1.
Bandai
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Bandai Co. Ltd. is a Japanese toy maker and former video game company, as well as the producer of a large number of plastic model kits. It was the worlds fourth-largest producer of toys, some ex-Bandai group companies produce anime and tokusatsu programs. Its headquarters is located in Taitō, Tokyo, after its merger with game developer and amusement facility operator Namco, Bandai Company is now under the management of Bandai Namco Holdings and a member of Bandai Namco Group. After group reorganisation in 2006, Bandai heads the groups Toys, in the 1960s Bandai expanded to include export sales. Bandais racing car set, which first appeared in 1962, became a huge success, the 1970s continued to see Bandai expand, with Bandai Models being established in 1971. Although not their most profitable range, Bandais 1/48 scale AFV models dominated that segment of the kit market. Bandai America Inc. was established as local US sales/marketing operation in 1978, spacewarp, a line of build-it-yourself toy rolling ball roller coasters was introduced by Bandai in the 1980s. Before the formation of Bandai Namco Holdings, Bandai had many subsidiaries, after group reorganization in 2006, they are managed under several strategic business units of the group. Further detail, In 1971, Bandai founded its subsidiary company Popy which helped to launch such as Chogokin. It was merged into its parent company in 1983, Bandai USA is the American distribution arm of Bandai that makes toy products for the U. S. market and manufactures Power Rangers, Big Hero 6, Digimon, and Ben 10 toys. Other past products include Alienators, Evolution Continues Astro Boy Beetleborgs Ben 10 Big Hero 6 Cardcaptor Sakura Cyclonians Dick Tracy D. I. C. E, jelly Jamm Bandai Visual Co. Ltd. produces and distributes many popular anime and tokusatsu titles. These titles include Cowboy Bebop, Big O, Outlaw Star, escaflowne, and the popular Gundam, Kamen Rider, Ultraman, and Super Sentai series. Their subsidiaries include the Emotion Music Company Limited, in which the logo is the Moai and they now head the Visual and Music Contents SBU. Their North American division, Bandai Visual USA was absorbed into Bandai Entertainment on July 1,2008 and their headquarters in the United States were located in Cypress, California. They had a European subsidiary named Beez Entertainment who handled European licensing & distribution rights to their library, the first part of Beez Entertainments name stood for Bandai Entertainment European Zone, as Bandai Entertainment had operations in Europe. Beez Entertainment was based in France, in addition, Bandai Visual also took over Beez Entertainment as their entry into the European market, and Beez Entertainment also continued to be part of Bandai as well. However, Bandai Entertainment is no longer acquiring licenses to new anime, also, Beez Entertainment is no longer releasing new anime in Europe. Carddass is the Bandai subsidiary responsible for releasing trading card based on popular Bandai franchises
2.
Yoshiyuki Sadamoto
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Yoshiyuki Sadamoto is a Japanese character designer, manga artist, and one of the founding members of the Gainax anime studio. Before Gainax was founded under the name, Yoshiyuki served as animator on the second animated project. His first assignment as character designer in Gainax was for Royal Space Force, The Wings of Honnêamise, Sadamoto has since had many works credited to him, one of the most notable being Neon Genesis Evangelion where he worked as a designer for the characters. Yoshiyukis three most recent films include, The Girl Who Leapt Through Time, Summer Wars, according to Yasuo Otsuka, who guided Sadamoto as a newcomer, there are only three people whom he regarded as more skillful than himself that he has met during his career. One of them is Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, the other two are Sadao Tsukioka who became a visual creator, and award-winning director Hayao Miyazaki. When Otsuka met the three men, he seems to have felt that he was taking off his hat to them at once, however, he thinks that only Miyazaki completely mastered a genuinely superior animation technique at present. He guesses, A too excellent person might despair in the group work, in general, I don’t want to draw something that I have to study further in order to draw. For example, I could not draw a medical manga because it’s impossible for me to make a lie about medicine, also things like Soccer and Baseball. I am unfamiliar with these worlds so it would be too difficult to show the actual plays, when asked about dream collaborations he revealed an interest in working with Robert Westall and Philip K. Dick but apologized These are all deceased people, sorry
3.
Video game music
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Video game music is the soundtrack that accompanies video games. Early video game music was limited to simple melodies of early sound synthesizer technology. With advances in technology, video game music has now grown to include the same breadth and complexity associated with television and film scores, while simple synthesizer pieces are still common, game music now includes full orchestral pieces and popular music. Music in video games can be heard over a title screen, options menu. Today’s soundtracks can also change depending on a player’s actions or situation, Video game music can be one of two options, original or licensed. In order to create or collect this music, teams of composers, music directors, today, original composition has included the work of film composers Harry Gregson-Williams, Trent Reznor, Hans Zimmer, Josh Mancell, Steve Jablonsky, and Michael Giacchino. The popularity of game music has expanded education and job opportunities, generated awards. At the time video games had emerged as a form of entertainment in the late 1970s, music was stored on physical medium in analog waveforms such as compact cassettes. Such components were expensive and prone to breakage under heavy use making them less ideal for use in an arcade cabinet, though in rare cases. Sound effects for the games were also generated in this fashion, an early example of such an approach to video game music was the opening chiptune in Tomohiro Nishikados Gun Fight. The first game to use a background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikados Space Invaders. It had four descending chromatic bass notes repeating in a loop, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, the first video game to feature continuous, melodic background music was Rally-X, released by Namco in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during gameplay. The decision to any music into a video game meant that at some point it would have to be transcribed into computer code by a programmer, whether or not the programmer had musical experience. Some music was original, some was public domain music such as folk songs, Sound capabilities were limited, the popular Atari 2600 home system, for example, was capable of generating only two tones, or notes, at a time. As advances were made in technology and costs fell, a definitively new generation of arcade machines. This was further improved upon by Namcos 1982 arcade game Dig Dug, Dig Dug was composed by Yuriko Keino, who also composed the music for other Namco games such as Xevious and Phozon. Home console systems also had an upgrade in sound ability beginning with the ColecoVision in 1982 capable of four channels. However, more notable was the Japanese release of the Famicom in 1983 which was released in the US as the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985
4.
.hack
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. hack is a Japanese multimedia franchise that encompasses two projects, Project. hack and. hack Conglomerate. Both projects were primarily created/developed by CyberConnect2, and published by Bandai, the series is mainly followed through anime and video game installations, and has been adapted through manga, novels and other related media. Project. hack was the first project of the. hack series and it launched in 2002 with the anime series. hack//Sign in April 2002 and the PlayStation 2 game. hack//Infection in June 2002. Project developers included Koichi Mashimo, Kazunori Ito, and Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, since then, Project. hack has spanned television, video games, manga, and novels. The four volumes, in sequence, are. hack//Infection. hack//Mutation. hack//Outbreak, and. hack//Quarantine. hack//frägment, the first. hack ORPG. It was released in only Japan, and the servers have since closed, ending all official online gameplay. hack//Enemy. The series focuses on a Wavemaster named Tsukasa, a character of a virtual-reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game called The World. Tsukasa wakes up to himself in a dungeon in The World. The situation gets worse when he discovers he is unable to log out and is trapped in the game, from then on, along with other players Tsukasa embarks on a quest to figure out the truth behind his abnormal situation. The series is influenced by psychological and sociological subjects such as anxiety, escapism, the series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 4,2002 and September 25,2002. It is distributed across North America by Bandai Entertainment. hack//Legend of the Twilight is a twelve episode anime adaption of the series written by Tatsuya Hamazaki. The series was directed by Koichi Mashimo and Koji Sawai, set in a fictional MMORPG, The World, the series focuses on twins Rena and Shugo, who receive chibi avatars in the design of the legendary. hackers known as Kite and BlackRose. After Shugo is given the Twilight Bracelet by a mysterious girl, the anime series features many of the same characters as the manga version, but with an alternative storyline. It was incorrectly called. hack//Dusk, among other names, in early fan-translated versions. hack//Liminality is a set of four DVD OVAs included with the. hack video game series for the PlayStation 2. Liminality is focused on the world as opposed to the games MMORPG The World. Separated into four volumes, each volume was released with its corresponding game, the initial episode is 45 minutes long and each subsequent episode is 30 minutes long. The video series was directed by Koichi Mashimo, written by Kazunori Itō with music by Yuki Kajiura, in Japan, it was available when the Data Flag on the memory card file in. hack//Quarantine was present, whereas the American version included Gift on the fourth Liminality DVD. It is predominantly a comedy that makes fun of everything that developed throughout the series, Character designs are deliberately simplistic. hack//AI buster, a novel released under Project. hack
5.
