1.
Dick Kinney
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Richard Timothy Dick Kinney was an American animator and comic book writer. His comic book work was mostly on Donald Duck and Scrooge McDuck stories and he was the writer who, along with artist Al Hubbard, created Fethry Duck and Hard Haid Moe. Kinney is the brother of fellow Disney animator Jack Kinney. Earlier, as a writer, Kinney was part of the story crew on various Disney, Walter Lantz Productions, UPA and Jack Kinney Productions/King Features Syndicate theatrical. The Lantz cartoon Niagara Fools, featuring Woody Woodpecker, represented perhaps Kinneys most fondly-remembered original storyline, later, Kinney would remake the story for comics with Fethry Duck in, essentially, the Woody role. Dick Kinney at the INDUCKS Dick Kinney at the Internet Movie Database
2.
One Thousand and One Nights
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One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition, the work was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars across West, Central, and South Asia and North Africa. The tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Jewish, the stories proceed from this original tale, some are framed within other tales, while others begin and end of their own accord. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1,001 or more, the bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion. Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains, although some are longer, the main frame story concerns Shahryār, whom the narrator calls a Sasanian king ruling in India and China. Shahryār begins to marry a succession of only to execute each one the next morning. Eventually the vizier, whose duty it is to provide them, Scheherazade, the viziers daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale, the king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins a new one, so it goes on for 1,001 nights. The tales vary widely, they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems, burlesques, numerous stories depict jinns, ghouls, apes, sorcerers, magicians, and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and geography, not always rationally. The different versions have different individually detailed endings but they all end with the giving his wife a pardon. The narrators standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature, the history of the Nights is extremely complex and modern scholars have made many attempts to untangle the story of how the collection as it currently exists came about. Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia. At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla and this collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. The original core of stories was quite small, then, in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century, this original core had Arab stories added to it – among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Devices found in Sanskrit literature such as stories and animal fables are seen by some scholars as lying at the root of the conception of the Nights. Indian folklore is represented in the Nights by certain animal stories, the influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. The Jataka Tales are a collection of 547 Buddhist stories, which are for the most part moral stories with an ethical purpose
3.
Jim Backus
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James Gilmore Jim Backus was an American radio, television, film, and voice actor. Among his most famous roles were the voice of nearsighted cartoon character Mr and he also starred in his own show of one season, The Jim Backus Show, also known as Hot Off the Wire. An avid golfer, Backus made the 36-hole cut at the 1964 Bing Crosby Pro-Am tournament, james Gilmore Backus was born February 25,1913, in Cleveland, Ohio, and raised in Bratenahl, Ohio, a wealthy village surrounded by greater Cleveland. He was the son of Russell Gould Backus, a mechanical engineer, Backus attended Shaw High School in East Cleveland, Ohio. Backus was expelled from the Kentucky Military Institute for riding a horse through the mess hall, Backus was acting on radio as early as 1940, playing the role of millionaire aviator Dexter Hayes on Society Girl on CBS. He also made appearances on The Beverly Hillbillies and he was also judge Bradley Stevens in I Married Joan from 1952-1955. Backus was the voice of the cartoon character Mr. Magoo. Years later, when Backus was a frequent talk show guest, henny Backus, Jims wife, recalled the story, “Jim was in the 1952 film Don’t Bother to Knock, with Marilyn Monroe. He came home one night during the filming and told me that Miss Monroe in her most seductive breathy voice asked him to meet her in her dressing room and his curiosity got the better of him and he went. Once there, she exclaimed like a child, ‘Do Mr. Magoo. ’ And Jim did. Backus costarred in the comedy show I Married Joan from 1952 to 1955, in stark contrast to his usual affluent characters, he appeared on The Brady Bunch as an old gold prospector, a role he also played on a Gilligans Island episode. He also appeared in the season episode The Hustler in which he plays Mikes boss. Backus stayed with Gilligans Island between 1964 and 1967 and did revivals of the TV series in TV films made between 1978 and 1981. He also did revivals of Mr. Magoo from 1964 to 1977, in 1977, Backus appeared in Never Con a Killer, the pilot for the ABC crime drama The Feather and Father Gang. He also co-wrote the 1971 family film Mooch Goes to Hollywood, in the late 1950s, he made two novelty 45 rpm records, Delicious and Cave Man. Backus also played the voice of God in the recording of Truth of Truths, Backus acted in several television commercials. As Mr. Magoo, he also helped advertise the General Electric line of products over the years and he was also spokesman for La-Z-Boy furniture during the 1970s. In the late 1980s, he was reunited with former co-star Natalie Schafer in an advertisement for Orville Redenbachers popcorn and they reprised their roles from Gilligans Island, but instead of still being shipwrecked, the setting was a luxurious study or den
4.
Kathryn Crosby
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Kathryn Crosby is an American former actress and singer who performed in films under the stage-names Kathryn Grant and Kathryn Grandstaff. Born Olive Kathryn Grandstaff in Houston, Texas, she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1955, two years later she became Bing Crosbys second wife, being more than thirty years his junior. The couple had three children, Harry, Mary Frances, and Nathaniel and she appeared as a guest star on her husbands 1964–1965 ABC sitcom The Bing Crosby Show. She largely retired after their marriage, but did have a role in the courtroom drama Anatomy of a Murder. In the mid-1970s, she hosted The Kathryn Crosby Show, a 30-minute local talk-show on KPIX-TV in San Francisco, husband Bing appeared as a guest occasionally. Since Bing Crosbys death in 1977, she has taken on a few smaller roles, for 16 years ending in 2001, Crosby hosted the Crosby National Golf Tournament at Bermuda Run Country Club in Bermuda Run, North Carolina. A nearby bridge carrying U. S. Route 158 over the Yadkin River is named for Kathryn Crosby. On November 4,2010, Crosby was seriously injured in an accident in the Sierra Nevada that killed her 85-year-old second husband, Maurice William Sullivan
5.
