1.
Romanian Television
–
Televiziunea Română, more commonly referred to as TVR, is the short name for Societatea Românǎ de Televiziune, or SRTV—Romanian public television. It operates five channels, TVR1, TVR2, TVR3, TVRi and TVR HD, along with six regional studios in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Craiova, of the regional studios of TVR only TVR Cluj broadcasts independently all over Transylvania. The other broadcast usually at the time on TVR2 and sometimes on TVR1. TVR1 has a national coverage of 99. 8% and TVR2 has 91% coverage—all of the other channels. Even though it not have the largest audience, it offers a wider variety of services, including webcasts. TVR is often slammed for being politicised and for being based on a hybrid financing system, drawing from the budget, a special TV tax. Civil society pressures to achieve depoliticisation of TVR have not yet been fruitful, TVR was established in 1956, in Bucharest and had its first broadcast on 31 December from a little building on Molière Street no.2. TVR moved in 1969 to a new building, the specially built television center on Dorobanților Avenue, a second channel, TVR2, was created in 1968. From 1966 to 1980, TVR had an open program policy, many films, serials, cartoons and other programs from the US and Western Europe were broadcast on the two main channels. In 1983, TVR introduced color television, although the rest of the Eastern Bloc countries adopted the Soviet-backed SECAM system, TVR chose to implement the PAL system. During the Revolution of December 1989, TVR was an important focal point of the events, rebels occupied the TVR building, in the afternoon of 22 December and announced that the Ceaușescus had fled. TVR changed its name to Televiziunea Română Liberă, Free Romanian Television, on 17 February 1990, TVR2 resumed broadcasting and TVRL became TVR1. But TVR would remain an instrument in the hands of the newly created National Salvation Front. FSN used TVRL, by far the most widely penetrating information source at that time in Romania, to protesters who were demanding a Communist-free government. This culminated with the June 1990 riots in central Bucharest, crushed by the miners called in by president Ion Iliescu, after the riots ended, Iliescu was shown on TV congratulating the miners for restoring law and order. A little while later, following protests from civil society, TVRL abandoned the L, after 1990, lacking any strategy, TVR fell into a deep crisis of identity. TVR changed its identity several times without any particular reason, on 1 January 1993, TVR, as a part of Radioteleviziunea Româna, was admitted as a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union. In 1995, TVRi was launched on 1 December, Great Union Day, in 1998, TVR International was renamed TV Romania International, with a completely different identity
2.
Voting
–
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting, residents of a place represented by an elected official are called constituents, and those constituents who cast a ballot for their chosen candidate are called voters. In a democracy, a government is chosen by voting in an election, in a representative democracy voting is the method by which the electorate appoints its representatives in its government. In a direct democracy, voting is the method by which the electorate directly make decisions, turn bills into laws, a secret ballot has come to be the practice to prevent voters from being intimidated and to protect their political privacy. Voting usually takes place at a station, it is voluntary in some countries, compulsory in others. Different voting systems use different types of votes, a Plurality voting system does not require the winner to achieve a vote majority, or more than fifty percent of the total votes cast. In a voting system uses a single vote per race. A side effect of a vote per race is vote splitting, which tends to elect candidates that do not support centrism. An alternative to a system is approval voting. To understand why a vote per race tends to favor less centric candidates. If five marbles are assigned names and are placed up for election, the reason is that the three green marbles will split the votes of those who prefer green. In fact, in analogy, the only way that a green marble is likely to win is if more than sixty percent of the voters prefer green. If the experiment is repeated with other colors, the color that is in the majority will still rarely win, in other words, from a purely mathematical perspective, a single-vote system tends to favor a winner that is different from the majority. A development on the single system is to have two-round elections. The winner must receive a majority, which is more than half, if subsequent votes must be used, often a candidate, the one with the fewest votes or anyone who wants to move their support to another candidate, is removed from the ballot. An alternative to the Two-round voting system is the single round instant-runoff voting system as used in elections in Australia, Ireland. Voters rank each candidate in order of preference, votes are distributed to each candidate according to the preferences allocated. If no single candidate has 50% or more votes than the candidate with the least votes is excluded, the process repeating itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes
3.
