1.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
2.
Retail
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Variety store
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A variety store is a retail store that sells a wide range of inexpensive household goods. Larger stores may sell frozen foods and fresh produce, variety stores arose in the early 20th century, with Woolworths model to reduce store overheads by simplifying the duties of sales clerks. They may now be all over the world. A variety store often sells all goods at a single price, the name of the store often reflects this, and in different markets it may be called a dollar store, pound shop, euro store and so on. Some items are offered at a considerable discount over other retailers, there are two ways variety stores make a profit, Buying and selling huge amounts of goods at heavily discounted prices provides a small profit margin that is multiplied by the volume of sales. Pricing many items at prices that are higher than regular retailers and these goods are commonly bought by consumers who perceive them to be bargains based on the heavy discounts on other items in the store. In the case of fixed price-point retailers, this can be achieved by reducing the size of the package to one that is smaller than what is found in retail outlets. Bought at a sale, such as seasonal or promotional goods or bankruptcy stock. Sold in a smaller unit sizes than elsewhere, not all variety stores are single price-point stores, even if their names imply it. For example, in the United States, Dollar General and Family Dollar sell items at more or less than a dollar, some stores also sell goods priced at multiples of the named price and, conversely, multiple items for the price. The discrepancy with the price is also compounded if sales tax is added at the point of sale. In many countries, stock can be imported from others with lower costs, because of differences in wages. Usually goods are imported by an importer, then sold to the stores wholesale. Another source of stock is overruns, surplus items and out-of-date food products, real Deals, a regional dollar store in the Syracuse, New York area, is stocked almost entirely with surplus goods such as these. Although some people may link variety stores with low-income areas, this is not always true, for example, Atherton, California has a variety store within its city limits, even though it has a median household income of nearly $185,000 a year. Studies of food discounters in Great Britain show quite a varied demographic, the originators of the concept were the Woolworth Bros. in July 1879. Woolworth Bros. later became F. W. Woolworth Company or just Woolworths, Frank soon brought his brother Charles Sumner Sum Woolworth into the business. Together they opened a store in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 18,1879
5.
Stationery
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Stationery is a mass noun referring to commercially manufactured writing materials, including cut paper, envelopes, writing implements, continuous stationery, and other office supplies. Stationery includes materials to be written on by hand or by equipment such as computer printers and it was a special term used between the 13th and 15th centuries in the manuscript culture. The Stationers Company formerly held a monopoly over the industry in England and was responsible for copyright regulations. In its modern sense including personal writing materials, stationery has been an important part of social etiquette. Some uses of stationery, such as sending a manufactured reply card to an invitation, have changed from offensive to appropriate. The use and marketing of stationery is being superseded by electronic media. Stationery is intrinsically linked to paper and the process of written, personalized communication, the most familiar of these techniques are letterpress printing, embossing, engraving and thermographic printing. Flat printing and offset printing are regularly used, particularly for low-cost or informal needs, letterpress is a method of printing many identical copies that requires characters being impressed upon the page. The print may be inked or blind but is typically done in a single color, motifs or designs may be added as many letterpress machines use movable plates that must be hand-set. When a single document needs to be produced, it may be handwritten or printed typically by a computer printer, several copies of one original can be produced by some printers using multipart stationery. Typing with a typewriter is obsolescent, having been superseded by preparing a document with a word processor. Thermographic printing is a process involves several stages but can be implemented in a low-cost manufacturing process. The process involves printing the desired designs or text with an ink that remains wet, the paper is then dusted with a powdered polymer that adheres to the ink. The paper is vacuumed or agitated, mechanically or by hand, to remove excess powder, the wet ink and polymer bond and dry, resulting in a raised print surface similar to the result of an engraving process. Embossing is a technique used to create raised surfaces in the converted paper stock. The process relies upon mated dies that press the paper into a shape that can be observed on both the front and back surfaces, engraving is a process that requires a design to be cut into a plate made of a relatively hard material. It is a technology with a history and requires significant skill. The finished plate is covered in ink, and then the ink is removed from all of the un-etched portions of the plate
6.
100 yen coin
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The 100 yen coin is a denomination of Japanese yen. The current design was first minted in silver in 1959 and saw a change of metal in 1967 and it is the second-highest denomination coin in Japan after the 500 yen coin. The first 100 yen coin was issued in 1957 and featured a phoenix on the reverse and it featured English language writing in addition to Japanese. This design was issued in 1957 and in 1958, in 1959, the design was modified, removing the English wording, and changing the reverse side to show a sheaf of rice. This design was issued every year from 1959 to 1966, the current design for the 100 Yen coin was first issued in 1967. The metallurgy was changed from the former 60-30-10 ratio of silver-copper-zinc to a ratio of 75-25 copper-nickel, with the weight, the reverse side was changed to show sakura blossoms and the denomination in Japanese. The coin shares, with the 50 yen coin, the emperors rule date expressed with Latin numerals instead of in Japanese numerals, in 1964, a 100 yen coin was issued to mark the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The obverse featured the Olympic torch and Olympic rings while the reverse re-introduced English-language text, in 1970 a 100 Yen coin was issued to mark Expo 70 in Osaka. In 1972 a 100 yen coin commemorated the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, the Olympic Torch remained on the obverse while the rings moved to the reverse. A coin marked Expo 75 in Okinawa, in 1976 a 100-yen coin marked the Golden Jubilee of Emperor Hirohito. A large chrysanthemum, symbolising the Japanese Imperial Family, featured on the reverse, in 2015, a new series of 100 yen coins was introduced to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the inauguration of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen train service. The coins are minted under a different composition of cupronickel, consisting of 87. 5% copper and 12. 5% nickel, the following are circulation dates which cover Emperor Hirohitos reign. The dates below correspond with the 32nd to the 64th year of his reign, one hundred yen coins had three main different designs, but there was no overlap in mintage between them. Coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol 昭和. Japanese coins are read with a left to right format, Emperors name -> Number representing year of reign -> Year, the following are circulation dates in the reign of the current Emperor. Akihito was crowned in 1989, which is marked with a 元 symbol on the coin as a one year type, coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol 平成. Japanese coins are read with a left to right format, Emperors name -> Number representing year of reign -> Year
7.
Daiei
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The Daiei, Inc. based in Kobe, is one of the largest supermarket chains in Japan. In 1957, Isao Nakauchi founded the chain in Osaka near Sembayashi Station on the Keihan train line, Daiei is now under a restructuring process supported by Marubeni Corporation and ÆON Co. Ltd. another Japanese supermarket chain. Daiei Inc. currently runs more than 3,000 stores under the Daiei name as well as through its subsidiaries, in addition to groceries, Daiei is also a department store, selling electronics, home furnishings, and clothes. In terms of net sales, Daiei used to be the largest retailer in Japan, however, total sales declined by nearly a quarter in the five years leading up to 2003. The retail chain expanded rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s, also, stronger sales from competitors such as Ito-Yokado, ÆON, and other regional supermarket chains have hurt Daieis sales record in recent years. Daieis current President and CEO is Toru Nishimi, formerly an officer of Marubeni Corporation. Daiei Official site Zombie Businesses, The New York Times Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Daiei
8.