Dwayne Hickman
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Dwayne Bernard Hickman is an American former actor and television executive at CBS. Born in Los Angeles, California, and raised Catholic, Hickman is the brother of child actor Darryl Hickman. He graduated from Cathedral High School in 1952 and intended to become a Passionist priest, an early screen appearance was in the 1942 Our Gang comedy Melodies Old and New. Dwayne and Darryl co-starred in an episode of the syndicated military drama Men of Annapolis, filmed at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis. As a teen, he and Darryl guest-starred in a 1950 episode of The Lone Ranger titled Two Gold Lockets and he gained wide notice as Chuck on The Bob Cummings Show from 1955-59. At the time, he was studying at Loyola, Hickman was one of the first stars to have a breakout character in the series. Hickman considered Cummings a childhood hero and has said that Cummings taught him everything he knows about acting. He worked with and was friends with Cummings throughout five seasons, while still on the Bob Cummings Show in 1958, Hickman was cast as the lead of The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which aired on CBS from 1959–63. Although at the debut the Dobie character was a teenager in high school. After playing Dobie for four years, Hickman found himself stereotyped as a youngster when he was too old for such roles and he appeared in minor beach films and made an unsuccessful television pilot portraying a schoolteacher. James Franciscus was thereafter cast as Mr. Novak, a high school English teacher on another NBC series, on June 23,1960, Hickman appeared on NBCs The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. He and Annette Funicello appeared together in an episode of ABCs circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth, in 1965, Hickman appeared in the comedy film Cat Ballou with Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin. Hickman found his future in entertainment behind the scenes, being involved in production roles, from 1977–88, Hickman served as a programming executive at CBS. He worked as a director on television series, including Designing Women. He reprised his role of Dobie in two television reunion broadcasts, the one-shot pilot Whatever Happened to Dobie Gillis and the TV movie Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis and his autobiography is titled Forever Dobie. Official website Interview with Dwayne Hickman Dwayne Hickman at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Hans Conried
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He was born on April 15,1917 in Baltimore, Maryland to Hans Georg and Edith Beryl Conried. He was named Hans Georg Conried Jr. Claims that his name was Frank Foster are false. His Connecticut-born mother was a descendant of Pilgrims, and his father was a Jewish immigrant from Vienna and he was raised in Baltimore and in New York City. He studied acting at Columbia University and went on to major classical roles onstage. Conried worked in radio working in movies in 1939. During World War II, he enlisted in the United States Army in September 1944, one of Conreids early radio appearances came in 1937, when he appeared in a supporting role in a broadcast of The Taming of the Shrew on KECA in Los Angeles, California. Four years later, a newspaper reported about his role on Hedda Hoppers Hollywood, But at the mike hes equally convincing as old men, drunks, dialeticians, or Shakesperean tragedians. Miss Hopper favors him for her dramatizations when the script will allow him, as she puts it, Conried appeared regularly on radio during the 1940s and 1950s. He was in the regular cast of Orson Welless Ceiling Unlimited, for which he wrote the December 14,1942, episode, on CBSs The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show he played a psychiatrist whom George regularly consulted for help in dealing with the ditzy Gracie. Conried made his Broadway debut in Can-Can and was credited in six films, other Broadway productions include 70, Girls,70 and Irene. Darling, and Captain Hook in Peter Pan, and The Grinch/Narrator from Dr. Seuss Halloween is Grinch Night, according to the DVD commentary of Futurama, he was the inspiration for the voice created for that series Robot Devil. Conried was a cast member of other Dr. Wigglesworth on Hoppity Hooper and he also performed as the slave in the mirror character, hosting several memorable episodes of Walt Disneys Wonderful World of Color. Besides hosting Fractured Flickers, Conried was a regular panelist on CBSs pantomime program, Stump the Stars and he was a regular guest on Jack Paars Tonight Show on NBC from 1959 to 1962. Conried joined the cast of The Tony Randall Show during the 1977-78 season, guest appearances included I Love Lucy Davy Crockett, The Californians, Meet McGraw, Hey, Jeannie. The Ray Milland Show, The DuPont Show with June Allyson, The Real McCoys, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Mister Ed, The Islanders, Ben Casey, Dr. From 1955-64, Conried made twenty-one guest appearances as Danny Thomass Lebanese Uncle Tonoose in Make Room for Daddy on ABC and he was featured in the 1958 episode What Makes Opera Grand. The episode, an analysis by Leonard Bernstein showing the effect of music in opera. The program demonstrated the effect of the music in La Bohème by having actors speak portions of the libretto in English, Conried had a history of heart problems and suffered a stroke in 1974
7.
Herschel Bernardi
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Herschel Bernardi was an American film, stage, and television actor. Born in New York City, into the Yiddish theatre, the son of Berel Bernardi and Helen Bernardi. In the 1930s, Bernardi appeared in the Yiddish films of Edgar G. Ulmer and was later among those actors who made the transition from Yiddish-speaking roles in film to American films, Herschel was the brother of Jack Bernardi. From 1958-1961 Bernardi co-starred with Craig Stevens in Blake Edwards popular television series Peter Gunn and he received his sole Emmy nomination for his portrayal of the dour Lieutenant Jacoby. In 1963, he was cast as Mr. Otis, a teacher who mostly ignores his students, in the episode, I Dont Even Live Here, of the NBC education drama series, Mr. Novak, starring James Franciscus. In 1970, Bernardi was the lead in the CBS sitcom Arnie, Bernardi starred for two years as someone plucked from the loading dock of a flange company to become an executive. He voiced Woodhead the rocking horse in Filmations Journey Back to Oz and he also provided the Cowardly Lions singing voice while Milton Berle provided the characters speaking voice. He also appeared as Joe Vitelli in the 1977 TV miniseries Seventh Avenue, Bernardi was the victim of blacklisting during the 1950s, as were several other performers and the screenwriter and director on that film. Bernardi also narrated and emceed The Golden Age of Second Avenue, Herschel Bernardi also had two minor record hits, 1967s If I Were A Rich Man, reflecting his success as Tevye, and 1971s Pencil Marks On The Wall. Herschel Bernardi died in his sleep of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California. He was 62 years old and was survived by his wife, Terry, and son Michael, three children from a marriage, Adam, Beryl and Robin, and brothers Jack, also an actor. Bernardi is buried at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles, California
8.
Alan Reed
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He also appeared in many films, including Days of Glory, The Tarnished Angels, Breakfast at Tiffanys, Viva Zapata. and Nob Hill, and various television series. Born Herbert Theodore Bergman in New York City, he attended Washington High School, between graduating from WHS and entering Columbia, he studied drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He began his career in the city, eventually working on Broadway. For several years, Reed toured in vaudeville with his cousin and he also had two other jobs—operating a wholesale candy factory and working at the Copake Country Club as social director, entertainment producer and actor. For a time, he continued to list himself either as Bergman or Alan Reed and he was able to act in 22 foreign dialects, and made a career as a successful radio announcer and stage actor. As early as 1930, Reed co-starred with Herbert Polesie in Henry and George, Reed was heard regularly on the Crime Doctor series, and was the original Daddy to Fanny Brice on Baby Snooks. Billed as Teddy Bergman, he had the role on Joe Palooka. Billed as Teddy Bergman, Reed appeared on Broadway in Double Dummy, and A House in the Country, in 1963, he appeared as Councilman Jack Gramby in episode 8 of the CBS sitcom My Favorite Martian. In 1964–65, he had a role as Mr. Swidler in the ABC sitcom Mickey, starring Mickey Rooney as the owner of a resort hotel in Newport Beach. As a voice actor, Reed provided the voice of Boris the Russian Wolfhound in Walt Disneys Lady, in 1960, he began the voice role for which he was most famous, that of Fred Flintstone, the lead character of Hanna-Barberas prime-time animated series The Flintstones. Reed provided Freds voice for the entire run of the show, as well as in several spin-off series. His final performance as Fred Flintstone was a cameo guest role on an episode of Scoobys All-Star Laff-A-Lympics, among his other voice roles for Hanna-Barbera was Touché Turtles sidekick, Dum Dum. Radio playwright and director Norman Corwin cast Reed as Santa Claus in the 1969 KCET television reading of his 1938 play The Plot to Overthrow Christmas. In May 1932, Reed married the former Finette Walker, a Broadway actress whom he met at television station W2XAB in New York City and she appeared on stage in the early 1930s and was a chorus member in the original 1934 Broadway production of Anything Goes with Ethel Merman. They had three sons, including actor Alan Reed, Jr, once his son started acting, Reed took the professional name Alan Reed, Sr. Reed died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on June 14,1977, two months shy of his 70th birthday. His body was donated to the Loma Linda University School of Medicine and he was survived by his wife, sons, and several grandchildren. Porkys Romance as Opening Announcer Days of Glory as Sasha The Postman Always Rings Twice as Ezra Liam Kennedy Viva Zapata. L, ISBN 0-7864-0351-9 Alan Reed at the Internet Movie Database Alan Reed
9.
