1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Rachid Taha
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Rachid Taha is an Algerian singer and activist based in France who has been described as sonically adventurous. His music is influenced by different styles such as rock, electronic, punk. Taha was born in 1958 in Sig, Algeria, although a second source suggests he was born in the Algerian seacoast city of Oran and this town was the birthplace of raï music, and 1958 was a key year in the Algerian struggle for independence against French authority. He began listening to Algerian music in the 1960s, including street-style music called chaabi, and music from the Maghreb region was part of his upbringing. He moved with his parents to France when he was ten years old and his father was a textile factory worker, with long hours and low pay, such that his life was compared to that of a modern slave, according to one account. The contrast between menial work during the day and fun during the night may have helped to develop his musical sensibility. In the late 1970s, Taha founded the nightclub called The Rejects or, in French, Les Refoulés, in the 1980s, Algerias indigenous pop music known as raï began to achieve international attention. Taha has suggested that Algerian musical styles and rock are closely linked, Taha was influenced by the North African raï band Nass El Ghiwane which was described as Moroccos answer to the Beatles or the Stones. In 1981, while living in Lyon, Taha met Mohammed and Mokhtar Amini, in 1982, Taha was the lead vocalist for the Arab-language rock group which they named Carte de Sejour, meaning Green Card or Residence Permit depending on the translation. He sang in both English and Arabic, but usually in Arabic, Taha was inspired by the group The Clash, Taha met members of the group The Clash in Paris, Taha believes his early recordings helped to inspire The Clash to create the song Rock the Casbah. A New York Times music reporter wrote, These were difficult years since record stores refused to stock their records because they didnt want Arabs coming in to their shops. There was little money, the band performed in suburbs of Lyon, the acerbic song created a splash, nevertheless, and won Taha some recognition as a serious artist. The group never achieved commercial success and, as a result, Taha had to work a series of day jobs in a factory, then as a house painter, a dishwasher. They recorded their first maxi album Carte De Séjour in 1983, in 1984, with the help of British guitarist Steve Hillage, the group achieved a sharp, driving sound which played well on the radio, and the LP was entitled Rhoromanie. In his songwriting, Taha wrote about living in exile and the cultural strife associated with being an Algerian immigrant in France and his song Voilà, Voilà, protested racism. Taha has had to cope with anti-Arab sentiment and confusion, for example, the New York Times stated in a story that Taha was Egyptian rather than Algerian. Later, in 2007, Taha-as-an-immigrant was mentioned in Frances National Center of the History of Immigration, when performing live, Taha wore various outfits, including at one point a leather fedora hat, then later a red cowboy hat. Their second and last LP entitled Ramsa was released in 1986, in 1989, Taha moved to Paris to launch his solo career
3.
Khaled (musician)
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Khaled Hadj Ibrahim, better known as Khaled, is an Algerian raï singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist born in Oran. He began recording in his teens under the name Cheb Khaled and has become the most internationally famous Algerian singer in the Arab world. His popularity has earned him the unofficial title King of Raï and his most famous songs are Didi, Aïcha and Cest la vie as well as Alech Taadi, which was prominently featured in the feature film The Fifth Element. Khaled Hadj Ibrahim was born in 1960 in Orans Eckmühl neighborhood, at the age of 14, he founded the Cinq Étoiles band and started performing in nightclubs and at weddings. In the 1980s, Khaled started producing and singing raï songs and he moved to France in 1986. On 12 January 1995, Khaled married Samira Diabi,27, with whom he has four daughters, in 1998, the documentary Khaled, Derrière le sourire was produced, recounting his life. He was awarded Moroccan citizenship in August 2013, which he didnt ask for, the song was also used in a Bollywood films Shreeman Aashiq and Airlift and a Mollywood film titled Highway. Khaled and producer Don Was appeared on the The Tonight Show on 4 February 1993, the latter track, which saw heavy rotation on MTV Europe, climbed to fourth on the charts in Germany. Known as the King of Rai, Khaled is a winner of awards, and has sold over 80.5 million albums worldwide including 10 diamond, platinum. In 2010 he performed Didi at the ceremony of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. With a record million downloads of the hit single Cest la vie on European and Canadian iTunes, the album contains a message of tolerance, love and peace, staying away from the themes of conflict that many other artists in the Arab world explore. Khaled tried to convey what Algerian immigrants suffer in Europe through the album, c’est la vie was Khaled’s first album after a five-year break from recording during 2011 presidential elections in France and the Arab Spring. This discography does not include a number of released on cassette in Algeria early in his career
4.