Lawson (store)
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Lawson, Inc. is a convenience store franchise chain in Japan. The Japanese company has its headquarters in East Tower of Gate City Ohsaki in Ōsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo. In 1939, an owner named James J. J. Lawson started a store at his Broad Boulevard dairy plant in Cuyahoga Falls, near Akron, Ohio. The Lawsons Milk Company grew to a chain of stores, primarily in Ohio, Lawson was bought out by Consolidated Foods in 1959. Lawsons neighborhood convenience stores were common in Ohio from the 1960s through the mid-1980s and they were probably best known for their orange juice, milk, deli counter chipped style ham and sour cream potato chip dips. Consolidated was renamed Sara Lee in 1985, at about the same time, Lawsons stores in the United States were sold to Dairy Mart, a smaller chain of convenience stores located in Enfield, Connecticut. Dairy Mart moved its headquarters to Cuyahoga Falls, renamed the Lawsons stores, under Dairy Mart, the chain was not without controversy. Dairy Mart was sued by the American Family Association, after a Dairy Mart manager in Ohio complained that the policy of selling pornography subjected her to sexual. The court case, Stanley v. Lawson Co. gained fame as a test of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, in 2002, Alimentation Couche-Tard of Laval, Quebec bought the assets and name of Dairy Mart. Most of the former Dairy Mart stores—many of which were either originally Lawsons stores, in 1974, Consolidated signed a formal agreement with Daiei to open the first Lawson stores in Japan. On April 15,1975 Daiei Lawson Co. Ltd. was established as an owned subsidiary of Daiei. The first store opened in Sakurazuka, Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture in June 1975, in September 1979 the official name was changed to Lawson Japan, Inc. The Mitsubishi Corporation became the shareholder in 2001. Lawson is one of the top convenience store chains in Japan, All of the usual Japanese convenience store goods such as magazines, video games, manga, soft drinks, onigiri, and bento are available. They have occasionally collaborated on tie-ins with various companies, including Koeis PlayStation 3 game Dynasty Warriors 7. In late 2013, a crossover with All Japan Pro Wrestling saw Triple Crown heavyweight wrestling champion Kohei Suwama appear in ads, in early 2016 a Lawson sponsored Power Cube was introduced into the online game Ingress. To date, Lawson operates over 11,384 stores in all 47 prefectures of Japan, as well as in Shanghai and Chongqing, in August 2011, Lawson opened their first store in Jakarta, Indonesia. In 2014, the announced plans to open stores specifically designed for elderly consumers
9.
Sales tax
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A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase, when a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales, conventional or retail sales tax is levied on the sale of a good to its final end user and is charged every time that item is sold retail. Sales to businesses that later resell the goods are not charged the tax, the tax is otherwise charged on each item sold to purchasers without such a certificate and who are under the jurisdiction of the taxing authority. Other types of taxes, or similar taxes, include the following, Manufacturers sales tax. Wholesale sales tax, a tax on sales of wholesale of tangible personal property when in a packaged and labeled ready for shipment or delivery to final users and consumers. Retail sales tax, a tax on sales of retail of tangible personal property to final consumers, gross receipts taxes, levied on all sales of a business. They have been criticized for their cascading or pyramiding effect, in which an item is taxed more than once as it makes its way from production to final retail sale. Excise taxes, applied to a range of products, such as gasoline or alcohol. Use taxes are imposed by states with a sales tax but are usually enforced only for large items such as automobiles. Securities turnover excise tax, a tax on the trade of securities, value added tax, in which tax is charged on all sales, thus avoiding the need for a system of resale certificates. Tax cascading is avoided by applying the tax only to the difference between the price paid by the first purchaser and the price paid by each subsequent purchaser of the same item, fairTax, a proposed federal sales tax, intended to replace the US federal income tax. Turnover tax, similar to a tax, but applied to intermediate. Most countries in the world have sales taxes or value-added taxes at all or several of the national, state, county, countries in Western Europe, especially in Scandinavia, have some of the worlds highest valued-added taxes. Norway, Denmark and Sweden have higher VATs at 25%, Hungary has the highest at 27% although reduced rates are used in cases, as for groceries, art, books. In some jurisdictions of the United States, there are levels of government which each impose a sales tax. For example, sales tax in Chicago, IL is 10. 25%, consisting of 6. 25% state,1. 25% city,1. 75% county, Chicago also has the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority tax on food and beverage of 1%. For Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the tax is 10%, which is 5% each of state & local, in L. A. it is only 8. 75%, which is 7. 25% state and 1. 5% county
10.
Japanese yen
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The yen is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the exchange market after the United States dollar. It is also used as a reserve currency after the U. S. dollar, the euro. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japans feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations. The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, the former han became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882, following World War II the yen lost much of its prewar value. To stabilize the Japanese economy the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per $1 as part of the Bretton Woods system, when that system was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per $1 in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis, arriving at a value of ¥227 per $1 by 1980. Since 1973, the Japanese government has maintained a policy of intervention. The Japanese government focuses on an export market, and tries to ensure a low yen value through a trade surplus. Since that time, however, the yen has greatly decreased in value, the Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has an extreme anti-inflation policy. Yen derives from the Japanese word 圓, which is cognate with the Chinese yuan, originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived, the Chinese called them silver rounds for their circular shapes. The coins and the name appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced 圓 with 元, the Japanese continued to use the same word, the spelling and pronunciation yen is standard in English. This is because mainly English speakers who visited Japan at the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period spelled words this way, ゑん /wen/ in historical kana orthography. In the 16th century, Japanese /e/ and /we/ both had been pronounced and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them ye, some time thereafter, by the middle of the 18th century, /e/ and /we/ came to be pronounced as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain the pronunciation. In the early Meiji era, James Curtis Hepburn, following Medhurst, spelled all es as ye in his A Japanese and that was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling yen. Hepburn revised most of yes to e in the 3rd edition in order to mirror the contemporary pronunciation and this was probably already fixed and has remained so ever since
11.
Asia
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Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
12.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
13.
JUSCO
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JUSCO is the acronym for Japan United Stores Company, a chain of general merchandise stores and the largest of its type in Japan. The various JUSCO companies are subsidiaries of the ÆON supermarket chain, the JUSCO name was adopted in 1970 from a company founded as a kimono silk trader in 1758. Renamed ÆON in 1989, it operates stores throughout Japan under JUSCO and other names and also has a presence in Malaysia, Hong Kong, mainland China, Carlingford in Australia, the Hong Kong and Mainland China subsidiaries officially changed their name to AEON on 1 March 2013. In the 1970s, JUSCO was constituted by Mie Prefecture, Kyoto, after that, it experienced rapid development. Currently there are about 300 stores in Japan itself and still counting, the group was renamed Aeon in 1990, but its retail stores were still using the old name JUSCO. In late 2010 AEON announced that all existing JUSCO stores in Japan would gradually be renamed AEON, the re-branding exercise began in March 2011 and was complete by the end of that year. In 1985 the first JUSCO store outside Japan was opened in Plaza Dayabumi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as a company with Cold Storage. It was the first time that a Japanese company had entered into a significant joint venture in the Malaysian retail industry, JUSCO assumed total operational control of the chain in 1988. There are 20 AEON Retails stores and shopping centres are in operation in Malaysia, the oldest JUSCO store in Malaysia is JUSCO Taman Maluri in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. It opened on 30 October 1989, JUSCO in Malaysia is notable for being among the first general merchandise chains to introduce biodegradable poly bags made from sweet potatoes. In March 2012, all the JUSCO stores and shopping centres in Malaysia were re-branded to AEON Retails stores and shopping centres, the Hong Kong JUSCO subsidiary was established in November 1987 as JUSCO Department Store Co. Ltd. The first JUSCO store opened in Kornhill in December 1987 and it was listed in Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited on 4 February 1994 with the stock code 984. They offer low-cost and convenient daily necessities to customers including food, clothes, household items, Taiwan JUSCO are subsidiaries of Taiwan AEON Stores Co. Ltd. The first JUSCO was in Windance in Hsinchu City, the second JUSCO was operated in December 2005 at New Taipei city global mall. In China, JUSCO uses AEON and JUSCO for its name, Ltd created many shopping mall named JUSCO. In Shanghai, there was a JUSCO before, but it divested finance finally because of poor management, Ltd used the name JUSCO to operate the first JUSCO at 1996. Now, there are thirteen shops in Guangdong, otherwise, AEON also operated large shopping mall in Beijing and Shunde. It also planned to expand to North China, in Shenzhen, Aeon ( has a number of large stores including one at Coastal city
14.
