1.
Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion
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The Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion is a football stadium in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany. It is the stadium of 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam and SV Babelsberg 03, the stadium has a capacity of 10,499 for 9,027 standing and 1,472 seated guests. The stadium was opened on 10 July 1976 with a match between BSG Motor Babelsberg and the Olympic team of the German Democratic Republic. The original capacity of 15,000 was reached only once as the East Germany national football team faced Malta, on 9 July 2001, the SV Babelsberg 03 had its highest attendance in their club history when 14,700 spectators witnessed Babelsbergs win over Fortuna Düsseldorf. The last renovation was held in 2002, and the now has its current capacity. About one year later, the Womens Bundesliga match between 1, FFC Frankfurt was seen by 7,900 people. This was the womens Bundesliga match with the highest ever attendance, turbines all-time attendance record was 8,677 people who saw the UEFA Womens Cup final second leg against Djurgårdens IF Dam
2.
Potsdam
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Potsdam is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg. It directly borders the German capital Berlin and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region and it is situated on the River Havel,24 kilometres southwest of Berlins city centre. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser, around the city there are a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks, in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci, the largest World Heritage Site in Germany. The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof, the Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century, today, there are three public colleges, the University of Potsdam, and more than 30 research institutes in the city. The area was formed from a series of large moraines left after the last glacial period, today, the city is three-quarters green space, with just a quarter as urban area. There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the Havel, the Griebnitzsee, Templiner See, Tiefer See, Jungfernsee, Teltowkanal, Heiliger See, the highest point is the 114-metre high Kleiner Ravensberg. Potsdam is divided into seven city districts and nine new Ortsteile. The appearances of the city districts are quite different, the districts in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings. Potsdam has an Oceanic climate, with cool, snowy winters, the average winter high temperature is 3.5 °C, with a low of −1.7 °C. Snow is common in the winter, summers are mild, with a high of 23.6 °C and a low of 12.7 °C. The name Potsdam originally seems to have been Poztupimi, a common theory is that it derives from an old West Slavonic term meaning beneath the oaks, i. e. the corrupted pod dubmi/dubimi. The area around Potsdam shows occupancy since the Bronze Age and was part of Magna Germania as described by Tacitus. After the great migrations of the Germanic peoples, Slavs moved in and it was first mentioned in a document in 993 AD as Poztupimi, when Emperor Otto III gifted the territory to the Quedlinburg Abbey, then led by his aunt Matilda. By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town and it gained its town charter in 1345. In 1573, it was still a market town of 2,000 inhabitants. Potsdam lost nearly half of its due to the Thirty Years War. After the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration and its religious freedom attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia
3.
Frauen-Bundesliga
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The Allianz Frauen-Bundesliga is the main league competition for womens association football in Germany. In 1990 the German Football Association created the German Womens Bundesliga and it was first played with north and south divisions, but in 1997 the groups were merged to form a uniform league. The league currently consists of teams and the seasons usually last from late summer to the end of spring with a break in the winter. In the UEFA Womens Champions League, the Frauen-Bundesliga is the most successful league with a total of nine titles from four clubs, FFC Frankfurt winning the most titles of any club. In the Bundesliga are twelve teams, at the end of a season the clubs finishing 11th and 12th are replaced with the winners of the two 2. A Bundesliga season consists of two rounds with 22 games combined, in a round every club plays against each other, having a home game against a specific club in one round and an away game in the other. The seasons typically start in August or September, with the first round finishing in December, the second round typically starts in February and ends in May or June, though sometimes the first games of the second round are held in December. Also due to the interference of World Cups the league might in certain years be suspended for a month, the team in the 1st spot after the 22nd day of play is the champion, gaining the title of Deutscher Meister. The champion as well as the second-place finisher qualifies for the UEFA Womens Champions League, as the winner of the UEFA Womens Champions League is automatically qualified for the UEFA Womens Champions League in the next year, in 2009–10 the Bundesliga had three teams in the Champions League. The Bundesliga ranking is determined by points a club has gained during a season, a win is worth 3 points, a draw 1, and a loss 0. The tiebreakers are in descending order goal difference, goals for, if the tie cannot be broken a tiebreaking game is held. For German football champions prior to the Bundesliga see the List of German womens football champions,1 Two runners-up finishes as SG Praunheim. 2 One runners-up finishes as FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen, German womens football champions Womens German Cup German Football Association section on womens football
4.
Kit (association football)
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In association football, kit is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sports Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use, footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Professional clubs also usually display players surnames or nicknames on their shirts, Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. The Laws of the Game set out the equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4. Five separate items are specified, shirt, shorts, socks, footwear, goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. While most players wear studded football boots, the Laws do not specify that these are required, shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and provide a reasonable degree of protection. The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player. In the event of a match between teams who would wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour. The England national team plays in red shirts even when it is not required. Many professional clubs also have a kit, ostensibly to be used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent. Most professional clubs have retained the basic colour scheme for several decades. Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation, shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed, competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. The captain of team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee. Most current players wear specialist football boots, which can be either of leather or a synthetic material. Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable, normally by means of a screw thread
5.
Away colours
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Away colours are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports. They are required to be worn by one team during a game between teams that would wear the same colours as each other, or similar colours. This change prevents confusion for officials, players, and spectators, in most sports it is the visiting team that must change – second-choice kits are commonly known as away kits or change kits in British English, and road uniforms in American English. Some sports leagues mandate that teams must always wear an alternative kit. In some sports, conventionally the home team has changed its kit, in most cases, a team wears its away kit only when its primary kit would clash with the colours of the home team. However, sometimes teams wear away colours by choice, occasionally even in a home game, at some clubs, the away kit has become more popular than the home version. Replica home and away kits are available for fans to buy. Some teams also have produced third-choice kits, or even old-fashioned throwback uniforms, in American sports, road teams usually wear a change uniform regardless of a potential colour clash. Further, almost all road uniforms are white in American football, in the National Basketball Association, home uniforms are white or yellow, and visiting teams wear a darker colour. In the United States, color vs. color games are a rarity, most teams choose to wear their color jerseys at home, with the road team changing to white in most cases. White road uniforms gained prominence with the rise of television in the 1950s, a white vs. color game was easier to follow in black-and-white. According to Phil Hecken, until the mid 1950′s, not only was color versus color common in the NFL, even long after the advent of color television, the use of white jerseys has remained in almost every game. The NFLs current rules require that a home jerseys must be either white or official team color throughout the season. If a team insists on wearing its home uniforms on the road, the road team might instead wear a third jersey, such as the Seattle Seahawks Wolf Grey alternate. According to the Gridiron Uniform Database, the Cleveland Browns wore white for home game of the 1955 season. The only times they wore brown was for games at Philadelphia and the New York Giants, in 1964 the Baltimore Colts, Browns, Vikings and Rams wore white regularly for their home games according to Tim Brulias research. The St. Louis Cardinals wore white for several of their home games, until 1964 Dallas had worn blue at home, but it was not an official rule that teams should wear their colored jerseys at home. The use of white jerseys was instigated by general manager Tex Schramm, the Cowboys still wear white at home today
6.
