1.
Alan Arkin
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Alan Wolf Arkin is an American actor, director, musician, and singer. He has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor twice for his performances in The Russians Are Coming and he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Little Miss Sunshine and received a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Argo. Arkin was born Alan Wolf Arkin in Brooklyn, New York City] on March 26,1934, Arkin, a painter and writer, and his wife, Beatrice, a teacher. He was raised in a Jewish family with no emphasis on religion and his grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine, Russia, and Germany. His parents moved to Los Angeles when Alan was 11, during the 1950s Red Scare, Arkins parents were accused of being Communists, and his father was fired when he refused to answer questions about his political ideology. David Arkin challenged the dismissal, but he was vindicated only after his death, Arkin attended Los Angeles City College from 1951 to 1953. With two friends, he formed the music group The Tarriers, in which Arkin sang. It reached #4 on the Billboard magazine chart the year as Harry Belafontes better-known hit version. The group appeared in the 1957 Calypso-exploitation film Calypso Heat Wave, singing Banana Boat Song, from 1958 to 1968, Arkin performed and recorded with the childrens folk group, The Baby Sitters. He also performed the role of Dr. Pangloss in a staging of Leonard Bernsteins operetta Candide, alongside Madeline Kahns Cunegonde. Arkin was an member of the Second City comedy troupe in the 1960s. Arkin is one of six actors to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his first screen appearance. Two years later, he was nominated, for The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter. In 1968, he appeared in the role of Inspector Clouseau after Peter Sellers disassociated himself from the role. His portrayal of Dr. Oatman, a scared and emotionally conflicted psychiatrist treating John Cusacks hit man character Martin Q, Blank in Grosse Point Blank was also well received. At 72 years old, Arkin was the sixth oldest winner of the Best Supporting Actor Oscar, on Broadway, Arkin starred in Enter Laughing and Luv. He also directed The Sunshine Boys, among others, in 1969, Arkins directorial debut was a 12-minute childrens film titled People Soup, starring his sons Adam and Matthew Arkin. His most acclaimed directorial effort is Little Murders, released in 1971, the film opened to a lukewarm review by Roger Greenspan, and a more positive one by Vincent Canby in the New York Times
2.
LaTanya Richardson
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LaTanya Richardson, often listed as LaTanya Richardson Jackson, is an American actress and producer. She began her career appearing in off-Broadway, before playing supporting roles on television and film. Richardson has appeared in films include Fried Green Tomatoes, Malcolm X, Sleepless in Seattle, When a Man Loves a Woman, Losing Isaiah, Lone Star, U. S. Marshals, and The Fighting Temptations. Her television credits include Show Me a Hero, Luke Cage and she was born in Atlanta, Georgia. While a student at Atlantas Spelman College in 1974, she met actor Samuel L. Jackson, then at all-male Morehouse College and she and Jackson married in 1980. They have one child, freelance film and TV producer Zoe Jackson, after her daughters birth, Richardson stopped working regularly, because, she said, “We’d vowed to be an intact revolutionary black family. But it was very, very hard. ”To date, Richardsons biggest role in a picture was in the 2003 musical The Fighting Temptations in which she appears as the main antagonist. This was her appearance on Broadway after her debut in the 2009 revival of Joe Turners Come. LaTanya Richardson at the Internet Movie Database LaTanya Richardson at the Internet Broadway Database
3.
A&E Networks
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A&E Networks is an American media company that owns a group of television channels available via cable & satellite in the U. S. and abroad. A&E stands for Arts & Entertainment, the company is a joint venture with Hearst and Disney-ABC Television Group, a unit of the Disney Media Networks subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. Thus A&Es shareholders were Hearst & ABC and Radio City Music Hall and RCA, the company launched Arts & Entertainment Network, a cultural cable channel, on February 1,1984. In 1991, the company launched the A&E Monthly general entertainment magazine, in June 1993, the Rockefeller Groups Radio City Music Hall sold its 12. 5% stake in A&E to the other three partners with NBC owning 25% and the other two 37. 5% each. Also that month, a new unit was set up. The A&E channel expanded to Canada, and later Mexico from 1993 to 1994, Biography began airing 5 nights a week in 1994. Also in 1994, A&E, on its 10th anniversary, changed its name from Arts, the A&E company launched The History Channel on January 1,1995 with its U. K. counterpart following on November 1 in partnership with British Sky Broadcasting. A&E Networks considered THC to be the driver in international expansion due to lack of rights to A&E international co-productions. As expected, the History Channel led A&Es overseas expansion in Brazil with TVA, formerly only direct sales, A&E Home Video initiated a six-month trial in which Barnes & Noble would sell the Biography line in stores and becoming permanent in 1996. THC debuted in two other media in September 1996 with a program on ABC Radio Networks and Border Books stocking THC videos, during the 1998-1999 season, Biography, American Justice and Biography Movies debuted. THC expanded in 1998 into tours of U. S. landmarks with Mayflower Tours having a website, a show History Channel Traveler. While in October, THC and Madison Square Garden Network teamed up to produce several short-form sports history programs, A+E spun out its first two digital cable channels in November 1998 with The Biography Channel and History Channel International from A&E and The History Channel. A&E was spending $10 million per year to convert to the digital format, AETN All Asia Networks was formed on April 2007 through a joint venture between A&E Television Networks and Malaysias pay TV provider Astro Overseas Limited. In August 2009, A&E TV Networks acquired Lifetime Entertainment Services, following the deal, Disney and Hearst each held approximately 42% of the combined company, while NBC Universal retained approximately 16%. The deal included mechanisms by which NBCU could choose, or alternatively be forced to, AETN and Network 18 Group In August 2010 formed a joint venture, AETN-18 India, which would first launch the History and Bio channels in India. In May 2011, A&E Television Networks changed its name to A+E Networks. A&E dropped TV as their brands had move beyond just the TV channel, in July 2012, NBCUniversal confirmed plans to divest its 15. 8% stake in A+E Networks by way of a share repurchase by A+E, making Disney and Hearst 50-50 partners in the joint venture. In August 2012, A+E switched distribution for their series and movies from New Video Group to Lionsgate Home Entertainment
4.
FremantleMedia
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FremantleMedia Group Limited is a British international television content and production/distribution subsidiary of Bertelsmanns RTL Group, Europes largest TV, radio, and production company. Its world headquarters are located in London, early on, it merged with Germanys largest television production company, UFA. The company holds the rights to such as Lets Make a Deal, Family Feud. Fremantle also produced Temptation and an interactive gameshow Quizmania for ITV Play and they own the rights to most of the post 1948 Bob Hope film catalog that includes The Seven Little Foys, The Lemon Drop Kid, and Son of Paleface. They were also the distributors of the television series Baywatch, currently, they hold rights to the game Brain Wall, more commonly known as Hole in the Wall in over 20 countries. In other countries, they own the rights to Betty La Fea in Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Sara in Belgium. FremantleMedia also holds international rights to the Threes Company franchise. The company also owns the catalog of the American TV production company Reeves Entertainment. FremantleMedia bought a share of the Canadian video game development company Ludia in October 2010. The Pet Collective was Launched online in April 2012, and is a producer of animal-friendly content that celebrates the connection between animals and their human companions. On January 30,2014, FremantleMedia was in negotiations to acquire rival All3Media, on March 26,2014, FremantleMedia acquired a 75% stake in 495 Productions, with an option to acquire the remaining 25% in the near future. FremantleMedias US production & distribution division is FremantleMedia North America,495 Productions has specialized in developing programs. In November 2011, it was announced that FremantleMedia were to reorganise the British operations from 1 January 2012, talkback Thames brand would be split into four different labels within the newly created FremantleMedia UK production arm, Boundless for factual programming. FremantleMedias old Website FremantleMedias 2nd original website FremantleMedias original Website FremantleMedias website FremantleMedia Australias website
5.