Faudel
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His grandmother performed regularly with the meddahates, groups of female musicians in Oran who play traditional music at weddings and other family occasions. It was Faudels grandmother who was responsible for putting the young boy in touch with his Algerian roots. His first public singing experience was during a wedding celebration in Oran. Faudel started to cover the tracks by Cheb Khaled and Cheb Mami at 12. Faudel and Les Etoiles du Rai soon became a fixture at the youth club. Faudel then went on to appear at clubs throughout the Paris suburbs, performing covers of Khaled, Zahouania and Mamis greatest hits, the turning-point of Faudels early career came at the age of 13 when he was spotted by Mohamed Mestar. Thanks to Momos guiding hand, Faudel soon built up his own repertoire, Faudel went on to study accountancy and metallurgy, but his passion for Rai soon led to him taking up a professional singing career. Faudels debut album, Baida, catapulted him to fame and he has also performed with Khaled and Rachid Taha on the live album 1,2,3 Soleils. His other albums include Samra and his album Un Autre Soleil and, most recently and he also has acted in a few roles, including Happenstance with Audrey Tautou. Even though Faudel was still in his teens, he managed to establish himself as the new voice of Rai. Indeed, in 1995 two French television documentaries were made about the young star from Mantes-la-Jolie - Saga cités. The following year Faudel would be chosen to represent the Ile-de-France region at the prestigious Printemps de Bourges Festival, and the young singers impressive performance in the New Talent category would only serve to increase his growing popularity. Meanwhile, Faudel embarked on a new series of concert tours while Momo set about getting his young protégé a recording deal. In order to produce the best demo tape possible, Momo, the demo tape would actually prove unnecessary - after Faudels impressive performance at the Printemps de Bourges, the young star was snapped up by major record label Mercury shortly afterward. Faudels original sound - which fuses traditional Arab Rai rhythms with new guitar, reggae, Afro-beat. After signing a contract with Mercury to produce five albums over the few years. The young singer then embarked upon another major tour, performing dates throughout France. In the course of new tour Faudel would appear in concert with a number of legendary Rai stars such as Khaled
5.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
6.
Barclay Records
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Barclay Records is a French record company and label founded by Eddie Barclay in 1953. Barclay was a bandleader, pianist, producer, and nightclub owner, with his wife, Nicole, who was the vocalist in his band, he started Barclay. The catalogue included the work of Stéphane Grappelli, Lionel Hampton, in 1978 the label was sold to Polygram Records. Barclay also had operations outside France, most notably in the U. S. Barclay Records is currently owned and distributed by Universal Music Group
7.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
8.