Women's association football
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Womens association football, also commonly known as womens soccer, is the most prominent team sport played by women around the globe. It is played at the level in numerous countries throughout the world and 176 national teams participate internationally. The history of football has seen major competitions being launched at both the national and international levels. Womens football has faced many struggles throughout its history, the ban stayed in effect until July 1971. Women may have been playing football for as long as the game has existed, evidence shows that an ancient version of the game was played by women during the Han Dynasty. Two female figures are depicted in Han Dynasty frescoes, playing Tsu Chu, there are, however, a number of opinions about the accuracy of dates, the earliest estimates at 5000 BCE. Reports of a match being played in Scotland are reported as early as the 1790s. The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow, in England, the first recorded game of football between women took place in 1895. Association football, the game, also has documented early involvement of women. In Europe, it is possible that 12th-century French women played football as part of that eras folk games, an annual competition in Mid-Lothian, Scotland during the 1790s is reported, too. In 1863, football governing bodies introduced standardized rules to prohibit violence on the pitch, the most well-documented early European team was founded by activist Nettie Honeyball in England in 1894. It was named the British Ladies Football Club, Honeyball and those like her paved the way for womens football. However the womens game was frowned upon by the British football associations and it has been suggested that this was motivated by a perceived threat to the masculinity of the game. Womens football became popular on a scale at the time of the First World War. The most successful team of the era was Dick, Kerrs Ladies of Preston, some speculated that this may have also been to envy of the large crowds that womens matches attracted. This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association, in August 1917, a tournament was launched for female munition workers teams in northeast England. Officially titled the Tyne Wear & Tees Alfred Wood Munition Girls Cup, the first winners of the trophy were Blyth Spartans, who defeated Bolckow Vaughan 5–0 in a replayed final tie at Middlesbrough on 18 May 1918. Following the FA ban on womens teams on 5 December 1921, a silver cup was donated by the first president of the association, Len Bridgett
7.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
8.
Babelsberg
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Babelsberg is the largest district of Potsdam, the capital city of the German state of Brandenburg. A settlement on the small Nuthe creek was first mentioned in the 1375 Landbuch by Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg, then called Neuendorf after its former West Slavic name Nova Ves, it was shelled several times and was severely damaged during the Thirty Years War. During the Industrial Revolution it developed into a centre of manufacturing and, at the premises of Orenstein & Koppel. For decades German Neuendorf and Bohemian Nowawes bordered on each other, Nowawes received town privileges in 1924. From about 1900 the mansion colony of Neubabelsberg arose east of Babelsberg Park on the shore of the Griebnitzsee lake. In 1938 Nowawes and Neubabelsberg merged and were incorporated into Potsdam one year later, during the 1945 Potsdam Conference the representatives of the victorious Allies Joseph Stalin, President Harry S. Truman and Prime Minister Winston Churchill resided in mansions of Neubabelsberg. At the Truman-Villa the President issued the Potsdam Declaration and gave orders for the bombings of Hiroshima. Today the building serves as the seat of the liberal Friedrich Naumann Foundation, the palace was largely extended according to plans by Friedrich Ludwig Persius and finished in 1849. Babelsberg remained a residence of Wilhelm after his accession to the Prussian and German throne and it was here, where after a private conversation on 23 September 1862 he appointed Otto von Bismarck Minister President of Prussia and refrained from abdicating. The neighbourhood shares a border with the Wannsee district of Berlin. Studio Babelsberg is widely known as a European media centre and the oldest large-scale film studio in the world and it is also one of the two seats of the public Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg broadcaster and home of the German Broadcasting Archive. Since 1990 Babelsberg Palace with the park laid out by Peter Joseph Lenné and Hermann von Pückler-Muskau is part of the UNESCO Palaces and Parks of Potsdam. One campus of the University of Potsdam as well as the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam are situated within the park, adjacent Neubabelsberg is the home of the Hasso Plattner Institute for software systems engineering. The local SV Babelsberg 03 football club is based at the Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion, FFC Turbine Potsdam womens football team. The German Industrial-Metal band Rammstein used Babelsberg castle to film their music video Du Riechst So Gut 98, jung, Karin Carmen, Die Böhmische Weberkolonie Nowawes 1751–1767 in Potsdam-Babelsberg. In, Die Mark Brandenburg, Heft 74, Marika Großer Verlag, culturcon / Märkische Oderzeitung,2011, ISBN 978-3-941092-77-8. Babelsberg Palace - official site Babelsberg on www. potsdam. de Babelsberg Palace Local tradesmen website
9.
German reunification
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The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity, celebrated on 3 October. Following German reunification, Berlin was once designated as the capital of united Germany. The East German regime started to falter in May 1989, when the removal of Hungarys border fence with Austria opened a hole in the Iron Curtain and it caused an exodus of thousands of East Germans fleeing to West Germany and Austria via Hungary. The united Germany is the continuation of the Federal Republic. For political and diplomatic reasons, West German politicians carefully avoided the term reunification during the run-up to what Germans frequently refer to as die Wende, after 1990, the term die Wende became more common. The term generally refers to the events led up to the actual reunification, in its usual context. When referring to the events surrounding unification, however, it carries the connotation of the time. However, anti-communist activists from Eastern Germany rejected the term Wende as it was introduced by SEDs Secretary General Egon Krenz, the capital city of Berlin was divided into four occupied sectors of control, under the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Germans lived under such imposed divisions throughout the ensuing Cold War, into the 1980s, the Soviet Union experienced a period of economic and political stagnation, and they correspondingly decreased intervention in Eastern Bloc politics. In 1987, US President Ronald Reagan gave a speech at Brandenburg Gate challenging Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall that had separated Berlin. The wall had stood as an icon for the political and economic division between East and West, a division that Churchill had referred to as the Iron Curtain. In early 1989, under a new era of Soviet policies of glasnost, perestroika and taken to more progressive levels by Gorbachev. Further inspired by images of brave defiance, a wave of revolutions swept throughout the Eastern Bloc that year. In May 1989, Hungary removed their border fence and thousands of East Germans escaped to the West, however, events rapidly came to a head in early 1990. First, in March, the Party of Democratic Socialism—the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany—was heavily defeated in East Germanys first free elections. A grand coalition was formed under Lothar de Maizière, leader of the East German wing of Kohls Christian Democratic Union, on a platform of speedy reunification, second, East Germanys economy and infrastructure underwent a swift and near-total collapse. While East Germany had long been reckoned as having the most robust economy in the Soviet bloc, the East German mark had been practically worthless outside East Germany for some time before the events of 1989–90 further magnified the problem. Discussions immediately began for a merger of the German economies
10.
East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
11.
UEFA Women's Champions League
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The UEFA Womens Champions League is an international womens association football club competition for teams that play in UEFA nations. The competition was first played in 2001–02 under the name UEFA Womens Cup, FFC Frankfurt is the most successful club in the competitions history, winning the title four times. The UEFA Womens Cup was a football competition for European clubs. The competition was started in the 2001–02 season in response to the increased interest in womens football and it is sometimes called the Womens European Cup, given its status as the only UEFA club competition for women. Teams qualify by virtue of winning their top national competition, be it a league or cup, teams were then divided into eight groups of four. The groups were played again as mini-tournaments at a location over the course of five days. The group winners advanced to the quarter-finals. The knock-out rounds were played as two-legged and that included the final which was only played as a single leg in 2002. For the 2004–05 season the group stage was played in four groups with the top two advancing to the quarter-finals. That resulted in qualifying groups. On 11 December 2008, UEFA announced that the competition would be reformatted and renamed to the UEFA Womens Champions League. As in the game, the new tournament aims to include runners-up of the top womens football leagues in Europe. On 31 March 2008 UEFA confirmed that the eight top countries according to the UEFA league coefficient between 2003–04 and 2007–08 would be awarded two places in the new Womens Champions League. Due to coefficient changes ahead of 2010–11, Iceland gained a place in the top eight, in 2012–13, Norway regained its top-eight place at Icelands expense. Then, for 2013–14, Austria replaced Norway in the top eight, the Czech Republic replaced Austria in the top eight for 2014–15. In the current edition the Czech Republic itself is replaced by Spain, also in 2012–13, the berth for Englands champion passed from the Womens Premier League to the countrys new top level, the WSL. The title holder has the right to enter if they do not qualify through their domestic competition, the competition is open to the champions of all 54 UEFA associations. However, not all associations have or have had a womens league, for instance Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino and Gibraltar have never participated
12.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
13.