Action (store)
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Action is a Dutch discount store-chain. It sells mostly small, low budget, non-food products, Action operates stores primarily in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and France. In 2013 Action had a revenue of just over a billion euro, Action was founded by Gerard Deen and Rob Wagemaker, who were later joined by Boris Deen. They opened their first store in 1993 in Enkhuizen and started expanding by founding new stores that same year, in 2002 they had 94 stores, in 2005 the first store was opened in Belgium, in Rijkevorsel, and in 2009 they opened their first store in Germany. In 2012 the company had 300 stores and opened its first store in France, in 2014 Action opened its 500th store. In February 2017 there are more than 850 stores in Europe
15.
B & M
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B&M European Retail Value S. A. was formed in 1978 and is now one of the leading variety retailers in the United Kingdom, employing over 22,500 staff. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index. The retailer has been noted as being one of the fastest growing retailers in Britain, with encouraging revenue growth, over 3 million customers each week shop at their high street and home store outlets, with 100 new lines being added every week. In September 2006, the business saw significant growth, by acquiring the GlynWebb chain of Do It Yourself stores, the company also acquired a number of former Kwik Save, Woolworths and Au-Naturale stores. The business moved into a new office and modern 620, 000sq ft distribution centre based in Speke, Liverpool in 2010 and new operations, logistics, in May 2011, B&M also purchased a number of Focus DIY stores. In December 2012, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, one of the leading private equity funds, acquired a significant stake in B&M. In March 2014, the business acquired a majority stake in German discount retailer JA Woll, in November 2014, the business opened its 400th store. Up to 30% of their stock is sourced and purchased directly from China, less than 10% of their products are sold for £1, giving them an advantage over single-priced competitors such as Poundland and Poundworld. Since September 2012, some stores have also been selling National Lottery goods, the business operates 500 high street and out of town stores across the United Kingdom as of March 2016, as well as 49 stores under the JA Woll and HAFU brands in Germany. In June 2014, the business was the subject of a public offering. B&M Bargains has seen encouraging revenue growth over recent years, with a 23% increase in turnover throughout 2015 which made it one of the faster growing retailers in Britain. The retailer was fined in March 2016 for a rodent infestation at their Speke depot which led to gnawed food being sold in its stores. When the depot was visited following the incident in January 2015, food safety officers discovered evidence of rodent urine, in 2009, B&M won the KPMG Employee Growth Award amongst Fast Track Companies. Before being listed on the London Stock Exchange, B&M was featured repeatedly in The Sunday Times Fast Track as one of the 100 fastest growing companies in the United Kingdom. B&M retail website B&M corporate website
16.
Bargain Buys
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Bargain Buys is a Yorkshire-based chain of discount stores operating across the United Kingdom. The chain was launched in 2013 by Chris Edwards Sr. and Chris Edwards Jr. the founders of the single-price chain, the company has its headquarters in Normanton. Bargain Buys first store was opened in Walsall in November 2013, Edwards and Edwards launched the multi-price chain to complement their single-price chain. Bargain Buys is the result of rebranding existing Discount UK stores, the name and branding was changed to allow the chain to compete more closely with its rivals in the market, and to exploit the expanded product range and knowledge that the business had built up. As of 2015, the chain had 41 stores across the United Kingdom, the company intended to expand rapidly, with plans to double the number of stores by 2016, and to open an additional 100 stores by 2018. In April 2015 it launched a store in a bid to expand its customer base. The chain stocks over 8,000 products over 25 departments, including groceries, home living and cleaning to toys, electricals and it sells leading household brands including Coca-Cola, LOréal, Fairy and Gillette. On 15 May 2015 the Edwards family announced that they had sold a majority stake in both Poundworld and Bargain Buys business to US private equity firm TPG for £150 million, Bargain Buys Official website Poundworld Official website
17.
Coop (Switzerland)
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Coop Cooperative is one of Switzerlands largest retail and wholesale companies. It is structured in the form of a society with around 2.5 million members. As of 2015, Coop operates 2,213 shops and employs more than 54,000 people in Switzerland, according to Bio Suisse, the Swiss organic producers association, Coop accounts for half of all the organic food sold in Switzerland. In June 2011, independent German rating agency oekom research AG awarded Coop with the title of Worlds Most Sustainable Retailer, Coop has three primary brands with a sustainability selling proposition, Coop Oecoplan, Coop Naturaline and Coop Naturaplan. The company also sells products bearing the Max Havelaar Fairtrade label, Coop also has a low-cost product line, Prix garantie. Coop owns the Swiss chocolate company Halba, Coop publishes a weekly magazine called Coopzeitung, Coopération and Cooperazione. The chain has an online presence called coop@home, the web site offers much of the same selection found in the Coop stores and delivers groceries, wine, flowers, books, and other products to customers in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It currently markets its services in German, French, and English, the Coop Group is headquartered in Switzerland and operates in the retail, wholesale and production sectors. Coop Group operates store formats in the food, non-food and service sectors, with Transgourmet Holding AG, Coop is Europe’s second largest cash & carry and wholesale supplies business. In total, the Coop Group has around 2,000 retail outlets in Switzerland and 124 cash & carry markets in Switzerland, the Coop Group has a workforce of around 80000, with approx. The Verband Schweizerischer Konsumvereine is founded in 1890 as a union of cooperative societies, in 1927, the Verband Schweizerischer Konsumvereine and the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions founded the Coop Bank. Named Coop Bank since 1995 and owned by the Basler Kantonalbank since 1999, in 1969, the Verband Schweizerischer Konsumvereine becomes the Coop. Coop was one of the first self-checkout providers in Switzerland, introducing its own system called Passabene in 2005 and it is in use in 80 stores. Coop uses the MC17T Retail Mobile Computer by Motorola Solutions for this application and they later introduced an Apple iPhone App that customers can use to scan items. As of January 2016, the company respectively association is based at the seat of Coop in Basel, Swissmill operates the largest grainery in Switzerland that produces 800 tons of grain daily, representing 30% of the national grain requirements. Its meal is prepared for all products produced by the Swiss retailer Coop, Volg. Although the Swissmill Towers exterior and height in Zürich is disputed and its external appearance is intended to express its interior – an industrial plant. List of supermarket chains in Switzerland Official website
18.
Poundland
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Poundland is a British variety store chain founded in 1990 that sells most items in its stores for £1, stocking over 3,000 products and employing 18,000 staff. Like many of its rivals, Poundland operate a constantly rotating product line, including brand name and it was soon followed by other stores, most notably on The High Street, Meadowhall. By the end of the first year, Poundland was operating from several stores and had turned over £1million, growth continued throughout the early 1990s, with six stores by December 1991 and a further seven a year later. In 1995, Smith failed to plan for more warehouse space, in response to unacceptably high stock theft, a new 130, 000-square-foot warehouse was built, although at a cost of heavy profit losses, from £850,000 in 1994 to £400,000 in 1995. The retailer managed to resolve their operational difficulties throughout 1996 when their new office in Hong Kong opened to support product sourcing and operations in the UK. Following a management buy-out in 2002 by Advent International for £50m, Poundland reported strong sales in a time of economic crisis, with 2008–2009 revenue just short of £400m, up from £330m for 2007–2008. Despite this, Poundland was not totally immune to the recession, having been forced to close stores not financially viable. Such was the case with their store in West Ealing, where it is believed high rental costs were one of the reasons why the company pulled out of the area. The retailer had a good start into 2010 when they announced they had seen a surge in sales by nearly 35% over the 2009–2010 festive period. In early 2010, Poundlands then-owners Advent International were planning on cashing in on the resurgence in value retailers by preparing to put the chain up for sale. On Tuesday 4 May 2010, it was announced that Poundland had been sold to US private equity firm Warburg Pincus for £200 million and was the subject of an Initial Public Offering in March 2014, Poundlands shareholders approved the takeover in September 2016. The business has converted the 99p Stores under the Poundland brand, for much of its history, Poundland promoted their sales strategy through the slogan, Yes, Everythings £1. The retailer is able to dismiss concerns whenever the pound becomes weak, as this means shipping and freight costs also reduce, Poundland offer a range of approximately 3500 products, of which 1000 are branded products with the majority being food and drink. Stock typically is categorised as either ongoing core lines, seasonal ranges or clearance stock, as well as their in-house brand line, the retailer also sells many products from other familiar brands, such as Colgate, Walkers and Cadburys. Whilst some Pep and Co outlets would share space with larger Poundland outlets. It was reported in March 2017 that around 85% of the country has at some point shopped in a Poundland store, some consolidation has since taken place in 2015 with the acquisition of 99p Stores, its closest competitor in the sector at the time. Other larger chains have felt the impact of discount retailers, with some budget-conscious customers switching from traditional larger supermarket retailers for everyday necessities. Asda announced in January 2009 that many branded products such as Colgate toothpaste has reduced to £1
19.