Romanian language
–
Romanian is a Romance language spoken by around 24 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language. It has official status in Romania and the Republic of Moldova and it is one of the official languages of the European Union and the Latin Union. Romanian is a part of the Balkan-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin separated from the Western Romance during the 5th–8th centuries. To distinguish it within that group in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. Eastern Romance languages, like the branches of Romance languages, descend from Vulgar Latin. These vestiges of military usage are unique to Romanian in its language family. s. o, sat village, șes plain, a supune, tindă veranda, țară homeland a. s. o. This linguistic evidence challenges the Roeslerian theory, the vestiges from sermo castrensis particularize the Romanian language in the neolatin area, together with its isolated history. e. With Rom. māgurā and Alb. magulë etc, the Roman Empire withdrew from Dacia in 271–272 AD, leaving it to the Goths. The history of Eastern Romance between the 3rd century and the development of Proto-Romanian by the 10th century, when the area came under the influence of the Byzantine Empire, is unknown. It is a matter of debate whether Proto-Romanian developed among Romanized people who were left behind in Dacia by the Roman withdrawal or among Latin-speakers in the Balkans south of the Danube, during the Middle Ages, Romanian became influenced by the Slavic languages and to some degree by Greek. Romanian remains unattested throughout the Middle Ages, and only enters the record in the early 16th century. The use of the denomination Romanian for our language and use of the demonym Romanians for speakers of this language predates the foundation of the modern Romanian state. In 1534, Tranquillo Andronico notes, Valachi nunc se Romanos vocant, francesco della Valle writes in 1532 that Romanians are calling themselves Romans in their own language, and he subsequently quotes the expression, Știi Românește. After travelling through Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania Ferrante Capecci accounts in 1575 that the population of these regions call themselves românești. Pierre Lescalopier writes in 1574 that those who live in Moldavia, Wallachia, the Transylvanian Saxon Johann Lebel writes in 1542 that Vlachi se numeau între ei Romuini and the Polish chronicler Stanislaw Orzechowski notes in 1554 that în limba lor walachii se numesc romini. In Palia de la Orăștie stands written «, că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. și le-au dăruit voo fraților români. », nevertheless, the oldest extant document written in Romanian remains Neacșus letter and was written using Cyrillic letters. There are no records of any documents written in Romanian from before 1521
4.
Stephen III of Moldavia
–
Stephen III of Moldavia, known as Stephen the Great was voivode of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son and co-ruler of Bogdan II of Moldavia who was murdered in 1451, Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia. With the support of Vlad the Impaler, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia, Teoctist I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed him prince. Stephen continued to pay a tribute to the Ottoman Empire. He broke into Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, Stephen decided to recapture Chilia, an important port on the Danube, which brought him into conflict with Hungary and Wallachia. He besieged the town during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia in 1462, two years later, he captured the town. He promised support to the leaders of the Three Nations of Transylvania against Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Corvinus invaded Moldavia, but Stephen defeated him in the Battle of Baia. Peter Aaron broke into Moldavia with Hungarian support in December 1470, Peter Aaron and the boyars who had supported him were executed. He restored the old fortresses and erected new ones, which improved the system of Moldavia. The Ottomans expansion threatened the Moldavian ports in the region of the Black Sea, Stephen stopped paying tribute to the Ottoman sultan in 1473. Stephen defeated a large Ottoman army in the Battle of Vaslui in 1475, in 1476, the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, routed him in the Battle of Valea Albă, but the lack of provisions and the outbreak of a plague forced the Ottomans to withdraw from Moldavia. Taking advantage of a truce with Matthias Corvinus, the Ottomans captured Chilia, Corvinus granted two Transylvanian estates to Stephen to compensate him for the loss of the two ports. Stephen paid homage to Casimir IV of Poland who promised to him to regain Chilia and Cetatea Albă. From 1486, Stephen again paid a tribute to the Ottomans. During the following years, dozens of churches and monasteries were built in Moldavia. Casimir IVs successor, John I Albert, wanted to grant Moldavia to his brother, Sigismund. John Albert broke into Moldavia in 1497, but Stephen and his Hungarian and Ottoman allies routed the Polish army in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. Stephen again tried to recapture Chilia and Cetatea Albă, but he had to acknowledge the loss of the two ports to the Ottomans in 1503, during his last years, his son and co-ruler, Bogdan III, played an active role in the government
5.
