some writers, although much has been written about its tactical uses, the.50 Beowulf is gaining recognition as a sporting cartridge. It is becoming widely recognized as being usable for a wide variety of North American game, including deer, moose
19.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
20.
Wildcat cartridge
–
A wildcat cartridge, often shortened to wildcat, is a custom cartridge for which ammunition and/or firearms are not mass-produced. These cartridges are often created in order to optimize a certain performance characteristic of a commercial cartridge. Often, wildcats are commercially sold rounds that have been modified in some way to alter the cartridges performance, barrels for the caliber are originally manufactured by gunsmiths specializing in barrel making. Generally the same makers also offer reloading dies, tools to custom-load bullets into cases, because changing the barrel of a gun to accommodate custom cartridges requires precision equipment, most wildcats are developed by or in association with custom barrel makers. Ammunition is handloaded, using modified parent cases and the gunsmith-provided wildcat dies, handloaders use the data to develop a load by starting with minimum loads and carefully working up. Wildcat cases and cartridges can be found for sale, but only from small makers, larger manufacturers usually do not produce wildcats because there is such a limited market for them and because there are no established CIP or SAAMI standards, which causes liability concerns. Wildcat cartridges are developed for many reasons, generally, the goal is to optimize some characteristic of a commercial cartridge in a given context. The sport of metallic silhouette shooting, has given rise to a number of wildcats. Wildcat cartridges are developed because, Higher velocities can be obtained by increasing the case capacity. Greater energy can be attained by increasing the caliber or the case capacity, better efficiency can be achieved by increasing the shoulder angle, shortening the case, and reducing case taper. Greater consistency can be achieved by tuning the case capacity to a bullet diameter, weight. Some methods used to develop a wildcat are, Cold forming, the parent case is well lubricated and forced carefully into the reloading die for the wildcat caliber. This will swage the case into the new shape and this type of operation is used for reducing case dimensions, such as reducing the neck diameter or pushing the shoulder back, or changing the neck diameter. This consists of taking the parent case, or a cold formed case, loading it with a light bullet and light load of powder. Another technique uses a charge of fast burning powder topped with a full of Cream of Wheat. This technique is used for increasing case dimensions, such as pushing the neck forward, increasing the neck angle, or straightening the case walls. Generally, after either a cold forming or a fire forming operation, the mouth of the case will be longer than ideal, and the case will be trimmed back to the trim to length. Trimming is a normal reloading operation, as high pressure cartridges will flow each time they are fired, changing the diameter of the case
21.
.475 Wildey Magnum
–
The.475 Wildey Magnum is a semi-automatic pistol cartridge designed for big game hunting in the Wildey pistol. The.475 Wildey Magnum was designed to be a hunting round, cases are formed from.284 Winchester brass with the neck opened to take a.475 bullet, and the length is the same as the.45 Winchester Magnum. Velocity at 100 yards is equivalent to the velocity of the.44 Magnum. First was the.357 Wildey Magnum which used a.357 Magnum bullet, second was the.41 Wildey Magnum which used a.41 Magnum bullet. Last was the.44 Wildey Magnum which used a.44 Magnum bullet. The.45 Wildey Magnum was introduced by Wildey F. A. Inc. in 1997 and it was discontinued in 2011 when overall productions ceased. Listed below is the ballistic performances of each produced cartridge as fired from a 10 in barrel, the information on the.45 Wildey Magnum is from a 12 in barrel. List of handgun cartridges List of rifle cartridges Shooting sports Death Wish 3 Natural Born Killers wildeyguns. com homepage of the manufacturer
22.