EuroGeneral
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EuroGeneral is a variety store chain that trades as EuroGiant in Ireland and PoundGiant in Northern Ireland. Founded in 1990 by Charlie OLoughlin, when he opened his first variety store, more stores were opened throughout Ireland. In 2001, Euro General was set up and PoundCity was renamed Euro 2 due to the introduction of the euro in 2002, the Euro 2 stores were later renamed EuroGiant. EuroGeneral opened stores in Northern Ireland as PoundWorld, but were renamed to PoundGiant, EuroGeneral has are two main divisions. EuroGeneral employs over 500 employees and has plans to expand, the retail stores are not franchised - they are said to be all privately owned by EuroGeneral. EuroGeneral wholesale helps to meet demand from other retailers, the division now supplies over 400 other retail outlets within Ireland and mainland Europe. EuroGeneral claims to be Irelands largest online supplier of FMCG and discount lines to the retail trade
20.
Flying Tiger Copenhagen
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Flying Tiger Copenhagen is a Danish variety store or price point retailer chain. Its first store opened in Copenhagen in 1995, the chain now has over 500 stores. Its largest markets are Denmark, the UK, Spain and Italy, before June 2016, it operated as Tiger in most places, T·G·R in Sweden and Norway, and Flying Tiger in Japan, USA, Belgium and the Netherlands. The chain sells a variety of items, mostly accessories and toys, according to the companys founder, the company had about 39 million customers in 2014. Tiger takes its name from how the Danish pronunciation of the name, tiger, sounds roughly the same as the Danish word tier. Lennart Lajboschitz opened the first store at Islands Brygge in Copenhagen in 1995, in 2012, EQT Partners acquired a 70% stake in the chain Tiger via its investment in its parent company Zebra A/S. In 2005, the company opened its first store in the United Kingdom in Basingstoke, in January 2015, the company appointed former The Body Shop director Xavier Vidal as its new chief executive officer. The company opened its first store in the United States in New York City in May 2015 and it is announced to be a 5, 000-square-foot store in Manhattans Flatiron District. The company also plan to open seven new locations in the United Kingdom during 2015 and this list shows the number of shops as of 2 January 2017, In 2014, Tiger Stores Ireland won Company of the Year and Best Small Company at the Retail Excellence Ireland awards. In the same year, the company received Good design award by Chicago Athenaeum
21.
HEMA (store)
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HEMA is a Dutch discount retail chain that started life as a dimestore. Hema has been owned by the British investment firm Lion Capital LLP since 2007, the chain is characterized by relatively low pricing of generic housewares, which are mostly made by and for the chain itself, often with original design. The first HEMA opened in Amsterdam on 4 November 1926, set up by the Jewish owners of the department store De Bijenkorf. The relative economic boom in the Netherlands in the period 1900–1930 benefited HEMA. During World War II, a number of Jewish employees were murdered by the Nazis, which is remembered yearly by laying a wreath on 4 May, after World War II, this model could not be sustained and the standard pricing system was abandoned. But a period of expansion followed, now almost every town of any importance in the Netherlands has a HEMA. Locations carry a variety of goods, including clothing, food, bicycle equipment, gardening tools. In June 2007 Lion Capital bought the chain from Maxeda, in 2010, standard pricing was reintroduced. In 2015, HEMA was for the 8th time in a row the most indispensable brand in the Netherlands, since the 1990s, HEMA has also expanded into neighbouring countries. HEMA employed in excess of 10,000 workers at over 500 stores by March 2011, HEMA opened its 700th store on 14 December 2015 at Central Station in Utrecht. It is also the store of the retail chain on a Dutch railway station. On 4 January 2014, HEMAs CEO Ronald van Zetten announced that it would branch out to Spain and the UK opening the first stores within six months as well further expanding in France. The first Spanish store opened on 3 April on Calle Fuencarral in Madrid, and the first British store will be open in the Victoria Place shopping centre, next Victoria station in London on 12 June
22.
Home Bargains
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Home Bargains is a chain of discount stores founded in 1976 by Tom Morris in Liverpool, United Kingdom as Home and Bargain. It is the name of TJ Morris Ltd, stocking up to 4000 branded product lines and employs over 17,000 people from head office staff to warehouse staff. In 2013, the company estimated they served over 3 million customers, Home Bargains were ranked in 6th place in a Which. List of 100 top stores, making them the highest ranking discount retailer in the United Kingdom and according to their website, the retailer was founded by owner Tom Morris in 1976 as a single store in Old Swan, Liverpool when aged just 21. Morris, who was reported to have owned an 89% stake in the business as of 2013. Customer numbers were estimated to be in excess of 3 million in 2013, with items sold typically consisting of 70% regular lines, the retailer was ranked 6th in a Which. List of 100 top stores, making them the highest ranking retailer within the United Kingdom, in August 2011, Home Bargains opened a website to enable customers to shop with them online. Home Bargains stores have red and blue branding and they can usually be found in major shopping streets, as well as in shopping centres and arcades. Most are centrally located though several are in retail parks. Stores range from small to medium outlets, with the retail outlets being slightly larger. Store sizes in 2013 were typically between 10,000 sq ft and 25,000 sq ft, in 2009, the retailer acquired 14 former Woolworths stores from the failed Woolworths Group chain. These stores include Cardiff and Port Talbot in Wales, in Fife, Scotland, two former Woolworths stores have been opened in shopping centres in Glenrothes and Kirkcaldy. The retailer had aspirations to expand in countries outside of England in 2007, the retailer announced in October 2008 that preparations are underway to expand into Scotland for the first time, opening their first store in Rutherglen in December 2008. There are plans to invest more than £10m in its first group of stores, in February 2010, the companys £25 million Northern Ireland expansion plan was announced, with plans to have opened up to 25 stores by 2015 to add to their then-portfolio of 190 stores. The retailer has seen strong growth over the past few years. In 2009, the firm was aiming to be turning over £1bn a year by 2015, having grown the number of its stores to 350 and their turnover exceeded the £1billion mark in 2013, two years earlier than initially anticipated. The retailer aims to reach the £2billion annual turnover mark by 2020, Home Bargains is also the supplier of similar discount chain Quality Save, whom is supplies all stock, shop fittings, trolleys and tills. From 2013 until 2016, Home Bargains were kit sponsors of National League side Tranmere Rovers in a six figure deal, the sponsorship ended when Rovers signed a 3 year sponsorship deal with B&M Waste Services
23.
