1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Kekal
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Kekal is a heavy metal and electronic music band formed in 1995 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Over the course of its career, Kekal has transitioned from a heavy metal-based style to a more experimental, as of 12 August 2009, all key-members have officially left Kekal, but continue to contribute material. Kekal was officially formed on 15 August 1995, by two friends, simply named under pseudonyms Yeris and Newbabe, as a more extreme metal band. The name Kekal was coined by Newbabe, and is Indonesian for Immortal or Eternal, the band was intended as a one time project, and recruited a vocalist known simply as Harry to help record a four-song demo tape. This demo began to circulate and caught the attention of future guitarist Leo, according to Jeff, the demo was recorded in his bedroom with only a Fostex X-28 4-track tape recorder and $2 karaoke microphone. Later that year Leo Setiawan joined the band, and in April 1997 Kekal began to record its debut album, Beyond the Glimpse of Dreams. The album was licensed to and released by two labels, allowing for Kekal to be known internationally, especially in the underground metal circles around Europe. Harry left the band after recording, and the remaining trio released Embrace the Dead the next year. The following year the band contributed to a Living Sacrifice tribute album with a cover of that bands song Mind Distant, in October 2001, the bands third album, The Painful Experience, was released. de. A best-of collection of works and re-recordings of Kekal entitled Introduce Us to Immortality was also released that year, also that year, Kekal received notice by the Antwerp-based radio show Psych Folk Radio on Radio Centraal, being referred to in that shows programs on progressive music in Indonesia. The success of 1000 Thoughts of Violence was followed up by a two-week European mini-tour, arranged and promoted by the record label in Europe at the time. In March 2004, the played a string of shows in the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden. That year also saw the release of Spirits of the Ancient Days, acidity was released in 2005 and was an official reunion album for the band, which marked the return of Leo, and a vocal contribution by founding member Newbabe. Acidity was well received, and Kekal was again noted by Psych Folk Radio, in 2006, the band started recording their sixth album, The Habit of Fire. In 2006, Jeff leaked two songs, The Prow, originally by Voivod, and Juices Like Wine, originally by Celtic Frost. At the same time left their longtime record label Fear Dark. After few months of uncertainty and rumors of break-up went around among their fans, they all decided to remain together and they quickly signed licensing deals with two record labels to release The Habit of Fire in 2007. The album was received well and was named CD of the Month by UKs music technology magazine Sound on Sound
3.
Alfa Records
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Alfa Records Inc. was established in 1969 by composer and record producer Kunihiko Murai. It was formed into an independent record label known as Alfa Records in 1977, a short-lived American subsidiary operated from 1980 to 1982. In December 1980, Alfa Records opened a U. S. subsidiary in Los Angeles, hot 100 success came with singles by Yutaka featuring Patti Austin and The Monroes, and the label also branched out into country music with the Corbin/Hanner Band. However, the American subsidiary ceased operations in July 1982 due to market conditions, and although the shutdown was intended to be temporary. Back home in Japan, the company faced much hardship in the 1990s, due to financial troubles from the collapse of their previous diversification into foreign automobile dealerships, the record label was reformed into a new company Alfa Music in 1994. 1995 saw the closure of their Shibaura A Studio, in October 1998, operations were scaled back and Alfa withdrew from record production. Alfa were partners with A&M Records, Zomba Music and Mute during the 1980s and 1990s for Japanese domestic distribution, yen Records was an imprint that ran from 1982 to 1985 fronted by Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi of Yellow Magic Orchestra. Most albums were produced by Hosono or Takahashi, and mainly focused on Japanese new wave music, Alfa International was a sublabel which mainly published international releases of various music styles, including Italo disco, eurobeat, Europop, synthpop and Eurodance. GMO was a label for chiptune and video game music releases, several albums were released including music from Sega, Konami, Hudson, Capcom, and Tecmo games. Corbin/Hanner Band Depeche Mode Erasure The Police Falco Lulu Max Q Kylie Minogue The Monroes PIG Billy Vera & the Beaters Elegy Swamp Terrorists Telex Parish George Benson Yutaka Yokokura
4.
Compact Cassette
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The Compact Cassette or Musicassette, also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. It was released by Philips in 1962, having developed in Hasselt. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a cassette, or as a fully recordable blank cassette. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers, the first cassette player designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968. Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc. Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which a magnetically coated, polyester-type plastic film is passed and wound and these spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. This reversal is achieved either by flipping the cassette, or by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement. In 1935, decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette, AEG released the first reel-to-reel tape recorder and it was based on the invention of the magnetic tape by Fritz Pfleumer, which used similar technology but with open reels. These instruments were expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations. In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, however, it was a large cassette, and offered few pre-recorded tapes. Despite the multiple versions, it failed, consumer use of tape only took off in the early 1960s, after playback machines reached a comfortable, user-friendly design. This was achieved primarily by the introduction of transistors which replaced the bulky, fragile, reel-to-reel tape then became more suitable to household use, but still remained an esoteric product. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens in Hasselt, Philips was competing with Telefunken and Grundig in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers. However, the Philips Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips decision to license the format free of charge, Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the US in November 1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone, by 1968,85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players. By the end of the 1960s, the business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars. In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape, the Compact Cassette went on to become a popular alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s. The mass production of blank Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover, prerecorded music cassettes were launched in Europe in late 1965
5.
CD-ROM
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A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. From the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers, some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer. An early CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced at a Japanese computer show in 1984 and it was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a capacity of 540 MiB. The Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a similar manner. Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits. This pattern of changing intensity of the beam is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on discs, known as the Rainbow Books. The Yellow Book, published in 1988, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, the CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, the Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM, ISO9660 defines the standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions. The ISO13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs. The bootable CD specification was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito, data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification. This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, eight-to-fourteen modulation, and the use of pits, the structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book
6.