1. FFC Frankfurt
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FFC Frankfurt is a German womens association football club based in Frankfurt, Hesse and has a membership of about 430. The team currently plays in the German first division womens Bundesliga, FFC Frankfurt have won seven German womens football championships, a record nine Frauen DFB-Pokals, and a record four UEFA Womens Champions Leagues. FFC Frankfurt play at the Stadion am Brentanobad, FFC Frankfurt has a rivalry with 1. The club has its origins at the SG Praunheim, at Praunheim a womens football department was established in 1973. The club had no showings at national championship or cup tournaments, in the early 1990s Praunheim achieved mid-table results with a tendency for slight improvements from season to season. Thus Frankfurt qualified for the playoffs for the German football championship for the first time in 1995–96, in the following seasons FFC Frankfurt managed to stay amongst the top clubs in German football, but won no titles. Also during that time they were put behind by local rival FSV Frankfurt. On 1 January 1999 the womens department left Praunheim to form 1, the club had success immediately winning the cup and the championship in their first season. In 1999–2000 Frankfurt won their cup, but lost the championship to FCR Duisburg which in the previous season had finished second only to Frankfurt in both competitions. From 2000 to 2003 Frankfurt won three consecutive doubles while also rising to the pinnacle of European football with a victory in the UEFA Womens Cups inaugury season in 2002, during these years a club from Potsdam had begun to challenge the supremacy of FFC Frankfurt. Thus in 2003–04 Turbine Potsdam won a double of their own, after Turbine had won its own UEFA Cup title in 2005 both clubs met in the final of the UEFA Cup. Thanks to a 4–0 victory at Potsdam in the first leg Frankfurt was able to claim their second European title, the final was attended by a record crowd of 13,100 and even German chancellor Angela Merkel was amongst the spectators. Having conceded the three cup finals to Potsdam Frankfurt won another double in 2006–07, but lost in the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup to Norwegian Kolbotn. Frankfurt won their second treble in the 2007–08, thus becoming the first, the second leg of the final against Umeå was attended by 27,640, a new record attendance for a womens club football game in Europe. Frankfurts performance dropped considerably in the 2008–09 season, a fourth-place finish in the league was the clubs worst performance since a uniform Bundesliga was put into place. Also Frankfurt did not reach the cup final for the first time since 1998, losing in the round to Bayern Munich. In the UEFA Cup Frankfurt was eliminated by FCR2001 Duisburg in the quarter-finals, Frankfurt plays their homegames in the Stadion am Brentanobad, a stadium in the Rödelheim district of Frankfurt they share with the mens team of Rot-Weiss Frankfurt. Stadion am Brentobad is owned by the city of Frankfurt and has a capacity of 5,200 with 1,100 of those being roofed seats, in recent seasons Frankfurt had the highest attendance average in the Bundesliga with more than 1,000 spectators on average
14.
Sports associations (East Germany)
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The term Sports Associations in East Germany meant a sports agency for certain economic branches of the whole society, which were members of the East German Sports Association. Members of biggest social employers had their own sports clubs or the Sportvereinigung. One of the biggest problems is that you can not find almanacs of these today, all of them were recycled or sold to private persons. So you can not start an article about each trade sports association, the rest are data banks of history sections from the sport club sites with the certain name or in addition, pennants, medals, flags, and other related objects. Nevertheless, you can still an lot of sports societies in the former GDR which use the old names. In 1966, the sections were separated and they used the name Fußballclub. They had to conform to the rules of the East German Sports Association, the sections of the associations were called Sports Clubs for only the professional athletes. The best were the Sportvereinigung Dynamo and the Sportvereinigung Vorwärts, while the worst were the SV Traktor and this directive only allowed the establishment of sports organizations on a local level. In consequence, sport competitions were only permitted on a level with loosely organized Sportgemeinschaften in cities. Only in the fall of 1946 were football resumed on Land level, the competition was organized by the youth organization Free German Youth. After the first football championship in the Soviet occupation zone had been held in the summer of 1948, on an initiative of the Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund and FDJ, the Deutscher Sportausschuß was created as an umbrella organization for sports in the Soviet zone. Among its first tasks was the re-structuring of the organizations that was tackled with the credo rearrangement based on production. With participation of the FDGB the existing Sportgemeinschaften were replaced by newly created Betriebssportgemeinschaft in production, the so-called Trägerbetriebe would take over tasks of financing and logistics for their respective BSGs, with the union chapter responsible for the day-to-day management. The BSG would be tasked with organizing a large spectrum of sports activities, each BSG had its own administrative board with a chairman and heads for the different sports sections. Financial means were provided by the Trägerbetrieb. and often the infrastructure would be built by the companies as well, to further optimize the system, the DS reorganized the BSGs again in April 1950. Central sports associations were created according to the structure and all BSGs within such a central association were given a standard name. These central associations were tasked with promoting the BSGs in their field and this was done by organizing internal competitions within the central associations and through influencing athletes who move between individual BSGs. Among the largest and most powerful BSGs was Wismut Aue, Stahl Riesa, Chemie Leipzig, Chemie Leipzig were the only BSG to win the East German football championship after the creation of the sports clubs in 1957
15.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
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Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
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Baltic Sea
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The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, the sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. The Baltic Sea is connected by waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal. Traffic history Historically, the Kingdom of Denmark collected Sound Dues from ships at the border between the ocean and the land-locked Baltic Sea and they were collected in the Øresund at Kronborg castle near Helsingør, in the Great Belt at Nyborg. In the Little Belt, the site of intake was moved to Fredericia, the narrowest part of Little Belt is the Middelfart Sund near Middelfart. Oceanography Geographers widely agree that the physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill. The Drogden Sill is situated north of Køge Bugt and connects Dragør in the south of Copenhagen to Malmö, it is used by the Øresund Bridge, including the Drogden Tunnel. By this definition, the Danish Straits are part of the entrance, but the Bay of Mecklenburg, another usual border is the line between Falsterbo, Sweden and Stevns Klint, Denmark, as this is the southern border of Øresund. Its also the border between the shallow southern Øresund and notably deeper water, hydrography and biology Drogden Sill sets a limit to Øresund and Darss Sill, and a limit to the Belt Sea. The shallow sills are obstacles to the flow of salt water from the Kattegat into the basins around Bornholm. The Kattegat and the southwestern Baltic Sea are well oxygenated and have a rich biology, the remainder of the Sea is brackish, poor in oxygen and in species. While Tacitus called it Mare Suebicum after the Germanic people called the Suebi, the origin of the latter name is speculative. Adam of Bremen himself compared the sea with a belt, stating that it is so named because it stretches through the land as a belt and he might also have been influenced by the name of a legendary island mentioned in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder. Pliny mentions an island named Baltia with reference to accounts of Pytheas and it is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia in On the Ocean by Pytheas. Baltia also might be derived from belt and mean near belt of sea, meanwhile, others have suggested that the name of the island originates from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhel meaning white, fair. This root and its meaning were retained in both Lithuanian and Latvian. On this basis, a related hypothesis holds that the name originated from this Indo-European root via a Baltic language such as Lithuanian, yet another explanation is that the name originally meant enclosed sea, bay as opposed to open sea. Some Swedish historians believe the name derives from the god Balder of Nordic mythology, in the Middle Ages the sea was known by variety of names
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East German mark
