1.
.32 ACP
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.32 ACP, also known as the.32 Automatic is a centerfire pistol cartridge. It is a semi-rimmed, straight-walled cartridge developed by firearms designer John Browning and it was introduced in 1899 by Fabrique Nationale, and is also known as the 7. 65×17mmSR Browning or 7.65 mm Browning Short. John Browning engineered a number of modern semi-automatic pistol mechanisms and cartridges, as his first pistol cartridge, the.32 ACP needed a straight wall for reliable blowback operation as well as a small rim for reliable feeding from a box magazine. The cartridge headspaces on the rim, the cartridge was a success and was adopted by dozens of countries and countless governmental agencies. The popularity of the.32 ACP in the half of the 20th century cannot be overstated—especially in Europe. Firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd of the UK informed author Ian Fleming, his countryman, a significant factor in recommending this round was its near universal availability throughout the world in the 1950s. To avoid patent infringement John Pedersen designed the Remington Model 51 so as to not to rely on any other, the.32 ACP has been chambered in more handguns than any other cartridge. Between 1899 and 1909, Fabrique Nationale produced 500,000 guns chambered for.32 ACP, heckler & Koch produced the HK4, their first handgun, in 1967. Twelve thousand HK4 pistols were produced in.32 ACP for the German police, the.32 ACP was intended for blowback semi-automatic pistols which lacked a breech locking mechanism. It was John Pedersen with the Remington Model 51 that delivered a true locked breech for the.32 ACP cartridge, the relatively low power and light bullet of the cartridge allowed Browning to incorporate a practical blowback mechanism in a small pocket-size pistol. It is still used primarily in compact, inexpensive pistols. The.32 ACP is compact and light, while some believe it has marginal stopping power, it has been used effectively by military and police worldwide for the past century. Weapons chambered in it are often valued for their compactness, although.32 ACP handguns were traditionally made of steel, they have been produced in light weight polymers since the 1990s. Their light weight, very low recoil and very good relative to larger caliber pistols make them suitable for concealed carry use. Some popular pistols chambered in.32 ACP are the Walther PP and the Walther PPK as well as the FEG PA-63, which is a clone of the Walther PP. It offers more velocity and energy than the.32 S&W, although of lighter bullet weight, the.32 ACP also compares favorably to the.32 S&W Long in performance. Some European 73 grain.32 ACP loads provides similar performance to the.32 H&R Magnum 77 grain lead flat point and 90 grain lead semiwadcutter, the.32 ACP is one of the most common calibers used in veterinary humane killers, such as the Greener Humane Killer. Given that a.22 LR can penetrate bone, the higher power.32 ACP can easily penetrate a skull with a muzzle-contact shot
2.
Handgun
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A handgun is a firearm designed to be handheld, in either one or both hands. This characteristic differentiates handguns as a class of firearms from long guns such as rifles. Major handgun subtypes are the revolver and pistol, other subtypes include derringers, the words pistol and handgun have overlapping variations, in meaning. Although handgun use often includes bracing with a hand, the essential distinguishing characteristic of a handgun is its facility for one-handed operation. The word pistol is often synonymous with the word handgun, some handgun experts make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns. But UK/Commonwealth usage often does not make this distinction, handheld firearms were first made in China where gunpowder was first developed. By the 14th century, they existed in Europe as well, the first handheld firearms that might better be called pistols were made as early as the 15th century, but their creator is unknown. By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms, previously there had been no such differentiation, and in fact Samuel Colts original patent was for a revolving-breech pistol. There is no equivalent for handgun in the Romance languages. The general types of handguns are listed below in their order of historical appearance, each type can be classified into many sub-types. Some of these types can also be classified using the general distinction between muzzle-loading firearms and breech-loading firearms. Single-shot pistols are the simplest possible form of pistols and are known to have existed in AD1365, the earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were nothing more than miniature cannon. Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as types of locks were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, an analogous to that used in todays cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, the flintlock remained the standard method of small arms ignition around two hundred years. In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, an example of a single-shot pistol is the flare gun
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
5.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
6.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
7.