Rock Express
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Rock Express was a Serbian music magazine. Rock Express was founded in 1997, the magazines Editor-in-Chiefs was Branko Rogošić. The first issue was released in October 1997, and the last, in January 1999, Rock Express started to publish Metal Express, dedicated to heavy metal music. Metal Express was initially released as a supplement for Rock Express, the last, 15th issue of Metal Express was released in April 2004. In 1997, Rock Express started its own label, Rock Express Records. The label was mostly heavy metal-oriented, Rock Express Records at Discogs Rock Express Top 100 Yugoslav Rock Songs of All Times
7.
Avant-garde metal
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Avant-garde metal is influenced by progressive rock and extreme metal, particularly death metal, and is closely related to progressive metal. Some local scenes include Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Seattle in the United States, Oslo in Norway, and Tokyo in Japan. Avant-garde metal is interchangeable with experimental metal and avant-metal, and may refer to a separate genre of atmospheric metal or post-metal. Avant-garde metal also uses sounds, breaks conventions, and often includes new elements. The lyrics and visual presentation of the genre are eclectic as well, the Canadian group Voivod also influenced future bands in the genre, pioneering technique such as robotic vocal effects, unusual time signatures, and fractured, dissonant, unorthodox guitar sounds. Progressive rock has also cited as an influence. Another early example is the 1976 Led Zeppelin album Presence, pioneers of avant-garde metal include Celtic Frost, Boris, Earth, Helmet, Mayhem, maudlin of the Well, Neurosis, Sunn O))), Mr. Bungle, and Voivod. Wagner states that with the support of and other specialty labels, metals new avant-garde had arrived, according to The New York Times, some regional scenes that developed in the mid-1990s included the cities of Tokyo, Los Angeles, and Oslo. List of avant-garde metal artists Wagner, Jeff, avantgarde-Metal. com – website for avant-garde metal
8.
Progressive metal
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Whilst the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it was not until the 1990s that progressive metal achieved commercial success. On the other side of the spectrum, some rock bands such as King Crimson, Uriah Heep. Rush songs such as Bastille Day, Anthem, By-Tor And The Snow Dog,2112, The Fountain of Lamneth, another early practitioner of heavy metal were Lucifers Friend. Night Sun was also a band who mixed heavy metal with progressive rock tones. However, progressive metal did not develop into a genre of its own until the mid-1980s, the result can be described as music that combined a progressive rock mentality with heavy metal sounds. Among the early flagship bands for progressive metal, each had a different vibe. Fates Warning were one of the most aggressive and heavy sounding and their 1989 album Perfect Symmetry broke away from their NWOBHM influenced sound and became the mold for early progressive metal that Dream Theater would expand on. Crimson Glorys music, featuring tight dual-lead harmonies and soaring vocals would be displayed prominently on their self titled debut, as well as in the follow-up and it also contained the song Lonely, which was their first hit single and music video. According to AllMusic, progressive metal at the time was fairly underground, though progressive metal was, and has remained, primarily an album-oriented genre, this mainstream exposure increased the genres profile, and opened doors for other bands. Ayreon stayed with the prog metal themes, but mixed them with many other influences, such as rock opera, folk music. Pain of Salvation experimented with progressive rock and progressive metal, made extensive use of polyrhythms, and abruptly switched between calm and heavy passages. Seventh Wonder stayed within the metal mold, but had a larger focus on melody than most other progressive metal bands. Symphony X married progressive elements to power metal and classical music, tool and Karnivool created a more modern style by combining alternative metal elements and odd time signatures. Porcupine Tree began as a rock band, but then developed a progressive metal sound with 2002s In Absentia. Mastodon also combined progressive metal with sludge elements, many bands also started to experiment with more extreme subgenres of metal music, as have Meshuggah, whose distinctive sound has spawned the djent movement within progressive metal. In Japan, Sigh incorporated jazz and classical influences in black metal, while Dir En Grey, formerly a visual kei band, in Israel, Orphaned Land mixed progressive metal with local folk music, with guitarist Yossi Sassi playing a bouzouki as well as a guitar. Progressive metal can be broken down into many sub-genres corresponding to other styles of music that have influenced progressive metal groups. For example, two bands that are identified as progressive metal, Kings X and Opeth, are at opposite ends of the sonic spectrum to one another
9.
Black metal
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Black metal is an extreme subgenre and subculture of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw recording, unconventional song structures. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms, during the 1980s, several thrash and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal. This so-called first wave included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Mercyful Fate, Hellhammer, a second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon and Gorgoroth. The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre, norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this wave, such as Marduk, Nifelheim. Initially a synonym for Satanic metal, black metal is often met with hostility from mainstream culture, due to the actions, many artists express extreme anti-Christian and misanthropic views, advocating various forms of Satanism or ethnic paganism. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings, there is also a small neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain underground, inaccessible to the mainstream, although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has also been applied to bands with widely differing sounds. Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones, the guitar is usually played with fast, un-muted tremolo picking. Guitarists often use dissonance—along with specific scales, intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread, the tritone, or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal, the bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is not uncommon for the bass to be muted against the guitar, some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras. The drumming is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute and these fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost and Hellhammer. Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique and this professionalism has to go, insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz of Darkthrone. I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I dont want to play like a drum solo all the time, Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections, the Greek style—established by Rotting Christ, Necromantia and Varathron—has more traditional heavy metal and death metal traits than Norwegian black metal. Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling
10.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
11.
Chaos & Warfare
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Chaos & Warfare is a split album between the bands Kekal, from Indonesia, and Slechtvalk, from the Netherlands, released in 2002 through Fear Dark Records. Critical reception of the album was positive, though Kekal’s side of the release drew some criticism from reviewers. In particular, the use of clean vocals was viewed negatively by HM Magazine writer Matt Morrow. Morrow also leveled heavy criticism at the song A Stranger So Close, however, some parts of Kekals material received praise. Morrow also expressed admiration over Kekals emotional and passionate cover of the Trouble song The Skull, overall, Morrow stated that Kekal was very talented, but held back somewhat by its experimentation. Slechtvalks performance was praised by Morrow, who stated that he was anticipating the release of the album because of this bands appearance. He did direct some criticism at the first song, Whispers in the Dark, for using a drum machine, but said that the following three songs, with real drumming, left him speechless. Morrow noted the cover of Kongsblood, which was originally by Antestor, stating that Slechtvalk did a great job. De Rooij he praised the song Whispers in the Dark, but found that The Dragons Children, Storms in particular he considered rushed and unoriginal, though not a bad song. Kongsblood he lavished with praise, considering it the best on the entire split, and I think Im going to listen to it once more. Overall, Matt Morrow gave the album nine out of ten possible points, michiel de Rooij rated the split sixty-three out of one hundred. Promonex, a reviewer from Metal Storm, graded the entire album eight out of ten points
12.
