1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Kekal
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Kekal is a heavy metal and electronic music band formed in 1995 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Over the course of its career, Kekal has transitioned from a heavy metal-based style to a more experimental, as of 12 August 2009, all key-members have officially left Kekal, but continue to contribute material. Kekal was officially formed on 15 August 1995, by two friends, simply named under pseudonyms Yeris and Newbabe, as a more extreme metal band. The name Kekal was coined by Newbabe, and is Indonesian for Immortal or Eternal, the band was intended as a one time project, and recruited a vocalist known simply as Harry to help record a four-song demo tape. This demo began to circulate and caught the attention of future guitarist Leo, according to Jeff, the demo was recorded in his bedroom with only a Fostex X-28 4-track tape recorder and $2 karaoke microphone. Later that year Leo Setiawan joined the band, and in April 1997 Kekal began to record its debut album, Beyond the Glimpse of Dreams. The album was licensed to and released by two labels, allowing for Kekal to be known internationally, especially in the underground metal circles around Europe. Harry left the band after recording, and the remaining trio released Embrace the Dead the next year. The following year the band contributed to a Living Sacrifice tribute album with a cover of that bands song Mind Distant, in October 2001, the bands third album, The Painful Experience, was released. de. A best-of collection of works and re-recordings of Kekal entitled Introduce Us to Immortality was also released that year, also that year, Kekal received notice by the Antwerp-based radio show Psych Folk Radio on Radio Centraal, being referred to in that shows programs on progressive music in Indonesia. The success of 1000 Thoughts of Violence was followed up by a two-week European mini-tour, arranged and promoted by the record label in Europe at the time. In March 2004, the played a string of shows in the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden. That year also saw the release of Spirits of the Ancient Days, acidity was released in 2005 and was an official reunion album for the band, which marked the return of Leo, and a vocal contribution by founding member Newbabe. Acidity was well received, and Kekal was again noted by Psych Folk Radio, in 2006, the band started recording their sixth album, The Habit of Fire. In 2006, Jeff leaked two songs, The Prow, originally by Voivod, and Juices Like Wine, originally by Celtic Frost. At the same time left their longtime record label Fear Dark. After few months of uncertainty and rumors of break-up went around among their fans, they all decided to remain together and they quickly signed licensing deals with two record labels to release The Habit of Fire in 2007. The album was received well and was named CD of the Month by UKs music technology magazine Sound on Sound
3.
Alfa Records
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Alfa Records Inc. was established in 1969 by composer and record producer Kunihiko Murai. It was formed into an independent record label known as Alfa Records in 1977, a short-lived American subsidiary operated from 1980 to 1982. In December 1980, Alfa Records opened a U. S. subsidiary in Los Angeles, hot 100 success came with singles by Yutaka featuring Patti Austin and The Monroes, and the label also branched out into country music with the Corbin/Hanner Band. However, the American subsidiary ceased operations in July 1982 due to market conditions, and although the shutdown was intended to be temporary. Back home in Japan, the company faced much hardship in the 1990s, due to financial troubles from the collapse of their previous diversification into foreign automobile dealerships, the record label was reformed into a new company Alfa Music in 1994. 1995 saw the closure of their Shibaura A Studio, in October 1998, operations were scaled back and Alfa withdrew from record production. Alfa were partners with A&M Records, Zomba Music and Mute during the 1980s and 1990s for Japanese domestic distribution, yen Records was an imprint that ran from 1982 to 1985 fronted by Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi of Yellow Magic Orchestra. Most albums were produced by Hosono or Takahashi, and mainly focused on Japanese new wave music, Alfa International was a sublabel which mainly published international releases of various music styles, including Italo disco, eurobeat, Europop, synthpop and Eurodance. GMO was a label for chiptune and video game music releases, several albums were released including music from Sega, Konami, Hudson, Capcom, and Tecmo games. Corbin/Hanner Band Depeche Mode Erasure The Police Falco Lulu Max Q Kylie Minogue The Monroes PIG Billy Vera & the Beaters Elegy Swamp Terrorists Telex Parish George Benson Yutaka Yokokura
4.
Compact Cassette
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The Compact Cassette or Musicassette, also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. It was released by Philips in 1962, having developed in Hasselt. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a cassette, or as a fully recordable blank cassette. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers, the first cassette player designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968. Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc. Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which a magnetically coated, polyester-type plastic film is passed and wound and these spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. This reversal is achieved either by flipping the cassette, or by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement. In 1935, decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette, AEG released the first reel-to-reel tape recorder and it was based on the invention of the magnetic tape by Fritz Pfleumer, which used similar technology but with open reels. These instruments were expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations. In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, however, it was a large cassette, and offered few pre-recorded tapes. Despite the multiple versions, it failed, consumer use of tape only took off in the early 1960s, after playback machines reached a comfortable, user-friendly design. This was achieved primarily by the introduction of transistors which replaced the bulky, fragile, reel-to-reel tape then became more suitable to household use, but still remained an esoteric product. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens in Hasselt, Philips was competing with Telefunken and Grundig in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers. However, the Philips Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips decision to license the format free of charge, Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the US in November 1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone, by 1968,85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players. By the end of the 1960s, the business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars. In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape, the Compact Cassette went on to become a popular alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s. The mass production of blank Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover, prerecorded music cassettes were launched in Europe in late 1965
5.
