1.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Cariboo Regional District
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The Cariboo Regional District spans the Cities and Districts of Quesnel, Williams Lake,100 Mile House, and Wells in the Central Interior of British Columbia. The Canada 2006 Census population was 62,190 persons living on an area of 80,629.34 km². It covers the area from 70 Mile House to Hixon, just south of Prince George, twelve electoral area directors and four municipal directors govern the affairs of the Cariboo Regional District. The electoral area directors are elected by voters, and municipal directors are appointed by their municipal council. All directors serve for a four-year term, the Cariboo Regional District provides region-wide library services, recreational facilities, and local fire protection. The Cariboo District and 100 Mile House are featured prominently in Al Purdys poem The Cariboo Horses to examine the tradition of equinity against human civilization, Cariboo A is a regional district electoral area in the Cariboo Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. The electoral area is located along the east side of the Fraser River south of Quesnel, electoral areas have no administrative or governmental significance, they are used only to elect rural representatives to regional district boards. According to the Canada 2001 Census, Population,6,428 % Change, -2.0 Dwellings,2,481 Area,783.54 Density,8
5.
Cathy McLeod
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Cathy McLeod is a Canadian politician, who was elected to represent the electoral district of Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo in the 2008 Canadian federal election. She is a member of the Conservative Party, McLeod was born in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. In 1981, McLeod completed training from the University of Western Ontario as a registered nurse, in 2008, McLeod was elected Member of Parliament for the Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo riding. She was re-elected in the 2011 federal election with 52% of the ridings vote,30,2011, she became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Revenue. On Sept.19,2013, she became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Labour, Cathy McLeod Cathy McLeod – Parliament of Canada biography
6.
Conservative Party of Canada
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The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum, the partys leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015. The Conservative Party is the successor to multiple right-wing parties which have existed in Canada for over a century, until 1942, one of the partys predecessors was known as the Conservative Party of Canada, and participated in numerous governments. Before 1942, the predecessors to the Conservatives had multiple names, but by 1942, in 1957, John Diefenbaker became the first Prime Minister from the Progressive Conservative Party, and remained in office until 1963. Another Progressive Conservative government was elected after the results of the 1979 federal election, Clark served from 1979 to 1980, when he was defeated by the Liberal Party after the 1980 federal election. In 1984, the Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney becoming Prime Minister, Mulroney was Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993, and his government was marked by free trade agreements and economic liberalization. A similar result occurred in 1997, and in 2000, when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, in 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. The party is currently being led by interim leader Rona Ambrose as it is undergoing a leadership election, which will take place in 2017. John Lynch-Staunton served as leader of the newly created Conservative Party of Canada from 8 December 2003 until 20 March 2004. On 19 January 2016, the party announced that a permanent leader will be elected on 27 May 2017, the National Council is the partys national governing body that is elected by the Conservative Party membership at its bi-annual meetings. A National Councillor is elected for a term and cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms. The party president is elected by National Council following their election, since 2016, the President of the Conservative Party has been Scott Lamb, a councillor representing British Columbia. The party President is the conduit between the Party Leader and the National Council, don Plett interim until 2005 John Walsh Scott Lamb The Executive Director answers to the party President, and is responsible for the day-to-day management and operations of the party. From February 2009 to October 2013, the Executive Director was Dan Hilton, from October to December 2013, the Acting Executive Director was Dave Forestell. Dimitri Soudas was named the new Executive Director in December 2013, on 30 March 2014, Soudas was told to resign or be fired from the position after allegedly interfering with the nomination contest taking place in his fiancees riding. On 30 March 2014, Simon Thompson was named as interim Executive Director, Thompson was previously the partys Chief Information Officer. In July 2014, Dustin Van Vugt was brought in as the Deputy Executive Director – a position created specifically for him, in October 2014, Van Vugts position was unanimously ratified by the partys National Council, and Thompson became the Chief Operations Officer. The Director of Political Operations reports to the Executive Director, and is one of the most important positions within the party
7.