.30 Remington AR
–
Design of the cartridge is considered a joint effort between companies under the Freedom Group name through a private equity firm and included such companies as Bushmaster, DPMS and Remington itself. It is a rebated rim cartridge designed to fit Remingtons R-15 semiautomatic hunting rifle and it was designed to fit the dimensional constraints of the AR-15 magazine and is based on a modification of the.450 Bushmaster, which in turn was based on the.284 Winchester. Starting with a.450 Bushmaster case, Remington trimmed the length to 1.525 from the original 1.7 and necked it down to accept a conical.308 diameter bullet with a 25 degree shoulder. The rim size is.492 and because the round generates 55,000 psi, with a 150 grain bullet, the round travels at 2575 fps. Remington is the company which manufactures this ammunition and its components. Combined with the poorer ballistic coefficients of the projectiles, this makes the.30 RAR a cartridge suited to ranges around 300 to 400 yards where a larger calibre projectile is required. A side effect of the short, wide case has meant that the Remington R-15 Rifle which was designed alongside the cartridge uses a four-round, list of rifle cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Review of the Remington R-15 VTR Remington Official Site
23.
Bushmaster M17S
–
The Bushmaster M17S is a semi-automatic bullpup rifle that was manufactured by Bushmaster Firearms International from 1992 until 2005. The design of the M17S dates back to 1986 when the Australian company Armtech Ltd. developed the prototype as a military rifle for the Australian Army. Two prototypes were developed, one for the 5. 56×45mm NATO, the C60R, the C30R was developed hastily and an out-of-battery ignition resulted in a prototype exploding during a high-profile demonstration. The Australian Army adopted a version of the Steyr AUG, leading to the sale of the Armtech design to another Australian company. Edenpine, with Charles St. George, improved the design resulting in the ART-30 and SAK-30, the salient features of the M17S were in place but some Finnish Valmet parts were used instead of AR-15 parts to save money. Edenpine expressed interest in selling the design on the United States market, the rifle was sold from October 1992 to 1994 as the Edenpine M17S Bull-Pup rifle. The distributor was Edenpine Inc. the American branch of Edenpine of Australia, headquartered in San Jose, the M17S was the only American-made bullpup rifle to be offered commercially, and the only one not banned by name. The BATF approved a version with a barrel sleeve which covered more of the muzzle thread. This made it impossible to attach the M16-style Birdcage flash hider without modification of the barrel sleeve. The Bushmaster M17S is a rifle that uses a gas-operated. The design takes the system of the Armalite AR-18 and moves the pistol grip forward in a manner similar to the British SA80. Instead of the sheet metal receiver of the AR18 and SA80 and this method of construction is particularly efficient and was subsequently copied by other designs. Operation is a fixed piston system that is self-compensating. The rifle is chambered in 5. 56×45mm NATO and accepts STANAG magazines, the main drawback of the subsequent modified design, reported by some users, was the tendency of its aluminum hand guard to become hot after one or two magazines were emptied in rapid fire. Bushmaster discontinued production of the M17S in 2005, a more up to date version is offered by K&M Arms and chambered in at least four calibers. List of bullpup firearms Modifications and spare parts Kmaerospace. com Modern Firearms article Operators manual Article at CheaperThanDirt. com K&M Arms homepage
24.
Bushmaster XM-15
–
The Bushmaster XM-15 series is a line of AR-15-pattern semi-automatic rifles, carbines, and pistols manufactured by Bushmaster Firearms International. Variants include the Bushmaster M4-type Carbine, Patrolman series, QRC series, Bushmaster XM15-E2S, the standard XM-15 has a forged 7075T6 aircraft-grade aluminum upper and lower receiver. Barrels of XM-15 firearms have a profile and are hard chrome-lined 4150 alloy steel or 416 stainless steel. In Bushmasters 2016 sales brochure, all new-production XM-15s are stated to be supplied with a 4150 steel barrel, the standard barrel has rifling of 1 turn in 9. The basic E2S is fitted with a 16-inch carbine-style barrel, E2S Target -20 heavy-barrel target rifle with A2-style stock and carry handle upper, also available with 24 and 26 barrels. E2S V-Match - Target variant with an anodized aluminum handguard, flat-top receiver and 20,24 or 26-inch barrel, E2S V-Match Carbine - As above, but with a 16-inch carbine barrel. E2S Shorty - 16-inch version with a shorty handguard, E2S Shorty AK - Shorty variant with 14. 