Stephen the Great
–
Stephen III of Moldavia, known as Stephen the Great was voivode of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son and co-ruler of Bogdan II of Moldavia who was murdered in 1451, Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia. With the support of Vlad the Impaler, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia, Teoctist I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed him prince. Stephen continued to pay a tribute to the Ottoman Empire. He broke into Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, Stephen decided to recapture Chilia, an important port on the Danube, which brought him into conflict with Hungary and Wallachia. He besieged the town during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia in 1462, two years later, he captured the town. He promised support to the leaders of the Three Nations of Transylvania against Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Corvinus invaded Moldavia, but Stephen defeated him in the Battle of Baia. Peter Aaron broke into Moldavia with Hungarian support in December 1470, Peter Aaron and the boyars who had supported him were executed. He restored the old fortresses and erected new ones, which improved the system of Moldavia. The Ottomans expansion threatened the Moldavian ports in the region of the Black Sea, Stephen stopped paying tribute to the Ottoman sultan in 1473. Stephen defeated a large Ottoman army in the Battle of Vaslui in 1475, in 1476, the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, routed him in the Battle of Valea Albă, but the lack of provisions and the outbreak of a plague forced the Ottomans to withdraw from Moldavia. Taking advantage of a truce with Matthias Corvinus, the Ottomans captured Chilia, Corvinus granted two Transylvanian estates to Stephen to compensate him for the loss of the two ports. Stephen paid homage to Casimir IV of Poland who promised to him to regain Chilia and Cetatea Albă. From 1486, Stephen again paid a tribute to the Ottomans. During the following years, dozens of churches and monasteries were built in Moldavia. Casimir IVs successor, John I Albert, wanted to grant Moldavia to his brother, Sigismund. John Albert broke into Moldavia in 1497, but Stephen and his Hungarian and Ottoman allies routed the Polish army in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. Stephen again tried to recapture Chilia and Cetatea Albă, but he had to acknowledge the loss of the two ports to the Ottomans in 1503, during his last years, his son and co-ruler, Bogdan III, played an active role in the government
6.
Carol I of Romania
–
Carol I, born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the ruler of Romania from 1866 to 1914. He was elected Ruling Prince of the Romanian United Principalities on 20 April 1866 after the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza by a palace coup détat, in May 1877, he proclaimed Romania an independent and sovereign nation. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War secured Romanian independence and he was proclaimed King of Romania on 26 March 1881. He was the first ruler of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty, which ruled the country until the proclamation of a republic in 1947, during his reign, Carol I personally led Romanian troops during the Russo-Turkish War and assumed command of the Russo/Romanian army during the siege of Plevna. The country achieved internationally recognized independence via the Treaty of Berlin,1878 and he married Princess Elisabeth of Wied in Neuwied on 15 November 1869. They only had one daughter, Maria, who died at the age of three, Carol never produced a male heir, leaving his elder brother Leopold next in line to the throne. In October 1880 Leopold renounced his right of succession in favour of his son William, who in turn surrendered his claim six years later in favour of his younger brother, after finishing his elementary studies, Karl entered the Cadet School in Münster. In 1857 he was attending the courses of the Artillery School in Berlin, up to 1866, when he accepted the crown of Romania, he was a Prussian officer. He took part in the Second Schleswig War, including the assault of the Fredericia citadel and Dybbøl, an experience which would be very useful to him later in the Russo-Turkish war. Although he was frail and not very tall, prince Karl was reported to be the perfect soldier, healthy and disciplined. He was familiar with several European languages and his family was closely related to the Bonaparte family, they enjoyed very good relations with Napoleon III of France. The former Domnitor of united Romania, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, had expelled from the country by the leading noblemen. Cuzas double election, both in Wallachia and in Moldavia) had been the basis on which the Romanian Principalities unification was recognized by the European powers, with him gone, the country was in danger of disintegration. As Romanian politicians searched for a successor, Napoleon suggested Karl, napoleons recommendation weighed heavily with Romanian politicians of the time, since Romania was strongly influenced by French culture. Another factor was Karls blood relation to the ruling Prussian family, ion Brătianu was the Romanian politician who was sent to negotiate with Karl and his family the possibility of installing him on the Romanian throne. Due to the conflict between Prussia and the Austrian Empire, Karl travelled incognito by railroad from Düsseldorf to Baziaș. He received there a Swiss passport from a Swiss public clerk, friend of his family, from Baziaș he travelled by boat to Turnu Severin, as there was no railroad to Romania. As he crossed the border onto Romanian soil, he was met by Brătianu and he was elected Domnitor on 20 April
7.
