1.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed
2.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
3.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
4.
Chinese Television System
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The Chinese Television System is a broadcast television station in the Republic of China and was founded in 1971. Founded on October 31,1971, CTS began as a joint venture between the Taiwan Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Education, in its inception, CTS was the only VHF television channel on the island of Taiwan. In 1998, the channel was commissioned by the Republic of China to provide an Electronic Government program, which would act as an informational source for government workers. On July 1,2006, by virtue of the media reform law. The new structure called for the transfer of the main studios from Taipei to Kaohsiung over a span of five years. Afterwards, it was allowed to continue to generate income through traditional advertisements, given its reputation as the network wherein many of Taiwans best dramas were broadcast, CTS today is active in an ongoing campaign to restore its status as the official drama channel of Taiwan. Birth of Heart was the CTSs first drama which aired in 1977 simultaneously over TTV, CTV, today, one of CTSs most popular womens magazine shows, aired from 1972 to 1988. It won the prestigious Golden Bell Awards three times, the Variety 100 was hosted by veteran Chang Hsiao-yen. It was one of the earliest prime time variety shows on CTS and 1979 to 1984, twin Bang was a popular daily CTS show during the 1980s and 90s. It ran from 1986 to 1994, Chinese Characters, the CTS version of a popular educational program, showcased the Chinese writing characters in traditional form. Airing from 1981 to 1998, it was the similar to a version on the TVB network in Hong Kong, Justice Pao or Justice Bao was one of the most popular Chinese TV series of all time. The first version aired in 1974 with 350 episodes, the second version aired in 1993 with 236 episodes. It became the most popular Asian drama in history and it was shown in 80 countries in more than 40 languages and was the longest TV series ever produced by the CTS network. In February 2009, a new Judge Bao aired on the CTS for the third time, love, the first Chinese series on CTS, shown in both Mandarin and Taiwanese, aired 68 episodes. Doraemon, the Japanese animated series from the TV Asahi network, was shown in the Mandarin-dubbed version on CTS, reruns still air on CTS today. The Four Brothers of Peking, the 53-part TV drama from the CTS network was set in part of the Qing Dynasty. Super Sunday, the most popular Sunday night variety show ever, was first originally hosted by Chang Hsiao-yen. Originally shown on the TTV network from 1994 to 1996, it was transferred to the CTS network in 1996, space Warriors, was a Tokusatsu in Taiwan
5.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
6.
Standard Chinese
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Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese. Like other varieties of Chinese, Standard Chinese is a language with topic-prominent organization. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final consonants, Standard Chinese is an analytic language, though with many compound words. There exist two standardised forms of the language, namely Putonghua in Mainland China and Guoyu in Taiwan, aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters, while Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters. There are many characters that are identical between the two systems, in English, the governments of China and Hong Kong use Putonghua, Putonghua Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, and Mandarin, while those of Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia, use Mandarin. The name Putonghua also has a long, albeit unofficial, history and it was used as early as 1906 in writings by Zhu Wenxiong to differentiate a modern, standard Chinese from classical Chinese and other varieties of Chinese. For some linguists of the early 20th century, the Putonghua, or common tongue/speech, was different from the Guoyu. The former was a prestige variety, while the latter was the legal standard. Based on common understandings of the time, the two were, in fact, different, Guoyu was understood as formal vernacular Chinese, which is close to classical Chinese. By contrast, Putonghua was called the speech of the modern man. The use of the term Putonghua by left-leaning intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai, prior to this, the government used both terms interchangeably. In Taiwan, Guoyu continues to be the term for Standard Chinese. The term Putonghua, on the contrary, implies nothing more than the notion of a lingua franca, Huayu, or language of the Chinese nation, originally simply meant Chinese language, and was used in overseas communities to contrast Chinese with foreign languages. Over time, the desire to standardise the variety of Chinese spoken in these communities led to the adoption of the name Huayu to refer to Mandarin and it also incorporates the notion that Mandarin is usually not the national or common language of the areas in which overseas Chinese live. The term Mandarin is a translation of Guānhuà, which referred to the lingua franca of the late Chinese empire, in English, Mandarin may refer to the standard language, the dialect group as a whole, or to historic forms such as the late Imperial lingua franca. The name Modern Standard Mandarin is sometimes used by linguists who wish to distinguish the current state of the language from other northern. Chinese has long had considerable variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed. Confucius, for example, used yǎyán rather than colloquial regional dialects, rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times
7.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
8.