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
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The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia is one of two components of the Parliament of British Columbia, while the other is the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as Members of the Legislative Assembly, the current Parliament is the 40th Parliament. The most recent general election was the British Columbia general election held on May 14,2013, proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast to cable viewers in the province by Hansard Broadcasting Services
8.
Liberal Party of British Columbia
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The British Columbia Liberal Party is a centre-right provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada. The Party leads a majority government with leader Christy Clark as Premier of British Columbia, first elected into provincial government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party of British Columbia for the 1975 election. It was returned to the legislature through the efforts of Gordon Wilson in a break-through in the 1991 election. At this time, the Social Credit Party had collapsed, with the BC Liberals able to garner the centre vote traditionally split between left and right in British Columbia provincial politics. In the wake of the collapse of the British Columbia New Democratic Party in the 2001 election. Once affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada, the British Columbia Liberal Party became independent of its federal and provincial counterparts in 1987, polls often show BC Liberal voters to predominantly vote Conservative and Liberal in federal elections. The party commonly describes itself as a free enterprise coalition, from 1871 to 1903, British Columbia operated without a party system. Party politics were introduced in 1903 provincial election with the formation of the British Columbia Conservative Party, the premier Richard McBride kept the Liberals to one seat in 1909 and then managed to shut them out in the 1912 election. The governments popularity waned as an economic downturn hit the province along with railway debts relating to government funding of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, McBride resigned on December 15,1915 to become the provinces representative in London, where he died in 1917. The divided Conservatives faced the Liberals in the election of 1916, the Liberals formed a government under Harlan Carey Brewster. Brewster had become leader of the opposition, and was elected party leader in March 1912 and he lost his seat a few weeks later in the 1912 election, which returned no Liberals at all. In 1916, he won election to the legislature again through a by-election, Brewster promised to end patronage in the civil service, end political machines, improve workmans compensation and labor laws, bring in votes for women, and other progressive reforms. The government brought in womens suffrage, instituted prohibition, and combated political corruption before his death in 1918. He is interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria, British Columbia, john Oliver succeeded Brewster as Premier when Brewster died in 1918. Olivers government developed the industry in the Nanook Valley. The party managed a majority win in the 1920 election. Although he lost his seat in the 1924 election, Oliver remained Premier until his death in 1927, john Duncan MacLean became Premier when Oliver died in 1927 at a time when the Liberal government was in decline. He was unable to reverse his partys fortunes, and was defeated in the 1928 election by the rival Conservatives, the Liberals managed to increase their vote in the 1928 election but lost close to half their seats
9.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
10.
British Columbia Highway 97
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The route takes its number from U. S. Route 97, with which it connects at the international border. The highway was initially designated 97 in 1953, the Okanagan Highway is a 189 km section of Highway 97 between the international border and the junction of Highway 97A north of Vernon. It is named for the Okanagan region of British Columbia, through which it largely passes and it begins in the south at the international border crossing north of Oroville, and travels 4 km north to its junction with the Crowsnest Highway at Osoyoos. The highway travels north for 47 km, passing through the Testalinden Creek Landslide, from Okanagan Falls, Highway 97 runs near the western shore of Skaha Lake before arriving at the locality of Kaleden, where Highway 3A diverges west. 13 km north of Kaleden, Highway 97 arrives at the city of Penticton, the highway enters the city of Kelowna upon landfall on the east shore of the lake. 6 km east into the city centre, the highway reaches its junction with Highway 33, as the Okanagan is a highly popular travel destination and also has the highest population in inland B. C. this section