Steve Hillage
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Stephen Simpson Steve Hillage is an English musician, best known as a guitarist. He is associated with the Canterbury scene and has worked in experimental domains since the late 1960s, besides his solo recordings he has been a member of Gong, Khan and System 7. Hillage was born in Chingford, London, whilst still at school, he joined his first band, a blues rock band called Uriel, with Dave Stewart, Mont Campbell and Clive Brooks. The band split up in 1968 with the members going on to form Egg. Hillage also guested on Eggs 1974 album The Civil Surface, in 1969, Hillage began studies at the University of Kent in Canterbury, befriending local bands Caravan and Spirogyra and occasionally jamming with them. Meanwhile, he wrote songs and, by late 1970, had accumulated enough material for an album. Caravan put him in touch with their manager Terry King, who got Hillage signed with Deram on the basis of a demo of his material recorded with the help of Dave Stewart of Egg. In early 1971, Hillage formed Khan with bassist/vocalist Nick Greenwood, by the time Space Shanty came out in May 1972, Canadian Val Stevens had filled the vacancy, making his debut on a short European tour and continuing with a UK tour supporting Caravan in June. By then, musical disagreements between Hillage and Greenwood culminated with the latters departure, Hillage decided to form a new line-up with a slightly different direction, retaining the services of Peachey and asking Stewart back, and adding Nigel Griggs on bass. New compositions by Hillage and Stewart were added to the repertoire, including I Love Its Holy Mystery, Hillage broke up the band in October 1972. Hillage promptly joined Kevin Ayers new live band Decadence, participating in Ayers 1973 album Bananamour and touring the UK, having in the meantime become a fan of Gong, Hillage stayed in France after the tour to join the band. In January 1973 he took part in the sessions for Flying Teapot, the first instalment of the Radio Gnome trilogy, in November 1973, Hillage participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfields Tubular Bells for the BBC. It is available on Oldfields Elements DVD and his next effort L album was recorded in the United States using musicians from Todd Rundgrens Utopia, and on its release Hillage formed a touring band which toured in late 1976. During the latter half of the 1970s, Hillage made a name for himself as a guitarist and these 1970s works blended complex studio production techniques with dreamscape anthems. Hillage spent time in the Ladbroke Grove area of London, home of the UK Underground and worked with Nik Turner ex roadie for, then later saxophonist of early Hawkwind. In 1977 Hillage played onstage with punk band Sham 69 during their performance at the Reading Festival and he returned to producing in the 1990s, working on The Charlatans 1994 album, Up to Our Hips. After hearing the likes of The Orb playing his 1979 ambient record Rainbow Dome Musick, Hillage and Giraudy began performing in the early 1990s as ambient dance act, System 7. Hillage also produced in the 1990s a raï musical show called 1,2,3 Soleils, featuring Algerian singers Faudel, Rachid Taha and he also arranged many songs of Latifa
9.
Made in Medina
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Made in Medina is a studio album by French-Algerian raï artist Rachid Taha, released in 2000 by Barclay Records and produced and arranged by Steve Hillage. Five of the songs were featured in Tahas live album. A video clip was made for Hey Anta, the song Barra Barra was featured in the American films Black Hawk Down and The Hunting Party and is also available on the soundtracks. It also appears in the advertisement for the video game Far Cry 2
10.
Kenza (album)
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Kenza is a 1999 studio album by Algerian singer-songwriter Khaled. The album was named after Khaleds second daughter Kenza, Kenza has attained gold certification by Syndicat National de lEdition Phonographique. The album was re-released by Ark 21 and Wrasse Records and it is featured in Robert Dimerys 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
11.
Algeria
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Algeria, officially the Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. Its capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, the country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes. Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999, Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria. Algeria is a regional and middle power, the North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy. According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world, Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent, most of Algerias weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC, the countrys name derives from the city of Algiers. The citys name in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāir, a form of the older Jazāir Banī Mazghanna. In the region of Ain Hanech, early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa were found, neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles similar to those in the Levant. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of Middle Paleolithic Flake tool techniques, tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called Aterian. The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called Iberomaurusian and this industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghreb between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. Neolithic civilization developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC and this life, richly depicted in the Tassili nAjjer paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The amalgam of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a native population that came to be called Berbers. These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages, as Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilization was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, by the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthages North African territory, the Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars
12.
AccorHotels Arena
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AccorHotels Arena is an indoor sports arena and concert hall, that is located on boulevard de Bercy, in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France. The closest métro station is Bercy, designed by the architectural firm Andrault-Parat, Prouvé and Guvan, the arena has a pyramidal shape, and walls covered with a sloping lawn. It has a capacity ranging from 7,000 to 20,300. POPB hosted the European gymnastics championship in 2000, the 1991 and 1996 FIBA EuroLeague Final Fours, the POPB has also hosted WWE Raw, on 28 September 2008. It also hosted the 2009–10 EuroLeague Final Four and it also hosted the Masters Karting Paris Bercy star race, from 1993 to 2001, and again in 2011. As part of the 2014–15 renovations efforts, the arena was renamed to Bercy Arena on 1 January 2015 and it was again renamed to AccorHotels Arena in October 2015. List of tennis stadiums by capacity Official website
13.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
14.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
15.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
17.