Joe Chen
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Joe Chen Chiao-en is a Taiwanese singer, actress, writer and model. Known as the Queen of Idol Dramas, Joe is known for her roles in The Prince Who Turns into a Frog, Fated to Love You, Chen also entered the Forbes China Celebrity 100 List for the first time. She established her status as an A-list-er with her roles in dramas and movies The Monkey King, Cruel Romance. As of 2015, she is listed by Forbes as the 61st most influential celebrity in mainland China, Joe Chen began working as a model and assistant in 2001. She entered the entertainment industry after winning 1st place on Sanlih E-Televisions talent show, in 2002, she began her acting career by taking on a supporting role in the television drama, Lavender. She also became a host for SET variety shows Zhong Guo Na Me Da and Zong Yi Qi Jian, alongside famous Taiwanese hosts Jacky Wu and NONO. After being neglected by her company for six months, she attracted the attention of SETs executive Zong Limei and this was her first leading role. The drama became the highest rated Taiwanese drama then, and also achieved moderate success overseas, in 2004, Joe debuted with Taiwanese girl group 7 Flowers. In 2005, Joe had her breakout role in The Prince Who Turns into a Frog, the drama had a peak rating of 8.05, dethroning the previous record held by Meteor Garden to become the highest rated Taiwanese idol drama. From 2006 to 2007, Joe began to host Taiwanese variety programs Treasure Hunter and she also starred in the dramas A Game About Love and Ying Ye 3 Jia 1. In 2008, Joe starred in Fated to Love You opposite Ethan Juan, the series beats Joes previous drama, The Prince Who Turns into a Frog to become the highest rated Taiwanese idol drama. Broadcasting rights of the show were sold to 15 countries, the drama was also covered by Americas Wall Street Journal. Joe was nominated for Best Actress in a TV Series at the 43rd Golden Bell Awards and was named Queen of Idol Dramas by Taipei Times, in 2009, Joe was cast in the romance drama The Girl in Blue, adapted from an online novel. This also marks her first forays into mainland China, the series was broadcast on Hunan TV in 2010. In 2011, Joe made her film debut in Barbara Wongs romance film. In 2012, Joe made her return to idol dramas after 4 years in The Queen of SOP, the drama was the highest rated drama in its time slot for the year, and also received positive reviews from audience. She also released an OST for the drama titled Like to be Lonely, Joe rose to mainstream popularity in China after starring in the Chinese wuxia drama Swordsman, adapted from Louis Chas novel The Smiling, Proud Wanderer. She portrayed the anti-heroine Dongfang Bubai, though there were initial doubts to her characters, Joe later won the hearts of the audience through her complex and rich portrayal of her character
9.
Elva Hsiao
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Elva Hsiao is a Taiwanese singer. She was educated at John Casablancas College in Vancouver, British Columbia and she is fluent in both written and spoken English. While in Vancouver, she attended the New Talent Singing Awards Vancouver Audition in 1998 with her name of Hsiao Ya-Chih. She became one of the 12 finalists but did not place in the top 5 and she sang CoCo Lees Love Me A Little Longer. In that competition there were 3 other Taiwanese recent singers,183 Club member Jacky Chu, in 2010, she admitted to receiving double eyelid surgery at a media event, after years of speculation from netizens. She has had roles in two movies, Infernal Affairs and The Butterfly Lovers. She is no longer participating in Fresh Tomato for Sauce, elva Hsiao at the Internet Movie Database
10.
Lene Marlin
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Lene Marlin is a Norwegian singer and musician. Marlin made her Norwegian debut on 12 October 1998, with the single Unforgivable Sinner and it was the fastest selling single in Norwegian music history, and appeared in the soundtrack of the Norwegian movie Schpaaa. Her first album, Playing My Game, followed and she won an MTV Europe award in 1999. Her single Where Im Headed, from the French film, Mauvaises fréquentations, topped the charts in France and her song Sitting Down Here became a top 5 hit in the UK Singles Chart, and reached number 5 in The Netherlands in 2000. Marlins second album, Another Day, was released on 22 September 2003, two singles were released, You Werent There and Another Day. You Werent There debuted at No.1 on Norway Singles Top 20 and it also stayed for 24 weeks in Italy Singles Top 50 chart, peaking at No.1. You Werent There was less successful in the UK, reaching #59, the single Another Day was released in Italy and Norway only, and peaked at No.17 on the Italian Singles chart. Sorry was released only in Italy, in June 2005, Marlin released her third album, Lost in a Moment. The first single from album, How Would It Be, was released in Europe in May 2005. This single also appeared briefly for a week at a low spot in Germany Singles Top 100, the second single was What If, released only in Italy. Despite being less known in other parts of the world, Marlin made a trip to Taiwan. This included one track, Still Here, a cover of a song by a famous Chinese singer. The visit proved to be successful, events included a concert appearance hosted by MTV Taiwan, various television appearances. Her record company claims that Lost in a Moment was their best selling record of the year. Twist The Truth, her album, was released on 30 March 2009. Unlike her previous three albums, the basic sound focuses strongly on an unplugged feel in the song performances, the first single, Here We Are, was number one on the Norwegian National Radio Chart for two weeks, and was the most airplayed Norwegian song of 2009. Lene Marlin has written songs for artists, including Rihannas Good Girl Gone Bad. She also co-wrote Yesterdays Gone with Frida Amundsen, which was featured on Amundsens 2012 debut album, in 2006, she performed with Swiss band, Lovebugs on their single Avalon, which made the Top 10 in the Swiss chart as well as topping the Swiss National Airplay Chart