Acidity (album)
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Acidity is the fifth album by Indonesian avant-garde metal band Kekal. It was recorded in celebration of the tenth anniversary, and was an official reunion album for the band. It marked the return of guitarist Leo Setiawan to the band, the album was released following the bands successful 2004 European mini-tour, and a promotional concert and release party was held for the album on 13 March 2005 in Indonesia. It was considered by many to be the bands strongest work to date, there is a music video created for the song Dream for a Moment. The band has stated that each song does not represent the overall sound of the album. According to Jeff, the title is referencing acid indigestion caused by stress and eating fast food. Other elements incorporated into the sound were jazz and ambient passages as well as double-bass drum blasts, the vocals range from black metal shrieks to death growls to clean vocal styles. In an interview on Ultimate Metal. com, Jeff responded to the band being labeled avant-garde, For us and it is a state of being, a state of becoming. once your music can be classified easily, I dont think the word progressive or avant-garde fits. So thats why we mention in our bio that avant-garde is a state for us. All tracks written by Jeff Arwadi, rion – drums Hans Kurniawan of Inner Warfare – keys
13.
Leo Setiawan
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Leonard Leo Setiawan is mainly known as a former guitarist for progressive metal band Kekal. His main occupation is civil engineer and he owns and operates a development firm in Jakarta. Leo joined Kekal in 1996, just after the released their official demo. Shortly after this album was released, Leo Setiawan left the band and moved to Melbourne, Leo Setiawan later moved back to Indonesia, and was back in the studio with Kekal to record their official reunion album, Acidity in 2005. In 2009, Kekal front man Jeff Arwadi stepped down from the band and Leo announced that, since Jeff left the band, as bassist Azhar Sianturi had already left Kekal, the departure of Jeff and Leo rendered the band member-less. Despite this, it was decided that Kekal would continue as an institution, in evidence of the bands continued existence, Kekal has released two more albums to date,8 and Autonomy in 2010 and 2012 respectively, to which all 3 former members of Kekal have contributed
14.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
15.
HM (magazine)
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HM Magazine is a monthly, digital and print on demand publication focusing on hard music and alternative culture of interest to Christians. The magazine states that its goal is to honestly and accurately cover the current state of hard music and it is known for being one of the first magazines dedicated to covering Christian metal. The magazines content includes features, news, album, live show and book reviews, culture coverage, HMs occasional So and So Says feature is known for getting into artists deeper thoughts on Jesus Christ, spirituality, politics and other controversial topics. In 1985, Doug Van Pelt started Heavens Metal as a fanzine, the classified ad Van Pelts friend placed in Kerrang. Happened to be in the British rock magazines 100th issue — an issue with 100,000 extra copies and this affected the number of people ordering subscriptions. Soon, Heavens Metal achieved more popularity and became an official, professional publication, Heavens Metal achieved a regular subscription base of 15,000 readers. The name was changed to HM Magazine in 1995, where HM stood Hard Music, despite name and format changes over its history, the magazines spiritual focus remains identifiably Christian, as it follows both the Christian rock and the Christian metal movement. Bands sales usually rose when the ensembles were covered in the magazine, for example, during the mid-1990s, HM was the only magazine that covered P. O. D. The bands label appreciated HM for this, and eventually Atlantic Records bestowed upon Van Pelt the gold P. O. D, gold records are given to industry figures that impact sales. Two specific articles greatly bolstered HMs popularity, the first was the band Kings Xs vocalist Doug Pinnick revealing his homosexuality. In October 2004, Van Pelt revived the Heavens Metal name, starting a fanzine under the same name, christianity and metal music were also themes of this venture, but it was produced in a smaller, less formal format. The fanzine focused on the traditional styles of heavy metal. Currently, Heavens Metal is run alongside HM Magazine as a magazine within the magazine, HM has expanded to include acts other than those that would fit into the hard rock or metal category. It is not unusual to find an article on a rock band like Deas Vail or a synthpop group like Owl City. However, the focus remains steadfast in covering left-of-center bands. In an attempt to get out of debt, HM launched a Save HM Magazine Campaign in March 2012 through their website to raise funds in order to continue printing the publication, as a thanks to donors, contributors were offered a collection of songs available for download. In February 2013, Van Pelt sold the magazine to current editor David Stagg under undisclosed terms, Stagg had previously interned at HM Magazine in the summer of 2003, and remained on staff as a feature writer and reviewer when ownership changed to his hands. Official website Austin Chronicle, HM Editor/Publisher Doug Van Pelts Hard-Rocking Christian Empire August 7,2000 Phantom Tollbooth, Heavens Metal Re-launches As A Fanzine October 4,2004
16.