Abdel Kader (song)
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Abdel Kader is an Algerian traditional song made famous by the Algerian raï artist Khaled. It is featured on his 1993 studio album Nssi Nssi, after his 1993 original album version, Khaled released a solo live version of Abdel Kader in his live album Hafla in 1998. The song gained popularity after the live performance at Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy by Khaled, Rachid Taha. The joint trio live version was included on the 1998 live album 1,2,3 Soleils, the live version by Rachid Taha, Khaled and Faudel was released as a separate single in France reaching #6 in the SNEP, the official French Singles Chart. The song stayed in for 21 consecutive weeks in the French charts in the period November 1998 to March 1999 and it stayed at #6 for the two weeks ending 5 and 12 December 1998. In France, Abdel Kader was certified Silver in 1998 by SNEP, the song has been subject to many covers and remixes and is popular in live performances of many Algerian artists. Adaptations The music of Abdel Kader has been used with new lyrics, one of the most notable of these is Mon Bled by Rohff, Mohamed Lamine and Cheba Maria. The track appears in the release of the RaïnB Fever series in 2004 produced by Kore & Scalp. DJ Rebel used the sample of the song in his 2016 single Let Me Love You featuring Mohombi and Shaggy
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Didi (song)
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Didi is a song written and performed by Algerian artist Khaled, released in 1992. The song was the single from the singers eponymous album Khaled. Didi peaked at nine in the French Singles Chart and remained on the Top 50 chart for 20 weeks. It also topped the charts in Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Egypt. The music video was directed by Philippe Gautier, on April 3,2015, Khaled was convicted with plagiarism, for Didi, a musical composition recorded by Cheb Rabah in 1988. Cheb Rabah has also been compensated by Cheb Mami for plagiarizing his texts, the song reached #10 on the Ultratop 50 Belgian Singles Chart in 2005. In a second release destined for the Moroccan market and the Belgian francophone markets, the German duo Milk & Honey released an all English language version with completely new lyrics and arrangement. It appeared in the bands 2007 album Elbi and was the single release from the album after the initial Habibi. A separate EP was also released, in the 1990s it was also covered in Albanian as Ti më bën xheloz by the Band Ilirët. The title was also covered in Russian language by Tatiana Parez in September 2004, also there was an Urdu version of the song Babia by Sajjad Ali. Sudesh Bhosle & Vinod Rathod sang Ladki Ladki in the Hindi movie Shreemaan Aashique, a Serbian have also been released by Dragana Mirkovic song Baš tebe volim ja from 1993. This song was sampled loosely in the 1994 film Brahma by Bappi Lahiri, the song was almost completely featured in the 1995 Malayalam movie, Highway, with actress Silk Smitha dancing to the tunes. Just prior to the song, there is a part which shows the original song video by Khalid. A2016 Bollywood movie named Airlift covered this song in Hindi sung by Arijit Singh and Ankit Tiwari
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Ya Rayah
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Ya Rayah is an Algerian chaâbi song composed and performed in the 1970s by Dahmane El Harrachi. Up until the past 15 years this song was known to be Dahman El Harrachis original song and this song is a ballad of the traveler, the exiled, the longing to come back, the immigrant, the wanderin star, etc. hence its universal appeal. In 1993, it was performed by French-Algerian singer Rachid Taha on his second self-titled album. Also in 2003 by Enrico Macias at the Olympia in Paris, later on Rachid Taha included the song on Carte Blanche and Diwân. In September 1998, Taha performed the live with fellow Algerian singers Khaled and Faudel at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris. Their version was induced on the live album 1,2,3 Soleils the following year, Taha released the song as a single in August 1997 and reached number eleven on the French singles chart. There have been also multiple renditions of El Rayah by different artists in different languages including Hebrew, Indu, Turkish, Greek, in February 1998, the song was certified silver in France. In the year 2010, the song was covered as part of an Israeli rap compilation album, the songs beat was sampled and used in the song Belyby by Booksills, which featured Shlome Shabat. In January 2012, it was covered again by the Algerian singer Amel Bouchoucha, using African dance beats and Berber sounds, the tune of this song was used by Sanjeev Darshan in Bollywood movie Mann for the song Kali Nagin Ke Jaisi sung by Udit Narayan and Kavita Krishnamurthy. Official website Ya Rayah Video Clip Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