Daws Butler
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Charles Dawson Daws Butler was an American voice actor who specialized in voicing animated films and television series. Daws Butler was born on November 16,1916, in Toledo, Ohio, the family later moved from Ohio to Oak Park, Illinois, where Butler got interested in impersonating people. In 1935, the future voice master started as an impressionist, entering multiple amateur contests and he had entered them, not with the intention of showing his talent, but as a personal challenge to overcome his shyness, with success. Nonetheless, Butler won professional engagements at vaudeville theaters, later, he teamed up with fellow performers Jack Lavin and Willard Ovitz to form the comedy trio The Three Short Waves. The team played in theaters, on radio, and in nightclubs, generating positive reviews from regional critics and they dissolved their act in 1941, when Daws Butler joined the U. S. Navy as America entered World War Two. Some time after, he met his wife Myrtis during a function in North Carolina. His first voice work for an animated character came in 1948 in the animated short Short Snorts on Sports and that same year at MGM, Tex Avery hired Butler to provide the voice of a British wolf on Little Rural Riding Hood and also to narrate several of his cartoons. Starting with The Three Little Pups, Butler provided the voice for a wolf that spoke in a Southern accent. This character also appeared in Sheep Wrecked, Billy Boy and many more cartoons, while at MGM, Avery wanted Butler to try to do the voice of Droopy, at a time when Bill Thompson had been unavailable due to radio engagements. Instead, Butler recommended Don Messick, another actor and Butlers lifelong friend, thus, Messick voiced Droopy in several shorts. In 1949, Butler landed a role in a puppet show created by former Warner Bros. cartoon director Bob Clampett called Time for Beany. Butler was teamed with Stan Freberg, and together they did all the voices of the puppets, Butler voiced Beany Boy and Captain Huffenpuff. Freberg voiced Cecil and Dishonest John, an entire stable of recurring characters were seen. The shows writers were Charles Shows and Lloyd Turner, whose dependably funny dialog was still always at the mercy of Butlers, Time for Beany ran from 1949 to 1954 and won several Emmy Awards. Butler briefly turned his attention to writing and voicing several TV commercials, in the 1950s, Stan Freberg asked him to help him write comedy skits for his Capitol Records albums. Their first collaboration, St. George and the Dragon-Net, was the first comedy record to sell one million copies. Freberg was more of a satirist who did song parodies, but the bulk of his routines were co-written by. He teamed again with Freberg and actress June Foray in a CBS radio series, The Stan Freberg Show, Frebergs box-set, Tip of the Freberg chronicles every aspect of Frebergs career except the cartoon voice-over work, and it showcases his career with Daws Butler
10.
UPA (animation studio)
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United Productions of America, better known as UPA, was an American animation studio active from the 1940s through the 1970s. Beginning with industrial and World War II training films, UPA eventually produced theatrical shorts for Columbia Pictures, in 1956, UPA produced a television series for CBS, The Boing-Boing Show, hosted by Gerald McBoing Boing. In the 1960s, UPA produced syndicated Mr. Magoo and Dick Tracy television series and other series and specials, UPA also produced two animated features,1001 Arabian Nights and Gay Purr-ee, and distributed Japanese films from Toho Studios in the 1970s and 1980s. Gerald McBoing Boing is a recent television series based on UPAs memorable character and licensed and co-produced by Cookie Jar Entertainment and Classic Media. UPA Pictures legacy in the history of animation has largely been overshadowed by the success and availability of the cartoon libraries of Warner Bros. UPA pioneered the technique of limited animation, UPA was founded in the wake of the Disney animators strike of 1941, which resulted in the exodus of a number of long-time Walt Disney staff members. Among them was John Hubley, a layout artist who was unhappy with the style of animation that Disney had been advocating. Hubley, Bobe Cannon, and others at UPA, sought to produce animated films with sufficient freedom to express design ideas considered radical by other established studios. In 1943, Zack Schwartz, David Hilberman, and Stephen Bosustow formed a studio called first Industrial Film and Poster Service, finding work in the then-booming field of wartime work for the government, the small studio produced a cartoon sponsored by the United Auto Workers in 1944. Hell-Bent for Election was directed by Chuck Jones and was produced for the campaign of FDR. The film was a success, and it led to another assignment from the UAW, the film, directed by Bobe Cannon, advocated tolerance of all people. The short was groundbreaking not only in its message but in its flat, stylized design. With its new-found fame, the studio renamed itself UPA Pictures, no formal charges were filed against anyone at UPA in the beginnings of the so-called Red Scare, but the government contracts were lost as Washington severed its ties with Hollywood. UPA entered the field of theatrical cartoons to sustain itself. Columbia had historically been an also-ran in the field of animated shorts, the UPA animators applied their stylistic concepts and storytelling to Columbias characters The Fox and the Crow with the shorts Robin Hoodlum and The Magic Fluke, both directed by Hubley. Both were nominated for Academy Awards, and Columbia granted the permission to create its own new characters. UPA responded, not with another animal, but a star that was a human character. The Ragtime Bear, the first appearance of Mr. Magoo, was a box-office hit, Magoo series won accolades for UPA
11.
Columbia Pictures
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The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra
12.
Folklore
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Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group
13.
Aladdin
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Aladdin is a Middle Eastern folk tale. Aladdin is an impoverished young neer-do-well dwelling in one of the cities of China, the sorcerers real motive is to persuade young Aladdin to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby-trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Fortunately, Aladdin is still wearing a ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he rubs the ring. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, with the aid of the genie of the lamp, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries Princess Badroulbadour, the sultans daughter. The genie builds Aladdin and his bride a wonderful palace, far more magnificent than the sultans, the sorcerer hears of Aladdins good fortune, and returns, he gets his hands on the lamp by tricking Aladdins wife by offering to exchange new lamps for old. He orders the genie of the lamp to take the palace, along all its contents. Fortunately, Aladdin still has the ring and is able to summon the lesser genie. The sorcerers more powerful and evil brother plots to destroy Aladdin for killing his brother by disguising himself as an old woman known for her healing powers, Badroulbadour falls for his disguise and commands the woman to stay in her palace in case of any illnesses. Aladdin is warned of danger by the genie of the lamp. Everyone lives happily ever after, Aladdin eventually succeeding to his father-in-laws throne, Gallands diary records that he met the Maronite scholar, by name Youhenna Diab, who had been brought from Aleppo to Paris by Paul Lucas, a celebrated French traveller. Gallands diary also tells that his translation of Aladdin was made in the winter of 1709–10 and it was included in his volumes ix and x of the Nights, published in 1710. One was written by a Syrian Christian priest living in Paris, named Dionysios Shawish, the other is supposed to be a copy Mikhail Sabbagh made of a manuscript written in Baghdad in 1703. It was purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale at the end of the nineteenth century, however, modern scholars such as Muhsin Mahdi and Husain Haddawy claim that both manuscripts are forgeries—back-translations of Gallands text into Arabic. The opening sentences of the story, in both the Galland and the Burton versions, set it in China and imply, at least, on the other hand, there is practically nothing in the rest of the story that is inconsistent with a Persian or Arabian setting. A Jewish merchant buys Aladdins wares, but there is no mention of Buddhists or Confucians, of course, Chinas ethnic makeup has long included Muslim groups, including large populations of the Hui people whose origins go back to Silk Road travellers. In addition, large communities of Muslim Chinese have been known since the Tang Dynasty, some commentators have even suggested that the story might be set in Turkestan
14.