Manor (department store)
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Manor AG is a Swiss department store chain with its headquarters in Basel. With an estimated market share of 60%, Manor is Switzerland’s biggest department-store chain, the Manor Group extends to the 64 Manor stores employing some 10,600 personnel, and the Athleticum sports goods chain. The Group, which is owned by Geneva-based Maus Frères Holding, Manor is positioned in the medium price segment. Brothers Ernest and Henri Maus and Léon Nordmann opened their first department store in Lucerne in 1902, the more familiar “Manor”—a combination of the founders’ Maus and Nordmann surnames—did not appear until a new corporate identity was adopted in about 1965. All the company’s department stores in German-speaking Switzerland have borne the Manor name since 1994, the standardised name has provided Manor with clearer identification, greater market transparency, simplified communications and a nationwide presence. This transformation was brought by Rolando Benedick, the former CEO of Manor
24.
Migros
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Migros is Switzerlands largest retail company, its largest supermarket chain and largest employer. It is also one of the forty largest retailers in the world and it is structured in the form of a cooperative society, with more than two million members. It co-founded Turkeys largest retailer, Migros Türk, which became independent of Migros Switzerland in 1975, the name comes from the French mi for half or mid-way and gros, which means wholesale. Thus the word connotes prices that are halfway between retail and wholesale, the logo of the company is a large orange M, which some Swiss newspapers call the orange giant. At first he sold coffee, rice, sugar, pasta, coconut fat. The strategy to cut the trade and their margins led to the broad resistance of his competitors who goaded the producers to boycott him. As a reaction to threat, Migros started creating its own line of goods beginning with meat, milk. Later he and his drivers expanded their inventory and, in 1926, Gottlieb Duttweiler built his first market and his second store, in Ticino, presaged the future as it was founded as a cooperative. As early as 1935, Duttweiler showed his zest for expansion by founding the Hotelplan travel agency, in 1942, the Migros brand was applied to a weekly magazine, Wir Brückenbauer. Other ventures were restaurants in 1952, gasoline stations in 1954, language schools in 1956, the Migros Bank in 1957, on behalf of the Migros Genossenschafts-Bund, the Zürich-based Reederei Zürich AG ordered at the H. C. Stülcken Sohn shipyard in Hamburg, Germany, the cargo ship Adele which was launched in Hamburg on 15 July 1952, the ship was christened by Adele Duttweiler, in 1954, Migros entered the Turkish market, forming Migros Türk in partnership with the Istanbul City Council. This was sold to the Turkish conglomerate Koç Holding in 1975 and is the largest retailer in Turkey, between 2008 and 2011, Koç Holding sold most of its shares of Migros Türk to BC Partners. Migros opened its first foreign supermarket in the region of France, in Thoiry, in 1993. In 1995, Migros introduced its organic label Migros Bio, in October 2012, Migros expanded in the German market by acquiring the Hessian food store chain Tegut. In the same year, Migros opened the first Swiss store of German organic supermarket chain Alnatura. In 2013, however, the announced the sale, effective October 2013, to the REWE retailing group of its four Migros branded stores in Germany. In 2016, Migros announced that they will progressively stop distributing free plastic bags, Migros preciously tested the measure in the Canton of Vaud since 2013, they reduced the number of plastic bags distributed by ninety percent. Migros will be the first to introduce the measure across the country and they also announced that they will not make money with paid bags, but that profits from their sale will be invested in environmental projects
25.
Monoprix
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Monoprix S. A. is a major French retail chain with its headquarters in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, near Paris. The companys stores combine food retailing with hardware, clothing, household items, the Monoprix group had more than 300 stores and employed around 20,000 people in France at the end of 2008. Monoprix is present in approximately 85% of all French towns with a population of more than 50,000, in 2005, Monoprix had €3.3 billion in revenue. In 1997, Monoprix purchased its rival, the Prisunic chain
26.
Poundstretcher
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Poundstretcher is a chain of discount stores operating in the United Kingdom. It is based in Deighton, Huddersfield, established in 1981, by Paul Appell and Stephen Fearnley, it became a subsidiary of. instore. Poundstretcher stores were gradually being rebranded to. instore as part of the change of ownership to. instore plc, however, in 2006, a new chief executive concluded that the rebranding was not working, and from June 2009, new stores were opened as Poundstretcher stores. In September 2012, the group had 400 stores in the United Kingdom, in September 2009, Poundstretchers new branding was revealed. A new logo and slogan was created, entitled, Poundstretcher, and, Welcome To The Original Value Store. Larger stores are now called Poundstretcher Extra, since 2011, the slogan is every penny counts. In May 2011, the company brought over Alworths, on 6 February 2012, Poundstretcher acquired 20 stores from the UGO chain, after it was placed in administration. In September 2012, it was announced out of the 20 stores that were acquired,14 were to close. In 2004, the chain had over 338 shops throughout the United Kingdom and its slogan was Better than Ever, although the stores are now marketed alongside. instore, with the same offers and the instore slogan Shop Smart, Live Well. After selling Poundstretcher to Philip Harris, Mr. Appell & Mr. Fearnley acquired control of a retail business, United News Shops. It is now the largest convenience store and cafeteria business servicing British hospitals, in March 2008, United News Shops was sold to WHSmith. The Poundstretcher Group is now owned by Crown Crest Group, which is run by brothers Rashid & Aziz Tayub, in April 2012, Poundstretcher opened its first store outside United Kingdom, at Madina Mall, Dubai, UAE
27.
Poundworld
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Poundworld is a British value variety store that sells most of its items for £1. The chain was founded in 1974 by Yorkshire-based father and son team Chris Edwards Sr. in contrast to many high-street retailers, Poundworld maintained strong sales and growth during the global recession that started in 2007. Its larger rival in the market is Poundland, BBC Two series entitled Pound Shop Wars, broadcast between 2012 and 2015, focused on Poundworld and its rivals. The chain originated in 1974, when Chris Edwards Sr. set up a stall in his home town of Wakefield. Edwards initially set up a store called Bargain Centre, before switching to a single-price format in 1997. Since the recession started in 2007, Poundworld has expanded rapidly. Its sales grew by 42% in 2010-2011, and increased by 55% with revenues of £200M in 2012 and its expansion meant that the company required larger premises, and it relocated its head offices to the largest unit in Yorkshires main warehousing and distribution base. It also opened an office in Shanghai during this period. In October 2013, Poundworld partnered with the Marie Curie Cancer Care charity, in November 2013, Poundworld opened its first multi-price retail store under the Bargain Buys name in Walsall. Bargain Buys was originally and briefly traded as Discount UK, with the name change allowing the chain to more closely with its rivals in the market. The company planned to open a further 100 stores in the next 3 years, in 2014, The Advertising Standards Authority ruled that Poundworlds Everything £1 slogan was misleading, as some items were priced at up to £8.99. Poundworld stated that the products in question were Manager Specials and were run at Christmas. The Edwards were placed at number 12 in Management Todays annual list of Britains Top 100 Entrepreneurs in October 2014, in the same month Poundworld Retail was named one of the UKs fastest-growing retailers in the Sunday Times Grant Thornton Top Track 250. Poundworld announced that the investment from TPG would allow the business to grow, in May 2012, the company launched a wholesale website, targeted at market traders, eBay sellers and independent retailers. The website offers over 2,000 products including cleaning, DIY, stationery, since launching online, the operation has seen a sales increase of 400%. The company followed this in February 2014 by launching a retail online pound store named poundshop. com, Poundworld supplied stock and product images for the single-price website – the first of its kind. However, Poundworld decided to leave the project after 6 months and it launched another online shop in April 2015, Poundworld Plus, offering over 4,000 products, all at £1. It later changed the name to Poundworld. co. uk
28.