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Gail Ann Dorsey
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Gail Ann Dorsey is an American musician. With a long career as a musician, she is perhaps best known for her lengthy residency in David Bowies band. From 1993 to 1996, Dorsey recorded and toured with Tears for Fears and she appeared in several of the bands promo videos throughout this period. In addition, Dorsey has released three albums, The Corporate World, Rude Blue, and I Used To Be. Dorsey grew up in the 1970s in West Philadelphia and she played guitar from the age of nine and cites Mark Farner of Grand Funk Railroad, Terry Kath of Chicago, Jimi Hendrix, and Nancy Wilson of Heart as early influences. She acquired a bass shortly after her 14th birthday but didnt consider herself a bass player until she was 20 and she also wrote feature-length screenplays to accompany some of her musical compositions. Dorsey attended the California Institute of the Arts in the School of Film & Video and she received a full scholarship with her screenplays and short Super 8 films. Dorsey was the female in her freshman class and the youngest female to be admitted to the Live Action department up to that point. After completing three semesters she felt unsuited for the industry and once again turned to a career in music. At age 22, Dorsey moved to London to pursue her musical career and their first demos were engineered and produced by Paul Doc Stewart at Village Way Studio in London. Stewart was responsible for their introduction to CBS Records, which led to her first recording deal and she established herself through collaborations with artists such as Boy George, Ann Pigalle, and Donny Osmond. Dorseys first high-profile job was as a guest vocalist in the line up of The Charlie Watts Big Band and its 1985 premiere at Londons famous West End jazz club. A crucial point in Dorseys solo career was her appearance on The Tube, in December 1987, Dorsey signed with Warner Music Group and in 1988 released her first solo album, The Corporate World. The album was produced by bassist Nathan East of the jazz quartet Fourplay and it received a 5-star review and was voted one of the Top 50 Albums of the Year by Londons Q Magazine. She moved to Island Records in 1991, signed by founder Chris Blackwell, after almost 12 years in England, Dorsey relocated to the artist community of Woodstock in upstate New York in 1994. When her relationship with Island became strained, Dorsey began to concentrate on session work, Dorsey is perhaps best known for her contribution to the David Bowie band. After the Outside Tour she provided vocals and bass for Earthling, Heathen, Reality and she recorded Planet of Dreams, a duet with Bowie on the 1997 EMI UK benefit CD release, Long Live Tibet, as well as several other live recordings and videos. She has been on board for the last six tours and performed with Bowie at The Concert For New York at Madison Square Garden, about a decade after Rude Blue, Dorsey released her third solo album in 2003
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Hossam Ramzy
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Hossam Ramzy is an Egyptian percussionist and composer. He has worked with Western artists like Jimmy Page and Robert Plant as well as with Arabic music artists like Rachid Taha, Ramzy was born into a wealthy Cairo family. He began playing the darbuka and tabla at an early age and he moved to Saudi Arabia for a time and learned traditional Bedouin music styles. In the 1970s he moved to London and began playing with saxophonist Andy Sheppard and his collaborations with jazz musicians earned him the nickname The Sultan of Swing. In 1989 he worked with Peter Gabriel on the soundtrack to Martin Scorseses The Last Temptation of Christ and this brought him to the attention of artists such as Frank Asher and the Gipsy Kings. In 1994 he returned to his roots and formed a ten piece Egyptian ensemble that performed on the album No Quarter, Jimmy Page, Ramzy and his ensemble also gained exposure by touring with Plant and Page throughout 1995 in support