Mr. Magoo
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Quincy Magoo is a cartoon character created at the UPA animation studio in 1949. However, through uncanny streaks of luck, the situation seems to work itself out for him. Affected people consequently tend to think that he is a lunatic, in later cartoons he is also an actor, and generally a competent one except for his visual impairment. Magoo has won 2 Oscars for Academy Award for Best Short Subject and it, along with Tom and Jerry, The Pink Panther, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Silly Symphonies and Looney Tunes, are notable for their Oscar achievements. In 2002, TV Guide ranked Mr. Magoo number 29 on its 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time list, Mr. Magoos first appearance was in the theatrical short cartoon The Ragtime Bear, scripted by Millard Kaufman. His creation was an effort, animation director John Hubley is said to have partly based the character on his uncle Harry Woodruff. Fields was another source of inspiration, in a legend circulating among medievalists, Harvard professor Francis P. Magoun is also said to have been the model for the character. However, there is no evidence that artist Hubley knew the scholar, columbia was reluctant to release the short, but did so, only because it included a bear. However, audiences quickly realized that the star was Magoo. The short became a box-office success, the Magoo character was originally conceived as a mean-spirited McCarthy-like reactionary whose mumbling would include as much outrageous misanthropic ranting as the animators could get away with. Kaufman had actually been blacklisted, and Magoo was a form of protest, Hubley was an ex-communist who had participated in the Disney animators strike in 1941. Under Burness, Magoo would win two Oscars for the studio with When Magoo Flew and Magoos Puddle Jumper, Burness scrubbed Magoo of his politicized meanness and left only a few strange unempathic comments that made him appear senile or somewhat mad. Magoo was frequently accompanied in his escapades with his nephew Waldo. On talk shows, Backus often told the tale of how he originally discovered Magoos voice when he put on a fake rubber nose that pinched his nose slightly, giving it the nasal sound. He was only able to perform the voice with the help of the nose for some time. He would usually pull out the nose and put it on, in 1957, the record album Magoo in Hi-Fi was released. Side 1 consisted of a dialog between Magoo and Waldo taking place while Magoo was attempting to set up his new sound system, music on the album was composed and conducted by Dennis Farnon and his orchestra. Side 2, The Mother Magoo Suite, was a series of pieces which included two solos by Marni Nixon
15.
Donald Duck
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Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934 at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is a white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs. He typically wears a shirt and cap with a bow tie. Donald is most famous for his speech and his mischievous. Along with his friend Mickey Mouse, Donald is one of the most popular Disney characters and was included in TV Guides list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time in 2002. He has appeared in more films than any other Disney character, Donald Duck rose to fame with his comedic roles in animated cartoons. Donalds first appearance was in 1934 in The Wise Little Hen, throughout the next two decades, Donald appeared in over 150 theatrical films, several of which were recognized at the Academy Awards. In the 1930s, he appeared as part of a comic trio with Mickey. These films introduced Donalds love interest Daisy Duck and often included his three nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie, after the 1956 film Chips Ahoy, Donald appeared primarily in educational films before eventually returning to theatrical animation in Mickeys Christmas Carol. His most recent appearance in a film was 1999s Fantasia 2000. Donald has also appeared in features such as Mickey, Donald, Goofy, The Three Musketeers, television series such as Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. Beyond animation, Donald is primarily known for his appearances in comics, Donald was most famously drawn by Al Taliaferro, Carl Barks, and Don Rosa. Barks, in particular, is credited for expanding the Donald Duck universe, the world in which Donald lives. Donald has been a popular character in Europe, particularly in Nordic countries where his weekly magazine Donald Duck & Co was the most popular comics publication from the 1950s to 2009. Disney comics fandom is sometimes referred to as Donaldism, a term originated in Norway. The origins of Donald Ducks name may have inspired by Australian cricket legend Donald Bradman. In 1932 Bradman and the Australian team were touring North America, Walt Disney was in the process of creating a friend for Mickey Mouse when he possibly read about Bradmans dismissal in the papers and decided to name the new character Donald Duck. Voice performer Clarence Nash auditioned for Walt Disney Studios when he learned that Disney was looking for people to create animal sounds for his cartoons, Disney was particularly impressed with Nashs duck imitation and chose him to voice the new character
16.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
17.
The Bob Cummings Show
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The Bob Cummings Show is an American sitcom starring Robert Bob Cummings, which was produced from January 2,1955 to September 15,1959. The Bob Cummings Show was the series to debut as a midseason replacement. The program began with a run on NBC, then ran for two full seasons on CBS, and returned to NBC for its final two seasons. The program was rerun on ABC daytime and then syndicated under the title Love That Bob. A similar follow-up series, The New Bob Cummings Show, was broadcast on CBS during the 1961–62 television season, the series stars Cummings as dashing young Hollywood photographer, Air Force reserve officer, and ladies man, Bob Collins. The characters interest in aviation and photography mirrored Cummings own, with his characters name the same as the role he played in the film You Came Along, the series also stars Rosemary DeCamp as his sister Margaret MacDonald. In some episodes, Cummings also doubled as Bob and Margarets Grandfather Josh Collins, the Bob Cummings Show was important in the development of several careers. Its creator, producer, and head writer was Paul Henning, later producer of major 1960s hits such as The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction, regulars in the show included Ann B. Davis, who twice won Emmy Awards for playing Schultzy, olive Sturgess appeared in twelve episodes as Carol Henning, girlfriend to Bobs nephew, Chuck. Versatile character actress Kathleen Freeman appeared in six episodes as Bertha Krause, during the last season of The Bob Cummings Show, he was cast as the lead in CBSs The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. This program represented the height of Cummings television career, Bob Cummings – A womanizing photographer. Rosemary DeCamp – Bobs sister who tried her best to raise her brothers morality. Dwayne Hickman – Margarets son and Bobs nephew, who was a crazy-driven teenager vying in turn for his uncles action, Ann B. Davis – Bobs hilarious young secretary who pines for him and occasionally nixes his love schemes. Reruns retitled Love That Bob appeared on ABCs daytime line up from October 12,1959 to December 1,1961, repeats were popular through the 60s on local stations before reappearing on the CBN Cable Network in the mid-1980s. The series remains in syndication on stations and networks today. The original opening credits for the series incorporated a commercial for cigarettes and were replaced with the Love That Bob opening. Ann B. Davis character, Schultzy, was the inspiration for the book character Pepper Potts, a supporting character in the Iron Man comics. Potts first appeared in Tales of Suspense #45, and was depicted with brown hair and a hairdo resembling Schultzys
18.
The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis
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The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from September 29,1959, to June 5,1963. Shulman also wrote a film adaptation of his Dobie Gillis stories for MGM in 1953. Dobie Gillis is significant as the first American television program produced for a network to feature teenagers as leading characters. In other series, such as Father Knows Best and Leave It to Beaver, an even earlier 1954 series, Meet Corliss Archer, featured teenagers in leading roles and aired in syndication. Dobie Gillis broke ground by depicting elements of the counterculture, particularly the Beat Generation, Series star Dwayne Hickman would later say that Dobie represented “the end of innocence of the 1950s before the oncoming 1960s revolution”. He did not have any of these qualities in abundance, also constantly in question, by Dobie and others, was Dobies future, as the boy proved to be a poor student and an aimless drifter. His partner-in-crime was American televisions first beatnik, Maynard G. Krebs, an enthusiastic fan of jazz music, Maynard plays the bongos, collects tinfoil and petrified frogs, and steers clear of romance, authority figures, and work. Always speaking with the vernacular and slang of the beatniks and jazz musicians he admired, Dobie Gillis is set in Central City, a fictitious city in the Midwestern United States. Dobies often apoplectic father, Herbert T. Gillis, whom no one called Herb, Dobies mother, Winifred, was a usually calm and serene woman who protected Dobie to the best of her ability. As a high-school student, Dobie lived at home with his parents in the early years. Winnie Gillis once made an equivalent comment about Zelda, who was being difficult, the Gillis family also originally included an older son, Davey Gillis, who made three appearances during the first season while home on break from college before being written out of the show. Dobies two main antagonists were rich kids Milton Armitage, who appeared in five episodes, and, after Beattys departure, Chatsworth Osborne, doris Packer played Clarissa Osborne, Chatsworths overbearing and snobbish mother. Dobie was hopelessly attracted to the beautiful, but unfailingly avaricious and acquisitive. Weld returned as a slightly chastened Thalia for a guest appearance in a later season, Zelda Gilroy was a brilliant and eager young girl, hopelessly in love with Dobie, much to his annoyance. Zelda did not find Dobie particularly attractive, but fell in love him because she found him helpless and needing of her care. Despite his protests, Dobie was clearly fond of Zelda, and Zelda claimed Dobie loved her but just had not realized it yet. To prove this, she would wrinkle her nose at Dobie, Dobie and Zelda would later appear as a middle-aged married couple in the two spin-off Dobie Gillis reunion projects of the 1970s/1980s. Leander Pomfritt was Dobies English and science teacher at Central High School, often finding himself frustrated with the less-than-studious team of Dobie and Maynard, Mr. Pomfritt nevertheless had concern for the boys and took time out to help them with their problems
19.