A&E (TV channel)
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The channel originally focused programming on biographies, documentaries, and drama series but has later expanded to include reality television programming. As of July 2015, the A&E network is available to approximately 95,968,000 pay television households in the United States, the U. S. version of the channel is shown in Canada while international versions exist for Australia, Latin America, and Europe. A&E launched on February 1,1984, initially available to 9.3 million cable television homes in the U. S. the network is a result of the 1984 merger of Hearst/ABCs Alpha Repertory Television Service and RCA-owned The Entertainment Channel. When A&E debuted, the took over the satellite transponder timeslot that ARTS occupied from its launch in 1981. Childrens television channel Nickelodeon signed off just before 9 p. m. Eastern Time, and A&E took over at 9 p. m. with a programming block. However, some cable providers continued to carry Nickelodeon and A&E on the same channel and it was not until the early 1990s that these companies found separate channels for both networks. A&E was envisioned as a counterpart to PBS, and in its early days focused on such PBS-style programming as the Leonard Bernstein Fidelio. By 1990, A&Es original programming accounted for 35 to 40 percent of the program content. The comedy series An Evening at the Improv built a young audience in the late 80s. Also, Comedy On the Road won a CableACE Award, both series were produced by Larry ODaly, A&Es signature show was Biography, a one-hour documentary series that A&E revived in 1987. In 1994, airings of Biography went from weekly broadcasts to airing five nights a week, the nightly series became A&Es top-rated show and one of cable televisions most notable successes. Biography received Primetime Emmy Awards in 1999 and 2002, in its first decade, A&E had limited advertising, with fewer commercials at the time, mostly for A&E programs and its magazine. Beginning in the mid-90s, advertising was increased substantially on the channel, in May 1995, the channels name officially changed to the A&E Network, to reflect its declining focus on arts and entertainment. By 1996, the network had branded itself as simply A&E, even the arts patron often finds arts on TV not as satisfying as it should be. And the word entertainment is too vague, therefore, much like ESPN uses its letters rather than what they stand for – Entertainment Sports Network – we decided to go to just A&E. The network created two original weekly series, Sidney Lumets 100 Centre Street and Nero Wolfe, both of which lasted from 2001 to 2002. In May 2003, A&E launched a campaign with the networks new tagline. In addition, A&E had garnered favorable notice for true-crime documentary series such as Cold Case Files, American Justice, City Confidential, Investigative Reports, the network also cut back on its broadcasts of Biography from originally twice daily to weekend mornings only
6.
Sidney Lumet
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Sidney Arthur Lumet was an American director, producer and screenwriter with over 50 films to his credit. He was nominated for the Academy Award as Best Director for 12 Angry Men, Dog Day Afternoon, Network, and The Verdict. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood states that Lumet was one of the most prolific filmmakers of the modern era and he was noted by Turner Classic Movies for his strong direction of actors, vigorous storytelling and the social realism in his best work. Film critic Roger Ebert described him as having one of the finest craftsmen. Lumet was also known as an director, having worked with the best of them during his career. Sean Connery, who acted in five of his films, considered him one of his directors. A member of the cohort of New Yorks Actors Studio, Lumet began his directorial career in Off-Broadway productions. His first movie was typical of his best work, a well-acted, tightly written, as a result of directing 12 Angry Men, he was also responsible for leading the first wave of directors who made a successful transition from TV to movies. In 2005, Lumet received an Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement for his brilliant services to screenwriters, performers, two years later, he concluded his career with the acclaimed drama Before the Devil Knows Youre Dead. A few months after Lumets death in April 2011, a celebration of his work was held at New Yorks Lincoln Center with the appearance of numerous speakers. In 2015, Nancy Buirski directed By Sidney Lumet, a documentary about his career, Lumet was born in Philadelphia to parents of Jewish descent. He studied theater acting at the Professional Childrens School of New York, Lumets parents, Baruch and Eugenia Lumet, were both veterans of the Yiddish theatre. His father, who was an actor, director, producer and writer, was a Polish Jewish emigrant to the United States who was born in Warsaw, Lumets mother, who was a dancer, died when he was a child. He made his debut on radio at age four and stage debut at the Yiddish Art Theatre at age five. As a child he appeared in many Broadway plays, including 1935s Dead End. In 1935, aged 11, he appeared in a Henry Lynn short film, Papirossen, the film was shown in a theatrical play with the same title, based on a hit song, Papirosn. The play and short film appeared in the Bronx McKinley Square Theatre, in 1939, he made his only feature-length film appearance, at age 15, in. One Third of a Nation. In 1939, World War II interrupted his acting career
7.
Bobby Cannavale
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Robert Bobby Cannavale is an American actor known for his leading role as Bobby Caffey in the first two seasons of the crime drama series Third Watch. In 2016, he starred in the HBO drama series Vinyl, produced by Martin Scorsese and Mick Jagger. For his roles in Mauritius and The Motherfucker with the Hat, he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play, Cannavale has appeared in The Station Agent, Shall We Dance. Snakes on a Plane, The Other Guys, Woody Allens Blue Jasmine, Chef, the remake of Annie, Paul Feigs Spy, Cannavale was born and raised in Union City, New Jersey, the son of Isabel and Sal Cannavale. His father is of Italian descent, while his mother is Cuban and he was raised Catholic and attended St. Michaels Catholic School, where he participated in a number of extracurricular activities, including being an altar boy and member of the chorus. Cannavales parents divorced when he was 13 and his mother moved the family to Puerto Rico, after two years in the American territory, they settled in Margate, Florida. Cannavale returned to New Jersey after barely eking out a school diploma in the late 1980s from Coconut Creek High School, in order to be closer to New York. Following this, in 2001, he starred with Alan Arkin in 100 Centre Street – which was written and directed by Sidney Lumet, in 2002, he joined the cast of Ally McBeal for the last five episodes, but the show was then cancelled. Following this, he starred with Yancey Arias and Sheryl Lee in the miniseries Kingpin, in 2003, Cannavale briefly appeared on the last two episodes of Oz. He also appeared in the film The Station Agent as a man who befriends a little removed from society. From 2004 to 2006, he had a recurring guest role on Will & Grace as Vince DAngelo, for this role, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 2005. He appeared in The Take alongside John Leguizamo and Tyrese Gibson, as Agent Steve Perelli. Cannavale serves as the voice of Corado R. Ciarlo, known as Babe, in the Ken Burns PBS film series The War from the perspective of the men who fought in combat and their loved ones at home. He also read the audiobook versions of Richard Prices 2008 novel Lush Life, on August 25,2008, ABC ordered his pilot Cupid, a remake of the 1998 program which had starred Jeremy Piven and Paula Marshall, to series. In the new version of the series, Cannavale starred opposite Sarah Paulson with script development overseen by original series creator Rob Thomas, ABC debuted Cupid on March 31,2009, but it was cancelled on May 19,2009. In 2008, he received a Tony Award nomination for his role as Dennis in the Broadway play, in 2009, CBS announced Cannavale would reprise his role of Det. Eddie Saccardo on the show, Cold Case, for three episodes, starting with the third episode of Season 7. Cannavale was also in the film Win Win in 2011, as Terry Delfino and he later starred in the Broadway play The Motherfucker With the Hat alongside Chris Rock and Annabella Sciorra
8.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
9.