Computing platform
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Computing platform means in general sense, where any piece of software is executed. It may be the hardware or the system, even a web browser or other application. The term computing platform can refer to different abstraction levels, including a hardware architecture, an operating system. In total it can be said to be the stage on which programs can run. For example, an OS may be a platform that abstracts the underlying differences in hardware, platforms may also include, Hardware alone, in the case of small embedded systems. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS, this is referred to as running on bare metal, a browser in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser. An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in a scripting language. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the Microsoft Office suite as a platform, software frameworks that provide ready-made functionality. Cloud computing and Platform as a Service, the social networking sites Twitter and facebook are also considered development platforms. A virtual machine such as the Java virtual machine, applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as bytecode, which is then executed by the VM. A virtualized version of a system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac, some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform to the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it, however, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS
6.
PlayStation 2
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The PlayStation 2 is a home video game console that was developed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to the PlayStation, and is the installment in the PlayStation lineup of consoles. It was released on March 4,2000 in Japan, October 26,2000 in North America, November 24,2000 in Europe and it competed with Segas Dreamcast, Microsofts Xbox, and Nintendos GameCube in the sixth generation of video game consoles. Announced in 1999, the PlayStation 2 was the first PlayStation console to offer backwards compatibility for its predecessors DualShock controller, the PlayStation 2 is the best-selling video game console of all time, selling over 155 million units, with 150 million confirmed by Sony in 2011. More than 3,874 game titles have been released for the PS2 since launch, Sony later manufactured several smaller, lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 and well on, and in 2006, announced and launched its successor, the PlayStation 3. Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 console the following month on February 20,2013, Sony announced the PlayStation 2 on March 1,1999. The Dreamcast itself launched very successfully in North America later that year, soon after the Dreamcasts North American launch, Sony unveiled the PlayStation 2 at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20,1999. Sony showed fully playable demos of upcoming PlayStation 2 games including Gran Turismo 2000 and Tekken Tag Tournament – which showed the consoles graphic abilities, the PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves due to manufacturing delays. Another option was purchasing the console online through websites such as eBay. This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation – another major selling point over the competition, later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2s built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer and this made the console a low cost entry into the home theater market. The PS2 remained as the only active sixth generation console for over 6 months, before it would face competition from rivals, Nintendos GameCube and Microsofts Xbox. While the PlayStation 2 theoretically had the weakest specification of the three, it had a start due to its installed base plus strong developer commitment. Sony also countered the Xbox by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and Metal Gear Solid 2, Sons of Liberty. Sony cut the price of the console in May 2002 from US$299 to $199 in North America, making it the price as the GameCube. It also planned to cut the price in Japan around that time and it cut the price twice in Japan in 2003. In 2006, Sony cut the cost of the console in anticipation of the release of the PlayStation 3, Sony, unlike Sega with its Dreamcast, originally placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first few years, although that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox
7.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
8.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
9.
PAL region
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The PAL region is a television publication territory that covers most of Asia, Africa, Europe, South America and Oceania. It is so named because of the PAL television standard used in those regions, as opposed to the NTSC standard traditionally used in Japan. Most video games designated as part of the region will not play on NTSC-U/C or NTSC-J region consoles because of regional lockout, while this is the most common occurrence, some Xbox and Xbox 360 games are region-free encoded, since Microsofts policy is for publishers to decide. Sony has a policy for the PlayStation Portable, but most publishers choose not to encode a region on their UMD games. With the exception of Persona 4 Arena, PlayStation 3 Blu-ray Disc games are region-free, all Nintendo home consoles except for the Nintendo Switch have region locking either by software encoding or physical differences in media and consoles. Australia uses PAL version games only for the Wii, PlayStation 3, as most hand-held consoles use their own proprietary display system, incompatibilities of differing TV systems are not relevant. However, the regions often exist for localisation and distribution purposes. The scope of the PAL region varies with systems and publishers, the following countries and areas are normally included in a PAL region release, Along with other Middle Eastern, African, and European countries. Beginning with the Dreamcast and continuing through the generation of consoles. Games ported to PAL have historically been known for having game speed and this was especially prevalent during previous generations when 2D graphics were used almost exclusively. The gameplay of many games with an emphasis on speed, such as the original Sonic The Hedgehog for the Mega Drive, suffered in their PAL incarnations. Despite the possibility and popularity of 60 Hz PAL games, many games, particularly for the PS. Square Enix have long been criticised by PAL gamers for their poor PAL conversions, final Fantasy X runs in 50 Hz mode only, and 16. 7% slower and bordered that while prevalent in previous generations was considered inexcusable at the time of release. In stark contrast, the Dreamcast was the first system to feature PAL60, the Xbox too featured a system-wide PAL60 option in the Dashboard, with almost every game supporting PAL60. Seventh generation PAL consoles such as the Xbox 360 and Wii also feature system-wide 60 Hz support, nintendos Virtual Console service has been criticized due to PAL games running in 50 Hz only, despite the ability to run in 60 Hz mode. In recent years, few PAL releases have lacked the standard PAL mode and offered 60 Hz only, notably Metroid Prime 2, Echoes and Geist for the Nintendo GameCube, PAL NTSC Advanced Television Systems Committee standards SECAM Regional lockout
10.
Action role-playing
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These games often use action game combat systems similar to hack and slash or shooter games. Action role-playing games may also include action-adventure games that include a system and RPG mechanics. Early dungeon-crawl video games used turn-based movement, meaning if the player did not move. In Bokosuka Wars, each soldier was able to gain experience, also in 1983, Nihon Falcom released Panorama Toh for the PC-88. It was developed by Yoshio Kiya, who would go on to create the Dragon Slayer and this brand combined the role-playing genre with arcade-style action and action-adventure elements. This trend of combining role-playing elements with arcade-style action mechanics was popularized by The Tower of Druaga and it was conceived as a fantasy Pac-Man with combat, puzzle-solving, and very subtle RPG elements. A rivalry developed between the three games, with Dragon Slayer and Hydlide continuing their rivalry through subsequent sequels. The Tower of Druaga, Dragon Slayer and Hydlide were influential in Japan, Dragon Slayer was created by Yoshio Kiya, who built on the action role-playing elements of his previous game Panorama Toh, as well as The Tower of Druaga. The original Dragon Slayer, originally released for the PC-8801 computer in September 1984, is considered to be the first true action-RPG. Dragon Slayers overhead action role-playing formula was used in later games. Another early action role-playing game was Courageous Perseus, released by Cosmos Computers for Japanese computers in the month as Dragon Slayer. It was technically advanced than both Dragon Slayer and Hydlide in some ways. It featured more advanced graphics, exploration on a desert island, raft transport for sea travel to smaller isles. However, it was not as well-received, with its implementation of grinding, as well as a health-draining mechanic. T&E Softs Hydlide, released in December 1984, was created by Tokihiro Naito, Hydlide was an early open-world game, rewarding exploration in an open-world environment. The game was popular in Japan, where it sold 2 million copies across all platforms. Another early action role-playing game was Namcos 1984 arcade release Dragon Buster and it also introduced side-scrolling platform elements and a world view map similar to Super Mario Bros. released the following year. Dragon Slayer II, Xanadu, released in 1985, was a fully-fledged action role-playing game including many character stats and it also incorporated a side-scrolling view during exploration and an overhead view during battle, though some rooms were also explored using an overhead view
11.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing game
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As in all RPGs, the player assumes the role of a character and takes control over many of that characters actions. MMORPGs are played throughout the world, worldwide revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005, and Western revenues exceeded a billion dollars in 2006. In 2008, the spending on subscription MMORPGs by consumers in North American, World of Warcraft, a popular MMORPG, has over 10 million subscribers as of November 2014. World of Warcrafts total revenue was $1.04 billion US dollars in 2014, Star Wars, The Old Republic, released in 2011, became the worlds Fastest-Growing MMOG Ever after gaining more than 1 million subscribers within the first three days of its launch. Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their decedents, many of them share the basic characteristics. The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional fantasy themes, some employ hybrid themes that either merge or replace fantasy elements with those of science fiction, sword and sorcery, or crime fiction. Still, others draw thematic material from American comic books, the occult, often these elements are developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving quests, monsters, and loot. In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the character is the primary goal. Traditionally, combat with monsters and completing quests for non-player characters, the accumulation of wealth is also a way to progress in many MMORPGs, and this is also traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes referred to as the level treadmill. The role-playing game Progress Quest was created as a parody of this trend, eve Online trains skills in real time rather than using experience points as a measure of progression. In some MMORPGs, there is no limit to a player’s level, MMORPGs that use this model often glorify top ranked players by displaying their avatars on the game’s website or posting their stats on a high score screen. Another common practice is to enforce a maximum level for all players. Once reached, the definition of a player’s progression changes, instead of being awarded primarily with experience for completing quests and dungeons, the player’s motivation to continue playing will be replaced with collecting money and equipment. Often, the range of equipment available at the maximum level will have increased aesthetic value to distinguish high ranking players in game between lower ranked players. Colloquially known as gear, this set of empowered weapons. Player motivation to outperform others is fueled by acquiring such items and is a significant determining factor in their success or failure in combat-related situations, also traditional in the genre is the eventual demand on players to team up with others in order to progress at the optimal rate. This sometimes forces players to change their schedules in order to keep up with the game-world
12.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
13.