Rim (firearms)
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A rim is an external flange that is machined, cast, molded, stamped or pressed around the bottom of a firearms cartridge. Thus, rimmed cartridges are sometimes called flanged cartridges, almost all cartridges feature an extractor or headspacing rim, in spite of the fact that some cartridges are known as rimless cartridges. These types are rimmed, rimless, semi-rimmed, rebated rim and these categories describe the size of the rim in relation to the base of the case. The rimmed cartridge, sometimes called flanged cartridge, is the oldest of the types and has a rim that is larger in diameter than the base of the cartridge. Rimmed cartridges use the rim to hold the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm, because the rimmed cartridge headspaces on the rim, the case length is of less importance than rimless cartridges. This allows some firearms chambered for similar rimmed cartridges to safely chamber and fire shorter cartridges, rimmed cartridges are well suited to certain types of actions, such as revolvers, where the rim helps hold the cartridge in position, and break-action firearms. Semi-automatic handguns have been chambered in rimmed cartridges as well, for example a LAR Grizzly or Desert Eagle in.357 or.44 Magnum, under the metric cartridge designation system, a capitalized R added at the end of the designation denotes a rimmed cartridge. For example,7. 62×54mmR is a cartridge, while 7. 62×51mm is a rimless cartridge.45 Auto Rim. Examples of rimmed handgun cartridges include the.38 Special.357 Magnum, rimmed rifle cartridge examples include the.22 Hornet.303 British and 7. 62×54mmR. Rimless cases are not well suited to break-open and revolver actions, though they can be used with modifications, such as a spring-loaded extractor or, in a revolver. Crimping affects the length of the cartridge, and thus cannot be used on cartridges which headspace on the case mouth. Examples of rimless handgun cartridges include the 9mm Parabellum.40 S&W, rimless rifle examples include the.223 Remington.308 Winchester. 30-06 Springfield and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. On a semi-rimmed case the rim projects slightly beyond the base of the case, the tiny rim provides minimal interference feeding from a box magazine, while still providing enough surface to headspace on. Semi-rimmed cases are less common than the other types, if the chamber is cut shallow, so the case headspaces off the mouth, the rim is used for extraction only, a standard chamber will use the rim for both headspacing and extraction. Examples of more commonly encountered rimless handgun cartridges are.25 ACP.32 ACP and.38 ACP, while the.308 Marlin Express.338 Marlin Express and.444 Marlin are rifle cartridges that are semi-rimmed. Rebated rim cartridges have a rim that is smaller in diameter than the base of the case. Functionally the same as a case, the rebated rim provides some additional benefits when considered in conjunction with other cartridges. One example of a rebated rim cartridge is the.50 Action Express, by using the same rim dimensions as the.44 Magnum, a Desert Eagle could be converted from.44 Magnum to.50 AE by merely changing the barrel and magazine
8.
.44 Remington Magnum
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The.44 Remington Magnum, or simply.44 Magnum, and frequently.44 Mag, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After its introduction, it was adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the.44 designation, guns chambered for the.44 Magnum round, and its parent, the.44 Magnum is based on a lengthened.44 Special case, loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity. The.44 Magnum cartridge was the end result of years of tuned handloading of the.44 Special, the.44 Special, and other large-bore handgun cartridges, were being loaded with heavy bullets, pushed at higher than normal velocities for better hunting performance. One of these handloaders was Elmer Keith, a writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century, Elmer Keith settled on the.44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger.45 Colt. At the time, the selection of.44 caliber projectiles for handloaders was more varied, also, the.44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the.45 Colt case. In revolvers of the cylinder size, this meant the.44 caliber revolvers had thicker. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a burst cylinder, Keith encouraged Smith & Wesson and Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, and revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wessons first.44 Magnum revolver, the Model 29, was built on December 15,1955, julian Hatcher, and Elmer Keith received two of the first production models. Hatchers review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the.44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March,1956 issue of the magazine, Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956. By the summer of 1956, Sturm, Ruger became aware of this project, Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November,1956. The film Dirty Harry, prominently featuring the S&W M29, contributed to that models popularity, Ruger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the Ruger Model 44 chambered for.44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with a lever action Model 1894 in.44 Magnum, the. 38-40 Winchester and. 32-20 Winchester were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms. In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the.44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, the.44 Magnum delivers a large, heavy bullet with high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the hands, especially for shooters of smaller build or with small hands. Although marketed as a.44 caliber, the.44 Magnum, the.44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of heeled bullets, used in the later 19th century. In those times, bullets were measured on the outside of the cartridge, not the inside of the cartridge
9.