Cable television
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This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels
10.
Law & Order
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Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series, created by Dick Wolf and part of the Law & Order franchise. It originally aired on NBC and, in syndication, on cable networks. Law & Order premiered on September 13,1990, and completed its 20th, at the time of its cancellation, Law & Order was the longest-running crime drama on American primetime television. Its record of 20 seasons is a tie with Gunsmoke for the longest-running live-action scripted American prime-time series with ongoing characters, although it has fewer episodes than Gunsmoke, Law & Order ranks as the longest-running hour-long primetime TV series. Gunsmoke, for its first six seasons, was originally a half-hour program, plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines, although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different. The show has been noted for its revolving cast over the years, the success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows, making Law & Order a franchise, with also a television film, several video games, and international adaptations of the series. It has won and has been nominated for awards over the years. On May 14,2010, NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order, in July 2010, however, he indicated that those attempts had failed and declared that the series had now moved to the history books. However, in February 2015, rumors started that NBC was planning to bring the back for 10 episodes. In May 2015, former star Sam Waterston announced to The Hollywood Reporter that he supports and would join a revival of Law & Order, saying, Youre darn right. Creator Dick Wolf has expressed wanting to use a L&O revival to do a ripped from the headlines story-line surrounding the trial of Robert Durst. Everybody who knows me knows its something I want to do, he continued, at the 2015 Television Critics Association summer press tour, Wolf noted everyone wants a revival, It is a question of. Most of the involved are very successful in their careers. To try to get everything in sequence is more difficult than it looks on the outside. I would love to do it if we can make it work, in 1988, Dick Wolf developed a concept for a new television series that would depict a relatively optimistic picture of the American criminal justice system. He initially toyed with the idea of calling it Night & Day, the first half of each episode would follow two detectives and their commanding officer as they investigate a violent crime. The second half of the episode would follow the District Attorneys Office, through this, Law & Order would be able to investigate some of the larger issues of the day by focusing on stories that were based on real cases making headlines. Wolf took the idea to then-president of Universal Television Kerry McCluggage, who pointed out the similarity to a 1963 series titled Arrest and Trial, which lasted one season
11.
Addiction
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Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding, ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions. Due to the relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, and continued use despite consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification, the only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM-5 is gambling addiction. The term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence. Addiction is the use of a substance or performance of a behavior that is independent of withdrawal. Cognitive control and stimulus control, which is associated with operant and classical conditioning, cognitive control, and particularly inhibitory control over behavior, is impaired in both addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a rewarding stimulus tend to dominate ones behavior in an addiction. The term behavioral addiction correctly refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding – despite adverse consequences, reviews of preclinical studies indicate that long-term frequent and excessive consumption of high fat or sugar foods can produce an addiction. Gambling is a natural reward which is associated with behavior and for which clinical diagnostic manuals. There is evidence from functional neuroimaging that gambling activates the reward system, similarly, shopping and playing videogames are associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have also been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of the reward system. Based upon this evidence, gambling addiction, video game addiction, there are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Roughly half of a risk for developing an addiction is derived from genetics. However, even in individuals with a low genetic loading. In other words, anyone can become an addict under the right circumstances, adolescence represents a period of unique vulnerability for developing addiction. Not only are more likely to initiate and maintain drug use. Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on, about 33% of the population tasted their first alcohol between the ages of 15 and 17, while 18% experienced it prior to this
12.
Private investigator
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A private investigator, a private detective, or inquiry agent, is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake investigatory law services. Private detectives/investigators often work for attorneys in civil and criminal cases, official law enforcement tried many times to shut it down. In 1842, police arrested him in suspicion of unlawful imprisonment, Vidocq later suspected that it had been a set-up. He was sentenced to five years and fined 3, 000-francs, Vidocq is credited with having introduced record-keeping, criminology, and ballistics to criminal investigation. He made the first plaster casts of shoe impressions and he created indelible ink and unalterable bond paper with his printing company. His form of anthropometrics is still used by French police. He is also credited for philanthropic pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen for real need, after Vidocq, the industry was born. Much of what private investigators did in the days was to act as the police in matters for which their clients felt the police were not equipped or willing to do. A larger role for new private investigative industry was to assist companies in labor disputes. Some early private investigators provided armed guards to act as a private militia, in the United Kingdom, Charles Frederick Field set up an enquiry office upon his retirement from the Metropolitan Police in 1852. Field became a friend of Charles Dickens, and the latter wrote articles about him, in 1862, one of his employees, the Hungarian Ignatius Paul Pollaky, left him and set up a rival agency. In the United States, Allan Pinkerton established the Pinkerton National Detective Agency - a private detective agency - in 1850, Pinkerton became famous when he foiled a plot to assassinate then President-elect Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Pinkertons agents performed services which ranged from undercover investigations and detection of crimes, to plant protection and it is sometimes claimed, probably with exaggeration, that at the height of its existence, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than the United States Army. Allan Pinkerton hired Kate Warne in 1856 as a private detective, during the union unrest in the US in the late 19th century, companies sometimes hired operatives and armed guards from the Pinkertons. In the aftermath of the Homestead Riot of 1892, several states passed so-called anti-Pinkerton laws restricting the importation of private security guards during union strikes. Pinkerton agents were hired to track western outlaws Jesse James, the Reno brothers, and the Wild Bunch, including Butch Cassidy. The Pinkerton agencys logo, an eye embellished with the words We Never Sleep, many private detectives/investigators with specialized academic and practical experience also work with defense attorneys on capital punishment and other criminal defense cases. Many others are insurance investigators who investigate suspicious claims, before the advent of no-fault divorce, many private investigators were hired to search out evidence of adultery or other conduct within marriage to establish grounds for a divorce
13.