of highway 97 is by far the busiest. Congestion is frequent - particularly near the William Bennet Bridge, four kilometres north of the Highway 33 junction, Highway 97 leaves the urbanized area of Kelowna. For the next 43 km, the route travels well east of Okanagan Lake, prior to 2013, the highway ran alongside the west shore of Wood Lake to Oyama. A new 9 km section of highway was constructed and opened to traffic at that time. The original section of the highway skirting the shore of Wood Lake is now known as Pelmewash Parkway. Both Oyama and Winfield lie within the municipality of Lake Country, Highway 97 then passes along the west shore of Kalamalka Lake before entering the city of Vernon and a junction with Highway 6 just south of the city centre. The highway then travels north for 10 km to a junction with Highway 97A near Swan Lake. Highway 97 continues northwest from Highway 97A for 81 km, past the town of Falkland, before it merges onto the Trans-Canada Highway at Monte Creek, the highway follows Highway 1 for 105 km west to Cache Creek. The Cariboo Highway section of Highway 97, between Cache Creek and Prince George, is 441 km in length and named for the Cariboo region, through which it travels. Much of its length as far as Quesnel follows approximately the route of the original Cariboo Wagon Road, the Cariboo Wagon Roads lower stretches between Yale and Cache Creek were severed in many places by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Today the Cariboo Highway designation begins at Cache Creek, veering north for 11 km to its junction with Highway 99, over the next 120 km continuing generally northward, the highway passes through McLeese Lake and Marguerite. En route, Highway 97 follows the east bank of the Fraser River to the city of Quesnel, and a junction with Highway 26. Over the next 115 km north of Quesnel, after passing through the hamlets of Strathnaver, Hixon, Stoner and Red Rock, north of here, the highway veers away from the Fraser River, and the British Columbia Railway veers northwestward from it
11.
Kamloops
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Kamloops is a city in south central British Columbia in Canada at the confluence of the two branches of the Thompson River near Kamloops Lake. It is the largest community in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District and the location of the districts offices. The surrounding region is commonly referred to as the Thompson Country. It is ranked 37th on the list of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada and represents the 44th largest census agglomeration nationwide, with 90,280 residents in 2016. Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the Cree-Saulteaux band led by Chief Yawassannay had migrated to this region in the early 15th century where they met the local Secwepemc nation, the Yawassanay bands Kamloops settlement was the largest of their three tribal areas. The rival North West Company established another post - Fort Shuswap - nearby in the same year, the two operations were merged in 1813 when the North West Company officials in the region bought out the operations of the Pacific Fur Company. The logging industry of the 1970s brought many Indo-Canadians into the Kamloops area, in 1973, Kamloops annexed Barnhartvale and other nearby communities. Kamloops is the version of the Shuswap word Tkəmlúps, meaning meeting of the waters. Shuswap is still spoken in the area by members of the Tkemlúps Indian Band, an alternate origin sometimes given for the name may have come from the native names accidental similarity to the French Camp des loups, meaning Camp of Wolves, many early fur traders spoke French. Industries in the Kamloops area include primary resource processing such as Domtar Kamloops Pulp Mill, Tolko-Heffley Creek Plywood and Veneer, Lafarge Cement, Highland Valley Copper Mine, RIH is the citys largest employer. TRU serves a student body of 10,000 including an international contingent mainly from Asian countries. Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning is the biggest distance education provider in British Columbia, Kamloops is also well known for its public art including numerous pole carvings and murals. Kamloops is a hub for the region due to its connections to Highways 5 and 97. Kamloops is also a transportation hub. The Canadian Pacific and Canadian National main line routes connect Vancouver BC in the west with Kamloops, the two rail roads diverge to the north and east where they connect with the rest of Canada. Kamloops North railway station is served three times per week by Via Rails The Canadian, Kamloops is home to Kamloops Airport, a small Regional airport expanded in 2010. Airlines currently flying to Kamloops are Air Canada Express, WestJet Encore, Canadian North, greyhound Canada connects Kamloops with Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary. Local bus service is provided by the Kamloops Transit System, Kamloops is situated in the Thompson Valley and the Montane Cordillera Ecozone
12.