.hack//Liminality
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Liminality was separated into four volumes, each volume was released with its corresponding game. The initial episode is 45 minutes long, while subsequent episodes are 30 minutes long, the video series was directed by Koichi Mashimo, written by Kazunori Itō with music by Yuki Kajiura. Primary Animation production was handled by Mashimos studio Bee Train which collaborated for the four games as well as handled major production on. hack//Sign. The games were packaged with DVDs featuring episodes of. hack//Liminality, the OVA series was meant to give perspective on fictional events happening in the real world outside the game. Vol.1, In The Case of Mai Minase Vol.2, In The Case of Yuki Aihara Vol.3, In The Case of Kyoko Tohno Vol.4, Trismegistus The episode starts when Tokuoka was kicked out of CC Corp. Mai and her boyfriend, Tomonari Kasumi, are taken to a due to both of them collapsing while playing a MMORPG called The World. Despite Mai waking up shortly after arriving at the hospital, Tomonari remains in a coma, for this, Mai is the object of rumors, especially when the clubhouse is closed after the incident. It is soon revealed that she heard a certain sound shortly before collapsing, and she discovers that it is A in C major. It was this sound that enabled her to wake up, and she meets Junichiro Tokuoka, and although she distrusts him at the beginning, as they investigate into Tomonaris coma, they soon become allies, if not friends. The investigation itself starts with Tokuoka accessing Tomonaris account on The World, Tokuoka accidentally opens the e-mail, and discovers that two users, Yukichin and Kyo, are close with Tomonari and have been harassing him with e-mails regarding his absence. It is also revealed during the course of the episode that Tomonari took the name Sieg as a contraction of Siegfried, from Richard Wagners operatic cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Tokuoka and Mais investigation leads them to break into G-study, in order to attempt to recreate the situation so that they can find out why Mai. The sound starts up again when they enter a field, and although Mai saves herself, in desperation, Mai destroys the monitor and the computer that they were using, and drags him outside, where a splash of rainwater wakes him up. After that, the two pledge to find out just what C. C. Corp. is hiding, and what it will take to wake everyone up. An interesting easter egg is if you turn on the subtitles, in the scene where Tomonaris friend is fixing the computer and those keywords in the Theta server lead to where the Soul Blades reside. Tokuoka and Mai are on their way to meet with Yuki, Tokuoka gets stuck in traffic, and Mai goes to the library in Tokyo to attempt to look up information. During this time, she hears the sound, meanwhile, Yuki is watching a movie when suddenly THE WORLD flashes on the screen, the power goes out, and the employees attempt to evacuate the building. Yuki runs into a woman who works at the building
14.
.hack//Sign
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. hack//Sign is an anime television series directed by Kōichi Mashimo and produced by studio Bee Train and Bandai Visual, that makes up one of the four original storylines of the. hack franchise. Twenty six original episodes aired in 2002 on TV and three additional episodes were released on DVD as original video animations. The series features character design by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, known for his work on Evangelion, and screenplay by Kazunori Itō, the series focuses on a Wavemaster named Tsukasa, a player character of a virtual-reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game called The World. Tsukasa wakes up to himself in a dungeon in The World. The situation gets worse when he discovers he is unable to log out and is trapped in the game, from then on, along with other players Tsukasa embarks on a quest to figure out the truth behind his abnormal situation. The show premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 4,2002 and September 25,2002 and it was distributed across North America by Bandai Entertainment. It relies on character development and has few action scenes, most of the character interaction is presented in the form of dialogue. The results are described as catastrophic, traffic lights shut down, planes collide in midair, as a consequence, cyberspace is subjected to severe restrictions. The virus affects all operating systems except for one, Altimit OS, two years later free access to the networks recovers, bringing with it the release of The World, the first online game since Plutos Kiss, developed for Altimit OS. At the center of each server is a Root Town, which contain shops, a point. Harald Hoerwick is introduced as the creator of The World and he secretly designed the game as a virtual womb in order to create the ultimate artificial intelligence, by receiving emotional and psychological data from the players. His motivation is revealed to be the death of Emma Wielant, a German poet whom he was in love with, the AI, who was named Aura, would serve as the daughter they never had. Harald left the gathering of the data for Auras development at the care of the core system of The World itself. Despite being a fantasy quest type adventure, it does not rely on action sequences, instead, the show is driven by mystery, slowly revealing its secrets to the viewer while paying much attention to the individual characters. Questions like what happened to Tsukasa in the world, who he really is. Soon after the beginning of the series Tsukasa is led to a hidden area, there he meets Morganna, depicted as a voice without physical appearance, and Aura, who appears as a young girl clad entirely in white, floating asleep above a bed. The storyline introduces Morganna as an ally, but her intentions are unknown at this point. As the story progresses many characters are introduced, some who want to help, then more questions arise as to what is happening in the game itself, who are these various characters, what are their true goals and what will happen to Tsukasa
15.
Video game remake
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A video game remake is a video game closely adapted from an earlier title, usually for the purpose of modernizing a game for newer hardware and contemporary audiences. Typically, a remake of such game software shares essentially the same title, fundamental gameplay concepts, a remake typically shares very little of the original assets and code with the original game, distinguishing it from an enhanced port, partial remake, or remastering. Remakes are often made by the developer or copyright holder. If created by the community, video game remakes are sometimes also called fan game, a remake offers a newer interpretation of an older work, characterized by updated or changed assets. A remake typically maintains the story, genre, and fundamental gameplay ideas of the original work. The intent of a remake is usually to take a game that has become outdated and update it for a new platform. A remake may also include expanded stories, often to conform to the conventions of contemporary games or later titles in the series in order to make a game marketable to a new audience. However, elements that had not become dated, like the narrative, puzzles, another example is Black Mesa, a Half-Life 2 mod that improves in-game textures, assets and models, and facial animations, while taking place in the events of the original Half-Life game. A port is a conversion of a game to a new platform that relies heavily on existing work, a port that contains a great deal of remade assets may sometimes be considered a remastering or partial remake. In the early history of games, remakes were generally regarded as conversions. Due to limited and often highly divergent hardware, games appearing on platforms usually had to be entirely remade. These conversions often included considerable changes to the graphics and gameplay, and could be regarded retroactively as remakes, a conversion is created with the primary goal of tailoring a game to a specific piece of hardware, usually contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous with the original release. In 1980, Atari released the first officially licensed home console conversion of an arcade title, Taitos 1978 hit Space Invaders. The game became the first killer app for a game console by quadrupling the systems sales. In 1985, Sega released a pair of arcade remakes of older video games. Pitfall II, Lost Caverns was effectively a remake of both the original Pitfall. and its sequel with new layouts and colorful, detailed graphics. This version was successful, and later adapted to the Master System. Both of these games were distinguished from most earlier conversions in that took major liberties with the source material
16.
.hack//G.U.