Loopy De Loop
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Loopy De Loop was the only theatrical cartoon short series produced and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera after leaving MGM and opening their new studio, Hanna-Barbera Productions. The series, distributed to theatres by Columbia Pictures, ran from November 5,1959 to June 17,1965, Loopy is a gentleman wolf who mangled the English language in his bid to converse in a bad French-Canadian accent, and always wore a characteristic tuque knit cap. A self-appointed good Samaritan, he fought to clear the bad name of wolves and would open every episode with his trademark introduction I am Loopy De Loop. Though he was kind and helpful, his exploits usually got him beaten up or chased out of town by the very people he had helped. The characters name was a combination of a play on words. Canis lupus is the Latin-based scientific name for the wolf species of the dog family, with the species name of lupus being the basis for loup. Loopy is a synonym for crazy or eccentric Animation historian Christopher P. Lehman places the Loopy De Loop character, Loopy is a wolf devoted to improving the largely negative image of his species. He does not want to be another Big Bad Wolf and chooses to be good and he performs good deeds for other people in a recurring show of generosity. Yet the people he tried to help would be ungrateful, turning on him, Loopy is a character suffering persecution because of his looks and the bad reputation of his entire species, not because of his deeds or his personality. Black people were variously stereotyped at the time as humble servants, oversexed brutes, like Loopy, African Americans had to struggle and overcome the negative reputation of their entire kind. Lehman notes that the Loopy De Loop animated film series lasted from 1959 to 1965, the series ended following the desegregation efforts of the era, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The movement was noted for its use of nonviolence as a tactic, love as a theme in speech, Lehman notes some similarities between Loopy and another French-speaking animated character, Pepé Le Pew. The French language was used by American animation studios to illustrate their characters loving feelings, however, there is a key difference between Loopy and Pepé. Pepé is a character and the aspect of love he embraces is eros. Loopy the Good Samaritan instead embraces agape, in 1969, Loopys film shorts were gathered together into a syndicated television series, simply titled Loopy de Loop. He appears as an employee and owner of The Picnic Basket at Jellystone Malls food court, Loopy appeared in the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode Juror in Court. He escapes from the prison along with many Harveys clients, when his cases are sent to the review and it is unknown why he was there because he never appeared in the show before and was not a client of Harvey. Loopy also appears in a recap of the episode in The Death of Harvey
20.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
21.
Gay Purr-ee
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Gay Purr-ee is a 1962 animated film musical produced by United Productions of America and released by Warner Bros. It features the voice of Judy Garland in her only animated-film role, the film received positive reviews, but was a box office disappointment. The story is set in 1895 France and takes place predominantly in Paris, however, it begins on a farm in rural Provence. The lovely housecat Mewsette and the accomplished but shy mouser Jaune Tom are in love, until the former is frustrated with his plebeian ways, to the point of calling him a clumsy country clod. Inspired by the human Jeanettes stories of glamour and sophistication in Paris, Mewsette runs away by taking a train to the big city, unbeknownst to Mewsette, Meowrice is grooming her to be the mail-order bride of a rich American cat in Pittsburgh known as Mr. Henry Phtt. Meanwhile, Jaune Tom and his sidekick Robespierre arrive in Paris, reinvigorated, she returns to her studies. Jaune Tom and Robespierre arrive just at that moment but get waylaid by one of Meowrices shadowy cat henchmen, Jaune Tom has a vision of Mewsette singing about how no problem is unconquerable, and the importance of never giving up. Meowrice quietly writes a check to pay his sister, Madame Reubens-Chatte, in the resulting chase scene, she leads them to a bulldog, who injures Meowrice badly enough to put him out of action for six weeks. Meanwhile, his sycophants comb the city without success, searching for Mewsette, meanwhile, not long after they reach Alaska, Jaune Tom and Robespierre strike gold thanks to the formers mouse-hunting skills. Now wealthy, the two hurry back to Paris. She is taken to the Gare du Nord railway station, en route to a boat to America, and all seems lost. They have been aided by Madame Ruebens-Chatte, who is irritated that her own brother double-crossed her, the film concludes with Mewsette, Jaune Tom and Robespierre enjoying the high life in Paris that Mewsette was seeking when she left home. Judy Garland as Mewsette, is a beautiful white Turkish Angora, while she is idealistic and naive, she is kind and demure, and believes strongly in herself. Robert Goulet as Jaune Tom, a handsome orange Tabby cat, while he is hotheaded and not too bright, he is selfless, devoted, brave, and strong-willed. Red Buttons as Robespierre, a young Black Cat, Jaune Toms friend, while he is sometimes inconsiderate and reckless, he does mean well, and is clever and resourceful. Paul Frees as Meowrice, a slim Tuxedo cat and he is devious, shrewd, sly and willing to hurt others for his own personal gain. Rubens-Chatte, Meowrices sister and a Persian cat and she is amply-contoured, crafty, and a force to be reckoned with. Morey Amsterdam as Narrator and Man on Ship, mel Blanc as Bulldog and additional voices
22.
Jinn
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Jinn, also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies, are supernatural creatures in early Arabian and later Islamic mythology and theology. An individual member of the jinn is known as a jinni, djinni and they are mentioned frequently in the Quran and other Islamic texts. The jinn, humans, and angels make up the three known sapient creations of God, like human beings, the jinn can be good, evil, or neutrally benevolent and hence have free will like humans. Jaini were among various creatures believe among pre-Zoroastrian peoples of Persia, Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN, whose primary meaning is to hide. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, beings that are concealed from the senses, cognates include the Arabic majnūn, jannah, and janīn. Jinn is properly treated as a plural, with the singular being jinni, the anglicized form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, from the Latin genius, a guardian spirit of people and places in Roman religion. It first appeared in 18th-century translations of the Thousand and One Nights from the French, numerous mentions of jinn in the Quran and testimony of both pre-Islamic and Islamic literature indicate that the belief in spirits was prominent in pre-Islamic Bedouin religion. Julius Wellhausen has observed that such spirits were thought to inhabit desolate, dingy, and dark places, One had to protect oneself from them, but they were not the objects of a true cult. In Islamic theology jinn are said to be creatures with free will, made from fire by God as humans were made of clay. When jinns are called fire spirits it´s does not refer to their current nature, Jinn are mentioned 29 times in the Quran, Surah 72 is named after the jinn, and has a passage about them. Another surah mentions jinn in the last verse, the Quran also mentions that Muhammad was sent as a prophet to both humanity and the jinn, and that prophets and messengers were sent to both communities. Like humans, jinn will also be judged on the Day of Judgment, the social organization of the jinn community resembles that of humans, e. g. they have kings, courts of law, weddings, mourning rituals and practise religion. One common belief in Muslim belief lists five distinct orders of jinn — the Marid, the Ifrit, the Shaitan, the Ghul, and the Jann. A few traditions, divide jinn into three classes, those who have wings and fly in the air, those who resemble snakes and dogs, described them as creatures of different forms, some resembling vultures and snakes, others tall men in white garb. They may even appear as dragons, onagers, or any number of other animals, in addition to their animal forms, the jinn occasionally assume human form to mislead and destroy their human victims. Ibn Taymiyyah, a late medieval theologian whose writings would later become the source of Wahhabism, believed the jinn to be generally ignorant, untruthful, oppressive. In Sūrat Al-Jinn, verses 8–10, Allah narrates concerning the jinn how they touched or sought the limits of the sky and found it full of guards and shooting stars. Seven kings of the Jinn are traditionally associated with days of the week, the notion of a qarin is not universally accepted among all Muslims, but it is generally accepted that Shayṭān whispers in human minds, and he is assigned to each human being
23.