Sarita Choudhury
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Sarita Catherine Louise Choudhury is an English actress, best known for her roles in the Mira Nair-directed feature films Mississippi Masala, The Perez Family and Kama Sutra, A Tale of Love. In the late 1990s, Choudhury added to her repertoire with supporting roles in the thriller A Perfect Murder,3 A. M, in 2002, she starred in Just a Kiss. She played a lesbian virgin in Spike Lees She Hate Me and acted as Anna Ran in Lady in the Water and she also played Egeria in The Hunger Games, Mockingjay part 2 and co-starred with Tom Hanks in the 2016 film A Hologram for the King. Choudhury was born in Blackheath, London, England, and is of half Bengali Indian and her parents, Julia Patricia of English descent, and Prabhas Chandra Choudhury, a scientist of Indian Bengali descent, married in 1964 in Lucea, Jamaica. She studied economics and film at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario and she has one younger brother, Kumar Michael Choudhury, and one older brother, Chandra Paul Choudhury. Choudhury starred opposite Denzel Washington in the 1990 film Mississippi Masala and she was still working as a waitress in Manhattans East Village to make ends meet while the film was in theaters. Choudhury appeared on Homicide, Life on the Street for five episodes during the 1998-1999 season as Dr. Kalyani, Choudhury played the role of the Kings mistress, Helen Pardis, in the NBC drama Kings. The series was based upon the Biblical story of King David and her characters Biblical counterpart was Rizpah, a concubine of King Saul. She worked with independent film director Sona Jain in For Real, in an interview with The Statesman she said, After Mississippi Masala and Kama Sutra I started getting offers in New York. I just went with the flow, one fine day, I thought that I havent been back to India, havent shot there and thats something I wanted to. There were Bollywood offers but it was not until Sonas script that made me look at India, the film had a commercial release in September 2010. She appears as character Saul Berensons wife, Mira in the TV series Homeland, in 2011, she appeared in the joint British/French TV series Death in Paradise. Choudhury also had a cameo the 2013 comedy Admission. She appeared in the films The Hunger Games, Mockingjay - Part 1 and The Hunger Games, Mockingjay - Part 2, as President Snows assistant, in 2015, she appears as the Deputy White House Political Director Sophia Varma in the American crime drama Blindspot. Menon A Hologram for the King as Zahra Homicide, Life on the Street as Dr
14.
Bailiff
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A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian, a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly, another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the vogt, see Vogt and Vogt. In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann, Bailiff was the term used by the Normans for what the Saxons had called a reeve, the officer responsible for executing the decisions of a court. The duty of the bailiff would thus include serving summonses and orders, the district within which the bailiff operated was called his bailiwick, even to the present day. Bailiffs were outsiders and free men, that is, they were not usually from the bailiwick they were responsible for. Throughout Norman England, the Saxon and Norman populations gradually mixed, primarily then, bailiff referred to the officer executing the decisions of manorial courts, and the hundred courts. Likewise, in Scotland a bailie was the officer of a barony. With the introduction of Justices of the Peace, magistrates courts acquired their own bailiffs, historically, courts were not always concerned with legal matters, and often decided administrative matters for the area within their jurisdiction. A bailiff of a manor, therefore, would oversee the manors lands and buildings, collect its rents, manage its accounts. In the 19th century, the functions of courts were mostly replaced by the creation of elected local authorities. Nevertheless, the bailiff is retained as a title by the chief officers of various towns and the keepers of royal castles, such as the High Bailiff of Westminster. In Scotland, bailie now refers to an officer corresponding to an English alderman. The high court acquired the sheriffs, the county court the bailiffs, to avoid confusion with their underlings, the County Courts Act 1888 renamed bailifs as High Bailiffs. This act also formally acknowledged the High Bailiffs right to appoint under-bailiffs as he wished, the High Bailiff gradually became a purely ceremonial role, the courts clerk liaising with under-bailiffs directly. The Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 enacts that no person may act as an under-bailiff to levy any distress for rent, unless he is authorized by a county court judge to act as an under-bailiff. The County Courts Act 1888 restricted the hours an under-bailiff could execute a possession warrant and it also limited the ability to bring a legal complaint against a bailiff, six days notice now had to be given. In the Channel Islands the bailiff is the first civil officer in each of the two bailiwicks and he is appointed by the Crown, and holds office until retirement. He presides as a judge in the court, and takes the opinions of the jurats, he also presides over the states
15.
Phyllis Newman
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Phyllis Newman is an American actress and singer. Newman was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, the daughter of Rachael and she attended Lincoln High School where she was voted Future Hollywood Star. Newman made her Broadway debut in Wish You Were Here in 1952, additional theater credits include Bells Are Ringing, Pleasures and Palaces, The Apple Tree, On the Town, The Prisoner of Second Avenue, Awake and Sing. Broadway Bound and Subways Are for Sleeping, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical and she has been nominated twice for the Drama Desk Award and received a second Tony Award nomination for Broadway Bound. In June 1979, Newman and Arthur Laurents collaborated on the one-woman show The Madwoman of Central Park West, the show ran for 86 performances at the 22 Steps Theatre in New York City. Newman guest starred in an episode of Beverly Garlands crime drama and she was then cast in 1960 as Doris Hudson in the CBS summer replacement series Diagnosis, Unknown, with Patrick ONeal as the pathologist Dr. Daniel Coffee and Martin Huston as the handyman named Link. Newman became a television celebrity of the 1960s and 1970s. Match Game, and To Tell the Truth and a perennial guest of Johnny Carsons on NBCs The Tonight Show and she portrayed Melissas mother Elaine in the television series, Thirtysomething. She created the role of Renée Buchanan on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live and was a regular on the primetime series 100 Centre Street, other television credits include The Man from U. N. C. L. E. Burkes Law, ABC Stage 67, Murder, She Wrote, The Wild Wild West and Coming of Age. On screen, she appeared in Lets Rock, Bye Bye Braverman, To Find a Man, Mannequin, Only You, The Beautician and the Beast, A Price Above Rubies, in 1995, Newman founded The Phyllis Newman Womens Health Initiative of the Actors Fund of America. Since then she has hosted the annual Nothing Like a Dame galas, in 2009, Newman received the first Isabelle Stevenson Award, a special Tony Award, for her work with the Health Initiative. This award recognizes an individual from the community for humanitarian work. Her memoir Just in Time – Notes from My Life, relates her career, life with her husband, lyricist and playwright Adolph Green, Newman was married to lyricist and playwright Adolph Green from 1960 until his death in 2002. She is the mother of Adam Green and singer-songwriter Amanda Green. com Interview with Phyllis Newman
16.