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. hack//G. U. is a series of single-player action role-playing games for the PlayStation 2, developed by CyberConnect2 and published by Bandai Namco Games. Simulates a massively multiplayer online role-playing game as the controls a character who starts playing it. The story focuses on a player named Haseo who hunts a player nicknamed Tri-Edge who defeated his friend Shino, Haseo comes into contact with other players who know of Tri-Edge and wish to stop him. The reason for Shino and several other players falling into a coma is connected with AIDA, during the release of the games in Japan, Bee Train produced an anime titled. hack//Roots that tells Haseos first days in The World. The series has also adapted into a manga, a light novel. The first game got higher scores, critics praised the addition of new features while parts from the story have been labeled as fillers. hack//G. U. Simulates a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, players assume the role of a participant in a game called The World. While in The World, the controls the on-screen player character, Haseo. The player may control the camera using the controllers right analog stick. Within the fictional game, players explore monster-infested fields and dungeons as well as Root Towns that are free of combat. They also can log-off from the game and return to a desktop interface which includes in-game e-mail, news. In Reminisce, a card game called Crimson VS becomes available. The player may save the game to a memory card both from the desktop and within The World at a Save Shop. After the player completes the game, a Data Flag appears on the save file and this can also be applied to previous games if the player first finished the Reminisce or Redemption. Players can attack monsters in real time, however, the action pauses whenever the menu is opened in order to select magic to cast, items to use, or skills to perform. The player only directly controls Haseo, while the characters are controlled by artificial intelligence. The player may either provide guidelines or issue commands to the computer-controlled characters. Monsters roam the environments freely or guard treasure chests, once combat is initiated, via a surprise attack or the player being spotted, a wall erects around the combat area to prevent escape
17.
Player character
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A player character or playable character is a fictional character in a role-playing or video game whose actions are directly controlled by a player of the game rather than the rules of the game. The characters that are not controlled by a player are called non-player characters, the actions of non-player characters are typically handled by the game itself in video games, or according to rules followed by a gamemaster refereeing tabletop role-playing games. The player character functions as a fictional, alternate body for the player controlling it, video games typically have one player character for each person playing the game. Some games offer a group of characters for the player to choose from. Where more than one character is available, the characters may have different abilities, strengths. A player character may sometimes be based on a real person, historical people and leaders may sometimes appear as characters too, particularly in strategy or empire building games such as in Sid Meiers Civilization series. Such a player character is properly an avatar as the player characters name. Avatars are also seen in casino game simulations. In many video games, and especially first-person shooters, the character is a blank slate without any notable characteristics or even backstory. Pac-Man, Crono, Link and Chell are examples of such characters and these characters are generally silent protagonists. Some games will go further, never showing or naming the player-character at all. This is somewhat common in first-person videogames, such as in Myst, having many different characters to play as and against, all possessing different moves and abilities, is necessary to create a larger gameplay variety in such games. In role playing games such as Dungeons and Dragons or Final Fantasy, the character is usually of a certain race and class, each with strengths and weaknesses. The attributes of the characters are given as numerical values which can be increased as the gamer progresses and gains rank, a secret or unlockable character may be a playable character in a video game available after completing the game or meeting other requirements
18.
Desktop environment
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The desktop environment was seen mostly on personal computers until the rise of mobile computing. Desktop GUIs help the user to access and edit files. Instead, the traditional command-line interface is used when full control over the operating system is required. A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers, a GUI might also provide drag and drop functionality and other features that make the desktop metaphor more complete. While the term desktop environment originally described a style of user interfaces following the desktop metaphor and this usage has been popularized by projects such as the Common Desktop Environment, K Desktop Environment, and GNOME. On a system offers a desktop environment, a window manager in conjunction with applications written using a widget toolkit are generally responsible for most of what the user sees. The window manager supports the user interactions with the environment, while the toolkit provides developers a software library for applications with a unified look, a windowing system of some sort generally interfaces directly with the underlying operating system and libraries. This provides support for hardware, pointing devices, and keyboards. The window manager generally runs on top of this windowing system, applications that are created with a particular window manager in mind usually make use of a windowing toolkit, generally provided with the operating system or window manager. A windowing toolkit gives applications access to widgets that allow the user to interact graphically with the application in a consistent way, the first desktop environment was created by Xerox and was sold with the Xerox Alto in the 1970s. The Alto was generally considered by Xerox to be an office computer, it failed in the marketplace because of poor marketing. With the Lisa, Apple introduced a desktop environment on a personal computer. The desktop metaphor was popularized on commercial personal computers by the original Macintosh from Apple in 1984, Microsoft Windows dominates in marketshare among personal computers with a desktop environment. Among the more popular of these are Googles Chromebooks and Chromeboxes, Intels NUC, on tablets and smartphones, the situation is the opposite, with Unix-like operating systems dominating the market, including the iOS, Android, Tizen, Sailfish and Ubuntu. Microsofts Windows phone, Windows RT and Windows 10 are used on a smaller number of tablets. On systems running the X Window System, desktop environments are more dynamic. All these individual modules can be exchanged and independently configured to suit users, not all of the program code that is part of a desktop environment has effects which are directly visible to the user. Some of it may be low-level code, KDE, for example, provides so-called KIO slaves which give the user access to a wide range of virtual devices
19.
Memory card
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A memory card, flash card or memory cartridge is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. PC Cards were the first commercial memory card formats to come out, since 1994, a number of memory card formats smaller than the PC Card arrived, the first one was CompactFlash later SmartMedia and Miniature Card. The desire for smaller cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend that left the previous generation of compact cards looking big, in digital cameras SmartMedia and CompactFlash had been very successful. In 2001, SM alone captured 50% of the camera market. By 2005 however, SD/MMC had nearly taken over SmartMedias spot, though not to the level and with stiff competition coming from Memory Stick variants. In industrial and embedded fields, even the venerable PC card memory cards still manage to maintain a niche, while in mobile phones and PDAs, since 2010, new products of Sony and Olympus have been offered with an additional SD-Card slot. Effectively the format war has turned in SD-Cards favor, PCMCIA ATA Type I Card PCMCIA Type II, Type III cards CompactFlash Card, CompactFlash High-Speed CompactFlash Type II, CF+, CF3. MU-Flash C-Flash SIM card Smart card UFC FISH Universal Transportable Memory Card Standard Intelligent Stick SxS memory card, SxS complies to the ExpressCard industry standard. Nexflash Winbond Serial Flash Module cards, size range 1 mb,2 mb and 4 mb, many older video game consoles used memory cards to hold saved game data. Cartridge-based systems primarily used battery-backed volatile RAM within each individual cartridge to hold saves for that game, cartridges without this RAM may have used a password system, or wouldnt save progress at all. The Neo Geo AES, released in 1990 by SNK, was the first video game console able to use a memory card, AES memory cards were also compatible with Neo-Geo MVS arcade cabinets, allowing players to migrate saves between home and arcade systems and vice versa. Memory cards became commonplace when home consoles moved to read-only optical discs for storing the game program, until the sixth generation of video game consoles, memory cards were based on proprietary formats, later systems have used established industry hardware formats for memory cards, such as FAT32. Comparison of memory cards Hot swapping
20.
Artificial intelligence (video games)
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In video games, artificial intelligence is used to generate intelligent behaviors primarily in non-player characters, often simulating human-like intelligence. The techniques used typically draw upon existing methods from the field of artificial intelligence, however, the term game AI is often used to refer to a broad set of algorithms that also include techniques from control theory, robotics, computer graphics and computer science in general. Video game AI has come a long way in the sense that it has revolutionized the way humans interact with all forms of technology and this, for example, is true in first-person shooter games, where NPCs otherwise perfect aiming would be beyond human skill. Game playing was an area of research in AI from its inception, one of the first examples of AI is the computerised game of Nim made in 1951 and published in 1952. In 1951, using the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of Manchester, Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers program and these were among the first computer programs ever written. Arthur Samuels checkers program, developed in the middle 50s and early 60s, work on checkers and chess would culminate in the defeat of Garry Kasparov by IBMs Deep Blue computer in 1997. The first video games developed in the 1960s and early 1970s, the first notable ones for the arcade appeared in 1974, the Taito game Speed Race and the Atari games Qwak and Pursuit. Two text-based computer games from 1972, Hunt the Wumpus and Star Trek, enemy movement was based on stored patterns. The incorporation of microprocessors would allow more computation and random elements overlaid into movement patterns, galaxian added more complex and varied enemy movements, including maneuvers by individual enemies who break out of formation. Pac-Man introduced AI patterns to maze games, with the added quirk of different personalities for each enemy, karate Champ later introduced AI patterns to fighting games, although the poor AI prompted the release of a second version. First Queen was a tactical action RPG which featured characters that can be controlled by the computers AI in following the leader. Games like Madden Football, Earl Weaver Baseball and Tony La Russa Baseball all based their AI on an attempt to duplicate on the computer the coaching or managerial style of the selected celebrity. Madden, Weaver and La Russa all did extensive work with game development teams to maximize the accuracy of the games. Later sports titles allowed users to tune variables in the AI to produce a player-defined managerial or coaching strategy, the emergence of new game genres in the 1990s prompted the use of formal AI tools like finite state machines. Real-time strategy games taxed the AI with many objects, incomplete information, pathfinding problems, real-time decisions, the first games of the genre had notorious problems. Herzog Zwei, for example, had almost broken pathfinding and very basic three-state state machines for unit control, later games in the genre exhibited more sophisticated AI. Later games have used bottom-up AI methods, such as the emergent behaviour, façade was released in 2005 and used interactive multiple way dialogs and AI as the main aspect of game. Games have provided an environment for developing artificial intelligence with potential applications beyond gameplay, examples include Watson, a Jeopardy. -playing computer, and the RoboCup tournament, where robots are trained to compete in soccer
21.