VHS
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The Video Home System is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976, from the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders. At that time, the devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the video industry and changing the economics of the television. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders as having the power to disrupt their business, in the 1980s and 1990s, at the peak of VHSs popularity, there were videotape format wars in the home video industry. Two of the formats, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure, VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began to better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted, however, after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997, VHSs market share began to decline. By 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred method of distribution. After several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, at a price of US$50,000 in 1956, and US$300 for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market. In 1959, JVC developed a video tape recorder. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the companys standard VTR until the mid-1970s, in 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard, U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications, but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format, Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR, by the end of 1971 they created an internal diagram titled VHS Development Matrix, which established twelve objectives for JVCs new VTR. These included, The system must be compatible with any television set
24.
RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video
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Sony Pictures Home Entertainment is the home video distribution division of Sony Pictures, a subsidiary of Japanese company Sony Corporation. SPHE also releases products from Revolution Studios, since June 20,2007, SPHE now handles its former Sony BMG kids label, Sony Wonder. In Canada, Columbia TriStar Home Video helped distribute tapes from Astral Video in the 1990s and it also has an Australian deal with Hoyts. In June 1981, Columbia Pictures established a joint venture with RCA, RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video, the partnership expanded to North America as RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video the following year. The venture distributed NBC titles, as it was a subsidiary of RCA at the time, in March 1990, NBC filed a lawsuit against Columbia and its then-new parent company Sony under the perception that the latter two parties were violating their joint pact. Columbia purchased the video rights to Orion Pictures titles a month earlier. As the lawsuit continued into 1991, General Electric, the parent of NBC and RCA, in August 1991, General Electric sold its 50% share of the company to Sony Corporation, and the litigation officially ended with Sony renaming the company as Columbia TriStar Home Video. It was named Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment from 2001 until a change to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in late 2004. As RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video and as Columbia TriStar Home Video, the company also distributed films from New Line Cinema. Columbia TriStar Home Video also distributed tapes from Turner Home Entertainment in the UK from 1994-1997, SPHE has a three-year deal with Starzs Anchor Bay Entertainment for worldwide DVD releases, with the exceptions of North America, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. On February 21,2010, The Weinstein Company made a video distribution deal with SPHE through Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions. On August 31,2010, SPHE partnered with Image Entertainment in an agreement, marketing and distributing DVDs. Image retains its own sales and marketing, on April 23,2012, Mill Creek announced that they had signed a home video distribution deal with SPHE, acquiring the rights to distribute 250 films from the Sony Pictures catalog on DVD and Blu-ray. On August 27,2013, Mill Creek Entertainment signed a deal with SPHE to distribute 665 SPE films and 54 television series on DVD, on December 18,2013, SPHE president David Bishop announced he will leave when his contract expires in March 2014. David Bishop was president of SPHE since 2006 after leaving MGM Home Entertainment, on January 6,2014, it was announced that Man Jit Singh will replace Bishop after his contract expires in March. Man Jit Singh was the CEO of SPTs Multi Screen Media Pvt. Ltd. who was overseeing SPTs Indian Networks, Singh however, will not leave then Indian market, as he has been overseeing SPTs Indian TV market since 2009. On July 22,2015, SPHE and Transmission Films has reached a distribution pact to release the Transmission Films library in Australia. The Australian operations was a joint venture between RCA/Columbia Pictures Video and local cinema company Hoyts and it was known as RCA-Columbia Pictures-Hoyts Video, and released many local films in addition to Columbia Pictures titles
25.
Warner Archive Collection
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Some Warner Archives releases previously had a pressed DVD release but have lapsed out of print before since being re-released on MOD DVD discs. The collection consists of films, television shows, and television films from the libraries of Warner Bros. Television, Allied Artists International, Monogram Pictures, Largo Entertainment, Sony Pictures, MGM, Universal, Disney, and 20th Century Fox have also started MOD services after the success of Warner Archives. Their services are named Sony Pictures Choice Collection, MGM Limited Edition Collection, Universal Vault Series, Disney Generations Collection, including Warner, this encompasses five of the six major film studios with Paramount as the lone exception. Lionsgate, CBS, MTV, and Nickelodeon have also started to offer MOD discs of catalog titles through Amazon CreateSpace, on April 13,2011, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that Warner Archive will offer on-demand titles from Sony, MGM Limited Edition titles are also sold through Warner Archive. In November 2012, Warner announced that the Archive collection will begin selling titles on limited-edition Blu-ray Discs at the rate of one or two releases per month. Paramount signed an agreement with Warner Bros. in June 2013 allowing select Paramount titles to be released under the Warner Archive moniker. The titles are manufactured using the same MOD process, initially being limited to titles that had previously been released on DVD but since become out-of-print. By mid-2016, Warner Archives Blu-ray Disc releases included season sets of current television series, such as iZombie, The 100, Longmire, The Originals, expanding their films availability to Internet streaming, in July 2014 Warner Archive introduced the Warner Archive Instant service. Similar to Netflix, Warner Archive Instant allows its members access to various Warner Archive library titles via their website, in addition to apps for Roku, as of June 2015, the service is presently limited to serving customers who are located in the United States. Hanna–Barbera Classics Collection List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions Official website
26.
Shout! Factory
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Factory is an American home video and music company founded in 2003. Its video releases include previously released films, classic and contemporary TV series, animation, live music. Factory also owns and operates Timeless Media Group, Biograph Records, Majordomo Records, HighTone Records, Factory was founded in 2003 by Bob Emmer, Garson Foos, and Richard Foos, three principals from Rhino Records. After selling Rhino to Warner Bros. the three set out to launch a new pop culture label. Their first releases included blues and jazz CDs from the Biograph label, with the release of Freaks & Geeks in 2004, Shout. hit its stride and shifted towards a reputable and celebrated TV on DVD company. That same year, they released a brand-new CD with actor William Shatner, in 2004, Shout. got the rights to Cartoon Network staple Home Movies and released each season set, and ultimately a complete series box. 1, Sweet himself was also added as a solo artist. Still earning a reputation for classic TV, Shout. acquired the rights to Americas Funniest Home Videos, That Girl, Punky Brewster, Factory obtained the rights to Herb Alperts catalog, launching the Herb Alpert Signature Series of CDs. These included The Lonely Bull, South of the Border, Lost Treasures, Whipped Cream & Other Delights and others. They also got the rights to show host Dick Cavetts library and started releasing theme sets focused on rock icons, Ray Charles, John Lennon and Yoko Ono. They also jumped into childrens animation with a deal with DiC Entertainment, the Animated Series and Heathcliff And the Catillac Cats were the first releases from that deal. On the sports side, they entered into a deal with Major League Baseball, releasing themed. By 2007, classic TV on DVD was a focus, with season sets of McHales Navy, Ironside, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Meanwhile, they started releasing Mickey Harts catalogs. In 2008, Shout. bought the Hightone Records catalog and added artists Tom Russell, Joe Ely, at the same time, the company was ramping up its place as a childrens animation destination and continuing with a TV on DVD schedule. It took over the Mystery Science Theater 3000 DVD series and released a 20th Anniversary set and have continued to put out box sets of episodes never before released on DVD. In 2009, Shout. reached another milestone when it struck a deal with childrens TV producers Hasbro, releasing the original Transformers and that same year, it released the first My Little Pony DVD, My Little Pony, Twinkle Wish Collection. Continues to release several Hasbro properties, including the series My Little Pony, in 2012, Shout. started releasing titles by both Saban and Marvel
27.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
29.
Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol
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Mister Magoos Christmas Carol is a musical adaptation of Charles Dickenss famous short story A Christmas Carol starring the cartoon character Mr. Magoo. The special also inspired the 1964 TV series The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo and it featured the voice of Jim Backus as Magoo, with voice-over appearances by Paul Frees, Morey Amsterdam, Joan Gardner, and Jack Cassidy. Mister Magoos Christmas Carol was produced by Henry G. Saperstein, commissioned and sponsored by Timex, it first aired on NBC on December 18,1962. Although the special led to The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo television series, the program was broadcast as a TV special many times during the Christmas season from the 1960s through the 1980s—though not always on NBC—before being released on VHS in 1982 and on DVD in 2001. The original 53-minute running time is cut to make room for additional commercials. The CW acquired the broadcast rights to the special for the 2014 season which was originally broadcast in its entirety, as recently as December 25,2006, many listeners told the National Public Radio program Talk of the Nation that Mister Magoo was their favorite Ebenezer Scrooge. The credits for the state that it is freely adapted from A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. This adaptation mostly serves to shorten the story to fit the television specials one-hour time slot, the Ghost of Christmas Present appears before the Ghost of Christmas Past, and no reference is made to Scrooges nephew Fred or the metaphorical children Ignorance and Want. Nor is Scrooges sister, Fan, seen in the Christmas Past sequence, however, Foray has stated on several occasions that she was not in the show at all. Other sources credit Joan Gardner as the Ghost of Christmas Past, Ringle, Ringle, Scrooges theme song about coins when they mingle, is half-sung by Jim Backus as Magoo, and serves to delineate the characters change of heart. Later, in a reprise, Scrooge sings that the coins are meant for passing around as he spends the coins to help the Cratchit family. Joan Gardner as Tiny Tim sings of razzleberry dressing and woofle jelly cake in The Lords Bright Blessing. In the Christmas Past sequence, Backus/Magoo as Scrooge sings in poignant duet with Scrooges younger self, in perhaps the most touching moment. Magoo is transported back to his childhood, where he stands side-by-side with his youthful self and he watches his child self sing Alone in the World, tracing his hand on the blackboard, hoping to find a hand of his own to hold. The quavering elderly voice blending with the clear, sweet youthful one, a hand for each hand was planned for the world Why dont my fingers reach. Millions of grains of sand in the world Why such a lonely beach, jane Kean as Belle performs the love ballad Winter Was Warm, which also serves as a leitmotif throughout the special, and is heard during the end credits sung by a studio choir. Veteran voice actor Paul Frees sings two roles in Were Despicable, Backus sings a short reprise of Alone in the World in the scene where the Ghost of Christmas-Yet-to-Come abandons Scrooge in the cemetery. For the finale, Scrooge and the Cratchits sing a reprise of The Lords Bright Blessing, a longstanding story suggests that People was originally written for Mr. Magoo, but Theodore Taylors biography of Styne disputes this
30.
Uncle Sam Magoo
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Uncle Sam Magoo is a 1970 television special directed by Abe Levitow and written by Larry Markes, Henry G. Saperstein and Sam Rosen. The special stars Jim Backus as Mr. Magoo, Lennie Weinrib, Bob Holt, Patti Gilbert, Sid Grossfeld, the special aired on February 15,1970, on NBC. Mr. Magoo goes to Hollywood to get a part in a film, Jim Backus as Mr. Magoo Lennie Weinrib as John F. S. A. was clearly a labor of love for all involved, and the feeling is infectious. A veritable cornucopia of sight and sound sensations, Uncle Sam Magoo is this collections crowning achievement, DVD Talk called it a bizarre bit of Nixon-era patriotism. Uncle Sam Magoo at the Internet Movie Database
31.
When Magoo Flew
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When Magoo Flew is a 1954 animated short produced by UPA for Columbia Pictures. Directed by Pete Burness and produced by Stephen Bosustow, When Magoo Flew won the 1955 Academy Award for Short Subjects, in addition, it was the first UPA short to be made for the CinemaScope widescreen format. When Magoo Flew is also the title of a 2012 book by Adam Abraham on the history of the UPA studio, near-sighted Mr. Magoo goes to see a movie but instead mistakes the airport across the street for the theater and takes a seat on a departing airplane. Magoo politely tries to find the robber so he can return his briefcase, promptly finding the robber, Magoo returns his briefcase and keys the policeman onto the identity of the robber. After the plane lands, Magoo comments to the stewardess that he enjoyed watching his first 3-D movie. The only thing that bothered Magoo was that there was no cartoon before the movie, the closing gag is a particularly sly one as Magoo describes himself when describing his favorite cartoon character. When Magoo Flew at the Internet Movie Database When Magoo Flew
32.
Kung Fu Magoo
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Kung Fu Magoo is a Mexican-American animated action comedy film based on the Mr. Magoo character, created by Millard Kaufman and John Hubley. This film was produced by Classic Media, Ánima Estudios, and this film was also produced by Motion Toons, a new animation studio created in conjunction of Ánima Estudios, and Santo Domingo Films. English voice-cast stars Dylan and Cole Sprouse, Alyson Stoner and voice actors Tom Kenny, Rodger Bumpass, Jim Conroy, Chris Parnell, and Maile Flanagan. It was the first animated feature, featuring Mr. Magoo in more than three decades, and the first U. S. -Mexico co-production for Ánima Estudios. This film was written by Emmy Laybourne, Sam Laybourne, Rob Sosin, the film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on May 11,2010. It later had its premiere on Disney XD on February 7,2011. The worlds most notorious bad guys are invited to the fortress of super-villain Tan-Gu to compete in an Olympic-style tournament of evil. Mr. Quincy Magoo and his 12-year-old nephew Justin fight giant robot spiders, ninjas on jet skis, the films animation was done and produced by Ánima Estudios in Mexico, while the additional animation was provided by Studio B Productions in Canada, and Boulder Media Limited in Ireland. The project had a screening at MIPCOM at Cannes, France in 2008. On May 11,2010, the English-language version of the film was released on DVD in the United States, the film was also originally set for a theatrical release in Mexico in 2009, distributed by Videocine, but there was no further information regarding this, to date. It instead had its Mexican premiere on Cartoon Network in 2011, the film was dedicated to Alfredo Harp Calderoni, the films executive producer and son of Mexican businessman, Alfredo Harp Helú, who died after production in 2009. On 12 October 2010, the film was acquired by Disney XD for channel transmission, produced in Mexico, this marked the first time Disney XD acquired a Latin American animated production for channel transmission. This film has received 70% mixed reviews From Fans And Was Panned by critics. S. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave this film 2 out of 5 stars, saying that the plot, as it were, is nearly nonsensical, but that has always been Mr. Magoo’s charm. But if one must be a stickler, its kind of mean. And the flash Animation looks like stolen animation from Johnny Bravo When it aired on Disney XD on 2 April 2011, in a recent airing, the film was viewed by 254,000 viewers among ages 2 and over, with a 0.2 household rating
33.