Metal Storm (webzine)
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Metal Storm is a webzine specializing in various forms of heavy metal music. It is based in Tallinn, Estonia but caters to an international audience, as of June 2013, the website hosts 7,812 band profiles,7,800 reviews,553 interviews and 16,753 news items. Metal Storm users can register for free and create a profile based on their specific preferences. The comprehensive profile format allows for users to display detailed information about their taste, activity on the site. Community Points are awarded to users for contributing forum reports, band info, lyrics, news, events, reviews, and articles, with the number awarded depending on the value of the contribution. Users may also add albums to their Collection, an interactive list of albums acquired, of which statistics can be visualized in the form of pie charts broken down by style. These lists, along with the bands and ratings categories, are analyzed to compare users. Metal Storm has a forum available to all registered members, the forum is divided into many categories, including sections for discussing specific metal styles, non-metal music, general discussion and community-related topics. All comments for publications on the site are also incorporated into the forum for the purpose of convenience, the forums are moderated for spam and illegal content such as pornography and copyright infringement but are otherwise uncensored. This has caused issues with a number of posters including at least one staff member engaging in both racist and misogynistic comments, including Islamophobia. In each members Collection section, they have the option of making the part of their regular collection. Members can then browse other members tradelists and privately negotiate the trade of albums, Metal Storm states that the trading of albums is to be done at the members own risk and that the site wont be responsible for any outcomes. Metal Storm features a database of metal bands, with each band having a profile including such information as a biography, discography, lineup, genre categorization, photo, logo. All registered members are able to edit the database and submit information that is missing, before being published, community edits are moderated by members of the staff. Metal is divided into three broad sub-categories on Metal Storm, bands that fall in between two sub-categories are usually allocated based on what elements are historically more prominent in their music though there is no strict enforcement of any rules. Extreme metal This sub-category includes metal subgenres such as metal, death metal, grindcore, thrash metal. Extreme doom metal bands are included in this sub-category. Metal Storm is known for its relaxed attitude towards accepting bands that are not unquestionably categorized as metal
17.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
18.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
19.
Yugoslavia
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Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. The Serbian royal House of Karađorđević became the Yugoslav royal dynasty, Yugoslavia gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. The country was named after the South Slavic peoples and constituted their first union, following centuries in which the territories had been part of the Ottoman Empire, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929, it was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. In 1943, a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance, in 1944, the king recognised it as the legitimate government, but in November 1945 the monarchy was abolished. Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946 and it acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country as president until his death in 1980, in 1963, the country was renamed again as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The constituent six socialist republics that made up the country were the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Croatia, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the members of the federation. After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics borders, at first into five countries, eventually, Serbia and Montenegro accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession. Serbia and Montenegro themselves broke up in 2006 and became independent states, the concept of Yugoslavia, as a single state for all South Slavic peoples, emerged in the late 17th century and gained prominence through the Illyrian Movement of the 19th century. The name was created by the combination of the Slavic words jug, Yugoslavia was the result of the Corfu Declaration, as a project of the Serbian Parliament in exile and the Serbian royal Karađorđević dynasty, who became the Yugoslav royal dynasty. The country was formed in 1918 immediately after World War I as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and it was commonly referred to at the time as the Versailles state. Later, the government renamed the country leading to the first official use of Yugoslavia in 1929, on 6 January 1929 King Alexander I suspended the constitution, banned national political parties, assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia. He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions and he imposed a new constitution and relinquished his dictatorship in 1931. None of these three regimes favored the policy pursued by Alexander I, Alexander attempted to create a centralised Yugoslavia. He decided to abolish Yugoslavias historic regions, and new internal boundaries were drawn for provinces or banovinas, the banovinas were named after rivers. Many politicians were jailed or kept under police surveillance, the effect of Alexanders dictatorship was to further alienate the non-Serbs from the idea of unity. During his reign the flags of Yugoslav nations were banned, Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son Peter II and a regency council headed by his cousin, Prince Paul
20.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
21.
The Painful Experience
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The Painful Experience is the third full-length studio album by Indonesian extreme metal band Kekal. It marks the transition of Kekal from straightforward melodic black metal to a more progressive metal style, while still retaining the intensity. The title refers to the sessions for Embrace the Dead. Kekal experimented greatly on The Painful Experience, and received mixed to positive reviews, the album was praised by critics for its numerous experiments and emotional quality, but was criticized for Jeffs falsetto screaming on some of the songs, which drew comparisons to King Diamond. Austrian magazine Arising Realm Magazine rated the album 6.0 out of 10, stating that the band had potential, staff member Promonex of Metal Storm also rated the album 6/10, while Stefan Lang from Powermetal. de viewed the album very favorably. Peter Doorakers of Lords of Metal rated the album 80 out of 100, the more adventurous black metalfans should give it a try. The Painful Experience took the harshness of black metal, but infused it with lots of melodies and it hinted at the ground their later works would traverse, but The Painful Experience is perhaps the most successful of their fusion of progressive metal and extreme black metal. The diverse style of the album elements of black, thrash, power, classic. In a recent interview with the bands Facebook staff, Jeff stated that he had forgotten how much energy and intensity he and the other band members put into recording the album. He also admitted that album contains an amount of Iron Maiden influence. For this release, the band expanded its lyrical approach to tackle the current socio-political scene in Indonesia, the opening track The Monsters Within is based on a true story of an impoverished man who is reduced to stealing but is caught and beaten by a mob. The song Mean Attraction is about terrorism and is based on the Indonesian Christmas Eve church bombings of 2000, the title track is about the painfulness of life and how Christians have to take up their cross. All tracks written by Jeff Arwadi
22.
Iron Maiden
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Iron Maiden are a British heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. The bands discography has grown to thirty-eight albums, including sixteen studio albums, eleven albums, four EPs. Pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal, Iron Maiden achieved initial success during the early 1980s,1 in 28 countries and receiving widespread critical acclaim. Their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, was released on 4 September 2015 to similar success, the band won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002. As of October 2013, the band have played over 2000 live shows throughout their career. For the past 35 years, the band have been supported by their famous mascot, Eddie, Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler. Harris attributes the name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas. After months of rehearsal, Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976, before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point, Stratford. The original line-up did not last very long, however, with vocalist Paul Day being the first casualty as, according to Harris and he was replaced by Dennis Wilcock, a Kiss fan who used make-up and fake blood during live performances. Wilcocks friend Dave Murray was invited to join, to the dismay of the bands guitarists Dave Sullivan and their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976, though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist. Steve Harris and Dave Murray remain the bands longest-standing members and have performed on all of their releases, Iron Maiden recruited yet another guitarist in 1977, Bob Sawyer, who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth. Tension ensued again, causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock, who convinced Harris to fire Murray, as well as original drummer Ron Matthews. A new line-up was put together, including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards, Terry Wapram on guitar, and drummer Barry Purkis. A bad performance at the Bridgehouse, a pub located in Canning Town, in November 1977 was the line-ups first and only concert, at the same time, Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided that keyboards did not suit the bands sound. A few months later, Dennis Wilcock decided that he had had enough with the group and left to form his own band, V1, as he preferred to be the bands sole guitarist, Wapram disapproved of Murrays return and was also dismissed. Steve Harris, Dave Murray and Doug Sampson spent the summer, a chance meeting at the Red Lion pub in Leytonstone in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul DiAnno. Steve Harris has stated, Theres sort of a quality in Pauls voice, a raspiness in his voice, or whatever you want to call it, that just gave it this great edge. At this time, Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist, with Harris commenting, the plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult
23.