Quality Save
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Quality Save is a chain of thrift stores operating in northern England. The Quality Save Head Office/Store is in Swinton, Quality Save was founded in 1974 by Bob Rudkin. He started off with a market stall in Walkden and a small shop in Farnworth. The company opened more outlets over time, in 2010, stores began playing a clip every fifteen minutes reminding customers of their Star Buy deals, their cheap prices in comparison to pound stores, and the companys alcohol policy. These clips end with the name and their slogan, Quality Save. In 2012, closed an outlet in Barnsley to open a bigger one a few feet down the road. They also closed a temporary unit in Urmston and opened a new one in the Eden Square Shopping Centre, in 2015, the Middleton branch of Quality Save was closed and a superstore was launched in the ex-Tesco unit next door. It is also now confirmed that their biggest ever superstore will open in early 2017 in Walkden, Quality Save has a total of 22 stores. They can usually be found in major shopping streets and shopping centres, stores range from small to medium outlets. Quality Saves largest store is in the Stretford Mall and they acquired some of the former Woolworths outlets. Although the official slogan for the company is Quality Brands - Quality Prices, stores have a red and sky blue logo. They used to have a more similar to that of Home Bargains. Many Quality Save stores, however, retain the old logo and they are supplied for by TJ Morris Ltd. Because of this, Quality Save is often confused with Home Bargains
29.
99 Cents Only Stores
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99 Cents Only Stores is an American price-point retailer chain based in Commerce, California. Previously, the store offered all products at 99¢ or less, most products are now priced at 99. 99¢ or less, but certain products are sold at higher price points. Founded by David Gold on February 28,1969, most of the stores are located in Southern California, with others in Nevada, Texas and Arizona. The company also operates Bargain Wholesale, which sells wholesale to retailers across the United States and it also exhibits at trade shows in Las Vegas and Chicago. Gold first came up with the idea as a means to liquidate slow selling wines at his liquor store, whenever Id put wine or cheese on sale for $1.02 or 98 cents, it never sold out, Gold said in 2001 interview with The Los Angeles Times. When I put a 99 cent sign on anything, it was gone in no time, I realized it was a magic number. After prompting from a friend, he created a full store of these bargains. To get publicity, he sold televisions for only 99 cents on the first day, the Texas distribution center is a former Albertsons facility bought when that company exited the Houston market. In November 2003, a flexible pricing structure was implemented where items are sold for prices lower than 99 cents. The management believes that this will permit better management of commodity price increases, in September 2007, the company raised its highest price from 99 cents to 99.99 cents, the first increase in the history of the franchise—to combat dramatically rising costs and inflation. However now the store carries select items that are over the.99 price point, such as $1.99 and $2.99. )Despite having announced on September 18,2008, that the company would close all stores in Texas, in February 2009, the company decided that it will close only one-third of its Texas stores. The company quoted a rise in sales, and plans to keep the stores open, in October 2011, the company agreed to a $1.6 billion buy-out by private equity firm Ares Management and the CPP Investment Board. The deal was completed on January 13,2012, new ownership decided to lay off 172 plus employees, October 2013. The Gold family ended their involvement with the company in January 2013,99 Cents Only Stores advertises that it is open 9 days a week, often invoking humorous commentary on holidays with products sold for 99 cents. One advertisement wished Joan Rivers Happy 99th Facelift, another congratulated the Los Angeles Dodgers on Losing 99 Games, the company also celebrates the 99th birthday of public figures and names 99-year-old individuals as honorary spokespersons. Official 99¢ Only Stores website Coffey, Brendan, the Price is Right, Why Wall Street Loves Dave Golds 99 Cent Only Empire. Pp.42,44,46,48,50,52,54
30.
ABC Stores (Hawaii)
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ABC Stores is a chain of convenience stores based in Honolulu. Of their 78 stores,56 are located in the state of Hawaii, the company now generates more than $150 million in annual profits and employs over 900 staff. The stores sell items such as groceries, as well as tourist items. The chains best-selling items are tourist-oriented products such as Macadamia nuts, sunscreen, the chain was started by Sidney Kosasa, who opened his first store in Waikiki in 1964. The stores were originally named Mister K. Later, in order to make the name easier to remember. The last Mister K was changed to ABC in 2009 The son of a first generation Japanese immigrant, Sidney Kosasa was born in Palolo Valley and his first experiences in retail began while working in his parents’ grocery store in Palolo. In 1949, Mr. and Mrs. K. opened their first pharmacy/convenience store in Kaimuki, as business grew, his entrepreneurial and business philosophies resulted in the opening of four locations within 10 years. While attending a convention in Miami Beach, Florida, Mr. K noticed all the tourists near the large hotels and had a vision to build a chain of resort stores in Hawaii. The first ABC Store was opened on Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki, Mr. K’s son Paul Kosasa is current Chief Executive Officer. The stores are now ubiquitous in the tourist-oriented Waikiki neighborhood, there are 37 store locations within a one-mile radius of Waikiki alone and consequently many of these sit in close proximity to one another. The intersection of Kalakaua and Seaside Avenue alone has four ABC Stores, many retail analysts believe this is an attempt to block other convenience stores from entering the Waikiki market and thus prevent competition. Outside of Honolulu, there are 27 other ABC stores in Hawaii, in total, there are 39 on Oahu, twelve on Maui, there are eight stores in Las Vegas, currently the franchises only mainland location. There are also ten stores in the Mariana Islands, eight locations are in Tamuning, Guam, and Saipans two locations are in Garapan. Like Waikiki on Oahu, both Garapan and Tamuning are their islands main tourist centers
31.
Big Lots
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Big Lots, Inc. is an American retail company headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. Big Lots has over 1,400 stores in 48 states, many of the items in these stores sell out quickly, in the store one day, but gone the next, with no replenishments coming. Many other items, such as foodstuffs, are stocked continually, in many cases, Big Lots uses buildings formerly occupied by other stores. When Rite Aid Inc moved many Payless Drugstores into newly designed, stand-alone buildings, Big Lots opened many new stores of its own in those newly vacant, the Big Lots chain traces its history back to 1967 when Consolidated Stores Corporation was formed in Ohio by Sol Shenk. In 1982, Consolidated Stores Corp. opened its first closeout store, called Odd Lots, in Columbus, beyond the radius, Consolidated began opening stores under the Big Lots name. Eventually, all Odd Lots stores were rebranded as Big Lots, in 1985, Consolidated Stores Corp. began trading as a separate public company on the American Stock Exchange. In 1986, Consolidated Stores Corp. switched to the New York Stock Exchange, Consolidated Stores Corp. was an investor in the DeLorean Motor Company, which declared bankruptcy in 1982. Consolidated took possession of approximately 100 DeLorean DMC-12 models, then still at the factory in Northern Ireland and this unusual excess inventory acquisition is commemorated on the Big Lots web sites Closeout Museum page. In 1994, Consolidated Stores Corp. acquired Toy Liquidators, adding 82 stores in 38 states, looking to expand further into the toys business, Consolidated Stores Corp. purchased KB Toys from Melville Corporation in 1996. In 2000, Consolidated Stores Corp. sold the KB Toys and Toy Liquidators lines to private equity shops. A year later, the decided to focus on the Big Lots brand. By the end of 2002, Big Lots Inc. completed a conversion to the single Big Lots brand. In 2002, Big Lots Inc. bought out MacFrugals stores for $995 million in stock, on November 19,2010 opened 17 new stores bringing its total to over 1400 stores. Recently, Big Lots has expanded by opening hundreds of new stores, in the later part of 2005, Big Lots closed 170 stores, including all free-standing Big Lots Furniture specialty stores. Most Big Lots stores have furniture departments which sell upholstered furniture, Serta mattresses, fully assembled, some, primarily smaller, stores only carry a limited assortment of mattresses and ready to assemble furniture. On August 3,2006, Big Lots announced it would change its New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol from BLI to BIG, Big Lots operated a wholesale division which provided merchandise in bulk for resale from a variety of categories. This was a division of Big Lots and did not carry the same merchandise found in the retail stores. Big Lots Wholesale also attended trade shows and had permanent showrooms in Columbus, New York City, Big Lots closed its wholesale division at the end of the 2013 Fiscal Year
32.