Amy Ryan
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Amy Ryan is an American actress of stage and screen. A graduate of New Yorks High School of Performing Arts, she is an Academy Award nominee, Ryan began her professional stage career in 1987 and made her Broadway debut in 1993 as a replacement in the original production of The Sisters Rosensweig. She went on to receive Tony Award nominations for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 2000 revival of Uncle Vanya and she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Helene McCready in the 2007 film Gone Baby Gone. The role also earned her a Golden Globe nomination and won her a Critics Choice Award and her other films include Changeling, Win Win and Birdman or. On television, she played Beadie Russell in HBOs The Wire, Holly Flax in NBCs The Office, Ryan was born Amy Beth Dziewiontkowski in Flushing, Queens, New York City, the daughter of Pamela, a nurse, and John Dziewiontkowski, a trucking business owner. She is of Polish, Irish, and English descent, growing up in the 1970s, Ryan and her sister Laura delivered the Daily News by bike. At a young age, Ryan attended the Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Center in upstate New York, at 17, she graduated from New Yorks High School of Performing Arts. Hired for the tour of Biloxi Blues right out of high school. She chose her mothers name as her stage name. Ryan made her debut in the Westside Theatres 1987 production of A Shayna Maidel. The following year she was seen in the Second Stage Theatre Companys revival of The Rimers of Eldritch, additional off-Broadway credits include As Bees In Honey Drown, Crimes of the Heart and Saved. She also worked in theater, where she originated roles in new plays by Neil LaBute, Arthur Miller. On Broadway she has appeared as Tess in The Sisters Rosensweig, Natasha in the 1997 revival of The Three Sisters, reilly in A Streetcar Named Desire. After roles on ER and Chicago Hope, Ryan became a regular on The Naked Truth as Téa Leonis spoiled stepdaughter. In 1993, she made her first appearance on NBCs Law & Order, by 2001, director Sidney Lumet cast her in 100 Centre Street playing three different roles. Ryan went on to feature prominently in the season of HBOs The Wire. She appeared for an arc on The Office as dorky HR rep Holly Flax. She reprised her role on The Office in seasons 5 and 7, Ryan joined the cast of HBOs In Treatment for its third season, playing the therapist of Dr. Paul Weston
17.
Terry Serpico
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Terry Serpico is an American film and television actor. Serpico was born in Fort Sill in Lawton, Oklahoma and he is a military brat, he grew up on Army bases across the United States and in Europe. He was the youngest of three children and he became interested in acting after graduating from high school. He attended Boston University before transferring to and graduating from the State University of New York at Purchase in 1989 and he has lived in Texas, Colorado, Germany, Georgia and Pennsylvania. He enjoys surfing and golf, and is an active Crossfitter and he began his career as a stunt performer. In 1997, he was cast in his first major acting role in Donnie Brasco, in television, Serpico has guest-starred on such shows as Law & Order, CSI, Miami, Law & Order, Criminal Intent, and Person of Interest. He played Mickey Mantle in the ESPN miniseries The Bronx Is Burning and he has enjoyed a recurring role in Rescue Me, and a starring role as Col. Frank Sherwood in Army Wives
18.
Anna Deavere Smith
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Anna Deavere Smith is an American actress, playwright, and professor. She is currently the artist-in-residence at the Center for American Progress, Smith is widely known for her roles as National Security Advisor Dr. Nancy McNally in The West Wing, and as hospital administrator Gloria Akalitus in the Showtime series Nurse Jackie. She is a recipient of The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the American arts, with a remuneration of $300,000, and was named the Jefferson Lecturer for 2015. Smith was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Anna Rosalind, a school principal. Smith is an alumna of the historic Western High School and she then studied acting at Beaver College, graduating in 1971. She received her M. F. A. in Acting from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, for the role, Smith transformed herself into a Cajun voodoo woman, an indication of the actress transformational power that would manifest itself in her future work. Fires in the Mirror dealt with the 1991 Crown Heights riot, Twilight, both of these plays were constructed using material solely from interviews. House Arrest and Let Me Down Easy continued in this style, Let Me Down Easy, which explored the resiliency and vulnerability of the human body, debuted at the Long Wharf Theatre in January 2008. It was also performed at the American Repertory Theater in September and October 2008, a revised version of the show had its New York City premiere Off-Broadway at Second Stage Theatre in October 2009 and enjoyed favorable reviews and an extension into January 2010. It was also a program as part of PBSs Great Performances series on January 13,2012. She debuted her one-woman play, The Arizona Project in Phoenix, Arizona, as of July 2009, Smith is the artist-in-residence with the Center for American Progress and is developing a new show called The Americans, which documents change in Washington, D. C. Commissioned by Grace Cathedral and the Cockayne Fund, Smith wrote and performed the play, On Grace, the performances were accompanied by American cellist Joshua Roman. Smith has appeared in films, including Philadelphia, Dave, The American President, Rent. She had recurring roles on The Practice and as Dr. Nancy McNally on The West Wing, Smith also appeared as hospital administrator Gloria Akalitus in the Showtime dark comedy series Nurse Jackie, which premiered in June 2009. Early in her career, she appeared on the long running soap opera All My Children in the recurring role of Hazel the shampoo girl. In February 2014, Smith appeared as a mentor in Anna Deavere Smith, A YoungArts Masterclass, Smith teaches in the Department of Art & Public Policy at the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. From 1990 to 2000, she was a professor in the department at Stanford University. She also teaches at NYU School of Law, in 2000, Smith published her first book, Talk to Me, Travels in Media and Politics
19.
Kerry Washington
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Kerry Marisa Washington is an American actress. She has also starred in the independent films Our Song, The Dead Girl, Mother and Child, in 2016, she portrayed Anita Hill in the HBO television film Confirmation and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie. In April 2014, Time magazine included Washington in its annual Time 100 list, Washington was born in the Bronx, New York City, the daughter of Valerie, a professor and educational consultant, and Earl Washington, a real estate broker. Her fathers family is of African American origin, having migrated from South Carolina to Brooklyn, through her mother, she is a cousin of the former U. S. Secretary of State Colin Powell. Youth Theater teen group and attended the Spence School in Manhattan from her pre-teen years until graduating high school in 1994. At age 13, she was taken to watch Nelson Mandela speak at Yankee Stadium upon his release from prison and she attended George Washington University, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1998 with a double major in anthropology and sociology. She also studied at Michael Howard Studios in New York City, in April 2016, Washington confirmed that, in the 1990s in New York, she learned to dance from Jennifer Lopez. During her appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, she told host Jimmy Fallon that Ive been taking dance for a long time, but, then she left to move to Los Angeles and be on the TV show In Living Color. So, yes, I learned to dance from JLo, Washington got her Screen Actors Guild card as a requirement for a commercial that she starred in. Washington made her debut in the ABC telefilm Magical Make-Over. She was in the cast of the 1996 PBS sketch comedy-style educational series Standard Deviants, and she appeared in the short 3D and she went on to appear in several movies, including Save the Last Dance and The Human Stain. In 2004, she played the lead in Spike Lees She Hate Me. After 2004, she held parts in Mr. & Mrs. Smith, Little Man, I Think I Love My Wife, and as a wife of 1970s Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the UK historical drama The Last King of Scotland. Washington has also appeared in the role of Chelina Hall on the ABC television series Boston Legal. Washington narrated the acclaimed documentary about the New Orleans-based teenage TBC Brass Band. She also appears in Maxwells Bad Habits video, in 2010, she made her Broadway debut in David Mamets Race, alongside James Spader, David Alan Grier, and Richard Thomas. She also appeared in Tyler Perrys 2010 film For Colored Girls, in October 2011, it was confirmed that she would star in Quentin Tarantinos film Django Unchained, which was released in 2012 and received widespread critical acclaim. She was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts, in 2013, Washington ranked No.2 in People magazines 100 Most Beautiful people and was named Woman of the Year by Glamour magazine
20.