Joe Satriani
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Joseph Joe Satriani is an American instrumental rock guitarist and multi-instrumentalist. He is a 15-time Grammy Award nominee and has sold over 10 million albums, in 1988, Satriani was recruited by Mick Jagger as lead guitarist for his first solo tour. Satriani briefly toured with Deep Purple as the lead guitarist, joining shortly after the departure of Ritchie Blackmore in November 1993 and he has worked with a range of guitarists during the G3 tour, which he founded in 1995. Satriani has been the guitarist for the supergroup Chickenfoot since joining the band in 2008, Satriani was born in Westbury, New York, the descendant of Italian immigrants. His paternal grandparents were from Piacenza and Bobbio, while his grandparents were from Bari. He was inspired to play guitar at age 14, after hearing of the death of Jimi Hendrix and he has been said to have heard the news during football practice, where he then announced to his coach that he was quitting to become a guitarist. In 1974, Satriani studied music with jazz guitarist Billy Bauer, the technically demanding Tristano greatly influenced Satrianis playing. Satriani began teaching guitar, with his most notable student at the time being fellow Long Island native Steve Vai, while he was teaching Vai, he was attending Five Towns College for studies in music. In 1978, Satriani moved to Berkeley, California to pursue a music career, soon after arriving in California, he resumed teaching. Satriani started playing in a San Francisco-based band called the Squares, in 1987, Satrianis second album Surfing with the Alien produced radio hits and was the first all-instrumental release to chart so highly in many years. The track Crushing Day was featured on the soundtrack of a film titled It Takes Two. Surfing with the Alien is his most acclaimed work, according to aggregator Acclaimed Music, in 1988 Satriani helped produce the EP The Eyes of Horror for the death metal band Possessed. That same year he released an EP titled Dreaming #11. In 1989, Satriani released the album Flying in a Blue Dream and it was said to be inspired by the death of his father, who died in 1989 during the recording of the album. One Big Rush featured on the soundtrack to the Cameron Crowe movie Say Anything, the Forgotten Part II was featured on a Labatt Blue commercial in Canada in 1993. Cant Slow Down featured in a sequence in the Don Johnson starring show Nash Bridges. Joe Satriani also sang backing vocals on the self-titled Crowded House album, Satriani was a friend of Mitchell Froom. In 1992, Satriani released The Extremist, his most commercially successful album to date, radio stations across the country picked up Summer Song, which got a major boost when Sony used it in a major commercial campaign for their Discman portable CD players
24.
Cynic (band)
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Cynic is an American progressive metal band — incorporating experimental music, alternative, metal and jazz fusion elements — founded in Miami, Florida, and currently based in Los Angeles, California. Their first album, Focus, released on September 14,1993, is regarded as a landmark release of the progressive metal genre. Cynic disbanded in 1994, but reunited in 2006, and released their album on November 17,2008. Traced in Air was released through French label Season of Mist, followed up by an EP titled Re-Traced on May 18,2010 and their third studio album, Kindly Bent to Free Us, was released on February 14,2014. A recent concert October 3,2015 at Euroblast Festival featured guest drummer Matt Lynch, Cynic was formed by guitarist Paul Masvidal and drummer Sean Reinert in 1987. In 1988, the made their first recording, simply called the 88 Demo. After the demo, Paul Masvidal took over vocal duties, while continuing to play guitar, the band also added a second guitarist, Jason Gobel. Another demo followed in 1989, titled Reflections of a Dying World,1989 also brought the addition of bassist Tony Choy. In 1990, the group went to the studio to record their third demo, in 1991, Cynic signed with Roadrunner Records and recorded their fourth and final demo, known as Demo 1991. The recording of Cynics full-length debut album Focus did not begin immediately after the band signed a new contract with Roadrunner Records, Paul Masvidal and Sean Reinert had played on Deaths 1991 album Human and were obligated to take part in the supporting tour of Europe. During this tour, Death ran into financial trouble, which resulted in Masvidal. During this time, the band parted with bassist Tony Choy, Choy was replaced by Sean Malone. The band used this time as an opportunity to new material. Tony Teegarden was eventually brought in to do the aggressive vocals, Focus was released internationally September 14,1993. Cynic toured extensively worldwide throughout 1993-94, including the Dynamo Open Air Festival in May 1994, asked in a 2012 interview on Prog-Sphere. com about Focus material, Masvidal says, Sometimes you just burn out on material and we have toured Focus quite a bit. It does have a history and it obviously had an impact as an album, with another album under our belts we’ll have enough material to really give people a whole body of new material to focus on instead of the past. But I enjoy Focus and to me it does seem like a record that represented something for us that was really honest, and I think it was a solid album, so it’s cool that it got some recognition. Musical and personal differences halted work on a studio album, as the group disbanded
25.