Mihai Eminescu
–
Mihai Eminescu was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, often regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Eminescu was an member of the Junimea literary society and worked as an editor for the newspaper Timpul. His poetry was first published when he was 16 and he went to Vienna to study when he was 19. The poets Manuscripts, containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000 pages, were offered by Titu Maiorescu as a gift to the Romanian Academy during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902, notable works include Luceafărul, Odă în metru antic, and the five Letters. In his poems he frequently used metaphysical, mythological and historical subjects and his father was Gheorghe Eminovici from Călinești, a Moldavian village in Suceava county, Bucovina, which was then part of the Austrian Empire. He crossed the border into Moldavia, settling in Ipotești, near the town of Botoșani and he married Raluca Iurașcu, an heiress of an old aristocratic Moldavian family. The date of his birth was confirmed by the elder sister, Aglae Drogli. Mihail or Mihai was born in Botoșani, Moldavia and he spent his early childhood in Botoșani and Ipotești, in his parents family home. From 1858 to 1866 he attended school in Cernăuți and he finished 4th grade as the 5th of 82 students, after which he attended two years of gymnasium. The first evidence of Eminescu as a writer is in 1866, on 25 February his poem De-aș avea was published in Iosif Vulcans literary magazine Familia in Pest. This began a series of published poems. Also, it was Iosif Vulcan, who disliked the Slavic source suffix -ici of the poets last name. In 1867, he joined Iorgu Caragiales troupe as a clerk and prompter, both of these were among the leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter including Matei Millo and Fanny Tardini-Vlădicescu. He soon settled in Bucharest, where at the end of November he became a clerk, throughout this period, he continued to write and publish poems. He also paid his rent by translating hundreds of pages of a book by Heinrich Theodor Rotscher, also at this time he began his novel Geniu pustiu, published posthumously in 1904 in an unfinished form. On 1 April 1869, he was one of the co-founders of the Orient literary circle, whose interests included the gathering of Romanian folklore, on 29 June, various members of the Orient group were commissioned to go to different provinces. That summer, he quite by chance ran into his brother Iorgu, an officer, in Cișmigiu Gardens. Still in summer 1869, he left Pascalys troupe and traveled to Cernăuţi and he renewed ties to his family, his father promised him a regular allowance to pursue studies in Vienna in the fall
8.