IMI Desert Eagle
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The IMI Desert Eagle is a semi-automatic handgun notable for chambering the largest centerfire cartridge of any magazine fed, self-loading pistol. It has a design with a triangular barrel and large muzzle. Magnum Research Inc. designed and developed the Desert Eagle, the design was refined and the actual pistols were manufactured by Israel Military Industries until 1995, when MRI shifted the manufacturing contract to Saco Defense in Saco, Maine. In 1998, MRI moved manufacturing back to IMI, which later reorganized under the name Israel Weapon Industries, since 2009, the Desert Eagle Pistol has been produced in the United States at MRIs Pillager, MN facility. Kahr Arms acquired Magnum Research in the middle of 2010, the design for the Desert Eagle was initiated by Bernard C. White of Magnum Research and Arnolds Streinbergs of Riga Arms Institute and this established the basic layout of the Desert Eagle. A second patent application was filed in December 1985, after the design had been refined by IMI for production. The pistol is fired by a single action hammer, and has a safety switch on the slide. With the safety off, pulling the trigger releases the hammer to fall downward, hitting the firing pin, the Desert Eagle uses a gas-operated mechanism normally found in rifles, as opposed to the short recoil or blow-back designs most commonly seen in semi-automatic pistols. When a round is fired, gases are ported out through a hole in the barrel near the breech. These travel forward through a tube under the barrel, to a cylinder near the front of the barrel. The slide which acts as the carrier has a small piston on the front that fits into this cylinder. When the gases reach the cylinder they push the piston rearward, the advantage of the gas operation is that it allows the use of far more powerful cartridges than traditional semi-automatic pistol designs. Thus it allows the Desert Eagle to compete in an area that had previously dominated by magnum revolvers. Switching a Desert Eagle to another chambering requires only that the barrel, bolt assembly. Thus, a conversion to fire the other cartridges can be quickly accomplished, the most popular barrel length is 6 in, although a 10 in barrel is available. The Mark XIX barrels are machined with integral scope mounting bases, the Desert Eagle is fed with a detachable magazine. Magazine capacity is 9 rounds in.357 Magnum,8 rounds in.44 Magnum, the Desert Eagles barrel features polygonal rifling
10.