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The East German mark commonly called the eastern mark, in East Germany only Mark, was the currency of the German Democratic Republic. Its ISO4217 currency code was DDM and it was divided into 100 Pfennig. On 18 June 1948 a currency reform was announced for the western zones, subsequently, on 20 June 1948, the Reichsmark and the Rentenmark were abolished in the western occupation zones and replaced with the Deutsche Mark issued by the Bank deutscher Länder. Because the Reichsmark was still legal tender in the Soviet occupation zone, the currency flooded into the east from the west and this caused sudden inflation, which caused privately held cash in the Soviet zone to become worthless overnight. Only such banknotes could be exchanged when the Deutsche Notenbank issued the new Deutsche Mark with the subsequent currency reform, the adhesive coupons had already been printed and, with logistic assistance by the Soviets, distributed among the district offices. First affixings of the coupons started immediately, already on 19 June 1948, on 23 June 1948, the official starting day of the action, a considerable store of primed banknotes was already available. This enabled to reduce waiting times and to accelerate the process by exchanging these notes for unprimed banknotes, on 24 July 1948, a completely new series of banknotes were issued. It maintained the official name Deutsche Mark von der Deutschen Notenbank until 1964, from 1964 to 1967, the East German mark was officially designated as the Mark der Deutschen Notenbank. With the constitutional amendments of 1968 and 1974, the leadership of East Germany moved away from the goal of a unified Germany. Of the GDR where earlier they would simply have said German, coins minted prior to the renaming, with the legend Deutsche Mark, continued to circulate for several years, but they were gradually replaced by the early 1980s by coins with the legend Mark. The East German mark was officially valued by the East German government at parity with the Deutsche Mark, however, because it was not readily convertible and the GDRs export profile was restricted, it was practically worthless outside East Germany. The few East Germans able to visit the West often found themselves having to rely on their West German relatives as a result, starting on 13 October 1980, Western visitors to the GDR were required to exchange a minimum of 25 Deutsche Mark for East German marks per day. Some exceptions were authorized, for example, tourists who booked hotel stays in the GDR that were paid in currency were exempted from the minimum exchange requirements. At other times, West Berliners, retirees, children, on the black market, the exchange rate was about 5 to 10 M to one DM. In the mid-1980s, one could easily visit foreign currency exchange offices in West Berlin, however, the GDR forbade the import or export of East German currency into or out of the GDR, and penalties for violation ranged from confiscation of smuggled currency to imprisonment. The East German mark could not be spent in Intershops to acquire Western consumer goods, as a result, the main purchasers of black market East German banknotes were Allied military personnel entering East Berlin, as they were exempt from East German customs inspection. Upon adoption of the deutsche Mark in East Germany on 1 July 1990, larger amounts of savings, company debts and housing loans were converted at a 2,1 rate whilst so-called speculative money, acquired shortly before unification, was converted at a rate of 3,1. Around 4,500 tonnes of East German coins were melted down at the Rackwitz metal works in 1990, in total,3,000 tonnes of banknotes, passbooks, and checks were stored there, having been brought by military convoy from the Staatsbank der DDR in Berlin
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Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
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Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
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Yugoslavia
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Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. The Serbian royal House of Karađorđević became the Yugoslav royal dynasty, Yugoslavia gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. The country was named after the South Slavic peoples and constituted their first union, following centuries in which the territories had been part of the Ottoman Empire, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929, it was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. In 1943, a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance, in 1944, the king recognised it as the legitimate government, but in November 1945 the monarchy was abolished. Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946 and it acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country as president until his death in 1980, in 1963, the country was renamed again as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The constituent six socialist republics that made up the country were the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Croatia, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the members of the federation. After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics borders, at first into five countries, eventually, Serbia and Montenegro accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession. Serbia and Montenegro themselves broke up in 2006 and became independent states, the concept of Yugoslavia, as a single state for all South Slavic peoples, emerged in the late 17th century and gained prominence through the Illyrian Movement of the 19th century. The name was created by the combination of the Slavic words jug, Yugoslavia was the result of the Corfu Declaration, as a project of the Serbian Parliament in exile and the Serbian royal Karađorđević dynasty, who became the Yugoslav royal dynasty. The country was formed in 1918 immediately after World War I as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and it was commonly referred to at the time as the Versailles state. Later, the government renamed the country leading to the first official use of Yugoslavia in 1929, on 6 January 1929 King Alexander I suspended the constitution, banned national political parties, assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia. He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions and he imposed a new constitution and relinquished his dictatorship in 1931. None of these three regimes favored the policy pursued by Alexander I, Alexander attempted to create a centralised Yugoslavia. He decided to abolish Yugoslavias historic regions, and new internal boundaries were drawn for provinces or banovinas, the banovinas were named after rivers. Many politicians were jailed or kept under police surveillance, the effect of Alexanders dictatorship was to further alienate the non-Serbs from the idea of unity. During his reign the flags of Yugoslav nations were banned, Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son Peter II and a regency council headed by his cousin, Prince Paul
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Bulgaria
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Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, with a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, Bulgaria is Europes 16th-largest country. Organised prehistoric cultures began developing on current Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period and its ancient history saw the presence of the Thracians, Greeks, Persians, Celts, Romans, Goths, Alans and Huns. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for five centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 led to the formation of the Third Bulgarian State, the following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 it became a one-party socialist state as part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc, in December 1989 the ruling Communist Party allowed multi-party elections, which subsequently led to Bulgarias transition into a democracy and a market-based economy. Bulgarias population of 7.2 million people is predominantly urbanised, most commercial and cultural activities are centred on the capital and largest city, Sofia. The strongest sectors of the economy are industry, power engineering. The countrys current political structure dates to the adoption of a constitution in 1991. Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative. Human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria can be traced back to the Paleolithic, animal bones incised with man-made markings from Kozarnika cave are assumed to be the earliest examples of symbolic behaviour in humans. Organised prehistoric societies in Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture, Vinča culture, the latter is credited with inventing gold working and exploitation. Some of these first gold smelters produced the coins, weapons and jewellery of the Varna Necropolis treasure and this site also offers insights for understanding the social hierarchy of the earliest European societies. Thracians, one of the three primary groups of modern Bulgarians, began appearing in the region during the Iron Age. In the late 6th century BC, the Persians conquered most of present-day Bulgaria, and kept it until 479 BC. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 5th century the area fell under Byzantine control, by this time, Christianity had already spread in the region. A small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum produced the first Germanic language book in the 4th century, the first Christian monastery in Europe was established around the same time by Saint Athanasius in central Bulgaria. From the 6th century the easternmost South Slavs gradually settled in the region, in 680 Bulgar tribes under the leadership of Asparukh moved south across the Danube and settled in the area between the lower Danube and the Balkan, establishing their capital at Pliska
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Czechoslovakia
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From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate. From 1948 to 1990, Czechoslovakia was part of the Soviet bloc with a command economy and its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949, and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955. A period of liberalization in 1968, known as the Prague Spring, was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries. In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the two states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Form of state 1918–1938, A democratic republic, 1938–1939, After annexation of Sudetenland by Nazi Germany in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A large strip of southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary, 1939–1945, The region was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic. A government-in-exile continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and its Allies, after the German invasion of Russia, Czechoslovakia adhered to the Declaration by United Nations and was a founding member of the United Nations. 1946–1948, The country was governed by a government with communist ministers, including the prime minister. Carpathian Ruthenia was ceded to the Soviet Union, 1948–1989, The country became a socialist state under Soviet domination with a centrally planned economy. In 1960, the country became a socialist republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It was a state of the Soviet Union. 1989–1990, The federal republic consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic, 1990–1992, Following the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, consisting of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Neighbours Austria 1918–1938, 1945–1992 Germany Hungary Poland Romania 1918–1938 Soviet Union 1945–1991 Ukraine 1991–1992 Topography The country was of irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands, the eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the Carpathian Mountains and lands of the Danube River basin. Climate The weather is mild winters and mild summers, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. The area was long a part of the Austro Hungarian Empire until the Empire collapsed at the end of World War I, the new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his ally, Edvard Beneš. The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, nationalism became a mass movement in the last half of the 19th century