Boss (video gaming)
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In video gaming, a boss is a significant computer-controlled enemy. A fight with a character is commonly referred to as a boss battle or boss fight. A boss enemy is quite larger in size than other enemies. Most commonly, bosses are very hard or impossible to defeat without knowing the correct fighting approach, Bosses take strategy and special knowledge to defeat, such as how to attack weak points or avoiding specific attacks. The first interactive game to feature a boss was dnd, a 1975 role-playing video game for the PLATO system, one of the earliest dungeon crawls, dnd implemented many of the core concepts behind Dungeons & Dragons. The objective of the game is to retrieve an Orb from the bottommost dungeon, the orb is kept in a treasure room guarded by a high-level enemy named the Gold Dragon. Only by defeating the Dragon can the player claim the orb, complete the game, a 1980 example is the fixed shooter Phoenix, where the player ship must fight a giant mothership in the fifth and final level. Bosses are usually more difficult than regular enemies, can sustain a lot more damage, while most games include a mixture of boss opponents and regular opponents, some games have only regular opponents and some games have only bosses. Some bosses require the player to them in a certain way that may be unusual to normal attacks, such as using a certain weapon. Story-centered bosses sometimes require certain prerequisites to be performed during the fight for the player to succeed, some bosses are encountered several times through a single game, typically with alternate attacks and a different strategy required to defeat it each time. Boss battles are seen as dramatic events. As such, they are characterized with unique music and cutscenes before. Recurring bosses and final bosses may have their own theme music to distinguish them from other boss battles. A miniboss, also known as a boss, mid-boss, half-boss, sub-boss. Some minibosses are simply stronger versions of enemies, like in the Kirby games. Some well known video game characters who take the role of a miniboss are Dark Link, Vile. A superboss is a type of boss most commonly found in role-playing video games and they are considered optional enemies, though optional bosses are not all superbosses, and do not have to be defeated to complete the game. For example, in Final Fantasy VII, the player may choose to out and fight the Ruby
22.
Health (gaming)
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Health is an attribute assigned to entities within a role-playing or video game that indicates its state in combat. Health is usually measured in hit points or health points, often shortened as HP, when the HP of a player character reaches zero, the player may lose a life or their character might become incapacitated or die. When the HP of an enemy reaches zero, the player might be rewarded in some way, any entity within a game could have a health value, including the player character, non-player characters and objects. Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value, health might be displayed as a numeric value, such as 50/100. Here, the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has and the second number indicates the entitys maximum HP. In video games, health can also be displayed graphically, such as with a bar that empties itself when an entity loses health, icons that are chipped away from, dungeons & Dragons co-creator Dave Arneson described the origin of hit points in a 2002 interview. Players became attached to their heroes and did not want them to die every time they lost a die roll, players were thus given multiple hit points which were incrementally decreased as they took damage. Arneson took the concept, along with class, from a set of a naval American Civil War games rules. One of the first video games to use a health meter was Namcos 1984 video game Dragon Buster. This allowed players in games to withstand multiple hits before losing a life. A visual power meter representing stamina was also used earlier in Nintendos 1983 arcade game Punch-Out. in action video games as well as in role-playing games, health points can usually be depleted by attacking the entity. A defense attribute might reduce the amount of HP that is lost when a character is damaged and it is common in role-playing games for a characters maximum health and defense attributes to be gradually raised as the character levels up. In game design, it is deemed important that a player is aware of it when they are losing health, author Scott Rogers states that health should deplete in an obvious manner, because with every hit, a player is closer to losing their life. The display of health also helps to dramatize the near-loss of a life, player characters can often restore their health points by consuming certain items, such as health potions, food or first-aid kits. Staying a night at an inn fully restores a characters health in many role-playing video games, in general, the different methods of regenerating health has its uses in a particular genre. In action games, this method is quick, whereas role-playing games feature slower paced methods to match the gameplay. Some video games feature automatically regenerating health, where lost health points are regained over time and this can be useful to not cripple the player, making them still able to continue even after losing lots of health. This mechanic initially appeared in action role-playing games, with examples including the Hydlide series, the Ys series
23.
Password (video gaming)
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They are rarely used today, having been largely supplanted by saved games. Passwords were used when storage was either impossible or expensive, on early ROM cartridges, games could not be saved without an additional memory card being integrated into the game, significantly increasing the manufacturing cost. These costs were particularly a concern on low volume titles by smaller third-party developers, in the fifth generation of video game consoles, passwords retained practical use in conserving memory blocks. Some modern video games still use passwords as a homage to the days of gaming, or for some other advantage. The complexity of passwords depends mostly on the number of variables stored, in games that only require the stage variable to be stored, a single word, with or without meaning, is sufficient. More complex games often base their passwords on several characters combined by an algorithm, while it is possible to translate saves into passwords even from the most complex titles, the practical use of them is very questionable. In games such as role-playing video games, where dozens of stats have to be stored, in other languages with more characters, passwords can be shorter. For example, Japanese has many characters, numerals,46 to 83 each 46 normal characters 9 or 10 small characters. ぁぃぅぇぉっゃゅょ and the rarely used ゎ25 voiced characters, such as が and ぱ alphabet. 26 Japanese passwords can have more variables, for example, Japanese versions of Dragon Quest prior to the American NES version used passwords with many variables, while the North American version used a battery backup. Usually, the size and complexity of the password does not make guessing a valid password practical, however, particularly in the case of algorithmic passwords, a password can be found by pure chance. The use of passwords for saving progress has been replaced by saves, while passwords have taken on the distinct role of adding in extra characters, vehicles. For example, in Animal Crossing, passwords are used for giving items to friends, players could trade in an item for a password, and their friend could enter in the password to receive that same item. A handful of games, such as the PC-Engine version of Ys I & II contained a feature in addition to the conventional game save. Many arcade games, such as the Initial D arcade game, the hash is used to stop people forging lap times. The password can then be entered on a website to have the time added online, an alternative to this is for the arcade consoles to be networked, as via Konamis e-Amusement system. It is also common in Warcraft 3 mods, where saving data between games is virtually impossible, but generating and reading passwords is not
24.
Computer virus
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A computer virus is a type of malicious software program that, when executed, replicates by reproducing itself or infecting other computer programs by modifying them. Infecting computer programs can include as well, data files, or the sector of the hard drive. When this replication succeeds, the areas are then said to be infected with a computer virus. The term virus is also commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to types of malware. The majority of active malware threats are actually trojan horse programs or computer worms rather than computer viruses, the term computer virus, coined by Fred Cohen in 1985, is a misnomer. Virus writers use social engineering deceptions and exploit detailed knowledge of security vulnerabilities to gain access to their hosts computers and computing resources. Computer viruses currently cause billions of dollars worth of damage each year, due to causing system failure, wasting computer resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance costs. The work of von Neumann was later published as the Theory of self-reproducing automata, in his essay von Neumann described how a computer program could be designed to reproduce itself. Von Neumanns design for a computer program is considered the worlds first computer virus. In 1972, Veith Risak, directly building on von Neumanns work on self-replication, the article describes a fully functional virus written in assembler programming language for a SIEMENS 4004/35 computer system. In 1980 Jürgen Kraus wrote his diplom thesis Selbstreproduktion bei Programmen at the University of Dortmund, in his work Kraus postulated that computer programs can behave in a way similar to biological viruses. The Creeper virus was first detected on ARPANET, the forerunner of the Internet, Creeper was an experimental self-replicating program written by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies in 1971. Creeper used the ARPANET to infect DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operating system, Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message, Im the creeper, catch me if you can. The Reaper program was created to delete Creeper, in fiction, the 1973 Michael Crichton sci-fi movie Westworld made an early mention of the concept of a computer virus, being a central plot theme that causes androids to run amok. Alan Oppenheimers character summarizes the problem by stating that. theres a pattern here which suggests an analogy to an infectious disease process. To which the replies are stated, Perhaps there are similarities to disease and. In 1982, a program called Elk Cloner was the first personal computer virus to appear in the wild—that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created. Written in 1981 by Richard Skrenta while in the grade at Mount Lebanon High School near Pittsburgh, it attached itself to the Apple DOS3.3 operating system
25.