Alexandria, British Columbia
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Alexandria or Fort Alexandria is a National Historic Site of Canada on the Fraser River in British Columbia, and was the end of the Old Cariboo Road and the Cariboo Wagon Road. It is located on Highway 97,103 miles north of 100 Mile House and 28 miles south of Quesnel, on June 21,1793, explorer Alexander MacKenzie reached the shores of the First Nations village at what would become Alexandria. He was told by the people of the village that the river was not safe for navigation beyond that point, Mackenzie heeded their advice and he and his party turned around and returned upriver to what would become the town of Quesnellemouth, and continued on to Bella Coola. In 1821, the North West Company erected a fort at Alexandria, the fort was named Alexandria in honour of Alexander Mackenzie. They also built a grainery and wintered their horses there, Alexandria became a key way station along the Hudsons Bay Brigade Trail. When the road was completed as far as Alexandria, the road-builder Gustavus Blin Wright launched his sternwheeler Enterprise at Alexandria, the Enterprise would ferry passengers and supplies up the Fraser River to Quesnel. From Quesnel, a road was built in 1864 so travellers could continue on to Barkerville. Another road to the fields had been planned to Alexandria. However, this road would never be built and its plans would be the harbinger of tragedy
13.
Cariboo Gold Rush
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The Cariboo Gold Rush was a gold rush in the Colony of British Columbia, which earlier joined the Canadian province of British Columbia. By 1865, following the strikes along Williams Creek, the rush was in full swing, several towns grew up, the most famous of these being Barkerville, now preserved as a heritage site and tourist attraction. Richfield was the first strike on Williams Creek, and became the seat of government in the region, connected to Barkerville via the canyon of Williams Creek, Richfield became part of Greater Barkerville along with Cameron Town. The Cariboo Gold Rush is the most famous of the rushes in British Columbia. The Colonys creation had been prompted by an influx of American prospectors to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush three years earlier in 1858, which had its locus in the area from Lillooet to Yale. Unlike its southern counterpart, the population of the Cariboo Gold Rush was largely British and Canadian, the electorate of the Cariboo riding were among the most pro-Confederation in the colony, and this was in no small part because of the strong Canadian element in the local populace. Towns along the Cariboo Road include Clinton,100 Mile House and Williams Lake, during the rush, the largest and most important town lay at the roads end at Barkerville, which had grown up around the most profitable and famous of the many Cariboo mining camps. The wagon roads most important freight was the Gold Escort, which brought government bullion to Yale for shipment to the colonial treasury, a 1976 young adult novel, Cariboo Runaway, by Sandy Frances Duncan, is set in the Cariboo area during the Cariboo Gold Rush. Cariboo camels Hudsons Bay Brigade Trail Old Cariboo Road Omineca Gold Rush River Trail Map of the Cariboo Gold Rush Gold In Cariboo chapter, A History of British Columbia, scholefield, British Columbia Historical Association pp. 165-178
14.
Old Cariboo Road
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The Old Cariboo Road is a reference to the original wagon road to the Cariboo gold fields in what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia. It should not be confused with the Cariboo Road, which was slightly later. It was built from Lillooet to Alexandria, beginning in 1859, access to the start of the road at Lillooet was made by the Douglas Road or Lakes Route from Port Douglas, at the head of Harrison Lake. It is the mileages from Lillooet on the Old Cariboo Road, properly known as the Lillooet-Alexandria Road, blin-Wright also operated the steamer which connected the end of the road at Alexandria with Quesnel. Hudsons Bay Company fur traders brigades followed this route up until 1847, cattle drives were common along this trail to supply the gold miners, who arrived in British Columbia in the late 1850s. In Washington Territory a wagon road from Wallula to the mining regions of British Columbia was known as the Cariboo Trail or the Wallula-Okanogan Road. Connecting to the Oregon Trail at Wallula, it ran north across Quincy Flats past Moses Lake, from there it turned north and crossed the Waterville Plateau to reach the Columbia River near Fort Okanogan. From there it followed the valley of the Okanagan River into Canada, the Old Cariboo Road started at Lillooet where it directly went to Alexandria. From there a steamboat service was provided to Quesnellemouthe where it ended, a trail from there then went east to Barkerville where gold was discovered. From Lillooet there was a trail that went south to Lytton and this was part of the Old Cariboo Road that avoided the Fraser Canyon. FC3822.4 G951965 c.1 Halfway to the Goldfields - A History of Lillooet, Lorraine Harris, Douglas, North Vancouver,1977 Short Portage to Lillooet, Irene Edwards, Irene Edwards 1977
15.