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Socialist Unity Party of Germany
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The partys dominant figure from 1950 to 1971, and effective leader of East Germany, was Walter Ulbricht. In 1953, an uprising against the Party was met with violent suppression by the Ministry of State Security and the Soviet Army. In 1971, Ulbricht was succeeded by Erich Honecker who presided over a period in the development of the GDR until he was forced to step down during the 1989 revolution. The partys last leader, Egon Krenz, was unsuccessful in his attempt to retain the SEDs hold on political governance of the GDR and was imprisoned after German reunification, the SEDs long-suppressed reform wing took over the party in the fall of 1989. In hopes of changing its image, on 16 December it renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism, abandoning Marxism–Leninism and it received 16. 4% of the vote in the 1990 parliamentary elections. In 2007, the PDS merged with Labour and Social Justice into The Left, official East German and Soviet histories portrayed this merger as a voluntary pooling of efforts by the socialist parties. However, there is evidence that the merger was more troubled than commonly portrayed. By all accounts, the Soviet occupation authorities applied pressure on the SPDs eastern branch to merge with the KPD. The newly merged party, with the help of the Soviet authorities, however, these elections were held under less-than-secret conditions, thus setting the tone for the next four decades. A truer picture of the SEDs support came with the elections in Berlin. In that contest, the SED received less than half the votes of the SPD, the bulk of the Berlin SPD remained aloof from the merger, even though Berlin was deep inside the Soviet zone. The Soviet Military Administration in Germany directly governed the areas of Germany following World War II. Also reported was a deal of difficulty in convincing the masses that the SED was a German political party. Soviet intelligence claimed to have a list of names of an SPD group within the SED that was covertly forging links with the SPD in the West, a problem for the Soviets that they identified with the early SED was its potential to develop into a nationalist party. At large party meetings, members applauded speakers who talked of nationalism much more than when they spoke of solving social problems, although it was nominally a merger of equals, from the beginning the SED was dominated by Communists. By the late 1940s, the SED began to purge most recalcitrant Social Democrats from its ranks, by the time of East Germanys formal establishment in 1949, the SED was a full-fledged Communist party—essentially the KPD under a new name. It began to develop along lines similar to other Communist parties in the Soviet bloc, over the years, the SED gained a reputation as one of the most hardline parties in the Soviet bloc. When Mikhail Gorbachev initiated reforms in the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the party organisation was based on, and co-located with, the institutions of the German Democratic Republic
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Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
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Berlin Wall
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The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992, the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area that contained anti-vehicle trenches, fakir beds and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany, the West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the Wall of Shame—a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Walls restriction on freedom of movement. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall prevented almost all such emigration, during this period, around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the Wall, with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall, contrary to popular belief the Walls actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, the capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the citys location, which was fully within the Soviet zone. Within two years, political divisions increased between the Soviets and the occupying powers. Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone, if statements or decisions deviated from the described line, reprimands and punishment would ensue, such as imprisonment, torture and even death. Indoctrination of Marxism-Leninism became a part of school curricula, sending professors. The East Germans created a political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance. In 1948, following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several countries began a massive airlift, supplying West Berlin with food. The Soviets mounted a public campaign against the Western policy change. Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948, preceding large losses therein, in May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade, permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin. The German Democratic Republic was declared on 7 October 1949, by a secret treaty, the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority, but not autonomy. The Soviets permeated East German administrative, military and secret police structures and had full control, East Germany differed from West Germany, which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy and a democratic parliamentary government
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SG Wattenscheid 09
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SG Wattenscheid 09 is a German association football club located in Wattenscheid which was a separate town until 1975, since then it is a quarter of Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club played quietly as a local side until briefly coming to notice in the war-ravaged Gauliga Westfalen, then a division of top flight German football, in 1958 Wattenscheid joined the Verbandsliga Westfalen and a title there in 1969 saw the club promoted to the Regionalliga West. Despite a Regionalliga title in 1974 they did not move up due the restructuring of the German competition, through a period from the late 70s on to the late 80s the team struggled somewhat, earning uneven results and having several close brushes with relegation. They played well enough to earn a 10th-place finish in 1981, from that point the club slowly turned itself around and in 1990 earned promotion to the top-flight by way of a second-place result in their division. However, their Bundesliga stay was a four years with their best result being an 11th-place finish in their debut season. The most memorable matches in period are the victory in the derby against VfL Bochum in 1992. After relegation in 1994 Wattenscheid spent two campaigns in the 2, Bundesliga, before slipping to Regionalliga in 1996 for one season and returned for two campaigns back in the 2. Bundesliga. In 1999 Wattenscheid was slipping to Regionalliga and Oberliga in 2004, the next season, in 2005, they could advance to the Regionalliga again. Two consecutive relegations brought them to the Verbandsliga Westfalen in 2007, Wattenscheid played Oberliga for 2 seasons and relegated again to Verbandsliga after finishing 18th in 2009–10 season. After winning the regional Westfalenpokal in 1996, Wattenscheid qualified for the first round of German Cup in 1996–97 where they faced Borussia Dortmund and they won the match 4–3 but were eliminated by Karlsruher SC II in the following round, losing 4–2 in a penalty shootout. As of 23 July 2016 Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality
28.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
29.
Tennis Borussia Berlin
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Tennis Borussia Berlin is a German football club based in Berlin–Westend. The team was founded in 1902 as Berliner Tennis- und Ping-Pong-Gesellschaft Borussia taking its name from its origins as a tennis, Borussia is a Latinised version of Prussia and was a widely used name for sports clubs in the former state of Prussia. In 1903 the club took up football and quickly developed a rivalry with Berlins leading side Hertha BSC, in 1913 the club changed its name to Berliner Tennis Club Borussia. They won their first city championship in 1932 in the Oberliga Berlin-Brandenburg and repeated the feat in 1941. The team played in tier II leagues throughout the 60s and 70s with the exception of two short-lived forays into the Bundesliga in 1974–75 and 1976–77, most of the 1980s were spent playing in the third tier Oberliga Berlin. Through most of its history TeBe has been afflicted by financial problems but has managed to hang on while many other of Berlins clubs folded or disappeared in mergers. In 1997–98, a deep-pocketed sponsor brought expensive new talent to the team as they made a run at a return to 2, Bundesliga, which they achieved, winning the Regionalliga Nordost. While initially successful, the bid collapsed in 2000 as the teams finances failed and they were refused a license and were forcibly relegated to the Regionalliga Nord where they finished last in 2000–01 and so slipped further still to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord the following season. Finally, in 2000, the club had adopted its current name Tennis Borussia Berlin, as the club had always been known under this moniker and it continued playing in the fourth tier – fifth after the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 – until 2009, when they won the Oberliga championship, after running into financial difficulties once again, the club went into administration and dropped back down to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord for the 2010–11 season. The fan movement started in the 1980s when TeBe began having its biggest successes, despite their fall down the leagues the club still enjoys a relatively strong support. The fans consider themselves fiercely left-wing, and frequently the fans cultivate the clubs Jewish traditions as well as actions against antisemitism, racism, as of 24 February 2016 Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, past players who are the subjects of Wikipedia articles can be found here. Regionalliga Berlin, Champions 1965,19742
30.