Cyberterrorism
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Cyberterrorism is the use of the Internet to conduct violent acts that result in or threaten the loss of life or significant bodily harm in order to achieve political gains through intimidation. By these narrow and broad definitions, it is difficult to identify instances of online terrorism are cyberterrorism or cybercrime. Cyberterrorism can be defined as the intentional use of computer, networks. The objectives of such terrorists may be political or ideological since this can be seen as a form of terrorism, there have been several major and minor instances of cyberterrorism. Al-Qaeda utilized the internet to communicate with supporters and even to new members. There is debate over the definition of the scope of cyberterrorism. There is variation in qualification by motivation, targets, methods, depending on context, cyberterrorism may overlap considerably with cybercrime, cyberwar or ordinary terrorism. Eugene Kaspersky, founder of Kaspersky Lab, now feels that cyberterrorism is an accurate term than cyberwar. He states that with todays attacks, you are clueless about who did it or when they strike again. There are some who say that cyberterrorism does not exist and is really a matter of hacking or information warfare, if a strict definition is assumed, then there have been no or almost no identifiable incidents of cyberterrorism, although there has been much public concern. However, there is an old saying that death or loss of property are the products of terrorism. If any incident in the world can create terror, it may be called cyberterrorism. Or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives, the term appears first in defense literature, surfacing in reports by the U. S. Army War College as early as 1998. Examples are hacking into computer systems, introducing viruses to vulnerable networks, web site defacing, Denial-of-service attacks, for the use of the Internet by terrorist groups for organization, see Internet and terrorism. Cyberterrorism can also include attacks on Internet business, but when this is done for economic rather than ideological. Cyberterrorism is limited to actions by individuals, independent groups, or organizations, any form of cyber warfare conducted by governments and states would be regulated and punishable under international law. As shown above, there are definitions of cyber terrorism. There is controversy concerning overuse of the term and hyperbole in the media, the organization possesses little target analysis, command and control, or learning capability
26.
Artificial general intelligence
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Artificial general intelligence is the intelligence of a machine that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. It is a goal of artificial intelligence research and a common topic in science fiction. Artificial general intelligence is referred to as strong AI, full AI or as the ability of a machine to perform general intelligent action. Some references emphasize a distinction between strong AI and applied AI, the use of software to study or accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks, weak AI, in contrast to strong AI, does not attempt to perform the full range of human cognitive abilities. Many different definitions of intelligence have been proposed but to date, other important capabilities include the ability to sense and the ability to act in the world where intelligent behaviour is to be observed. This would include an ability to detect and respond to hazard, many interdisciplinary approaches to intelligence tend to emphasise the need to consider additional traits such as imagination and autonomy. Computer based systems that many of these capabilities do exist. Scientists have varying ideas of what kinds of tests a human-level intelligent machine needs to pass in order to be considered an example of artificial general intelligence. A few of these include the late Alan Turing, Steve Wozniak, Ben Goertzel. A few of the tests they have proposed are, The Turing Test In the Turing Test, a machine, the Coffee Test A machine is given the task of going into an average American home and figuring out how to make coffee. It has to find the machine, find the coffee, add water, find a mug. The Robot College Student Test A machine is given the task of enrolling in a university, taking and passing the same classes that humans would, and obtaining a degree. The Employment Test A machine is given the task of working an economically important job and these are a few tests that cover a variety of qualities that a machine might need to have to be considered AGI, including the ability to reason and learn. To call a problem AI-complete reflects an attitude that it would not be solved by a specific algorithm. AI-complete problems are hypothesised to include computer vision, natural language understanding, currently, AI-complete problems cannot be solved with modern computer technology alone, and also require human computation. This property can be useful, for instance to test for the presence of humans as with CAPTCHAs, modern AI research began in the mid 1950s. The first generation of AI researchers were convinced that strong AI was possible, as AI pioneer Herbert A. Simon wrote in 1965, machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do. Their predictions were the inspiration for Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C, however, in the early 1970s, it became obvious that researchers had grossly underestimated the difficulty of the project
27.
Black box
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In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs, without any knowledge of its internal workings. Almost anything might be referred to as a box, a transistor. To analyse something, as a system, with a typical black box approach, only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for. The usual representation of black box system is a data flow diagram centered in the box. The opposite of a box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection. The modern term black box seems to have entered the English language around 1945, although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis. In cybernetics, a treatment was given by Ross Ashby in 1956. A black box was described by Norbert Wiener in 1961 as a system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification. He saw the first step in self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behavior of a black box, many other engineers, scientists and epistemologists, as Mario Bunge, used and perfected the black box theory in the 1960s. An observer makes observations over time, from this there follows the fundamental deduction that all knowledge obtainable from a Black Box is such as can be obtained by re-coding the protocol, all that, and nothing more. If the observer also controls input, the investigation turns into an experiment, when the experimenter is also motivated to control the box, there is an active feedback in the box/observer relation, promoting what in control theory is called a feed forward architecture. The modeling process is the construction of a mathematical model. A developed black box model is a model when black-box testing methods ensures that it is. With backtesting, inputs for past events are entered into the model to see how well the output matches the known results, Black box theories are things defined only in terms of their function. The observer is assumed ignorant in the first instance as the majority of data is held in an inner situation away from facile investigations. The black box theory of states that the mind is fully understood once the inputs and outputs are well-defined. In computer programming and software engineering, black box testing is used to check that the output of a program is as expected, the term black box is used because the actual program being executed is not examined. Also in computing, a black box refers to a piece of equipment provided by a vendor, for the purpose of using that vendors product and it is often the case that the vendor maintains and supports this equipment, and the company receiving the black box typically is hands-off
28.
Protagonist
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A protagonist is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama. The protagonist is at the center of the story, typically makes the key decisions, the protagonist usually affects the main characters circumstances as well, as they are often the primary actor propelling the story forward. If a story contains a subplot, or is a made up of several stories. The word protagonist is used notably in stories and forms of literature and culture that contain stories, in those forms the protagonist may simply be the leading actor, or the principal character in the story. The antagonist will provide obstacles and complications and create conflict that test the protagonist, thus revealing the strengths, the earliest known examples of protagonist are dated back to Ancient Greece. At first dramatic performances involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then in Poetics, Aristotle describes how a poet named Thespis introduced the idea of having one actor step out and engage in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, which occurred about 536 B. C, then the poet Aeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. Sophocles then wrote plays that required a third actor, euripides play Hippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists. The protagonist of the first half is Phaedra, who dies partway through the play and her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play. In Ibsen’s play The Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness, the young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist. In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist and he is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. The character of Tybalt opposes Romeo’s desires, he is the antagonist, in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist would be the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius, in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, the character Holden Caulfield is the protagonist. He is the character, and the reader is invested in his story. Sometimes, a work will have a false protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, the character Marion in Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho is an example. A novel that contains a number of narratives may have a number of protagonists, alexander Solzhenitsyns The First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a gulag camp. Leo Tolstoys War and Peace, depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war
29.