Steve Harris (musician)
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He is the only member of Iron Maiden to have remained in the band since their inception in 1975 and, along with guitarist Dave Murray, to have appeared on all of their albums. Harris has a recognisable and popular style of playing, particularly the gallop which can be found on several Iron Maiden recordings, such as the singles Run to the Hills. He has been cited as one of the greatest heavy metal bassists, on 24 September 2012, Harris released his debut solo album, British Lion. Harris was born and grew up in Leytonstone, where he grew up aspiring to be a professional footballer, scouted by Wally St Pier, Harris was asked to train for West Ham United. After gaining an interest in music in his early teens. Initially Harris wanted to play drums, but did not have space for a drum kit in his house. Entirely self-taught, his first bass was a copy of a Fender Precision model which cost him £40 in 1971. Just 10 months after he bought his first bass, Harris joined a band, initially known as Influence and later Gypsys Kiss, featuring Bob Verscoyle, Dave Smith and drummer Paul Sears. Upon leaving Smiler, Harris went on to create Iron Maiden on Christmas Day 1975, since their inception, Harris has been the bands principal composer and lyricist. His song writing typically showcases his trademark galloping bass patterns, which features heavily in such as The Trooper and Run to the Hills. Harris frequently writes lyrics about mythology, history or topics inspired from books and films, reflecting his interests, in September 2012, Harris released his first solo album, British Lion. Speaking to Kerrang. in September 2012, Harris stated that he considers the record to be more of a side-project than a solo album, as he is more comfortable in a band environment. In an interview with Classic Rock in August, Harris stated that he will be releasing solo albums. Harris has taken the outfit on two separate European club tours in 2013 and 2014, with a tour taking place in 2016. On 2 September 2016, Harris announced that he intends to issue an album recorded at shows from across the three tours. Harris eldest daughter, Lauren, is a singer and supported Iron Maiden with her outfit in 2006 and 2008. In 2008, she released an album, entitled Calm Before the Storm. In 1993, Harris was divorced from his wife, Lorraine and this dark period in his life, which he described as probably the toughest time Ive ever faced, is credited with inspiring the mood of the following Iron Maiden album, 1995s The X Factor
26.
Power metal
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Power metal is a subgenre of heavy metal combining characteristics of traditional metal with speed metal, often within symphonic context. Generally, power metal is characterized by a more uplifting sound, in contrast with the heaviness, Power metal bands usually have anthem-like songs with fantasy-based subject matter and strong choruses, thus creating a theatrical, dramatic and emotionally powerful sound. Anthropologist Sam Dunn traced the origins of power back to the late 1970s. The fantasy-oriented lyrics he wrote for Rainbow, concentrated around medieval, renaissance, folk and it is mentioned that songs Stargazer and Kill the King, from the 1976 album Rising and 1978s Long Live Rock n Roll respectively, might be among the earliest examples of power metal. In his 2011 documentary series Metal Evolution, Dunn further explained how Rob Halford of Judas Priest created a blueprint for power metal vocal delivery and his almost constant high-pitched singing became one of the main characteristics of power metal. The twin-guitar sound promoted by duo of K. K. Downing, another pioneer in the power metal genre is Jon Mikl Thor, who was a strong inspiration to the American band Manowar. Another British band, Iron Maiden, brought epic and melodic sensibility to metal, creating anthemic, singalong music, the emergence of the early German power metal scene in particular was made possible by Scorpions and Accept. Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen made a significant impact on many future power metal guitarists, with his accurate and his bandmate Jens Johansson modernized the keyboard sound of Deep Purples Jon Lord, which was further incorporated into the genre. Manowars mythological sword and sorcery lyrics influenced a number of metal bands. In 1987 Helloween released their album, Keeper of the Seven Keys, Pt.1. Its volatile combination of power and melody would inspire a generation of metal bands. Power metal is associated with fast tempo and melodic harmonies. Power metal is focused on the vocalist, with clean vocals being much more prevalent than the growling vocals often associated with extreme metal. Inspired by Ronnie James Dio, Bruce Dickinson, Rob Halford, Geoff Tate and other heavy metal vocalists, power metal vocals are often in a register. There are many exceptions who sing in either baritone or bass range, many power metal vocalists, most notably Hansi Kürsch of Blind Guardian, record multi-layered vocals reminiscent of Queen creating a choral effect. Power metals lyrical themes focus on fantasy and mythology, camaraderie and hope, personal struggles and emotions, war and death. For example, Finnish band Sonata Arctica have been known for focusing their lyrics of their songs on fantasy but also have many songs based on reality, love and relationships. Some bands have even written their own stories, like Rhapsody of Fires Emerald Sword Saga and The Dark Secret Saga
27.
Antwerp
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Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
28.
Radio Centraal
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Radio Centraal is a Belgian underground radio station in the old city center of Antwerp. It began broadcasting on 31 October 1980 as one of the first pirate radio stations which started around the country in protest against the monopoly of the national state networks. It always was and still remains an independent radio project with many experimental programmes, the station is structured as a non-for-profit organisation. The contributors are all volunteers and all the on-air talent finance the investment, in this way, Radio Centraal can stay independent from local government or commercial sponsors. Most programming is in Dutch, but there are programmes in English. The station offers a platform for aspiring, ambitious and creative radio broadcasters. Several have gone on to careers in the Belgian national media, original founder members such as Jan Balliauw and Stefan Blommaert now work at VRT television as international correspondents. Since the studio is located close to the Steen on the river front boulevard and it has organised and supported many inner city cultural activities, parties and art radio projects over the years. Understanding alternative media, Olga Guedes Bailey, Bart Cammaerts, Nico Carpentier, ISBN 0-335-22210-2 Radio Centraal
29.
Progressive rock
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Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
30.