Lillooet
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Lillooet, formerly Cayoosh Flat, is a community on the Fraser River in British Columbia, Canada, about 240 kilometres up the British Columbia Railway line from Vancouver. Situated at an intersection of deep gorges in the lee of the Coast Mountains, Lillooet has a long growing season, and once had prolific market gardens and orchard produce. It often vies with Lytton and Osoyoos for the title of Canadas Hot Spot on a basis in summer. Just over 50 per cent of the people in Lillooet and area are Statimc, first Nations communities assert the land as traditional territory since time immemorial. Considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited locations on the continent, many archaeological and heritage sites are in the vicinity of the town, including Keatley Creek Archaeological Site, one of the largest ancient pit-house communities in the Pacific North West. Much of its tortuous canyon-brink road grade for twenty or thirty kilometres from Mile 0 remained in use until the 1970s, Lillooet was originally named Cayoosh Flat, a name that was felt to be unsavoury by the residents of the town at the time of its incorporation in 1860. Gold mining and prospecting continues in the area to this day, as do prospects for copper, silver and nephrite jade, until the discovery of even larger deposits of jade near Cassiar, the Lillooet area was the worlds largest source of the nephrite form of jade. Unknown tonnes were exported to China before government assayers discovered the nature of the rocks that the Chinese miners found so interesting. In the 1950s, local farmer and teacher Ron Purvis adapted the concept by implementing a diamond rotary blade. Purvis innovation was revolutionary in the mining business and larger versions of his saw are at use in the Cassiar region. There are no major commercial jade mines in the Lillooet area today, most in town for the Golden Cache boom headed for the Klondike or Atlin by 1900. Lillooet Railway Station is a former BC Rail Station, the station is served at least once a day by the Koaham Shuttle. South of Lillooet is Lytton and Hope, West of Lillooet is Pemberton, Whistler, Squamish, and Vancouver. East of the town is Cache Creek, Clinton, Kamloops, Lillooet experiences a warm-summer humid continental climate that falls near the borderline with both the hot summer humid continental climate type and the semi-arid climate type. Lillooet holds the record for the hottest temperature recorded in British Columbia, on 16 and 17 July 1941, the temperature reached 44.4 °C. In addition to the hottest July temperature, the town holds the record for the hottest temperature recorded in the province during the months of April, May. The coldest temperature recorded was measured at the airport during a November cold snap in 1985, with an average annual snowfall of 26.5 cm, Lillooet is the least snowy place in the BC Interior. In the 2011 Census, Statistics Canada originally reported that Lillooet had a population of 2,322 living in 1,068 of its 1,181 total dwellings, a -0. 1% change from its 2006 population of 2,324
16.
BC Rail
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It was a class II regional railway and the third-largest in Canada, operating 2,320 km of mainline track. Its operations were owned by the public as a corporation from 1918 until 2004. The track and other assets, including a division and stevedoring subsidiary as well as large tracts of real estate. Government leaders and civil servants involved with the arrangements to CN have refused to comment on the deal because the matter is before the courts, chartered in 1912, the railway was acquired by the provincial government in 1918 after running into financial difficulties. It expanded significantly between 1949 and 1984, primarily a freight railway, it also offered passenger service, as well as some excursion services, most notably the Royal Hudson excursion train. The railways operations and management, as one of the provinces largest crown corporations, have necessarily been at the centre of debate since its takeover. The current provincial government has accused of fabricating falsehoods about the state of its debts and viability in order to justify the deal with CN. Controversy over CNs management of the line has focused on layoffs, toxic spills and other safety concerns, the line has generated profits for CN in the range of $25 million per year since its takeover of the railways operations. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway was incorporated on February 27,1912, although independent from the GTP, the PGE had agreed that the GTP, whose western terminus was at the remote northern port of Prince Rupert, could use their line to gain access to Vancouver. The railway was given its due to a loose association with Englands Great Eastern Railway. Its financial backers were Timothy Foley, Patrick Welch, and John Stewart, whose firm of Foley, Welch. Upon incorporation, the PGE took over the Howe Sound and Northern Railway, the British Columbia government gave the railway a guarantee of principal and 4% interest on the construction bonds of the railway. By 1915, the line was opened from Squamish 176 miles north to Chasm, the railway was starting to run out of money, however. In 1915 it failed to make an interest payment on its bonds, in the 1916 provincial election campaign, the Liberal Party alleged that some of the money advanced to the railway for bond guarantee payments had instead gone into Conservative Party campaign funds. In the election, the Conservatives, who had won every seat in the legislature in 1912 election, the Liberals then took Foley, Welch, and Stewart to court to recover $5 million of allegedly unaccounted funds. In early 1918, the backers agreed to pay the government $1.1 million. By 1921, the government had extended the railway to a point 15 miles north of Quesnel, still 80 miles south of a connection to Prince George. The track north of Quesnel was later removed, the last trains on the line ran on November 29,1928, and the line fell into disuse, but was never formally abandoned
17.