Casa Ley
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Casa Ley is a Mexican grocery store chain founded in 1954 by Juan Ley Fong. It is Mexicos largest privately held supermarket chain, and is 49% owned by Albertsons Companies, the company originally started as a small village shop in the mining town of Tayoltita, where Ley offered his goods to the gold and silver miners of the San Luis Mining Company. In 1948, a theft by a friend and colleague forced Ley to eventually close his shop and leave the town. The family moved to Culiacán, and in September 1954 the company Casa Ley was born, media related to Casa Ley at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Dollar General
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Dollar General Corporation is an American chain of variety stores headquartered in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. As of January 2016, Dollar General operated over 12,400 stores in all U. S. states except, Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Washington, the company acquired the 280 stores of the P. N. Hirsh Division of Interco, Inc. in 1983, and in 1985 added 206 stores, in recent years, the chain has started constructing more stand-alone stores, typically in areas not served by another general-merchandise retailer. In some cases, stores are within a few city blocks of each other, Dollar General offers both name brand and generic merchandise — including off-brand goods and closeouts of name-brand items — in the same store, often on the same shelf. Although it has the word dollar in the name, Dollar General is not a store by the strict definition of that term as most of its products are priced at more than $1.00. However, goods are sold at set price points in the range of.50 to 60 dollars. Exceptions include name-brand beverages and articles such as cards and loadable store gift cards. Most stores include a section or aisle of items priced at exactly $1.00 and it competes in the dollar store format with national chains Family Dollar and Dollar Tree, regional chains such as Freds in the Southeast, and numerous independently owned stores. Since 2000, Dollar General has experimented with stores that carry a selection of grocery items. These stores operate under the name Dollar General Market, the stores were founded in 1939 by Cal Turner Sr. and his father J. L. Turner in Scottsville, Kentucky as J. L. Turner & Son, Inc. Their descendant Cal Turner Jr. later worked as CEO of the firm for 25 years, in 1968, the business changed its name to Dollar General Corporation. In 2007, the company was acquired by the equity firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. The first Dollar General store opened in Scottsville, Kentucky, on June 1,1955, the idea became a success, and other stores owned by J. L. Turner and his son Cal Turner were quickly converted. By 1957, annual sales of Dollar Generals 29 stores were $5 million, the Turners did not reach this level of success without obstacles. James Luther Turners father died in an accident in 1902 when J. L. was only 11, J. L. had to quit school so he could work the family farm and help provide for his mother and siblings. J. L. knew his limited education demanded that he become a study of the world around him. After two unsuccessful attempts at retailing, J. L. became a dry goods salesman for a Nashville wholesale grocer. J. L. left the job after 10 years and settled his family in Scottsville
34.
Dollar Tree
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Dollar Tree, Inc. is an American chain of discount variety stores that sells items for $1 or less. Headquartered in Chesapeake, Virginia, it is a company of Fortune 500 and operates 13,600 stores throughout the 48 contiguous U. S. states. Its stores are supported by a nationwide network of eleven distribution centers. The company operates stores under the names of Dollar Tree. The company also operates multi-price-point variety chains under the names Deals, Dollar Tree competes in the dollar store and low-end retail markets. Each Dollar Tree stocks a variety of products including national, regional, most Dollar Tree stores also sell frozen foods and dairy items such as milk, eggs, pizza, ice cream, frozen dinners, and pre-made baked goods. In August 2012, the company began accepting manufacturers coupons at all of its store locations, in 1954, K. R. Perry opened a Ben Franklin variety store in Norfolk, Virginia, which later became known as K&K 5&10. Perry, Doug Perry, and Macon Brock started K&K Toys in Norfolk and this mall concept grew to over 130 stores on the East Coast. In 1986, Doug Perry, Macon Brock, and Ray Compton started another chain store called Only $1.00 with five stores, one in Georgia, one in Tennessee, the expansion of Dollar Stores was continued alongside K&K Toys stores, mostly in enclosed malls. In 1991, the made a decision to focus exclusively on the expansion of dollar stores after selling K&K stores to KB Toys. On March 6,1995, Dollar Tree, Inc. went public on the NASDAQ exchange at $15 a share, in 1996, Dollar Tree acquired Dollar Bill$, Inc. a Chicago-based chain of 136 stores. In 1997, the company opened its first distribution center and its new store support center, in 1998, Dollar Tree acquired 98-Cent Clearance Centers in California. In 1999, Dollar Tree acquired Only $One stores based in New York state and this same year, the company opened its second Distribution Center in Olive Branch, Mississippi. In 2000, Dollar Tree acquired Dollar Express, a Philadelphia-based company, in 2001, the company opened two additional distribution centers, in Savannah, Georgia, and Briar Creek, Pennsylvania. In 2003, Dollar Tree acquired Salt Lake City, Utah-based Greenbacks, Inc. and opened a new center in Marietta. In 2004, Dollar Tree opened its first store in North Dakota which marked its operation of stores in all 48 contiguous states, the company also opened new distribution centers in Joliet, Illinois, and Ridgefield, Washington. In 2006, Dollar Tree celebrated its 20th year of retailing at a $1.00 price point, opened its 3, 000th store, and acquired 138 DEAL$ stores, previously owned by SUPERVALU INC. In 2007, Dollar Tree expanded its Briar Creek Distribution Center, crossed the $4 billion sales threshold, in 2008, Dollar Tree earned a place in the Fortune 500
35.
Dollarama
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Dollarama is a Canadian chain of over 1000 dollar stores across the country. The company is headquartered in Montreal and, since 2009, has been Canadas largest retailer of items for four dollars or less, Dollarama has stores in every province of Canada, Ontario has the most stores. The first Dollarama store was opened at the shopping centre Les promenades du St-Laurent in Matane, lawrence Rossy was head of the then-parent company of Dollarama, the now-defunct Rossy S Inc. discount store chain. He founded the privately held chain in 1992 and created a business that became very successful. By the late 1990s, Dollarama had become by far the source of revenue for the Rossy family. As such, the Rossy S division was closed all of its stores either closed or converted into Dollarama stores. In November 2004,80 percent of the chain was sold for $850 million US, to an equity fund, Bain Capital, of Boston. In 2016, Dollarama established a partnership with the Marco G. R, enterprise resulting in the sponsorship of the first edition of the Formula Windsor Championship Many items are priced at $1.00 or less, and initially almost all items were priced as such. In early 2009 Dollarama began to introduce items priced up to $2.00, due to the positive response from consumers to the multi-price point strategy, the stores subsequently introduced items at $2.50 and $3.00 in August 2012. They again increased price points to include $3.50 and $4.00 items in August 2016 and this price level increase allowed the chain to acquire products from a greater variety of sources, including closeout sales. And adjustments may eventually happen to all prices, payment in Dollarama stores was once by cash only, until Interac debit cards were added as a payment option beginning in 2008. Gift cards began to be offered in 2011, as of 2015, all Dollarama stores additionally support contactless Interac Flash payments. In mid-2009 it joined other retail chains in rolling out its own store brand, unlike most dollar/discount stores, it sources products directly from manufacturers, rather than local distributors. A Buck or Two Dollar Tree Great Canadian Dollar Store Your Dollar Store with More Official website CNW, Dollarama, press releases
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Family Dollar