Dimmu Borgir
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Dimmu Borgir is a Norwegian symphonic black metal band from Oslo, Norway, formed in 1993. The name is derived from Dimmuborgir, a formation in Iceland. Dimmu Borgir was founded in 1993 by Shagrath, Silenoz and Tjodalv and this short EP sold out within weeks, and the band followed up with the 1995 full-length album For All Tid. This album featured contributions by Vicotnik of Ved Buens Ende and Dødheimsgard and Aldrahn of Dødheimsgard. The initial line-up consisted of Shagrath playing drums with Tjodalv on guitar and this line-up changed before the release of Stormblåst on Cacophonous Records in 1996, an album considered by many to be their finest. It is also the last album which features all lyrics written, after Stormblåst, keyboardist Stian Aarstad left the band due to his obligation to serve in the Norwegian army, thus being unable to participate in the 1996 recording of Devils Path. That period was marked by the departure of bassist Brynjard Tristan. Stian Aarstad returned for the recording of 1997s Enthrone Darkness Triumphant and he had trouble attending rehearsals and was unable to tour. He was then fired and replaced by Kimberly Goss for their 1997/1998 world tour. Enthrone Darkness Triumphant was a success for the band, and was their first release signed to Nuclear Blast. The album was recorded in the Abyss Studios, owned by Hypocrisys frontman Peter Tägtgren, after the release of Enthrone Darkness Triumphant, the band went on tour with In Flames, Dissection and other bands who were prominent in the scene at the time. After the tour for Enthrone Darkness Triumphant, the band recruited new members Mustis on keyboards, Dimmu Borgirs following full-length albums Spiritual Black Dimensions in 1999 and 2001s Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia, both met critical acclaim. Astennu was fired from his duties as well, and was replaced by Galder. In 2003, Dimmu Borgir recorded Death Cult Armageddon, Death Cult Armageddon was recorded with the Prague Philarmonic Orchestra, conducted by Adam Klemens. All orchestrations were arranged by Gaute Storaas, in 2004, Dimmu Borgir performed on the mainstage at Ozzfest. In 2005, the band did a complete re-recording of the Stormblåst album, the album also featured a DVD with a live performance from the 2004 Ozzfest tour. Dimmu Borgirs eighth studio album, In Sorte Diaboli, was released on 24 April 2007, a special edition version was released in a boxed case with a DVD, backward-printed lyrics, and a mirror. The album artwork was released on 14 February 2007 on a webpage for the album
31.
Death Cult Armageddon
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Death Cult Armageddon is the sixth studio album by Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir, released on 9 September 2003. It has since sold over 150,000 copies in the United States, the first album under Nuclear Blast to do so, the song Progenies of the Great Apocalypse is released as single with accompanying music video. Parts of the album were recorded with the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra and this would also be the last album to have Nicholas Barker on drums. It also features guest vocals by Abbath Doom Occulta, artwork was done by Swiss artist Joachim Luetke. Most of the songs have an apocalyptic theme. This is also their first album to feature their third and current logo, the Chinese edition was later released on 3 November 2003 and the Japanese edition was released the following month on 23 December 2003 with the orchestral bonus tracks. All lyrics written by Music & Lyrics by Dimmu Borgir except where noted
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Harem Scarem
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Harem Scarem is a Canadian hard rock band from Toronto, Ontario. Harem Scarem achieved popularity in Japan and their native Canada in the early 1990s, the band was active from 1987 to 2008 and again from 2013 after reforming. Throughout their career, they released 14 studio albums, plus numerous live, Harem Scarem was formed in 1987 by guitarist Pete Lesperance and singer Harry Hess, formerly of Blind Vengeance who had recorded two heavy metal albums in the 80s. The lineup was rounded out by Darren Smith and Mike Gionet and they recorded a demo CD in 1990, which garnered them attention since most demos at the time were released on cassette tape only. On the strength of this demo, they were signed to Warner Music and this demo CD, which was sold to fans, is long out of print. In 1991, Harem Scarem released their debut album, which charted at No.68 on the Canadian album chart. The band scored a hit single from the album, Slowly Slipping Away and they also managed to chart two minor hits, Honestly and Love Reaction. Harem Scarem released their album in 1993, Mood Swings. It also featured the vocal debut of drummer Smith on the song Sentimental Blvd. A fan favorite, Mood Swings charted at No.83 on the Canadian charts, the albums lead off single was No Justice, which managed to chart at No.59 in Canada, while the other two singles failed to chart. Mood Swings caused the band to popularity in Japan. This was followed by a live and acoustic EP, appropriately titled Live & Acoustic, in 1995, the band released their third album Voice of Reason. The album introduced a change in the musical style, and was darker in sound than the first two albums. The song Blue was released as a single and had a music video for it. Bassist Mike Gionet departed after Voice of Reason for personal reasons and was replaced by former Blu Bones member Barry Donaghy, the next two albums, Karma Cleansing and Big Bang Theory, saw Harem Scarem modernizing their sound. Barry Donaghy also made his vocal debut with Harem Scarem on Sometimes I Wish from Big Bang Theory. Both albums and the singles from them again failed to chart, in 1998, the band released their last commercial single So Blind. In 1999, Harem Scarem changed their name to Rubber, however, they still used the name Harem Scarem in Japan and the rest of the world
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Green Carnation
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Green Carnation is a progressive metal band from Kristiansand, Norway formed in 1990. Green Carnation is the creation of former Emperor bass player Terje Vik Schei and it eventually split, with the remaining members X-Botteri, Cm, Botteri and Anders Kobro creating avant-garde metal band In the Woods. Green Carnations first album, Journey to the End of the Night, the release was a folk inspired doom metal album. The Botteri brothers, Alf Tore Rasmussen and Geir Solli left the band recording the debut album. Joined up with Tchort and them two made the foundation and arrangements for the song that became Light of day, day of Darkness. They then did a pre-production in dub-studio with Endre Kirkesola helping out with the bassguitar, the album was released in 2001 via Prophecy Productions in Europe, whereas the US release was handled by The End Records. The album is regarded, and is one of the longest single songs in metal. Following this release, the released their 2003 full-length album A Blessing in Disguise through French record label Season Of Mist. The album consisted of a blend of progressive elements, slightly gothic tinges. Bjørn Harstad left the band after the recording of A Blessing, unfortunately Bernt Moen also decided to quit the band due to obligations with other artists and solo projects after the Blessing in Disguise tour of 2003. Two years later the band followed up with the album The Quiet Offspring, introducing Kenneth Silden on keyboard, the album was released through Season Of Mist in Europe and The End Records in the US. This album brought the band into an even more hard-rock style of music and is seen by many to be their most commercial-sounding release, at this point, they made the decision to replace Anders Kobro with drummer Tommy Jackson. Jackson was a choice since he had been a long-time friend and partner of Stein Sordals other projects, Soxpan, Sordal. Later in 2005, the released a EP entitled The Burden Is Mine. This EP marked the debut of bassist/guitarist Stein Roger Sordal as a lead vocalist in the band, with the song shares the name of the EP. This release also worked as a taste of what was to come with their following full-length album, early 2006 marked the release of their fifth full-length The Acoustic Verses. This album was yet another shift for the band. On the album, the band played all instruments, showing off a softer, warmer style for the band while retaining the progressive
34.