Polygonal rifling
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Polygons with a larger number of edges provide a better gas seal in relatively large diameter polygonally rifled bores. While polygonal rifling has been around since the earliest days of rifled barrels, the principle of the polygonal barrel was proposed in 1853 by Sir Joseph Whitworth, a prominent British engineer and entrepreneur. Whitworth experimented with cannons using twisted hexagonal barrels instead of traditional rifled barrels. In 1856, this concept was demonstrated in a series of experiments using brass howitzers, the British military, however, rejected Whitworths polygonal rifled designs. Whitworth believed that polygonal rifling could be used to create a more accurate rifled musket to replace the Pattern 1853 Enfield, during the American Civil War, Whitworths polygonal rifled Whitworth rifle was successfully used by the Confederate States Army Whitworth Sharpshooters. The Whitworth rifle is called the sharpshooter because of its accuracy compared to other rifled muskets of its era. The last common rifles to use polygonal rifling were the Lee–Metford rifle, named after the Metford rifling, during World War 2, polygonal rifling emerged again in the German MG42 machine gun. It was an outgrowth of a forging process developed by German engineers prior to World War 2. The process addressed the need to more durable machine gun barrels in less time than those produced with traditional methods. The MG42 successor, the Rheinmetall MG3 machine gun, can also have polygonal rifling, Heckler & Koch was the first manufacturer to begin using polygonal rifling in modern small arms like the G3A3 assault rifle and several semi automatic hunting rifles like the HK SL7. Companies that utilize this method today include Tanfoglio, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Magnum Research, Česká Zbrojovka, Kahr Arms, the term polygonal rifling is fairly general, and different manufacturers employ varying polygonal rifling profiles. H&K, CZ and Glock use a type of polygonal rifling similar to the bore shown above right. This type has a smaller area than the male type of polygonal rifling designed and used by Lothar Walther. A number of advantages are claimed by the supporters of polygonal rifling and these include, Not compromising the barrels thickness in the area of each groove as with traditional rifling. Less bullet deformation, resulting in reduced drag on the bullet traveling through the barrel which helps to increase muzzle velocity. Reduced buildup of copper or lead within the barrel results in easier maintenance characteristics. Less sensitive to stress concentration induced barrel failure, however, precision target pistols such as those used in Bullseye and IHMSA almost universally use traditional rifling, as do target rifles. The debate among target shooters is almost always one of cut vs. button rifled barrels, polygonal rifled barrels are used competitively in pistol action shooting, such as IDPA and IPSC competitions
11.
CCI (ammunition)
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CCI, based in Lewiston, Idaho, manufactures rimfire ammunition, centerfire handgun ammunition, and primers for reloaders and industrial power loads. CCI produced the first Mini-Mag rimfire ammunition in 1963, and in 1975 developed the Stinger, founded by Dick Speer in the early 1950s, CCI is as of February 2015, a subsidiary of Vista Outdoor, a spinoff of Alliant Techsystems. As of the date, CCI employed about 1100 people. On June 14,2009 the Minneapolis-St. CCI/Speer sells the Gold Dot line, component bullets, plated bullets were originally sold only for handloading as a cheap substitute for jacketed bullets. The Gold Dot line is now in use by police departments
12.
Israel Military Industries
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Israel Military Industries, also referred to as Taas, is an Israeli weapons manufacturer. It manufactures firearms, ammunition and military technology mainly for Israeli security forces, Israel Weapon Industriess small arms are some of the most popular in the world. The Uzi submachine gun is arguably the most popular submachine gun in the world, because of its compact nature, overall, the Uzi has the highest sales statistics of all modern submachine guns, worldwide. The IMI Galil is an assault rifle, along with integrating some other design features. The Negev is IMIs main light machine gun, the Jericho 941 is a semi-automatic pistol, while the Tavor is a bullpup assault rifle. In the 1980s an American firearms designer, Magnum Research, contracted IMI to re-design and manufacture a Magnum caliber, the result was the Desert Eagle, a very powerful handgun made famous by Hollywood and first-person shooters. Other products are created, mainly for use by the IDF, the Uzi, however, is popular with many forces worldwide, while the Galil and Tavor are popular with counter-terrorist forces. IMI has dedicated factories manufacturing ammunition for firearms, artillery, tanks, many of its products are standard NATO-compatible, but IMI also produces eastern bloc-caliber munitions. However, for the past the weapons have not been STANAG compliant, besides small arms, the IMI also produces heavy weapons. IMI engages in many projects for military vehicles. Upgrade components include firepower, survivability and maneuverability, IMI also produces a wide range of defensive products such as vehicle add-on armor packages, landmine clearing systems, and reconnaissance systems and bridges. It also produces aircraft countermeasures, such as flares, decoys and electronic control systems, some of which IMI now offers also for land-. IMI contracts its services to countries that need security and military training. The clients come to IMI in Israel for months of security, IMI also produces cluster weapons which have allegedly been proven to cause civilian casualties - in Lebanon in 2006, and in the 2008 South Ossetia war. Users claim that defective munitions were responsible, Israel Military Industries also has a partnership with the Metropolitan College of New York in New York City. Metropolitan College of New York offers a classroom based Masters In Public Administration in Emergency Management, in addition, all students go to Israel for an intensive study abroad seminar covering Homeland Security and Anti-Terrorism topics with Israels top security and military experts. Israel Weapon Industries Ashot Ashkelon Military equipment of Israel List of modern armament manufacturers Official site Israeli Weapons Industry
13.