5-inch carbine SBR barrel with an AK-74-style muzzle brake permanently welded to the end to increase the overall length to 16 inches. E2S Dissipator - Variant with a Bushmaster-designed 16-inch Dissipator barrel and this mounts a false gas block with a front sight at the 20 position with the real gas block in the carbine position and concealed under a rifle-length 12 handguard. Formerly known as ORC but now styled as QRC, these are flat-top rifles without iron sights, patrolmans Pistol -7 or 10.5 barrel pistol version with a free-float handguard and no stock. Also available as a military or LE select-fire version, the Bushmaster XM-15 E2s M4 type carbine gained notoriety for its use in the October 2002 Beltway sniper attacks, according to Colt Defense. It is infamous for being designed to avoid the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, a Bushmaster XM15-E2S was used during the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. The plaintiffs allege that the XM15-E2S is only suitable for military and policing applications, on April 14,2016 a Connecticut court denied the defendants a motion to summarily dismiss the case, with lawyers for the defense filing a second motion for dismissal a month later. On October 14,2016, the motion to strike the complaint was granted. The judge ruled the complaint was not valid per Federal and Connecticut laws, the plaintiffs indicated they would appeal the ruling. As a result of the Sandy Hook school shooting, New York State banned the XM-15 series and assault weapons in the January 2013 NY SAFE Act. The XM-15 series are among over 100 named firearms added to the Connecticut state assault weapon ban list in an April 2013 amendment, passed in the wake of the Sandy Hook school shooting
25.
Bushmaster M4-type Carbine
–
The Bushmaster M4 is a semi-automatic or select-fire carbine manufactured by Bushmaster Firearms International, modeled on the AR-15. It is one of the Bushmaster XM15 line of rifles and carbines, the M4 Type Carbine is a copy of the Colt M4 carbine. The semi-automatic is marketed to the U. S. civilian market in compliance with the National Firearms Act, an assault rifle variant can be ordered by military or law enforcement organizations with three-round burst or fully automatic capability. The rifles caliber is.223 Remington/5. 56×45mm NATO, unlike the current Colt M4 Carbine which features a 4-position telescopic stock, the Bushmaster has a 6-position stock. It is compatible with most standard AR-15 parts, and has the ability to accept all AR-15/M16 type STANAG magazines. The standard M4 Type Carbine features a permanently fixed Izzy flash suppressor attached to a 14.5 in barrel which brings the barrel to a length of 16 in. Bushmaster also produces the Patrolmans Carbine variant which features the more common removable bird cage flash suppressor, both of these comply with current U. S. federal law which states a minimum 16 in barrel for a rifle. There is also a military M4 Type Carbine which comes with a 14.5 in barrel, the 6. 8mm SPC Rifle only comes with a 16 in barrel and a removable Izzy flash suppressor. An M4 Type Post-Ban Carbine was developed for the 1994 United States Federal Assault Weapons Ban requirements, since the ban expired in 2004, this rifle has essentially been replaced by the M4A2 and M4A3. Some states in the U. S. have kept these laws, a trademark dispute between Bushmaster and Colt concerned the use of the M4 name. The M4 was developed and produced for the United States government by Colt, several other manufacturers, including Bushmaster, offer M4-like firearms, nicknamed M4geries. Colt previously held a U. S. trademark on the term M4, heckler & Koch later settled out of court. On December 8,2005, a District court judge in Maine granted a judgment in favor of Bushmaster Firearms. On the latter claim, Colt could not recover monetary damages, the court also ruled that M4 was now a generic name, and that Colts trademark should be revoked. It is available as either the A2 or the A3, Bushmaster weapons are currently in service with military and police organizations in over 60 nations around the world. Czech Republic, The Bushmaster M4A3 B. M. A. S. is used by special units of the Czech Armed Forces. These rifles are seen with an M203 grenade launcher. The 601st Special Forces Group is armed with the M4A3, georgia Used by Special Forces Malaysia, Used by Royal Malaysian Customs New Zealand, New Zealand Police, replaced the Remington Model 7 as their standard issue rifle