Judy Reyes
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Judy Reyes is an American television actress, best known for her roles as Carla Espinosa on the NBC/ABC sitcom Scrubs, and as Zoila Diaz in the Lifetime comedy-drama Devious Maids. Reyes was born in The Bronx, New York to Dominican immigrants and has three sisters, including a sister named Joselin, who played a paramedic on Law & Order. Reyes grew up on Bainbridge Avenue, from the age of 13 to the age of 25-26 and she attended Hunter College in Manhattan, where she began her acting career. In the early 1990s, Reyes began her career with guest starring roles in number of shows, including Law & Order, NYPD Blue. She also had a role in Oz as Tina Rivera. She is best known for her portrayal of nurse Carla Espinosa on the NBC comedy Scrubs from 2001 to 2009. She has starred in a number of made for television movies, primarily for Lifetime network, including Little Girl Lost, The Delimar Vera Story, and The Pregnancy Project. After leaving Scrubs, Reyes guest-starred in several shows, including Castle, Medium, Off the Map, in 2011 she starred as a mother dealing with the return into her life of her estranged husband after his stint in prison in the independent drama Gun Hill Road. The film is set in Reyes native Bronx, and its title refers to a street that intersects Bainbridge Avenue on which Reyes herself grew up. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, Reyes also had small supporting roles in several films, including Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God. Be Back by Five, Bringing Out the Dead, Washington Heights, in 2012, Reyes was cast as series regular Zoila Diaz, the senior maid, in the ABC comedy-drama pilot Devious Maids, created by Marc Cherry. On May 14,2012, the series was not picked up by ABC, the series premiered June 23,2013. The Devious Maids finale episode aired on August 8,2016, Reyes was married to writer/director Edwin M. Figueroa for 11 years before they divorced. Reyes and her boyfriend George Valencia have a daughter, Leila Rey Valencia, judy Reyes at the Internet Movie Database
21.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
22.
Epguides
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Epguides is a website dedicated to English language radio and television shows. In 1999, it was recommended by Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh in the edition of their book. Soon after, the name was changed to epguides and it was moved to a separate domain name. It is under the name that the website was again recommended in the eighth edition published in 2003. Epguides has subsequently developed information-exchange partnerships with other fan-created episode guide websites such as TV Tome, each epguides television show page consists of basic information about the show, starting with a picture of the cast and a list of the main actors with links to IMDb. It also displays the number of episodes and episode length, at the top and bottom there is an information bar consisting of links for further information on the show. In between is a list of the titles of the episodes in order with air dates Epguides relationship original with TV Tome was established in June 2000, subsequently, TV Tome merged into TV. com. In 2005, TV. com changed the format of its episode guides, from 1999 on, epguides was recommended as the principal episode guide website in the FAQ of the primary Usenet newsgroup devoted to television, rec. arts. tv. Official website TV. com Epguides subsite specifically for Chicago-specific shows such as Son of Svengoolie, Family Classics, etc
23.
12 Angry Men (1957 film)
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12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film adapted from a teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose. In the United States, a verdict in most criminal trials by jury must be unanimous, the film is notable for its almost exclusive use of one set, out of 96 minutes of run time, only three minutes take place outside of the jury room. 12 Angry Men explores many techniques of consensus-building, and the difficulties encountered in the process, among a group of men whose range of personalities adds intensity and conflict. In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In a New York City courthouse a jury commences deliberating the case of an 18-year-old boy from a slum, if there is any reasonable doubt they are to return a verdict of not guilty. If found guilty, the boy will receive a death sentence, in a preliminary vote, all jurors vote guilty except Juror 8, who argues that the boy deserves some deliberation. Juror 8 questions the accuracy and reliability of the two witnesses, and the prosecutions claim that the murder weapon, a common switchblade, was rare. Juror 8 argues that reasonable doubt exists, and that he therefore cannot in conscience vote guilty, Juror 8 suggests a secret ballot, from which he will abstain, and agrees to change his vote if the others unanimously vote guilty. The ballot is held and a new not guilty vote appears, an angry Juror 3 accuses Juror 5, who grew up in a slum, of changing his vote out of sympathy towards slum children. However, Juror 9 reveals it was he that changed his vote, Juror 8 argues that the noise of a passing train would have obscured the verbal threat that one witness claimed to have heard the boy tell his father Im going to kill you. Juror 5 then changes his vote, Juror 11 also changes his vote, believing the boy would not likely have tried to retrieve the murder weapon from the scene if it had been cleaned of fingerprints. An angry Juror 3 shouts that they are losing their chance to burn the boy, Juror 8 accuses him of being a sadist. Jurors 2 and 6 then change their votes, tying the vote at 6–6, Juror 4 doubts the boys alibi of being at the movies, because he could not recall it in much detail. Juror 8 tests how well Juror 4 remembers previous days, which he does, Juror 2 questions the likelihood that the boy, who was almost a foot shorter than his father, could have inflicted the downward stab wound found in the body. Jurors 3 and 8 then conduct an experiment to see whether a person could stab downwards on a taller person. Increasingly impatient, Juror 7 changes his vote to hasten the deliberation, coincidentally, it begins to storm outside, rendering his selfish decision pointless. Jurors 12 and 1 then change their votes, leaving only three dissenters, Jurors 3,4 and 10, Juror 10 then vents a torrent of condemnation of slum-born people, claiming they are no better than animals who kill for fun. Most of the others turn their backs to him, except for Juror 4, Juror 12 then reverts his vote, making the vote 8–4
24.
Stage Struck (1958 film)
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Stage Struck is a 1958 American drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, and stars Henry Fonda, Susan Strasberg and Christopher Plummer in his film debut. It was based on the 1925 Paramount Pictures film of the same name, and Adolphe Menjou in corresponding roles. New Englander Eva Lovelace, an intent on conquering the Broadway stage, is willing to sacrifice everything, including her love for suave producer Lewis Easton. Her trials and tribulations ultimately lead to a moment of triumph when she steps in for temperamental. Henry Fonda as Lewis Easton Susan Strasberg as Eva Lovelace Christopher Plummer as Joe Sheridan Joan Greenwood as Rita Vernon Herbert Marshall as Robert Harley Hedges Pat Harrington, in his review in the New York Times, A. H. Weiler opined, the moviemakers. Obviously are devoted people, whose emotions, unfortunately, rarely move a viewer, the fact is that the bare bones of the plot. Do not constitute a great revelation in a sophisticated age, Susan Strasberg. is competent as the determined Eva Lovelace. She is petite and fragile and sometimes expressive but strangely pallid in a role that would seem to call for fire, Christopher Plummer. is restrained but effective. It makes a nice show even if it is not stirring, list of American films of 1958 Stage Struck at the American Film Institute Catalog Stage Struck at the Internet Movie Database Stage Struck at Turner Classic Movies Stage Struck at AllMovie
25.