Ariane Hingst
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Ariane Hingst is a German footballer. Primarily utilized as a defender or a holding midfielder. Hingst announced in the middle of 2011 that she would be retiring from football with the German national team. In addition it was announced by 1, FFC Frankfurt manager Siegfried Dietrich that Hingst had left the Frankfurt club. Hingst had played at local clubs at junior level. At age 15, she played for the first team of Hertha Zehlendorf in the Regionalliga, in 1996 and 1997, Hingst won the league with Zehlendorf, but they failed to win their promotion play-offs both years. At that time, Germanys head coach Tina Theune had urged her to play at Bundesliga level, Hingst joined newly promoted Bundesliga side Turbine Potsdam for the 1997–98 season. From 2001 to 2003, Potsdam was runner-up in the Bundesliga for three years in a row, Hingst won the Bundesliga title with Potsdam in 2004 and 2006, and claimed the German Cup competition from 2004 to 2006 three consecutive times. In the 2004–05 season, Potsdam also won the UEFA Womens Cup, in 2007, Hingst moved to the Swedish first division side Djurgårdens IF Dam, where she played for two years, finishing runner-up in the league both seasons. She returned to Germany in 2009, joining 1, in her third season at the club, she won the 2011 German Cup. It was announced after Germanys poor 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup campaign, in October 2011 she signed to Australian club Newcastle Jets. On 29 September 2012 she signed for Australian W-League side Canberra United FC, Hingst made her debut for the German national team in August 1996 against the Netherlands. One year later, she won her first international title at the 1997 European Championship, the final against Italy was her only game in the starting line-up. At the 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup, Hingst was Germanys youngest player in the squad, yet she started in all matches, the team was eliminated in the quarter-finals. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, Hingst won bronze with the German team and she scored after 88 minutes in the final first round match against Sweden, which secured Germanys first place in the group. Hingst again won the European Championship in 2001, which was played on home soil in Germany, however, she was only used sparely and did not appear in the final of the tournament. Hingst was part of Germanys winning squad at the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup, one year later, she went on to win the bronze medal at the Summer Olympics, and in 2005, she claimed her third European Championship. Hingst was one of the key players at Germany’s successful title defence at the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup
31.
Hertha Zehlendorf
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The Hertha Zehlendorf is a German football club from the suburb of Zehlendorf in Berlin. The club was formed by 30 local football enthusiasts on 10 March 1903, by 1909, it had however changed its name to FC Hertha Zehlendorf. In 1913, the moved to a new ground, Siebenendenweg, now called Ernst-Reuter-Sportfeld, away from the Tempelhofer Feld. The team was for a part of BFC Hertha 1892 but by September 1914 the club became independent again. After the end of the First World War, in January 1919 and it was from this union, Hertha derives its foundation date, too. For the next decade, the club did not particularly stand out of the ranks of Berlin football clubs, the club continued to struggle throughout this age and even had to form an on-the-field union with Union Lichterfelde to survive. During the Second World War, play came almost completely to a halt, after the war, all previously existing clubs and associations were outlawed in Berlin and the former Hertha existed under the name of SG Zehlendorf for a while. It entered the Amateurliga Berlin in 1947, a league that was played in a number of regional groups and it however became the first club in Berlin to receive a license in 1948 to revert to its original name by the allied occupation authorities. On the field, the qualified for the single-division Amateurliga in 1950 and immediately became a strong side in this league. The clubs youth side took out its first Berlin championship in 1950, Germany lost 1–2, but Zehlendorf beat Hertha BSC 3–2. The team entered the tier-one Oberliga Berlin for the 1953–54 season, were all the big names of West Berlin football were playing in those days and it found life at this level much harder and was immediately relegated again, finishing 11th out of 12 teams. Back in the Amateurliga, another championship was won and the club earned the right to return to the Oberliga, in this league, the team would stay until 1963, earning lower table finishes each season but surviving nevertheless. Hertha in this time earned much more success with its youth teams. In 1963, West German football was changed with the introduction of the Fußball-Bundesliga. Below it, five leagues, the Regionalligas, were formed. Instead, the qualified for the new tier-two Regionalliga Berlin. In this league, Hertha continued its existence as an average side, from 1965, the clubs results improved and it developed into an upper table side. In 1968–69, the team archived its greatest success so far, winning the Regionalliga, in this competition, the club came fourth out of five teams, when only the winner, Rot-Weiß Oberhausen, qualified for promotion
32.
Conny Pohlers
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Conny Pohlers is a retired German football player. Since 1998 she has played in the Womens Bundesliga and since 2001 in the Germany womens national football team, Pohlers comes from a football playing family. Her father played and her mother was once the top scorer in a regional league. She first played at the age of seven with FSV67 Halle, in the 2003 season, she played in the American professional league, WUSA, with the Atlanta Beat. In February 2007 she announced that she would be transferring to 1. FFC Frankfurt for the 2007–08 season. In 2013, playing for VfL Wolfsburg, she became a Bundesliga champion. After the 2013/14 season she ended her career
33.
FC Bayern Munich
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Fußball-Club Bayern München e. V. commonly known as FC Bayern München, FCB, Bayern Munich, or FC Bayern, is a German sports club based in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players, led by Franz John, although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932, the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963. The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when, under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer, overall, Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals, most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble. Since the formation of the Bundesliga, Bayern has been the dominant club in German football with 26 titles and has won 8 of the last 12 titles and they have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1. FC Nürnberg, as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s, since the beginning of the 2005–06 season, Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena. Previously the team had played at Munichs Olympiastadion for 33 years, the team colours are red and white, and the team crest shows the white and blue flag of Bavaria. In terms of revenue, Bayern Munich is the biggest sports club in Germany, as of November 2016, Bayern has over 284,000 members. There are more than 4,000 officially-registered fan clubs with over 314,000 members, the club has other departments for chess, handball, basketball, gymnastics, bowling, table tennis and senior football with more than 1,100 active members. FC Bayern is ranked second in the current UEFA club coefficient rankings, FC Bayern Munich was founded by members of a Munich gymnastics club. Within a few months, Bayern achieved high-scoring victories against all rivals, including a 15–0 win against FC Nordstern. In the following years, the club won some trophies and in 1910–11 Bayern joined the newly founded Kreisliga. The club won league in its first year, but did not win it again until the beginning of World War I in 1914. In the years after the war, Bayern won several regional competitions before winning its first South German championship in 1926, an achievement repeated two years later. Its first national title was gained in 1932, when coach Richard Little Dombi Kohn led the team to the German championship by defeating Eintracht Frankfurt 2–0 in the final, the advent of Nazism put an abrupt end to Bayerns development. Club president Kurt Landauer and the coach, both of whom were Jewish, left the country, many others in the club were also purged. Bayern was taunted as the Jews club, while local rival 1860 Munich gained much support, josef Sauter, who was inaugurated 1943, was the only NSDAP member as president. As some Bayern players greeted Landauer, who was watching a friendly in Switzerland lead to continued discrimination, Bayern was also affected by the ruling that football players had to be full amateurs again. In the following years, Bayern could not sustain its role of contender for the national title, after the war, Bayern became a member of the Oberliga Süd, the southern conference of the German first division, which was split five ways at that time
34.