of their album. The next year Ramzy released the first of three collaborations with English arranger Phil Thornton, Eternal Egypt, the success of Eternal Egypts blend of Arabic music prompted the follow up albums Immortal Egypt and Enchanted Egypt. In 1996, Hossam and his percussion section played with Big Country in Dingwalls club, from this event was recorded Eclectic. In 1998, he performed with Rachid Taha, Khaled and Faudel at their 1,2,3 Soleils concert, in 2000, Jay-Z sampled his version of Khosara for Big Pimpin. After 2000 Ramzy increasingly began to work arranging music for pop stars, in 2005 he arranged some songs for Ricky Martins album Life and he worked with Shakira on her album She Wolf. He also contributed two songs to the soundtrack for the film Prince of Persia and one to the soundtrack for Conan The Barbarian and his latest album titled Rock the Tabla released on 30 August 2011. Rahman, Omar Faruk Tekbilek, Manu Katché and Billy Cobham, Ramzy lives in London and Cairo with his wife, Brazilian belly dancer Serena. He made a appearance in the 1993 film Son of the Pink Panther
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Diwan 2
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Diwân 2 is the seventh studio album by French–Algerian Raï singer Rachid Taha. It was released by Wrasse Records on 16 October 2006, the album is a follow-up to Diwân and primarily features cover versions of songs recorded by Blaoui Houari and Mohamed Mazouni. The album features the Egyptian percussionist Hossam Ramzy and the Cairo String Ensemble, a video clip was made for Écoute Moi Camarade. E. com
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Bonjour (album)
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Bonjour is the eighth studio album by French–Algerian singer Rachid Taha. It was released by Wrasse Records on 26 October 2009, Bonjour received mixed reviews from music critics. The Guardian reviewer Robin Denselow called the album a A highly commercial set that was not most exciting, david Honigmann of the Financial Times rated the album three out of five stars, but wrote that its emphasis on technology. stops cutting loose. Je T’Aime Mon Amour, Bonjours opening track, was written about Tahas partner and its lyrics are a declaration of love for life and his partner. The second track, Mokhtar, describes the life of a vagrant living in a city. Ha Baby was inspired by country music singer Kenny Rogers and Egyptian musician Farid El Atrache, the song, which blends western and Arabic musical styles, is about universal peace and love. The title track, Bonjour, is a duet with Gaetan Roussel and it was released as the albums lead single and is sung in both French and Arabic. Mine Jaï, the track, asks a series of questions. In the song, Taha asks the listener where they come from, in the song Mabrouk Aalik, Taha reflects on the fractured relationship between Jews and Muslims. The seventh track, Ila Lika, explores life and death and its an Arabian Song is a rock song about the French treatment of Algerians during colonialism. The track features fellow Algerian singer Bruno Maman, sélu is a flamenco song that pays tribute Arab writers and philosophers such as Averroes and Naguib Mahfouz. The album closes with Agi, a ballad about love
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Zoom (Rachid Taha album)
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Zoom is the ninth studio album by French–Algerian singer Rachid Taha. It was released by Wrasse Records on 2 April 2013 and it was produced by guitarist Justin Adams, with featured guests Mick Jones and Brian Eno. Jones also toured with Rachid Taha as part of the Zoom project, now or Never features Jeanne Added singing in English. The video clip was directed by Marc-Antoine Serra and was shot in Naples, a video clip was also made for Voilà, Voilà
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The Definitive Collection (Rachid Taha album)
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The Definitive Collection is a compilation album by raï singer Rachid Taha. It was released by Wrasse Records in 2007, the albums initial release was limited to 2000 copies, which were accompanied by a DVD that documented Tahas return to Algeria. The album was released in the U. S. in 2008 under the title Rock el Casbah, video clips have been made for Barbès, Ya Rayah, Ida, Hey Anta, & Voilà, Voilà. Ya Rayah Rock El Casbah Nokta Voilà, Voilà Habina Kelma Bent Sahra Douce France Indie Jungle Fiction Ida Hey Anta Barbès Barra Barra Menfi Official website