That Kind of Woman
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That Kind of Woman is an American drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, who was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival. It stars Sophia Loren and Tab Hunter, the screenplay by Walter Bernstein, based on a short story by Robert Lowry, is highly reminiscent of the 1938 film The Shopworn Angel. The Paramount Pictures release was filmed on location in New York City and Long Beach, the film is set in New York City in June 1944, during World War II. Kay is a sophisticated Italian woman, the mistress of a Manhattan millionaire industrialist known simply as The Man, eventually the woman finds herself torn between her upscale life in a Sutton Place apartment and the prospect of true love with the GI. Sophia Loren. Carlo Ponti, Marcello Girosi Original Music, hal Pereira, Roland Anderson Costume Design. TV Guide describes it as a ridiculously clichéd soap opera with the kind of artificial shallowness that mars many of Lorens pictures. That Kind of Woman at the Internet Movie Database That Kind of Woman at the TCM Movie Database
26.
The Fugitive Kind
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For the 1937 Tennessee Williams play, see Fugitive Kind. The Fugitive Kind is a 1960 American drama film starring Marlon Brando and Anna Magnani, the screenplay by Meade Roberts and Tennessee Williams was based on the latters 1957 play Orpheus Descending, itself a revision of his unproduced 1940 work Battle of Angels. Despite being set in the Deep South, the United Artists release was filmed in Milton, at the 1960 San Sebastián International Film Festival, it won the Silver Seashell for Sidney Lumet and the Zulueta Prize for Best Actress for Joanne Woodward. The film is available on videotape and DVD, a two-disc DVD edition by The Criterion Collection was released in April 2010. A stage production took place in 2010 at the Arclight Theatre starring Michael Brando, grandson of Marlon Brando. This particular production used the film version of the text as opposed to the original play. Valentine Snakeskin Xavier, a drifter, flees New Orleans in order to avoid arrest. He finds work in a small-town five-and-dime owned by an older woman known as Lady Torrance. Both alcoholic nymphomaniac Carol Cutrere and simple housewife Vee Talbott set their sights on the newcomer, but Val succumbs to the charms of Lady, who plans to set him up with a refreshment bar. Sheriff Talbott, a friend of Jabe, threatens to kill Val if he remains in town and his decision sparks Jabes jealousy and leads to tragic consequences. Marlon Brando as Valentine Snakeskin Xavier Joanne Woodward as Carol Cutrere Anna Magnani as Lady Torrance Maureen Stapleton as Vee Talbot Victor Jory as Jabe Torrance R. G. Armstrong as Sheriff Jordan Talbot John Baragrey as David Cutrere Vergilia Chew as Nurse Porter Ben Yaffee as Dog Hamma Joe Brown, Miss Woodward is perhaps a bit too florid for full credibility. But Miss Stapletons housewife is touching and Victor Jory is simply superb as the inhuman, an excellent musical score by Kenyon Hopkins, laced with crystalline sounds and guitar strains, enhances the mood of sadness in this sensitive film. The Time Out London Film Guide feels that despite its stellar credentials, some dialogue from a scene in the film was used by Australian hip hop trio Bliss n Eso in their song Never Land, off their album Running on Air. List of American films of 1960 The Fugitive Kind at the Internet Movie Database The Fugitive Kind at AllMovie The Fugitive Kind at the TCM Movie Database
27.
A View from the Bridge (film)
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A View from the Bridge is a 1962 French-Italian drama film directed by Sidney Lumet with a screenplay by Norman Rosten based on the play of the same name written by Arthur Miller. It was filmed in English and French versions, and its exterior sequences were filmed on location on the waterfront of Brooklyn, New York, where the play, however, this overture was intended as an accusation of someone being gay, rather than a romantic expression. In Film Quarterly, Pauline Kael called the not so much a drama as a sentence thats been passed on the audience. Stanley Kauffmans review for The New Republic was titled The Unadaptable Adapted, however, The one great obstruction to the drama — and a fatal obstruction it becomes—is the slowly evolving demonstration that the principal character is a boor. As much as his nigh-incestuous passion and his subsequent jealousy may be credible and touching, they are low in the emotional scale and are obviously seamy. They havent the universal scope of greed or envy or ambition or such obsessions as drive men to ruin, the film is more commonly remembered today for a shocking set piece, in which Eddie kisses Rodolpho full on the lips to prove that the boy is gay. For his performance as Eddie Carbone, Raf Vallone won the David di Donatello for Best Actor, a View from the Bridge at the Internet Movie Database
28.
Long Day's Journey into Night (1962 film)
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Long Days Journey into Night is a 1962 adaptation of the Eugene ONeill play. It was directed by Sidney Lumet and produced by Ely Landau with Joseph E. Levine and Jack J. Dreyfus, the screenplay was not adapted but used directly from ONeills play, the music score by André Previn, and the cinematography by Boris Kaufman. It was shot at Chelsea Studios in New York City, the exteriors were shot on City Island. The film has been restored and preserved by UCLA Film & Television Archive, the film concerns a fateful, heart-rending day in August 1912 at the seaside Connecticut home of the Tyrone family. One theme of the play is addiction and the dysfunction of the family. They all constantly conceal, blame, resent, regret, accuse and deny in a cycle of conflict with occasional desperate and half-sincere attempts at affection, encouragement. You cannot stay in business by making ONeill pictures, he said, katharine Hepburn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Katharine Hepburn, Ralph Richardson, Jason Robards and Dean Stockwell all won the Best Actor/Actress award at the 1962 Cannes Film Festival, the film was also nominated for the Palme dOr
29.
The Pawnbroker (film)
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The Pawnbroker is a 1964 film directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Rod Steiger, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Brock Peters, Jaime Sánchez and Morgan Freeman in his feature film debut. It was adapted by Morton S. Fine and David Friedkin from the novel of the name by Edward Lewis Wallant. It was the first American film to deal with the Holocaust from the viewpoint of a survivor and it earned international acclaim for Steiger, launching his career as an A-list actor. The film was among the first American movies to feature nudity during the Production Code, although it was publicly announced to be a special exception, the controversy proved to be first of similar major challenges to the Code that ultimately led to its abandonment. In 2008, The Pawnbroker was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, Sol Nazerman, a German-Jewish university professor, was dragged to a camp along with his family. He saw his two children die and his wife raped by Nazi officers in the camp, now he operates a pawnshop in East Harlem, while living in an anonymous Long Island apartment. Numbed by his experiences, he has worked hard not to experience emotions, Nazerman is bitter and alienated, viewing the people around him as rejects, scum. He is shown interacting cynically as he bargains with the many desperate characters pawning their goods, Nazerman learns that Rodriguez, a racketeer who uses the pawnshop as a front, makes his money through prostitution. Nazerman recalls his wifes degradation and wants no part of it and this results in a clash with Rodriguez, who threatens to kill Nazerman. Meanwhile, Ortiz, his feelings hurt when Nazerman says that Ortiz means nothing to him, during the robbery, Nazerman refuses to hand over his money. Ortiz takes the gang members bullet intended for Nazerman and dies in Nazermans arms in the street. He received $50,000 for his performance, far lower than his usual rate, because he trusted Lumet, Lumet, who took over the film after Arthur Hiller was fired, initially had misgivings about Steiger being cast in the lead role. He felt that Steiger was a rather tasteless actor—awfully talented, Lumet preferred James Mason for the role, and comic Groucho Marx was among the actors who had wanted to play Nazerman. However, Steiger pleasantly surprised Lumet when he agreed with him during rehearsals on the repression of the characters feelings, Lumet felt that ultimately Steiger worked out fine. In a 1999 televised interview, actor Rod Steiger revealed an inspiration he took from a source of art. The scene in the film was in the last minutes of The Pawnbroker, the Pawnbroker tells the story of a man whose spiritual death in the concentration camps causes him to bury himself in the most dismal location that he can find, a slum in upper Manhattan. Lumet told the New York Times in an interview during the filming that and its outside Harlem, in housing projects, office buildings, even the Long Island suburbs, everywhere we show on the screen—that everything is conformist, sterile, dead
30.