Newbie
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Newbie, newb or noob is a slang term for a novice or newcomer, or somebody inexperienced in any profession or activity. Contemporary use can particularly refer to a beginner or new user of computers, often concerning Internet activity and it can have derogatory connotations, but is also often used for descriptive purposes only, without a value judgment. Earliest uses probably date to late twentieth century United States Armed Forces jargon, variant forms of the noun include newby and newbee, while the related term noob is often used in online gaming. It may derive from newie, which is attested in U. S, in the 1960s–1970s the term newbie had a limited usage among U. S. troops in the Vietnam War as a slang term for a new man in a unit. Its earliest known usage on the Internet may have been on the Usenet newsgroup talk. bizarre, the term is believed to have entered online usage by 1981. Coming from a tradition, the term has variant spellings. Among alternative forms are newby, nubie, and newbee, two related terms are newb, a beginner who is willing to learn, and noob, a derogatory name for an inexperienced or under-talented hacker or gamer, who lacks the determination to learn. Noob was among candidates for the one-millionth English word selection by the Global Language Monitor, in Korean, the equivalent term is Chobo, the opposite is Gosu, or highly skilled. Gosu FNG, another term for new to a unit used in the Vietnam War Luser
30.
Security hacker
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A security hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground, there is a longstanding controversy about the terms true meaning. The black-hat meaning still prevails among the general public, in computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms of computer and network systems. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is often used by the mass media. That is, the media portrays the hacker as a villain, nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense. White hat is the given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a part of the information security field. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, the subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene or computer underground. It initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1960s and it is implicated with 2600, The Hacker Quarterly and the alt.2600 newsgroup. In 1980, an article in the August issue of Psychology Today used the term hacker in its title and it was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1982 film Tron, Kevin Flynn describes his intentions to break into ENCOMs computer system, CLU is the software he uses for this. By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon, but there was no public awareness about such activities. However, the release of the film WarGames that year, featuring a computer intrusion into NORAD, the Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense. Pressured by media coverage, congressman Dan Glickman called for an investigation, as a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentors The Hacker Manifesto, use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title Stalking the Wily Hacker, an article by Clifford Stoll in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM. Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. of the so-called Morris worm provoked the popular media to spread this usage, the popularity of Stolls book The Cuckoos Egg, published one year later, further entrenched the term in the publics consciousness. Several subgroups of the underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other. Eric S. Raymond, author of The New Hackers Dictionary, yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected
31.
System administrator
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A system administrator, or sysadmin, is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems, especially multi-user computers, such as servers. The system administrator seeks to ensure that the uptime, performance, resources, many organizations staff other jobs related to system administration. In a larger company, these may all be separate positions within a support or Information Services department. In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, a database administrator maintains a database system, and is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and performance of the system. A network administrator maintains network infrastructure such as switches and routers, a security administrator is a specialist in computer and network security, including the administration of security devices such as firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures. A web administrator maintains web server services that allow for internal or external access to web sites, tasks include managing multiple sites, administering security, and configuring necessary components and software. Responsibilities may also include software change management, a computer operator performs routine maintenance and upkeep, such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed drives in a redundant array of independent disks. There are multiple paths to be part of becoming a system administrator, on top of this, nowadays some companies require an IT certification. Other schools have offshoots of their Computer Science program specifically for system administration, an alternate path to becoming a system administrator is to simply dive in without formal training, learning the systems they need to support, as they do other non-IT work. This is a route for informally trained system administration, and is often the result in small organizations that lack IT departments but have gradually growing needs. These informally trained system administrators could be regarded as hackers, but they do their work in support of the needs of their organization, some schools have started offering undergraduate degrees in System Administration. The first, Rochester Institute of Technology started in 1992, others such as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of New Hampshire, Marist College, and Drexel University have more recently offered degrees in Information Technology. Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research in Pune, India offers masters degree in Computers Applications with a specialization in System Administration, the University of South Carolina offers an Integrated Information Technology B. S. degree specializing in Microsoft product support. Several U. S. universities, including Rochester Institute of Technology, Tufts, Michigan Tech, in Norway, there is a special English-taught MSc program organized by Oslo University College in cooperation with Oslo University, named Masters programme in Network and System Administration. There is also a BSc in Network and System Administration offered by Gjøvik University College, University of Amsterdam offers a similar program in cooperation with Hogeschool van Amsterdam named Master System and Network Engineering. Many schools in the world offer related graduate degrees in such as network systems. By the time a new textbook has spent years working through approvals and committees, in addition, because of the practical nature of system administration and the easy availability of open-source server software, many system administrators enter the field self-taught. Some learning institutions are reluctant to teach, what is in effect, generally, a prospective will be required to have some experience with the computer system they are expected to manage
32.
Cathedral
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A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is Dom from Latin domus ecclesiae or domus episcopalis, also Italian Duomo, Dutch Domkerk, when the church at which an archbishop or metropolitan presides is specifically intended, the term kathedrikos naos is used. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts, consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. In the Catholic tradition, the term cathedral correctly applies only to a church houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbacy serves the same function, the Catholic Church also uses the following terms. A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation and this designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues. A co-cathedral is a cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. A proto-cathedral is the cathedral of a transferred see. The cathedral church of a bishop is called the metropolitan cathedral. The term cathedral actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, nevertheless, most cathedrals are particularly impressive edifices. The building is now under renovation and restoration for solemn dedication under the title Christ Cathedral in 2018, in the ancient world the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishops role as teacher. A raised throne within a hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate. The history of cathedrals starts in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity, in the third century, the phrase ascending the platform, ad pulpitum venire, becomes the standard term for Christian ordination. During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or domus ecclesiae was entombed in a bank, surviving when excavated. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all, in 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, in the form of an open letter. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a basilica. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which remains are still visible is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. The three halls create a courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery
33.
Phantasy Star Online
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Phantasy Star Online is an online role-playing game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Dreamcast. Unlike previous turn-based games in the Phantasy Star series, Phantasy Star Online features real-time hack, the game was first release in Japan in December 2000, and worldwide in early 2001. The game was a critical and commercial success, and has been followed by numerous expanded versions, related products, in particular are Phantasy Star Online Episode III released in 2003, Phantasy Star Universe released in 2006, and Phantasy Star Online 2 released in 2012. Sega chairman Isao Okawa believed that internet gaming would come to be important, though online play was popular in PC gaming, it had not yet become popular on consoles or in Japan. Okawa tasked Sonic Team with the creation of a game focused on network play. Work on Phantasy Star Online began after the completion of Sonic Adventure, Sonic Team divided to focus on three separate projects. With the working title Third World, art director Satoshi Sakai desired to create a game with science fiction and fantasy elements, with realistic 3D graphics. Creating concept art for the game, Sakai drew a dragon and showed it to Yuji Naka, the director of Sonic Team and this led to the project being retitled Phantasy Star Online. As there was no precedent for online gaming on console, the developers looked to Blizzards PC role-playing game Diablo for inspiration on the games mechanics, with a development time of two years, Phantasy Star Online was released on the Dreamcast on December 21,2000, in Japan. It was later released in North America on January 31,2001, Phantasy Star Online was bundled with a demo disc for Sonic Adventure 2. The PC version of the game was released in December 2001. In response to destruction of the world, the Pioneer Project is begun in order to search for a new planet to settle. Unmanned probes locate a suitable location, and the ship Pioneer 1 is sent to investigate, after confirming the suitability of the discovered planet, Ragol, construction is begun on the surface, including the Central Dome. Seven years later, Pioneer 2 arrives at Ragol with the majority of refugees aboard, however, as Pioneer 2 establishes a communications link with the Central Dome, a massive explosion shakes the planets surface, and no sign remains of the people of Pioneer 1 on the planet. In order to investigate, the Principal sends down a team of Hunters—the player characters—to the surface to investigate what happened, the investigation takes them through a forest, which is teeming with native animals, then to the base of the Central Dome. From there, the episodes continue through a series of caves full of altered beasts. After playing through levels and activating a monument in each area, access is opened to a series of ruins. During the entire course of the trip, message buoys serve to assist in providing advice to defeating monsters and these messages are left behind by Rico Tyrell, the daughter of the Principal of Pioneer 2 and known as Red Ring Rico
34.