Barnard's Express
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The companys beginnings date back to the peak of the Cariboo Gold Rush when hordes of adventurers were descending on the Cariboo region. There was a demand for transportation of passengers to and from the goldfields, as well as the delivery of mining equipment, food supplies. The first express service offered on the Cariboo Road was operated by William Ballou in 1858, others soon followed, usually one or two man operations where the proprietor himself packed the express goods, either on his back or with the help of a trusty mule. In December,1861, Francis Jones Barnard established a pony express from Yale to Barkerville, the company had originally been owned by William Jeffray and W. H. Thain and had been known as the Jeffray and Companys Fraser Express. In the summer of 1862, Barnard merged his company into the British Columbia and Victoria Express Company, in 1863 Barnard incorporated a two-horse wagon on the run from Lillooet to Fort Alexandria. Another freighting company, Dietz and Nelson operated a stagecoach between Victoria, Lillooet and Yale, connecting with Barnards Express, the BC Express Company had a wide variety of stagecoaches. Some only required two horses and were called a jerky, while others were pulled by four or six horses, some had enclosed carriages and others were open. For winter travel, the stagecoaches were replaced by sleighs of all sizes, many of the later stagecoaches were Concord stages, built with shock absorbers made from leather springs which made for a more comfortable ride. In 1876, the company had a built in California specifically for the visit of the Governor General, Lord and Lady Dufferin. The coach was painted in the red and yellow BX colours and had the Canadian coat of arms on its front panels. It cost $50 a day to ride in this famous coach, the first horses used by the company came Oregon. Then, in 1868,400 head were purchased in California and Mexico, later, when the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed, most of the companys horses were bought locally or were shipped from Alberta or Saskatchewan. The company had a policy that they would not purchase any horses that were broke. The company wanted their horses trained exclusively for staging, a process that took three months, even then they were never truly broken and had to be expertly handled. A hostler would lead the teams out to the only once the baggage had been secured. Once harnessed to the stage, the reins were given to the driver, the stage horses often leaped and reared at the start of a trip, but settled into a smooth trot once they were underway. The whip rarely had to be used to them, as they knew the next station meant a good feed. The stations were approximately 18 miles apart and the teams were changed at each one, the hostlers at the stations took pride in taking care of the companys horses, often competing to see who kept the teams in the best condition
18.