Fail Safe (1964 film)
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Fail Safe is a 1964 Cold War thriller film directed by Sidney Lumet, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler. It portrays a fictional account of a nuclear crisis, the film features performances by actors Henry Fonda, Dan OHerlihy, Walter Matthau and Frank Overton. Larry Hagman, Fritz Weaver, Dom DeLuise and Sorrell Booke appeared in film roles. Fail Safe describes how Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States lead to an accidental thermonuclear first strike after an error sends a group of US bombers to bomb Moscow. In 2000, the novel was adapted again as a play, starring George Clooney, Richard Dreyfuss and Noah Wyle. Defense protocols dictate that SAC must keep several bomber groups airborne 24 hours a day in the event of an attack on the United States. Following the alert, bombers are ordered to proceed to predetermined aerial fail-safe points to await the final go-ahead before proceeding towards Soviet targets, shortly after they reach those points, the alert is canceled. The intruder is identified as a civilian airliner. However, an error results in a go code being sent to one bomber group, ordering them to attack their predetermined target. SAC headquarters begins trying to rescind the order and it fails because a new Soviet countermeasure has begun radio jamming communications between the bomber group and SAC. With his orders apparently confirmed, Colonel Jack Grady, the US bomber groups commander, with pressure mounting, the President of the United States and his advisers attempt to recall the group or shoot them down. Communications are initiated with the Soviet Chairman in which mistakes on both sides are acknowledged, the jamming ceases, but the crew follows their training and protocols and dismisses the counter-orders as a Soviet ruse. The President struggles to find a resolution that will stop the Soviet Union from launching a counterattack, if he fails and he offers to sacrifice an American target to appease the Soviets, and he orders an American bomber towards New York City. The Presidents advisers in the Pentagon discover that the President has sacrificed the First Lady, the lone surviving American bomber devastates Moscow. The President orders General Black, whose wife and children live in New York, to drop the same nuclear payload on that city, after releasing the bombs, Black, who is flying the bomber, commits suicide. The last moments of the film images of people in New York going about their daily lives. The film was shot in black and white, in a dramatic, theatrical style with claustrophobic close-ups, sharp shadows, there was no musical underscoring or any music played, except as radio background during a scene at an Air Force base in Alaska. With few exceptions, the takes place largely in the White House underground bunker, the Pentagon war conference room, the SAC war room
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The Hill (film)
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The Hill is a 1965 film directed by Sidney Lumet, set in a British army prison in North Africa in the Second World War. It stars Sean Connery, Harry Andrews, Ian Bannen, Ossie Davis, Ian Hendry, Alfred Lynch, Roy Kinnear, the arrival of five new prisoners slowly leads to a clash with the camp authorities. One new NCO guard who has also just arrived employs excessive punishments, Roberts openly scorns Williamss brutality and serves as challenge to his authority. The RSM is a soldier who sees his vital task as breaking down failed soldiers, then building them back up again, in his words. Staff Sergeant Williams is new to the prison, and his ambition is matched only by his treatment of the prisoners. And what are you supposed to be, Roberts asks him when he is accused of cowardice in battle, a brave man in a permanent base job. The RSM seems to agree, in another scene, he mentions the fact that the Germans were bombing the UK just as Williams was volunteering for prison duty in Africa. Staff Sergeant Harris is the conscience of the prison who sympathises with the men, too closely, the officers, both the CO and the Medical Officer, take their duties casually and, as Roberts points out, everyone is doing time here, even the screws. In the finale, the camps Medical Officer and Staff Sergeant Harris decide to report the abuses at the camp, the film was based on a screenplay by Ray Rigby, who wrote for TV and had spent time in military prison. Movie rights were bought by Seven Arts Productions who had a deal with MGM. Producer Kenneth Hyman arranged for Rigbys script to be rewritten by other people but when Sidney Lumet came on board as director and he and Rigby did cut out around 100 pages of material before filming. There really isnt a lot of story, said Lumet and its all character - a group of men, prisoners and jailers alike, driven by the same motive force, fear. Sean Connery agreed to play the lead because it represented such a change of pace from James Bond and it is only because of my reputation as Bond that the backers put up the money for The Hill, he said. Lumet says he told Connery before filming began that, Im going to make demands of you, physically and emotionally. The result is beyond my hopes and he is real and tough and not at all smooth or nice. In a way hes a heavy but the real heavy is the Army, filming took place in Almeria, Spain starting 8 September 1964. An old Spanish fort in Málaga was used for the prison, the Hill did not perform well in movie theatres, although it received excellent reviews. Ray Rigby published a novel of the story in 1965, the Hill at the Internet Movie Database The Hill at Rotten Tomatoes The Hill at the TCM Movie Database The Hill at AllMovie The Hill at the American Film Institute Catalog
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The Group (film)
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The cast of this social satire includes Candice Bergen, Joan Hackett, Elizabeth Hartman, Shirley Knight, Jessica Walter, Kathleen Widdoes, and Joanna Pettet. The film also features small roles for Hal Holbrook, Carrie Nye, James Broderick, Larry Hagman, for its time, the film touched on controversial topics, such as free love, contraception, abortion, lesbianism, and mental illness. After their university days, eight women go their separate ways, Lakey, always regarded as their leader, leaves for Europe to begin a new life on her own. The domestic lives of the others go mainly awry, priss has married a doctor but has two miscarriages. Kay weds a playwright who cheats on her, dottie gives up a flamboyant lifestyle in Greenwich Village to settle down with a dull Arizona businessman. Pokey has her hands full with two sets of twins, with the wars intensity building in Europe in 1939, Lakey returns home. When the others discover that the woman with her is more than just a traveling companion, after a tragedy that results in the death of one of the women in 1940, Lakey leads them to the funeral for one last time together as a group. It was the 25th highest-grossing film of 1966, the Group was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on January 15,2011, via the MGM Choice Collection as a Region 1 manufacture-on-demand DVD. Variety wrote that the film is faithful to the novel but retains too much detail, Joan Hackett was nominated for the British BAFTA Film Award for the best foreign actress. The film was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival in 1966, list of American films of 1966 The Group at the Internet Movie Database The Group at AllMovie