Arena (band)
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Arena are a British neo-progressive rock musical group founded in 1995. The bands style ranges from symphonic to hard rock, arena was founded in 1995 by Clive Nolan keyboardist of Pendragon and Shadowland, and Mick Pointer, the original drummer of Marillion, his tenure lasting from 1979 until 1983. The other founding members of the band were guitarist Keith More, vocalist John Carson, Orsi was replaced by John Jowitt in the bands inaugural year, whilst Carson and More left the band in 1996 and 1997, and were replaced by Paul Wrightson and John Mitchell respectively. Both Jowitt and Wrightson left the band in 1998, to be replaced by Ian Salmon and Rob Sowden and this lineup came to an end with Paul Manzi replacing Sowden in 2010. In 2011, Jowitt rejoined the band to replace the departing Salmon, leaving again in 2014, most of the bands lyrics are written by Nolan, though Pointer contributed lyrics to Sirens and other tracks on the first two albums. Musically the bands style ranges from symphonic to hard rock, some of the bands recent albums have a similar sound to Nolans earlier band, Shadowland. Allmusic called them one of the dominant neo-prog groups of the 1990s, songs from the Lions Cage Pride The Visitor Immortal
35.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
36.
Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians
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Noise music
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Noise music is a category of music that is characterised by the expressive use of noise within a musical context. This type of music tends to challenge the distinction that is made in conventional musical practices between musical and non-musical sound, Noise music includes a wide range of musical styles and sound-based creative practices that feature noise as a primary aspect. Some of the music can feature acoustically or electronically generated noise, there may also be emphasis on high volume levels and lengthy, continuous pieces. More generally noise music may contain aspects such as improvisation, extended technique, cacophony, in many instances, conventional use of melody, harmony, rhythm or pulse is dispensed with. Contemporary noise music is associated with extreme volume and distortion. In the domain of experimental rock, examples include Jimi Hendrixs use of feedback, Lou Reeds Metal Machine Music, genres such as industrial, industrial techno, lo-fi music, black metal, sludge metal, and glitch music employ noise-based materials. According to Danish noise and music theorist Torben Sangild, one definition of noise in music is not possible. According to Murray Schafer there are four types of noise, unwanted noise, unmusical sound, any sound. Definitions regarding what is considered noise, relative to music, have changed over time, ben Watson, in his article Noise as Permanent Revolution, points out that Ludwig van Beethovens Grosse Fuge sounded like noise to his audience at the time. Indeed, Beethovens publishers persuaded him to remove it from its setting as the last movement of a string quartet. He did so, replacing it with a sparkling Allegro and he defines noise at different times as intrusive, unwanted, lacking skill, not being appropriate and a threatening emptiness. He traces these trends starting with 18th-century concert hall music, Hegarty contends that it is John Cages composition 433, in which an audience sits through four and a half minutes of silence, that represents the beginning of noise music proper. Writing about Japanese noise music, Hegarty suggests that it is not a genre, but it is also a genre that is multiple, Japanese noise music can come in all styles, referring to all other genres. But crucially asks the question of genre—what does it mean to be categorized, in Noise, The Political Economy of Music, Jacques Attali explores the relationship between noise music and the future of society. He indicates that noise in music is a predictor of social change, like much of modern and contemporary art, noise music takes characteristics of the perceived negative traits of noise mentioned below and uses them in aesthetic and imaginative ways. In common use, the word noise means unwanted sound or noise pollution, Noise can block, distort, or change the meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication. White noise is a signal with a flat power spectral density. In other words, the signal contains equal power within a fixed bandwidth at any center frequency, White noise is considered analogous to white light which contains all frequencies
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Sound effect
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In motion picture and television production, a sound effect is a sound recorded and presented to make a specific storytelling or creative point without the use of dialogue or music. The term often refers to a process applied to a recording, in professional motion picture and television production, dialogue, music, and sound effects recordings are treated as separate elements. Dialogue and music recordings are never referred to as sound effects, even though the processes applied to such as reverberation or flanging effects, the term sound effect ranges back to the early days of radio. In its Year Book 1931 the BBC published an article about The Use of Sound Effects. It considers sounds effect deeply linked with broadcasting and states, It would be a mistake to think of them as anologous to punctuation marks. They should never be inserted into an already existing. The author of a broadcast play or broadcast construction ought to have used Sound Effects as bricks with which to build, treating them as of value with speech. If it fails to do so its presence could not be justified, the sound of people talking in the background is also considered a BG, but only if the speaker is unintelligible and the language is unrecognizable. These background noises are also called ambience or atmos, Foley sound effects are sounds that synchronize on screen, and require the expertise of a foley artist to record properly. Footsteps, the movement of hand props, and the rustling of cloth are common foley units, design sound effects are sounds that do not normally occur in nature, or are impossible to record in nature. These sounds are used to suggest futuristic technology in a fiction film. Each of these sound effect categories is specialized, with sound editors known as specialists in an area of sound effects, Foley is another method of adding sound effects. With this technique the action onscreen is essentially recreated to try to match it as closely as possible, if done correctly it is very hard for audiences to tell what sounds were added and what sounds were originally recorded. In the early days of film and radio, foley artists would add sounds in realtime or pre-recorded sound effects would be played back from analogue discs in realtime. Today, with effects held in digital format, it is easy to any required sequence to be played in any desired timeline. In the days of silent film, sound effects were added by the operator of an organ or photoplayer. Theater organ sound effects are usually electric or electro-pneumatic, and activated by a button pressed with the hand or foot, photoplayer operators activate sound effects either by flipping switches on the machine or pulling cow-tail pull-strings, which hang above. Sounds like bells and drums are made mechanically, sirens and horns electronically, due to its smaller size, a photoplayer usually has less special effects than a theater organ, or less complex ones
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Drum machine
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A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
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