Mr. Magoo (film)
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Mr. Magoo is a 1997 live-action comedy film based on the original cartoon of the same name. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and starred Leslie Nielsen as the character, along with Kelly Lynch, Matt Keeslar, Nick Chinlund, Stephen Tobolowsky. It was produced by Ben Myron and was the first and only English language film made by Hong Kong director Stanley Tong, Mr. Quincy Magoo, a wealthy canned vegetable factory owner, goes to the museum to attend a party. While there, Waldo, Mr. Magoos nephew, spies a woman named Stacey Sampanahoditra, later that night, jewel thieves Luanne LeSeur and Bob Morgan steal the museums beautiful ruby The Star of Kuristan and escape on a boat to Austin Cloquet, Bobs boss. Meanwhile, Mr. Magoo and his dog Angus go fishing in the area as the jewel thieves boat. Luanne picks a fight with Bob and in the scuffle, they lose the ruby which lands in Mr. Magoos boat unbeknownst to Magoo, Bob goes after the ruby but fails by falling onto the paddle wheel of a paddle boat. At the museum, the curator and Stacey send two agents, Gustav Anders of the CIA and Chuck Stupak of the FBI to track down the ruby, Stacey mentions she was invited to the opera where the Magoos go that night. Anders and Stupak also visit the opera to look for Mr. Magoo who is in the show, at the opera Mr. Magoo meets Luanne who pretends to be a magazine reporter named Prunella Pagliachi. She wishes Mr. Magoo luck at the opera, who takes a liking to her. Stupak sneaks on the stage and fails to find any clue about Mr. Magoo with Mr. Magoo accidentally hitting Stupak with a big tool, the next morning, Luanne tricks Mr. Magoo into taking her to his house with an injured ankle. Stupak finds a notebook with Luannes fingerprints on it and realizes who Mr. Magoo is with and he and Anders go to Mr. Magoos house where Stupak sneaks in looking for the ruby. Mr. Magoo and Luanne arrive at the house and Stupak hides from them, Bob sneaks into Mr. Magoos house and finds the ruby. Upon being caught in the act, he steals Mr. Magoos prized Studebaker with the Magoos, Bob loses them and brings the ruby to Austin. Austin plans an auction for his friends from around the world. Mr. Magoo disguises himself as Ortega Peru, a thief from Brazil who never goes anywhere, however he is discovered when the fake tattoo on his chest is washed away by the water. Luanne breaks up the auction, steals the ruby, and escapes on a snow mobile away from the lair, the government arrests Austin and his friends while Mr. Magoo gives chase on an ironing board and winds up in the middle of a womens skiing competition. Waldo and Angus sneak out of the lair, catch up with Magoo, Angus sees Luanne in disguise as an old woman and spills her purse which gives Mr. Magoo and Waldo a clue about where Luanne is going. The Magoos follow Luanne to Brazil where Waldo spies on the real Ortega, Mr. Magoo steals a bride dress from Ortegas girlfriend Rosita and is led to the wedding
34.
Translations of One Thousand and One Nights
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The translations of One Thousand and One Nights have been made into virtually every major language of the world. They began with the French translation by Antoine Galland, Gallands translation was essentially an adapted Arabic manuscript of Syrian origins and oral tales recorded by him in Paris from a Maronite Arab from Aleppo named Youhenna Diab or Hanna Diab. The first English translation appeared in 1706 and was made from Gallands version, being anonymous and it exists in two known copies kept in the Bodleian Library and in the Princeton University Library. Since then several English reissues appeared simultaneously in 1708, as early as the end of the 18th century the English translation based on Galland was brought to Halifax, Montreal, Philadelphia, New York and Sydney. Galland-based English translations were superseded by that made by Edward William Lane in 1839–41, in the 1880s an unexpurgated and complete English translation, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, was made by Richard Francis Burton. Some translations starting from Galland were censored due to lewd content, Galland based his translation on a three- or four-volume manuscript from the 14th or 15th century. Three volumes of manuscript were placed in the National Library of France. Gallands translation altered the style, tone and content of the Arabic text, designed to appeal, it omitted sophisticated or dark elements while enhancing exotic and magical elements and became the basis of most childrens versions of One Thousand and One Nights. In 1926–1932 a lavishly decorated 12-volume edition of J. C, Mardrus translation, titled Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit, appeared. In response to criticism of his translation by academic Arabists Mardrus promised to produce a tome of learned commentary and justificatory pieces which he, however, unlike the Grub Street version, Jonathan Scott made the first literal translation of Galland. Titled The Arabian Nights Entertainments, it appeared in 1811, then Henry Torrens translated the first fifty nights from Calcutta II, which were published in 1838. Having heard that Edward William Lane began his own translation, Torrens abandoned his work, Lane translated from the Bulaq corpus. He declared that Galland has excessively perverted the work, according to Lane, Gallands acquaintance with Arab manners and customs was insufficient to preserve him always from errors of the grossest description. Working with the Bulaq corpus, Lane occasionally cross-checked against Calcutta I, in 1923 a translation by Edward Powys Mathers based on the French translation by J. C. Another translation attempt was made by John Payne and he, however, printed just 500 copies for private circulation and ceded the work to Richard Francis Burton. Burtons translation enjoyed a public success, but at the same time was criticized for its reportedly archaic language. As of 2004, Burtons translation remains the most complete version of One Thousand and it is also generally considered as one of the finest unexpurgated translations from Calcutta II. It stood as the complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition until the Malcolm C
35.
Les mille et une nuits
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For the French publishers imprint, see Fayard. Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français, the French translation by Antoine Galland derived from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension of the medieval work as well as other sources. Galland had come across a manuscript of The Tale of Sindbad the Sailor in Constantinople during the 1690s and its success encouraged him to embark on a translation of a 14th-century Syrian manuscript of tales from The Thousand and One Nights. The first two volumes of work, under the title Les mille et une nuits, appeared in 1704. The twelfth and final volume was published posthumously in 1717, Gallands diary records that he met Hanna through Paul Lucas, a French traveler who had brought him to Paris. Hanna recounted 14 stories to Galland from memory and Galland chose to include seven of them in his books and this mysterious situation has led some scholars to conclude that Galland invented the orphan tales himself and that subsequent Arabic versions are merely later renderings of his original French. Galland adapted his translation to the taste of the times, the immediate success the tales enjoyed was partly due to the vogue for fairy stories — in French, contes de fées — which had been started in France in the 1690s by Gallands friend Charles Perrault. Galland was also eager to conform to the canons of the era. He cut many of the passages out along with all of the poetry. This caused Sir Richard Burton to refer to Gallands delightful abbreviation and adaptation which in no wise represent the eastern original. The most famous and eloquent encomiums of The Thousand and One Nights — by Coleridge, Thomas de Quincey, Stendhal, Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe, Newman — are from readers of Gallands translation. Two hundred years and ten better translations have passed, but the man in Europe or the Americas who thinks of the Thousand and One Nights thinks, invariably, of this first translation. The Spanish adjective milyunanochesco. has nothing to do with the erudite obscenities of Burton or Mardrus, 1704–1717, Les mille et une nuit, contes arabes traduits en François, par M. Galland, Paris, la Veuve Claude Barbin, In-12. 1,2,3,4,5,6 = 1704–1705, Paris, la Veuve Claude Barbin Vol.7 =1706, Paris, la Veuve Claude Barbin Vol.8 =1709, Paris, la Boutique de Claude Barbin, chez la veuve Ricoeur Vols. 9,10 =1712, Paris, Florentin Delaulne Vols,11,12 =1717, Lyon, Briasson The longest volume in the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade series is Les Mille et Une Nuits I, II et III, at 3,504 pages. Les mille et une nuits as translated by Galland Open Sesame 1822 edition of Gallands translation