AMT AutoMag V
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The AMT Automag V is a large single action semi-automatic pistol made by Arcadia Machine and Tool. The weapon was created by Harry Sanford, who invented the original.44 AutoMag pistol. Its built-in compensator ports in the barrel assist in keeping muzzle rise to tolerable levels, the recoil, however, is still surprisingly brisk even for the most experienced shooter. The Automag V has a 5-shot magazine capacity and is, like all of the AMT pistols, production quantity was supposed to be 3000 units, numbered 0001-3000 to 3000-3000. This goal was never reached, however, the MK V used the same frame as the MK IV, and pistols have been discovered with MK V frames with MK IV slides and vice versa. AMT AutoMag II AMT AutoMag III AMT AutoMag IV
14.
LAR Grizzly Win Mag
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Grizzly was the most powerful semi-automatic pistol ever commercially produced. The LAR Grizzly pistol was a modified Colt M1911 style pistol with oversize components designed to handle larger, between 1983 and 1999, it was produced in versions capable of firing 6 different cartridges. All guns were fitted and capable of high accuracy. The Grizzly is an oversize of the Colt M1911 design, the Mark I and Mark II models, offered in the mid 1980s were developed to fire the powerful.45 Winchester Magnum round. At various times, conversion kits were sold allowing the pistol to fire other rounds, including.45 ACP,10 mm Auto, and.357 Magnum. Later, the Mark IV model was designed specifically to handle high pressure.44 Magnum loads, the 357/45 Grizzly WinMag. 357-.45 GWM was a powerful wildcat round designed for the LAR Grizzly pistol. Special models with 8 and 10 barrels for hunting and silhouette competition were also produced, a Grizzly caliber conversion kit typically included a barrel, a magazine, an ejector, an extractor, a barrel bushing, and a recoil spring. Some also included a bushing type recoil compensator and a wrench for use with the compensator. The standard recoil spring used in the Mark I and II pistols chambered for the.45 Winchester Magnum has a 27lb rating, compared to the 16lb rating for a standard 1911 pistol chambered for 45acp. The heavy spring, combined with the inertia of the massive slide, results in a manageable recoil impulse without resorting to the gas operation of the Desert Eagle. The absence of any small, easily fouled gas ports makes the LAR Grizzly capable of firing cast lead bullets reliably, the Grizzly pistol design does not utilize the double-tapered barrel tenon accuracy enhancement patented by Perry Arnett. Most of the parts used in the Grizzly Mark I pistol are standard parts per the 1911 ordnance drawings. Magazines for 10mm and 45ACP contain a metal insert that reduces the effective cartridge length capacity of the magazine. Magazines intended to chamber the 10mm round have modified feed lips, the overall magazine dimensions are identical to the standard 45WM magazine. LAR Grizzly pistols modified to accept standard 10mm magazines exist, but this was not a factory modification
15.