Nadine Angerer
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Nadine Marejke Angerer is a retired German footballer who played as a goalkeeper. She played for Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Bayern Munich, Turbine Potsdam and FFC Frankfurt, during her extensive international career, Angerer was recognised as one of the worlds best female goalkeepers. Since making her debut for the Germany womens national team in August 1996. She understudied Silke Rottenberg at the UEFA Womens Championship in 1997,2001 and 2005, when Rottenberg was injured before the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup, Angerer took over as first choice and kept a clean sheet in every round as Germany won the tournament. She remained first choice for the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship, the 2011 and 2015 FIFA Womens World Cups, Germany won the UEFA Womens Championship on each of the five occasions Angerer was involved and won the FIFA Womens World Cup in 2003 and 2007. Their best finish at the Olympics was third in 2000,2004 and 2008, Angerer is a penalty-saving specialist, having stopped Martas kick in the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup Final and both Trine Rønning and Solveig Gulbrandsens during the UEFA Womens Euro 2013 Final. She was appointed captain of Germany in 2011 following the retirement of Birgit Prinz, on 13 January 2014, Angerer was named FIFA World Player of the Year, becoming the first goalkeeper – male or female – to win the award. She announced her retirement for the end of the 2014–15 season on 13 May 2015, Angerer was born in Lohr am Main, near Frankfurt. Her career began with ASV Hofstetten, where she played as a forward, when she substituted for the injured goalkeeper during a youth scouting game, she was discovered as a goalkeeping talent. FC Nürnberg and one later to FC Wacker München. While at Wacker, she rejected the opportunity to play for an American college soccer team, from 1999 to 2001, Angerer played at FC Bayern Munich, helping the team achieve promotion to Germanys top division, the Bundesliga. FFC Turbine Potsdam in 2001, where she claimed two national Bundesliga championships, three German Cup wins and the UEFA Womens Cup in the 2004–05 season, after seven years at Potsdam, Angerer left Germany in 2008 to play at Djurgårdens IF Dam in Sweden, replacing Bente Nordby. She returned to Germany after only one season to join 1 and she won the German Cup for a fourth time with Frankfurt in 2011. Following Birgit Prinzs retirement she was appointed Frankfurts new captain and she made her debut for Portland with a shutout against the Houston Dash on 12 April and went on to start 22 games for the Thorns, adding another three saves while compiling 74 saves. After the season, Angerer was loaned to the Brisbane Roar with plans to return to Portland for the start of the 2015 season, Angerer made her international debut for Germany against the Netherlands in August 1996. However, after five matches in succession she was only used sporadically thereafter. When Rottenberg suffered an cruciate ligament injury, Angerer was picked as the starting goalkeeper for the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup. During the entire tournament she did not concede a single goal and this included blocking a penalty kick by Marta in the 2–0 final win over Brazil
35.
Hamburger SV
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Hamburger Sport-Verein e. V. commonly known as Hamburger SV, Hamburg or HSV, is a German sport club based in Hamburg, its largest branch being its football department. HSVs football team has the distinction of having played continuously in the top tier of the German football league system since the end of World War I. It is the team that has played in every season of the Bundesliga since its foundation in 1963. HSV has won the German national championship six times, the DFB-Pokal three times and the League Cup twice. The teams most successful period was from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s when, in addition to several domestic honours, they won the 1976–77 European Cup Winners Cup and their outstanding player was German national star Felix Magath. To date, HSVs last major trophy was the 1986–87 DFB-Pokal, HSV play their home games at the Volksparkstadion in Bahrenfeld, a western district of Hamburg. The club colours are blue, white and black but the home kit of the team is white jerseys. The teams most common nickname is die Rothosen, as it is one of Germanys oldest clubs, it is also known as der Dinosaurier. HSV have rivalries with Werder Bremen, with whom they contest the Nordderby, and Hamburg-based FC St. Pauli, HSV is notable in football as a grassroots organisation with youth development a strong theme. The club had a team in the Womens Bundesliga from 2003 to 2012, other club departments include badminton, baseball, basketball, bowling, boxing, cricket, darts, hockey, golf, gymnastics, handball and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation exercises. These departments represent about 10% of the club membership, HSV is one of the biggest sports clubs in Germany with over 70,000 members in all its departments and stated by Forbes to be among the 20-largest football clubs in the world. This was the first of three clubs merged on 2 June 1919 to create HSV in its present form. HSV in its club statute recognises the founding of SC Germania as its own date of origin, the other two clubs in the June 1919 merger were Hamburger FC founded in 1888 and FC Falke Eppendorf dating back to 1906. The merger came about because the three clubs had been weakened by the impact of the First World War on manpower and finance. SC Germania was formed originally as a club and did not begin to play football until 1891. SC Germania had its first success in 1896, winning the Hamburg-Altona championship for the first of five times, Hamburger SC1888 was founded by students on 1 June 1888. It later had links with a team called FC Viktoria 95 and. SC Germania and Hamburger SC1888 were among 86 clubs who founded the Deutscher Fußball-Bund in Leipzig on 28 January 1900, FC Falke was founded by students in Eppendorf on 5 March 1906 but it was never a successful team and played in lower leagues
36.
Petra Wimbersky
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Petra Wimbersky is a former German football striker. After four years at FFC Frankfurt she returned to her former club Bayern Munich and she also plays for the German national team. She ended her career in 2012, UEFA Womens Championship, Winner 2005 DFB profile
37.
Anja Mittag
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Anja Mittag is a German international footballer who plays for FC Rosengård from Malmö as a striker. In December 2011 Mittag negotiated a release from 1, FFC Turbine Potsdam, after nine and a half years, in order to sign a two-year deal with Swedish Damallsvenskan club FC Rosengård. In May 2015, she signed a deal with French club Paris Saint-Germain. On 30 August 2016, Mittag joined German club Wolfsburg on a two-year deal, on March 312017 Mittag signed a contract with Rosengård once again. Mittag made her debut for the national team as a substitute in a friendly match with Italy on 31 March 2004. Her first goal with the national team came on 11 March 2005 in an Algarve Cup match against Norway. She was part of the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, scores and results list Germanys goal tally first, Source,1
38.
Offside (association football)
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Offside is one of the laws of association football, codified in Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. The law states that players in a position, when the ball is touched or played by a teammate. When the offside offence occurs, the referee stops play and awards a free kick to the defending team from the position of the offending player. The offside offence is neither a foul nor a misconduct, players are never booked or sent off for offside, like fouls, however, any play that occurs after an offence has taken place but before the referee is able to stop the play is nullified. Players that continue such play may be booked based on the assessment of how significant or intentional the play was. One of the duties of the assistant referees is to assist the referee in adjudicating offside — their position on the sidelines giving a more useful view sideways across the pitch. Assistant referees communicate that an offence has occurred by raising a signal flag. However, as with all officiating decisions in the game, adjudicating offside is ultimately up to the referee, the application of the offside rule may be considered in three steps, offside position, offside offence and offside sanction. A player is in a position if he is in the opposing teams half of the field and is also nearer to his opponents goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent. By the 2014/2015 Laws, the interpretation included the proviso that The arms are not included in this definition, in other words, a player is in an offside position if three conditions are met, The player is in the opposing teams half of the field. The player is closer to the goal line than the ball is. There are one or zero opposing players between the player and the goal line. Regardless of position, there is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from a goal kick, however, an offside offence may occur if a player receives the ball directly from either a direct free kick or an indirect free kick. Determining whether a player is in play can be complex. The quote, If youre not interfering with play, what are you doing on the pitch, has been attributed to Brian Clough and Danny Blanchflower. FIFA issued new guidelines for interpreting the law in 2003. This was further clarified by FIFA in 2015, the restart for an offside sanction is an indirect free kick for the opponent at the place where the offence occurred, even including if it is in the player’s own half of the field of play. The difficulty of offside officiating is often underestimated by spectators, some researchers believe that offside officiating errors are optically inevitable
39.