Michael the Brave
–
Michael the Brave was the Prince of Wallachia, Prince of Moldavia and de facto ruler of Transylvania. He is considered one of Romanias greatest national heroes and he is seen by the Romanian historiography as the first author of Romanian unity and his rule over Wallachia began in the autumn of 1593. Two years later, war with the Ottomans began, a conflict in which the Prince fought the Battle of Călugăreni, the war continued until a peace finally emerged in January 1597, but this lasted for only a year and a half. Peace was again reached in late 1599, when Michael was unable to continue the war due to lack of support from his allies, in 1599, Michael won the Battle of Şelimbăr and soon entered Alba Iulia, becoming the imperial governor of Transylvania. A few months later, Michaels troops invaded Moldavia and reached its capital, the Moldavian leader Ieremia Movilă fled to Poland and Michael was declared Prince of Moldavia. Michael kept the control of all three provinces for less than a year before the nobles of Transylvania and certain boyars in Moldavia and Wallachia rose against him in a series of revolts. Thereafter, Michael allied with the Imperial General Giorgio Basta and defeated an uprising of the Hungarian nobility at Gurăslău in Transylvania, immediately after this victory, Rudolf ordered the assassination of Michael, an action carried out on 9 August 1601 by Bastas men. Michael was born under the name of Pătraşcu. In 1601, during a stay in Prague, he was portrayed by the painter Aegidius Sadeler, who mentioned on the portrait the words aetatis XLIII, Very little is known about his childhood and early years as an adult. His mother was Theodora Kantakouzene, a member of the Kantakouzenoi, a noble family present in Wallachia and Moldavia, the latter had him swear before 12 boyars that he was not of princely descent. Still, in May 1593 conflict did break out between Alexandru and Michael, who was forced to flee to Transylvania and he was accompanied by his half-brother Radu Florescu, Radu Buzescu and several other supporters. He was supported by the English ambassador in the Ottoman capital, Edward Barton, Michael was invested Prince by Sultan Murad III in September 1593 and started his effective rule on 11 October. He was considered a traitor as he had forced to purchase the title of Domnitor. Not long after Michael became Prince of Wallachia, he turned against the Ottoman Empire, Mihai continued his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of Nicopolis, Ribnic, and Chilia and even reaching as far as Adrianople. In 1595, Sigismund Báthory staged a plot and had Aaron the Tyrant, voivode of Moldavia. Ştefan Răzvan arrested Aron on charges of treason on the night of 24 April and sent him to the Transylvanian capital at Alba Iulia with his family, Aron would die poisoned by the end of May in the castle of Vinc. Sigismund was forced to justify his actions before the European powers, later on, in the same city of Alba Iulia, Wallachian boyars signed a treaty with Sigismund on Michaels behalf. According to the treaty, a council of 12 great boyars was to take part alongside the voivode in the rule of the country
9.
Richard Wurmbrand
–
Richard Wurmbrand was a Romanian Christian minister of Jewish descent. In 1948, having become a Christian 10 years before, he dared to say that Communism. As a result, he experienced imprisonment and torture by the then Communist regime of Romania, after serving five years of a second prison sentence, he was ransomed for $10,000. His colleagues in Romania urged him to leave the country and work for freedom from a location less personally dangerous. He wrote more than 18 books, the most widely known being Tortured for Christ, variations of his works have been translated into more than 60 languages. He founded the international organization Voice of the Martyrs, which continues to aid Christians around the world who are persecuted for their faith, Richard Wurmbrand, the youngest of four boys, was born in 1909 in Bucharest in a Jewish family. He lived with his family in Istanbul for a short while, his father died when he was 9, as an adolescent, he was sent to study Marxism in Moscow, but returned clandestinely the following year. Pursued by Siguranţa Statului, he was arrested and held in Doftana prison, when returning to his mother country, Wurmbrand was already an important Comintern agent, leader and coordinator directly paid from Moscow. Like other Romanian communists he was arrested several times, then sentenced and released again and he married Sabina Oster on October 26,1936. Wurmbrand and his wife converted to Christianity in 1938 due to the witness of Christian Wolfkes, Wurmbrand was ordained twice – first as an Anglican, then, after World War II, as a Lutheran minister. In 1944, when the Soviet Union occupied Romania as the first step to establishing a communist regime, Wurmbrand began a ministry to his Romanian countrymen, when the government attempted to control churches, he immediately began an underground ministry to his people. Richard is remembered for his courage in standing up in a gathering of church leaders and he was arrested on February 29,1948, while on his way to church services. Wurmbrand, who passed through the facilities of Craiova, Gherla, the Danube–Black Sea Canal, Văcăreşti prison, Malmaison, Cluj. This confinement was in a twelve feet underground, with no lights or windows. There was no sound because even the guards wore felt on the soles of their shoes and he later recounted that he maintained his sanity by sleeping during the day, staying awake at night, and exercising his mind and soul by composing and then delivering a sermon each night. Due to his memory, he was able to recall more than 350 of those, a selection of which he included in his book With God in Solitary Confinement. During part of time, he communicated with other inmates by tapping out Morse code on the wall. In this way he continued to be sunlight to fellow inmates rather than dwell on the lack of physical light, Wurmbrand was released from his first imprisonment in 1956, after eight and a half years
.jpg)