.500 S&W Magnum
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Its primary design purpose was as a hunting handgun cartridge capable of taking all North American game species. Smith & Wesson had been at the forefront when developing powerful handgun cartridges such as the.357 S&W Magnum, however, since 1960 the company’s.44 Remington Magnum, which it had developed in partnership with Remington, was eclipsed by the.454 Casull. Since then, several other more powerful cartridges had been developed by Action Arms, Linebaugh, Ruger, Wildey, and Winchester for repeating handguns. In 1971 Smith & Wesson had experienced a surge in orders for their Model 29 revolver in the.44 Magnum cartridge with which S&W production was not able to keep up. Available Model 29 revolvers were being sold for two to three times the retail price, due to the low supply and high demand for the revolver. This surge in demand was due to the Dirty Harry movie, with the entry of the.500 S&W Magnum and the Model 500 revolver, Smith & Wesson recaptured the title of the most powerful handgun, and with it an increase in sales. The.500 Smith & Wesson Magnum was designed from the outset to be the most powerful production handgun cartridge, S&W product manager Herb Belin proposed the idea of developing the revolver and cartridge to the S&W sales team. With the backing of the team, the project was approved by S&W President Bob Scott. The ammunition would be developed by Cor-Bon and Peter Pi in partnership with the S&W X-Gun engineering team of Brett Curry Lead Design Engineer, Rich Mikuta, and Tom Oakley. Eleven months later on January 9,2003, the team unveiled the S&W Model 500 revolver, according to Belin, the cartridge was designed from its inception to be substantially more powerful than any other production handgun cartridge before it. Cor-Bon would later go on to develop the.500 S&W Special cartridge, the.500 S&W Magnum is a semi-rimmed, straight cartridge optimized for use in revolvers. The cartridge is designed to headspace on its rim, the.500 S&W Magnum was designed to fire a bullet with a diameter of.500 in unlike the.500 Linebaugh, which fires a.510 in bullet. SAAMI compliant.500 S&W Magnum cartridge schematic, All dimensions in inches, the.500 S&W Magnum has a maximum working pressure of 60,000 psi. However, most factory ammunition is limited to 50,000 psi to help ease extraction of fired cases, the cylinders of the S&W Model 500 revolver are engineered to be capable of withstanding 50% over pressure. Regular proof-load testing is performed at 20% over pressure, cylinder bore ∅ is given as.500 in. SAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel with each groove being.130 in wide, a barrel with a bore ∅ of.4880 in and a groove ∅ of.4983 in is also recommended. The recommended twist rate is 1 in 18.75 in, while the overall length is given as 2.300 inches by many sources, some revolvers will not be able to accept cartridges with bullets seated to this overall length. This is because the cylinders of the revolvers are too short to accommodate such cartridges, the now-discontinued Taurus Raging Bull 500 is an example of one such revolver
16.
Metallic silhouette shooting
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Metallic silhouette shooting is a group of target shooting disciplines that involves shooting at steel targets representing game animals at varying distances, seeking to knock the metal target over. Metallic silhouette shooting can be done with airguns, black-powder firearms, modern handguns, a related genre is shot with bow and arrow, the metal targets being replaced with cardboard or foam. The targets used are rams, turkeys, pigs, and chickens, Metallic silhouette is descended from an old Mexican sport, dating back to the early 1900s, where live game animals were staked out at varying distances as targets. By 1948, metal cutouts of the animals were used instead of animals. Because of the sports Mexican roots, in America the silhouettes are often referred to by terms from several varieties of American Spanish, namely Gallina, Jabali, Guajalote, the first silhouette range constructed in the United states was in 1967 at Nogales, Arizona. Growth was steady until 1973 when the NRA become involved in the sport, by the mid 1980s it was the fastest growing gun sport to ever hit the United states. The International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union is the international federation controlling Metallic Silhouette for both rifle and pistol competitions. There are some differences between the international federations IMSSU rules and those of the NRA and IHMSA, but it is generally possible to compete in all with the same equipment. At this point, the NRA has stopped holding their national championship match for pistol silhouette, Silhouette shooting is growing in popularity in Canada. The Silhouette Rifle Association of Canada is the body for Rifle Metallic Silhouette Target Shooting in Canada. Sanctions the Canadian National Rifle Silhouette Championships hosted each year by one of the participating provincial silhouette associations, the Canadian Nationals adhere to NRA silhouette rules and regulations. Targets are set up in groups of 5 of each kind, each