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
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The FIFA Womens World Cup 2003, the fourth edition of the FIFA Womens World Cup, was held in the United States and won by Germany. The tournament was scheduled for China. On 3 May 2003 the tournament was moved to the United States. Because the United States had hosted the 1999 World Cup, it was thought the United States could best organize the tournament in the time remaining before the October scheduled start. In compensation for losing the tournament, China retained its automatic qualification as host, mostly due to the rescheduling of the tournament on short notice, FIFA and the United States Soccer Federation were forced to creatively schedule matches. Nine doubleheaders were scheduled in group play and they also had to abandon the modern practice of scheduling the final matches of the group stage to kick off simultaneously. In Groups A and D, the matches were scheduled as the two ends of a doubleheader. The final matches in Groups B and C were also scheduled as doubleheaders, the four quarterfinals were also scheduled as two doubleheaders, and both semifinals were also a doubleheader. 16 teams participated in the final tournament, the teams were, For a list of all squads that played in the final tournament, see 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squads
40.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
41.
Babett Peter
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Babett Peter is a German footballer. She plays as a defender for Wolfsburg and the German national team, Peter started playing football in primary school. At the age of nine, her parents took her to the football club FSV Oschatz. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and was called up for German national teams at the junior level, during the winter break of the 2005–06 season, she moved to 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, winning the Bundesliga title and the German Cup in her first season, in September 2007, Peter received the Fritz Walter medal in gold as the best female junior player of the year. One month later, she scored her first Bundesliga goal for Potsdam against SG Essen-Schönebeck from the penalty spot, from 2009 to 2011, Peter won three consecutive Bundesliga titles with Turbine Potsdam. In the 2009–10 season, Potsdam also claimed the inaugural UEFA Womens Champions League title, one year later, Potsdam again made it to the final, but lost against Olympique Lyonnais. On 29 February 2012, Peter signed a contract and moved to 1. FFC Frankfurt on 1 July 2012, signed there in 2014 until 2017. Peter made her debut in the German national team in March 2006 against Finland and she was part of Germanys winning team at the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup, but did not play in any game. One year later, she won the bronze madel at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Peter was part of Germanys team winning the countrys seventh title at the 2009 European Championship. She scored her first goal for the team at the Algarve Cup facing China in March 2010. Peter was called up for Germanys 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup squad and she was part of the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, where Germany won the gold medal. Scores and results list Germanys goal tally first, Source, Peter graduated from the Potsdam Sports Gymnasium in June 2007, in October 2007, she became a member of the sports support group of the German Armed Forces. Since being five years old, Peter suffers from facial nerve paralysis, at the age of 15, she had an operation which improved her condition. Turbine Potsdam UEFA Womens Champions League, Winner 2009–10 Bundesliga, Winner 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12 DFB-Pokal, Winner 2005–061. de
42.
Bianca Schmidt
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Bianca Schmidt is a German footballer. She plays as a defender for Turbine Potsdam and the German national team, bianca Schmidt has combined her football career with her duties as a soldier in the Sports Promotion Group of the German Army. Schmidt began her career at the age of seven with TSV1880 Gera-Zwötzen, the club changed its name to 1. FC Gera 03 after a merger in 2003, during her entire youth career up to Under-15 level in the 2005–06 season, she played as the only girl on the team and only knew womens football from state selection squads and junior national teams. In 2006, Schmidt moved to the reigning German club champions 1, FFC Turbine Potsdam while she attended the Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Potsdam Sport School, which has an elite programme for girls football. The school has close links with the FFC Turbine Potsdam club. Schmidt soon became a starter for the team. She scored eight goals in her first Bundesliga season and won the Fritz Walter bronze medal as the third best female player of the year. At Potsdam, Schmidt won four Bundesliga titles in a row from 2009 to 2012 and she also claimed the UEFA Womens Champions League in the 2009–10 season with the team, where she scored during the penalty shoot-out in the final. One year later, Potsdam again made it to the final, in summer 2012, Schmidt was transferred to 1. In summer 2015, she rejoined 1, starting at Under-15 level, Schmidt played for several German junior national teams. She won the 2007 UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship and claimed third-place at the 2008 FIFA U-20 Womens World Cup and she made her debut for Germanys senior national team in February 2009 against China. Later that year Schmidt was called up and was a starter for Germany at the 2009 European Championship. In 2010, she returned to play in a junior competition, Schmidt was called up for Germanys 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup squad. FFC Turbine Potsdam Profile at Weltfussball. de
43.
Leni Larsen Kaurin
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Leni Larsen Kaurin is a Norwegian football midfielder who has made almost 100 appearances for the Norway womens national football team. Kaurin represented her country in the 2009 and 2013 editions of the UEFA Womens Championship and she also played at the 2008 Olympic Football Tournament. At club level she played for domestic teams Fortuna Ålesund, Asker, Team Strømmen, Stabæk and she also played for German Frauen-Bundesliga clubs Turbine Potsdam, FFC Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg as well as a short stint in the North American W-League with Ottawa Fury. Kaurin was born in Ålesund, West Norway and she began her career in the youth team at Skarbøvik IF, along with male footballer John Arne Riise, who was in the year above her at school. FFC Turbine Potsdam from Asker, at the end of 2007 and she was then the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany. On 2 February 2010 she announced that she would transfer to 1, FFC Frankfurt in order to have more match-time in the German top womens division and maintain her international career. Shortly afterwards she transferred again to VfL Wolfsburg, after four-and-a-half years in Germany, Kaurin decided to return to Norway and accepted a contract from Stabæk. She played for Ottawa Fury in the North American W-League during July 2012, when Kaurin was released by Stabæk after the 2013 season, she alleged that the teams male coach had sexually harassed her which caused her to play badly. In 2014 she played for and coached Fløya, who were battling relegation from the 1, Kaurin scored 10 times in 37 international matches for Norways age-limited teams before her debut in the senior national team, a 5–1 win over Finland at the 2001 Algarve Cup. She was disappointed to be one of the last players to be cut from the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup squad, from the beginning of 2006 she began playing more regularly for Norway. In September 2007 Kaurin played a role on the right wing in Norways campaign at the FIFA Womens World Cup 2007 tournament in China. She is known for her ability to dribble past defenders and pass accurately into the penalty area, on 9 June 2008 she was named to the Norwegian roster for the 2008 Summer Olympics to be held in Beijing, China. On 6 August 2008 she scored the first goal for Norway, the goal, after 61 seconds, was also the fastest goal in Olympic soccer history, beating the former record of four minutes. But the record lasted six days before being broken by the United States Heather OReilly. She played for Norway at UEFA Womens Euro 2009, where the team reached the semi-finals, in May 2011 Kaurin was selected to join Norways squad to go to the FIFA Womens World Cup 2011 in Germany in June–July 2011. She was called up to be part of the team for UEFA Womens Euro 2013. In the final at Friends Arena, Kaurin was an 85th-minute substitute, anja Mittags goal gave the Germans their sixth successive European title. Leni Larsen Kaurin on Twitter Leni Larsen Kaurin – FIFA competition record Norwegian national team profile Stabæk club profile Olympic profile
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Viola Odebrecht
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Viola Odebrecht is a retired German footballer who at last played for VfL Wolfsburg. In 2005 Odebrecht won the UEFA Womens Cup with 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, in the 2006 summer season, Odebrecht played five times for Valur in the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild, scoring once. On 29 February 2012, Odebrecht signed a contract and will move to VfL Wolfsburg on 1 July 2012. She retired after the 2014/15 season, in 2003 she was a member of the World Cup winning team who went on to take the bronze medal at the Athens Olympics 2004. After a six year hiatus, Odebrecht returned to the German national side in a Euro 2013 qualifying match against Romania on 22 October 2011. Scores and results list Germanys goal tally first, Source, Odebrecht was part of a rotation of studio commentators for ESPNs telecasts of the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup, Viola Odebrecht at dfb. de Viola Odebrecht at fussballdaten. de Viola Odebrecht at worldfootball. net