Ultima Online
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Ultima Online is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, released on September 24,1997, by Origin Systems. Ultima Online is a fantasy role-playing game set in the Ultima universe and it is known for its extensive player versus player combat system. Since its release, it has added eight expansion packs, a booster pack, the release of Ultima Online, Kingdom Reborn in 2007 brought a new game engine with upgraded visuals. Ultima Online began with a world, with specific expansion packs adding additional territory. The second world was the Lost Lands, with land, dungeons, creatures. This led the developers to distinguish the original world by making the environment more grim, the two kinds of servers were normal servers with both Trammel and Felucca ruleset and siege servers with non-consensual PVP and no item insurance. Siege servers support one character slot on an account, limits to ways of traveling, the worlds in Ultima Online include, Felucca — The original world, which evolved to include dead trees and tombstones to distinguish. It has a rule set where player killing is more common. Trammel — Supported a rule set that does not allow non-consensual PVP, Ilshenar — Added dungeons and monsters and evolved to include new land, as well as more than 30 new creatures. Malas — Included a Player versus Player arena and space for 1500 new homes and it featured Dungeon Doom, the then-largest dungeon, and two cities, Luna and Umbra. Malas is a series of floating in a starry void and is distinguished by a darker artistic style. Malas was praised for its variety of creatures and geographic features, Tokuno — Group of islands based on Feudal Japan. Ter Mur — Land of the Gargoyles, the capital, Ter Mur, features space for player homes. Throughout Ultima Onlines history, there have many major additions to the game. Expansion packs have been released regularly, all of which add new content in the form of landmass, art, quests, items, at a public relations event on August 28,2010 it was announced that the development team was moving to a booster style development process. The stated goal was to release two boosters per year, Ultima Online is the product of Richard Garriotts idea for a fantasy game involving several thousand people who can all play in a shared fantasy world. The initial team was composed of Garriott, Starr Long, Rick Delashmit, Scott Phillips and, a bit later Raph Koster, Koster wrote public designer letters and usually went by his nickname of Designer Dragon. Koster drew inspiration from prior games, such as DartMUD
35.
Final Fantasy XI
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Final Fantasy XI, also known as Final Fantasy XI Online, is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed and published by Square as part of the Final Fantasy series. Designed and produced by Hiromichi Tanaka, it was released in Japan on May 16,2002, for PlayStation 2, the game was the first MMORPG to offer cross-platform play, connecting PlayStation 2 and personal computer, and the Xbox 360s first MMORPG. All versions of the game require a subscription to play. Players can undertake an array of quests and progress through the in-game hierarchy, since its debut in 2002, five expansion packs have been released along with six add-on scenarios. Each expansion pack and add-on brings a new storyline to the Final Fantasy XI world, along with numerous areas, quests, events. In 2015, Square Enix released the main scenario for Final Fantasy XI titled Rhapsodies of Vanadiel. Final Fantasy XI became the final active server on the PlayStation 2 online service, the servers for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions were ultimately shut down on March 31,2016. A mobile client for the game is under development by Square Enix in collaboration with Korean developer Nexon, a spinoff mobile game, Final Fantasy Grandmasters was released on September 30,2015. Final Fantasy XI is a multiplayer online role-playing game. There are currently 16 public game worlds available for play, down from 32 at the games height, a private Test Server was opened to eligible players to aid in feedback of updates in development for the game in mid-2011. The servers are named after summoned monsters from previous Final Fantasy titles, such as Ifrit, players have the ability to move between servers, though Square-Enix charges a world transfer fee to do so. The game servers are run by Square-Enix as part of their PlayOnline network, players have the option of using any combination of a keyboard, mouse, and controller to play Final Fantasy XI. The heads-up display in Final Fantasy XI consists of a log window, menus, the log window at the bottom of the screen displays system messages, battle messages, and text input by other players. Players may choose to filter what appears in the log window, menus allow the player to access different commands, status windows, and configuration options. The action command menu appears just above the log window and gives the player options to interact with the game world. Several menu options are available through the use of keyboard shortcuts, completing missions allows a player to advance in rank, which grants access to new areas, several privileges, and various other storylines. At first, a player may only complete missions for his nation, though they are able to change allegiances later on. At release, over one hundred quests were available to play and each expansion pack has added its own set of missions and quests
36.
Neon Genesis Evangelion
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Neon Genesis Evangelion, commonly referred to as Evangelion or Eva, is a Japanese anime television series produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production, and directed by Hideaki Anno. It was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 1995 to March 1996, the original Japanese cast includes Megumi Ogata as Shinji Ikari, Megumi Hayashibara as Rei Ayanami, and Yūko Miyamura as Asuka Langley Soryu. The music was composed by Shirō Sagisu, Evangelion is an apocalyptic anime, set in a futuristic Tokyo fifteen years after a worldwide cataclysm. The series explores the experiences and emotions of Evangelion pilots and members of NERV as they attempt to prevent another catastrophe, in the series there are many references to psychoanalytic concepts, such as the oral stage, introjection, oral personality, ambivalence, and the death drive. It features religious symbolism throughout the series, including themes and imagery derived from Kabbalah, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Neon Genesis Evangelion gained widespread critical acclaim. Regarded as a critique and deconstruction of the genre, the series has become a cultural icon and influenced an artistic. Shinji witnesses the United Nations forces battling an Angel, one of a race of giant monstrous beings whose awakening was foretold by the Dead Sea Scrolls. NERV officer Misato Katsuragi escorts Shinji into the NERV complex beneath the city, without training, Shinji is quickly overwhelmed in the battle, causing the Evangelion to go berserk and savagely kill the Angel on its own. Following hospitalization, Shinji moves in with Misato and begins settling into life in Tokyo-3, in his second battle, Shinji destroys an Angel but runs away after the battle, distraught. Misato confronts Shinji and he decides to remain a pilot, Evangelion Unit-00 is repaired and Shinji tries to befriend its pilot, a mysterious, and socially isolated teenage girl named Rei Ayanami. With Reis help, Shinji defeats another Angel, the pilot of Evangelion Unit-02, teenage girl Asuka Langley Soryu, moves in with Misato and Shinji and joins her fellow pilots in defeating the next Angels. Shinjis schoolfriend Toji Suzuhara is selected for Unit-03, but during his first test synchronization with the Evangelion, Shinji is devastated and quits piloting the Evangelion, but is forced to return to destroy an Angel that has defeated both Asuka and Rei. Asuka loses her self-confidence following her defeat, and spirals into a deep depression and this is worsened by her next fight, against an Angel which attacks her mind. In the next battle, Rei self-destructs Unit-00 and dies to save Shinjis life, Misato and Shinji later visit the hospital where they find Rei alive but claiming she is the third Rei. Misato forces Ritsuko to reveal the secrets of NERV, the Evangelion graveyard. Asuka is reduced to a state by her depression. Kaworu, who initially befriends Shinji, is revealed to be the final Angel, Kaworu fights Shinji, then realizes that he must die if humanity is to thrive and asks Shinji to kill him. Despite his initial hesitation, Shinji kills Kaworu, soon after this act, NERV and SEELE trigger the forced evolution of humanity, termed the Human Instrumentality Project, in which the souls of all mankind are merged into one through Rei
37.
Ghost in the Shell
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Ghost in the Shell is a Japanese media franchise originally published as a seinen manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow. A sequel to the 1995 film, Ghost in the Shell 2,2013 saw the start of the Ghost in the Shell, Arise original video animation series, consisting of four parts through mid-2014. The series was recompiled in early 2015 as a series titled Ghost in the Shell, Arise - Alternative Architecture. An animated feature produced by most of the Arise staff, titled Ghost in the Shell. A live-action American film of the name was released on March 31,2017. Shirow has stated that he had wanted the title of his manga to be Ghost in the Shell, even in Japan. He had chosen Ghost in the Shell in homage to Arthur Koestlers The Ghost in the Machine, the level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims. The original Ghost in the Shell manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in Kodanshas manga anthology Young Magazine, and was released in a tankōbon volume on October 5,1991. Ghost in the Shell 2, Man-Machine Interface followed 1997 for 9 issues in Young Magazine, several art books have also been published for the manga. Two animated films based on the manga have been released. Ghost in the Shell was released in 1995 and follows the Puppet Master storyline from the manga and it was re-released in 2008 as Ghost in the Shell 2.0 with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes. Innocence, otherwise known as Ghost in the Shell 2, Innocence, was released in 2004, the film premiered on June 20,2015, in Japanese theaters. In 2008, DreamWorks and producer Steven Spielberg acquired the rights to produce a film adaptation of the original Ghost in the Shell manga. On January 24,2014, Rupert Sanders was announced as director, principal photography on the film began on location in Wellington, New Zealand, on February 1,2016. Principal photography began in early 2016, Ghost in the Shell premiered in Tokyo on March 16,2017, and was released in the United States on March 31,2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D. It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johanssons performance and it was followed in 2004 by a second season titled Ghost in the Shell, S. A. C