group of targets must be shot left to right, if a target is missed then the next shot is taken at the next target. Any target hit out of order is considered a miss, targets are engaged in order of distance, chickens, pigs, turkeys, rams. The target must be knocked down or pushed off the stand in order to score a hit. Shooters are allowed to have a spotter with them, who watches where the shots land and advises the shooter on corrections to make. All disciplines require a minimum of 10 shots at each type of target, for a minimum of 40 shots per match, normal matches are 40,60,80, or 120 shots. To score a hit, the target must be knocked off its stand, scores are recorded as the number of hits per rounds fired, so 30 hits with 40 shots would be a score of 30x40. A tie can be broken in one of two ways, A sudden death shoot-off, used at all National and large regional competitions, master class and AAA shooters would shoot at Turkeys, AA class shoot at Rams, A shoots at Chickens and B class shoots at Pigs
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Big-game hunting
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Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game, almost always large terrestrial mammals, for meat, other animal by-products, trophy or sport. The term is associated with the hunting of Africas Big Five game. Along with the big five animals, many species are hunted including kudu, antelope. Moose, elk, caribou, bison, mule deer, and white-tailed deer are the largest game hunted in North America, big-game hunting is conducted in Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. In Africa, lion, Cape buffalo, elephant, giraffe, in North America, animals such as bear, wolf, caribou, moose, elk, alligator, boar, sheep and bison are hunted. In South America, deer and other species are hunted, in Europe, sheep, boar, goats, elk, deer, and other species are hunted. In Asia, several species of deer, bear, sheep, in Australia, several species of deer and wild boar are hunted. Hunting of big game for food is an ancient practice, dating back thousands of years and it is associated in Europe with the appearance of the Aurignacian culture, although bone fractures on Neanerthal fossils suggest a possible earlier appearance. Based on cave paintings, it appears that early man hunted mammoth in groups, using a combination of spears or large rocks, various big-game hunting methods have been developed over centuries. The main methods in use today are stalking, ambush, driving, trapping or a combination thereof, calling and baiting may be used to increase the effectiveness of any method or combination. The stalking method consists of following the animal until the kill can be made, generally the hunter approaches the game stealthily - camouflaging his appearance, scent or sound depending on which sense is most likely to reveal him to his prey under the conditions. Stalks can routinely persist for days for certain game under certain conditions, tracking game for stalking is a skill that has been learned by hunters since pre-historic times, and is used to with great success today. Ground blinds, tree stands, cocking-cloths, dugout blinds, all of these blinds are used in the ambush method. Cocking-cloths, or stalking blinds, are used in stalking prey, generally, baiting big-game includes the use of blinds, all the methods described herein may be used in combination. Driving game, as a method, is the act of directing the movement of the animal in order to kill it. Game may be driven to a trap, to a fall that will kill it, such as over a cliff, the use of vehicles in stalking and driving game can increase the hunters range and speed, and therefore, his effectiveness. Vehicles may also be used as blinds, ground and air vehicles have been used in hunting big game, both for scouting game location and for the stalk. By far the most common used by hunters is the firearm
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.44 Magnum
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The.44 Remington Magnum, or simply.44 Magnum, and frequently.44 Mag, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After its introduction, it was adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the.44 designation, guns chambered for the.44 Magnum round, and its parent, the.44 Magnum is based on a lengthened.44 Special case, loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity. The.44 Magnum cartridge was the end result of years of tuned handloading of the.44 Special, the.44 Special, and other large-bore handgun cartridges, were being loaded with heavy bullets, pushed at higher than normal velocities for better hunting performance. One of these handloaders was Elmer Keith, a writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century, Elmer Keith settled on the.44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger.45 Colt. At the time, the selection of.44 caliber projectiles for handloaders was more varied, also, the.44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the.45 Colt case. In revolvers of the cylinder size, this meant the.44 caliber revolvers had thicker. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a burst cylinder, Keith encouraged Smith & Wesson and Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, and revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wessons first.44 Magnum revolver, the Model 29, was built on December 15,1955, julian Hatcher, and Elmer Keith received two of the first production models. Hatchers review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the.44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March,1956 issue of the magazine, Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956. By the summer of 1956, Sturm, Ruger became aware of this project, Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November,1956. The film Dirty Harry, prominently featuring the S&W M29, contributed to that models popularity, Ruger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the Ruger Model 44 chambered for.44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with a lever action Model 1894 in.44 Magnum, the. 38-40 Winchester and. 32-20 Winchester were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms. In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the.44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, the.44 Magnum delivers a large, heavy bullet with high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the hands, especially for shooters of smaller build or with small hands. Although marketed as a.44 caliber, the.44 Magnum, the.44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of heeled bullets, used in the later 19th century. In those times, bullets were measured on the outside of the cartridge, not the inside of the cartridge
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.454 Casull
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The.454 Casull is a firearm cartridge, developed as a wildcat cartridge in 1957 by Dick Casull and Jack Fullmer. It was first announced in November 1959 by Guns & Ammo magazine, the basic design was a lengthened and structurally improved.45 Colt case. The wildcat cartridge finally went mainstream in 1997, when Ruger began chambering its Super Redhawk in this caliber, Taurus followed with the Raging Bull model in 1998 and the Taurus Raging Judge Magnum in 2010. The.45 Schofield and.45 Colt cartridges can fit into the. 454s chambers, the.454 Casull was finally commercialized in 1998, when SAAMI published its first standards for the cartridge. The round is one of the most powerful handgun cartridges in production, the.454 Casull generates almost 5 times the recoil of the.45 Long Colt, and about 75% more recoil energy than the.44 Magnum. It can deliver a 250 grain bullet with a velocity of over 1,900 feet per second. One Buffalo Bore loading drives a heavier 300 grain JFN bullet at 1,650 ft/s for 1,813 ft-lb of muzzle energy, the.454 Casull round is primarily intended for hunting medium or large game, metallic silhouette shooting, and bear protection. The.460 Smith & Wesson Magnum cartridge introduced in 2005 is basically a lengthened.454 Casull cartridge and has the diameter as a.45 Colt or.454 Casull. Therefore, revolvers chambered for the.460 S&W will also chamber the.454 Casull, the.45 Colt, List of cartridges by caliber List of handgun cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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.460 S&W Magnum
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The.460 S&W Magnum round is a powerful revolver cartridge designed for long-range handgun hunting in the Smith & Wesson Model 460 revolver. The.460 S&W round is a lengthened, more powerful version of the popular.454 Casull, itself a longer and more powerful version of the.45 Colt. Consequently, firearms that fire.460 S&W are usually capable of firing the less powerful.454 Casull.45 Colt and.45 Schofield rounds, for instance, some lever-action firearms are designed to handle cartridges within a certain length and bullet profile range. The reverse, however, does not apply.45 Schofield.45 Colt, the length of the.460 S&W was intended to fully use the overall length of the S&W X frame cylinder thereby increasing its powder capacity. The.460 cartridge achieves high velocities by operating at chamber pressures normally reserved for magnum rifle cartridges, Smith & Wesson says that the.460 S&W is the highest velocity revolver cartridge in the world, firing bullets at up to 2409 ft/s. For comparison, Hornadys 9249 load for the.500 S&W Magnum cartridge offers a bit more energy at the muzzle, achieving 2,868 ft lbf by driving a 300 grain FTX bullet at 2,075 ft/s. Buffalo Bores loading for the.500 S&W Magnum cartridge offers much less energy at the muzzle, achieving only 2,579 ft lbf by driving a 440 grain.500 caliber bullet at 1625 ft/s
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Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
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Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load, number of manufacturers currently producing complete cartridges - e. g. Norma, RWS, Hornady, Winchester, Federal, Remington, Sellier&Bellot, Prvi Partizan. May be none for obsolete and wildcat cartridges, a guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The. 30-06 Springfield is considered the limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