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Family Dollar Stores Inc. is an American variety store chain in the United States. With over 8,000 locations in all states except Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington, Family Dollar is headquartered in Matthews, a suburb of Charlotte, North Carolina, where it employs 1,400 people. In June 2014, activist investor and major shareholder Carl Icahn demanded that Family Dollar be immediately put up for sale, on July 28,2014, Dollar Tree announced that it would purchase Family Dollar for $8.5 billion. The sale delivered a windfall to the companys biggest shareholder Carl Icahn, on January 22,2015, Family Dollar shareholders approved the Dollar Tree bid. Family Dollar was founded in 1959 by Leon Levine, a 21-year-old entrepreneur, in November of that year, the companys first store was opened, in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1961, their first store in South Carolina opened, followed by stores in Georgia and Virginia, during the 1960s, the store company was largely a southern United States operation. By 1969, there were fifty stores in Charlotte alone, the 1970s were growing years for the store chain. In 1970, Family Dollars stock went public for the first time, in 1971, the chains 100th store opened, followed by their 200th in 1974 and their 300th in 1978. Also in 1974, a center was opened in Matthews. In 1979, Family Dollar stock began trading at the New York Stock Exchange, in 1981, the chains 400th store was opened, followed by a 500th store in 1982 and a 700th in 1983. The 1980s saw expansion at a scale for the company. The 1990s saw the pace of expansion slow down compared to the 1980s, the company opened distribution centers in West Memphis, Arkansas, Front Royal, Virginia and Duncan, Oklahoma. In 2001, Family Dollar joined the S&P500 stock market index, in 2002, the company joined the Fortune 500 list of largest publicly held companies. When Leon Levine retired in 2003, his son Howard R. Levine succeeded him as Chairman and CEO, in March 2005, Family Dollar restated the companys fiscal 2000 to fiscal 2004 earnings per share downward by 2 cents to 3 cents a year, to correct lease-accounting issues. As of August 2011, there were 7,000 stores in 44 states, according to their website, in 2005 Family Dollar opened 500 new stores,350 more in 2006, and an additional 300 in 2007. According to the Companys 2013 Corporate Profile, in 2010 Family Dollar opened 200 new stores,300 more in 2011,475 in 2012, on October 3,2012, Family Dollar said they will open 500 stores in 2013. The next day, Family Dollar partnered with Healthways, Family Dollar operates 11 distribution centers — the latest of which opened in St. George, Utah, on October 16,2013. In March 2011, Family Dollar rejected an offer by Nelson Peltzs Trian Fund Management reportedly between $55 and $60 a share
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Five Below
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Five Below is an American publicly held chain of discount stores that sells products that cost up to $5. The chain is aimed at teens and pre-teens, but has many adult products as well, stores are typically located in strip malls as opposed to standing alone. A large portion of Five Belows are located in college towns, in October 2002, Five Below was founded by David Schlessinger, founder of Encore Books and Zany Brainy, and Tom Vellios who was the former CEO of Zany Brainy. The first Five Below location opened up at the Gateway Shopping Center in Wayne, as of February 2017, Five Below has over 540 stores in 31 states, and two distribution centres. Alabama, Florida and Kentucky saw their first stores open in 2015, louisiana, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin got their first stores in 2016. Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah will receive their first stores come 2017, in 2011, the company moved its corporate headquarters to a larger location in Philadelphia, PA. The building into which it moved includes other companies such as Merrill Lynch. In September 2014, the company announced a new agreement to move its New Castle, Delaware distribution center to Oldmans Township. The new center would add 275 jobs to the economy while Delaware would lose 175. The company offers a unique fundraising opportunity for non-profit groups, stores can partner with local groups to set up a FUNdraising opportunity, where anyone with an invitation from the group can come in during a pre-selected time period, and shop. 10% of the created by shoppers with invitations will be donated back to the organization. Since 2005, the company has contributed over $1 million for organizations around the country who focus on childhood well-being. They have partnered with and supported Alexs Lemonade Stand Foundation with the sale of bracelets, gift cards and pin-ups which. Since 2008, they have participated in the annual Halloween Promotion benefiting St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and their fundraising has raised over $900,000 for the hospital. After Superstorm Sandy, the company partnered with the American Red Cross and they then doubled all donations resulting in a donation in the total of $100,000. Five Below Website Five Below FUNdraising Five Below Philanthropy Five Below Annual Reports
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Fred's
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Fred’s Inc. and subsidiaries operate in 15 states in the southeastern United States with 304 full-service pharmacy departments located within Fred’s stores, including four franchised locations. Additionally, Fred’s Inc. has 57 Xpress pharmacy locations, three specialty pharmacy locations and more than 650 discount general merchandise stores chain-wide, Freds stocks more than 12,000 frequently purchased items addressing the daily needs of its customers. The first Freds store opened in Coldwater, Mississippi in 1947, in 1953, Freds moved its corporate headquarters to Memphis, Tennessee. Freds primarily competes against national, deep-discount chains Dollar General, Family Dollar, and Dollar Tree, in the past few years, it and other deep-discount retailers have taken some market share away from major discount chains like Walmart, as well. Most locations are in towns with populations of 15,000 or less, the company has two distribution centers, one in Memphis, another in Dublin, Georgia. Fred’s Inc. owns and operates two additional chains, Getwell Drug & Dollar and Yazoo Trading Company, Getwell Drug & Dollar is a pharmacy destination that also offers over-the-counter medication and individualized patient care. Locations across Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia and Mississippi also feature more than 1,700 one-dollar items, Yazoo Trading Company offers hardware, auto, and pet and animal supplies. Five locations across Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia also provide basic home project needs, in 2008, Freds decided to close over 50 under-performing stores due to rising fuel costs and other economic issues. For example, several North Carolina locations were closed, leaving over a dozen stores in that state. On December 21,2016, it was announced that Freds would acquire 865 stores as a result of the Walgreens/Rite Aid merger expected to close in 2017 for the price of $950 Million USD, the acquisition would more than double the number of stores Freds currently operates. Freds plans to keep the Rite Aid name on acquired locations during a 24-month transition period to the Freds name, Freds currently donates either through corporate donation or voluntary in-store requests to several national charities. American Cancer Society - employees have donated their time and financial support for the American Cancer Society through their involvement in Making Strides events, since becoming involved in the annual walk in 2004, the Fred’s teams have raised more than $187,404. Childrens Miracle Network Hospitals - stores have helped more than $5.5 million to benefit the Childrens Miracle Network Hospitals. Shoppers are able to purchase a Miracle Balloon at any Fred’s location, all the proceeds from the sale of the paper balloons will benefit the Childrens Miracle Network Hospital in the community where the Miracle Balloon was purchased. With each donation, customers receive a coupon for $1 off two bags of Mars Candy, the 2013 campaign set a record with a total of $746,286 raised, which was a 16.9 percent increase over the 2012 campaign total. Hero Hats - stores have commemorated the fallen heroes of 9/11 through a fundraiser for the teams that serve their store locations. Through September 11, Fred’s Super Dollar sells Hero Hats for $1 each, in 2014, Last year, through their chain-wide efforts, Fred’s raised a total of $255,642 to be donated to local emergency teams across their regions. Since the campaign began in 2002, the company has raised and donated more than $2.5 million for local fire, police, in addition, all operating profits from store sales on September 11 are also donated
39.
Great Canadian Dollar Store
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Great Canadian Dollar Store Ltd. is a privately owned Canadian franchise dollar store. The discount merchandiser was founded in 1993 by Bud and Vivian Walker, with the set-up of an office in Victoria, British Columbia. Over 100 franchised stores are located across Canada, including the Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, in 2015 Great Canadian Dollar Store was purchased by Kevin & Jane Kane of Quispamsis, NB. Founded in 1993 by Bud & Vivian Walker, Great Canadian Dollar Store sold products with a price of $1.00. As the company grew and product lines expanded, the retail price moved between $1 to $3. Now with the access to product, Great Canadian Dollar Store has moved their to retail prices to $20 for the majority of the product. With the purchase of Great Canadian Dollar Store by Kevin Kane, individual franchise members and the company have gained awards and recognition throughout the years. Doreen Samways, responsible for five Newfoundland stores, was recognized by Trader’s Forum as 2010’s Retailer of the Year, Kevin Kane, a franchise member with more than 25 stores across Atlantic Canada, had been recognized by Trader’s Forum as 2007’s Retailer of the Year. In 2003 Great Canadian Dollar Store Ltd. made it on the list of Profit ’s annual Profit 100, which ranks companies based on five-year revenue growth