CD-ROM
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A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. From the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software for computers, some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data is only usable on a computer. An early CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced at a Japanese computer show in 1984 and it was an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, and adapted the format to hold any form of digital data, with a capacity of 540 MiB. The Yellow Book is the standard that defines the format of CD-ROMs. One of a set of books that contain the technical specifications for all CD formats. CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to audio CDs, and data are stored and retrieved in a similar manner. Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of polycarbonate plastic, data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations. A laser is shone onto the surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits. This pattern of changing intensity of the beam is converted into binary data. Several formats are used for data stored on discs, known as the Rainbow Books. The Yellow Book, published in 1988, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, the CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original Red Book CD-DA standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the White Book for Video CDs, the Yellow Book itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA. There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM, ISO9660 defines the standard file system for a CD-ROM. ISO13490 is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential write-once and re-writeable discs such as CD-R and CD-RW, as well as multiple sessions. The ISO13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO9660, and a subset of it evolved into the UDF format, which was adopted for DVDs. The bootable CD specification was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a hard disk or floppy disk, is called El Torito, data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard CD data encoding techniques described in the Red Book specification. This includes cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, eight-to-fourteen modulation, and the use of pits, the structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the Red Book
6.
Rock Express
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Rock Express was a Serbian music magazine. Rock Express was founded in 1997, the magazines Editor-in-Chiefs was Branko Rogošić. The first issue was released in October 1997, and the last, in January 1999, Rock Express started to publish Metal Express, dedicated to heavy metal music. Metal Express was initially released as a supplement for Rock Express, the last, 15th issue of Metal Express was released in April 2004. In 1997, Rock Express started its own label, Rock Express Records. The label was mostly heavy metal-oriented, Rock Express Records at Discogs Rock Express Top 100 Yugoslav Rock Songs of All Times
7.
Avant-garde metal
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Avant-garde metal is influenced by progressive rock and extreme metal, particularly death metal, and is closely related to progressive metal. Some local scenes include Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Seattle in the United States, Oslo in Norway, and Tokyo in Japan. Avant-garde metal is interchangeable with experimental metal and avant-metal, and may refer to a separate genre of atmospheric metal or post-metal. Avant-garde metal also uses sounds, breaks conventions, and often includes new elements. The lyrics and visual presentation of the genre are eclectic as well, the Canadian group Voivod also influenced future bands in the genre, pioneering technique such as robotic vocal effects, unusual time signatures, and fractured, dissonant, unorthodox guitar sounds. Progressive rock has also cited as an influence. Another early example is the 1976 Led Zeppelin album Presence, pioneers of avant-garde metal include Celtic Frost, Boris, Earth, Helmet, Mayhem, maudlin of the Well, Neurosis, Sunn O))), Mr. Bungle, and Voivod. Wagner states that with the support of and other specialty labels, metals new avant-garde had arrived, according to The New York Times, some regional scenes that developed in the mid-1990s included the cities of Tokyo, Los Angeles, and Oslo. List of avant-garde metal artists Wagner, Jeff, avantgarde-Metal. com – website for avant-garde metal
8.
Progressive metal
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Whilst the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it was not until the 1990s that progressive metal achieved commercial success. On the other side of the spectrum, some rock bands such as King Crimson, Uriah Heep. Rush songs such as Bastille Day, Anthem, By-Tor And The Snow Dog,2112, The Fountain of Lamneth, another early practitioner of heavy metal were Lucifers Friend. Night Sun was also a band who mixed heavy metal with progressive rock tones. However, progressive metal did not develop into a genre of its own until the mid-1980s, the result can be described as music that combined a progressive rock mentality with heavy metal sounds. Among the early flagship bands for progressive metal, each had a different vibe. Fates Warning were one of the most aggressive and heavy sounding and their 1989 album Perfect Symmetry broke away from their NWOBHM influenced sound and became the mold for early progressive metal that Dream Theater would expand on. Crimson Glorys music, featuring tight dual-lead harmonies and soaring vocals would be displayed prominently on their self titled debut, as well as in the follow-up and it also contained the song Lonely, which was their first hit single and music video. According to AllMusic, progressive metal at the time was fairly underground, though progressive metal was, and has remained, primarily an album-oriented genre, this mainstream exposure increased the genres profile, and opened doors for other bands. Ayreon stayed with the prog metal themes, but mixed them with many other influences, such as rock opera, folk music. Pain of Salvation experimented with progressive rock and progressive metal, made extensive use of polyrhythms, and abruptly switched between calm and heavy passages. Seventh Wonder stayed within the metal mold, but had a larger focus on melody than most other progressive metal bands. Symphony X married progressive elements to power metal and classical music, tool and Karnivool created a more modern style by combining alternative metal elements and odd time signatures. Porcupine Tree began as a rock band, but then developed a progressive metal sound with 2002s In Absentia. Mastodon also combined progressive metal with sludge elements, many bands also started to experiment with more extreme subgenres of metal music, as have Meshuggah, whose distinctive sound has spawned the djent movement within progressive metal. In Japan, Sigh incorporated jazz and classical influences in black metal, while Dir En Grey, formerly a visual kei band, in Israel, Orphaned Land mixed progressive metal with local folk music, with guitarist Yossi Sassi playing a bouzouki as well as a guitar. Progressive metal can be broken down into many sub-genres corresponding to other styles of music that have influenced progressive metal groups. For example, two bands that are identified as progressive metal, Kings X and Opeth, are at opposite ends of the sonic spectrum to one another
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