Williams Lake, British Columbia
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Williams Lake is a city in the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Located in the part of a region known as the Cariboo. Williams Lake hosts the annual Williams Lake Stampede, which takes place over the Canada Day long weekend. It is the town of Rick Hansen, the Canadian paraplegic athlete and activist for people with spinal cord injuries. Williams Lake is named in honour of Secwepemc chief William, whose counsel prevented the Shuswap from joining the Tsilhqotin in their uprising against the settler population. At the time, two pack trails led to the goldfields, one from the Douglas Road and the other through the Fraser Canyon and they met at Williams Lake, which made it a good choice for settlers and merchants. By 1861, Commissioner Nind had built a government house and had requested the funds to build a jail, meanwhile, William Pinchbeck had not been idle and had built his own roadhouse, saloon and store. Eventually he would own most of the valley, in 1863, the town was excited by the news of the construction of Cariboo Road, believing it would pass through their already established and important trading centre. However, the roadbuilder Gustavus Blin Wright rerouted the original trail so that it bypassed Williams Lake and went through 150 Mile House instead. The Williams Lake by-pass doomed the city and accusations flew that Gustavus Blin Wright had changed the route for his own personal benefit as he owned a roadhouse at Deep Creek along the new route, below is the ethnic origin of people from Williams Lake. Note that percentages total more than 100% due to multiple responses e. g. German-East Indian, the primary industries in Williams Lake are forestry, logging, milling, mining and ranching. Williams Lake has a continental climate with warm summers. Spring is the driest time of year, and summer and winter are the wettest seasons respectively, Williams Lake receives about 2,000 hours of bright sunshine per year, which is more than most of the province. The lowest temperature recorded in Williams Lake was −42.8 °C on 22 January 1943. Williams Lake – along with Billings, and nearby McLeese Lake – holds the record for the highest maximum temperature recorded in the province during the month of September. This occurred on September 4,1988, the Williams Lake Airport weather station is at an elevation of 939.7 m while the Williams Lake River weather station is at 585.2 m, a difference of 354.5 m. Thus the average temperature is warmer in the city proper than the table below displays. Williams Lake is served by Cariboo-Chilcotin School District 27 and it has five public elementary schools teaching up to grade 6 and three StrongStart BC centres
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Bird
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Birds, a subgroup of Reptiles, are the last living examples of Dinosaurs. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at ten thousand. Birds are the closest living relatives of crocodilians, the fossil record indicates that birds evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago, Birds, especially those in the southern continents, survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world while diversifying during periods of global cooling. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs that lie outside class Aves proper, in the broader group Avialae, have been found dating back to the mid-Jurassic period, around 170 million years ago. Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species, the digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have evolved for swimming. Many species annually migrate great distances, Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and bird songs, and participating in such social behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. The vast majority of species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years. Other species have breeding systems that are polygynous or, rarely, Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilised through sexual reproduction. They are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents, most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Some birds, such as hens, lay eggs even when not fertilised, songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano is harvested for use as a fertiliser, Birds prominently figure throughout human culture. About 120–130 species have become extinct due to human activity since the 17th century, human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to protect them. Recreational birdwatching is an important part of the ecotourism industry, the first classification of birds was developed by Francis Willughby and John Ray in their 1676 volume Ornithologiae. Carl Linnaeus modified that work in 1758 to devise the taxonomic classification system currently in use, Birds are categorised as the biological class Aves in Linnaean taxonomy. Phylogenetic taxonomy places Aves in the dinosaur clade Theropoda, Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria
20.
Canim Lake (British Columbia)
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Canim Lake is a lake in British Columbia, Canada. Its west end is 36 km northeast of 100 Mile House, Canim means a type of large canoe in the Chinook Jargon. Canim Lake is 26.5 km long and it is also part of the territory of the Shuswap First Nation where the ancestors are part of the Lake Division of the Shuswap Tribe of the Interior Nations of British Columbia. The Reilly Commission states that the 2,029 hectares region around Canim Lake are set aside for the Shuswap First Nation, in the summer of 1995, there was an archaeological evidence of an ancient civilization and evidence of carbon dated as 4,300 old. Canim Lake is known for its summer and winter activities, during the summer, activities like fishing, hiking, horseback riding, canoeing and kayaking can be enjoyed. Many lodges located around the lake provide horse adventures for both novice and experienced riders, some lodges provide overnight trips or one week trips. Since there is an area of backcountry, activities like hiking. Canim Lake is also a known area to go freshwater fishing. Many types of fish can be caught like the Kokanee, rainbow trout, lake trout, wildlife can be seen such as black bears, moose, deer, wolves, coyotes, cougars, beavers, otters, waterfowl, hawks, bald eagles and song birds. Winter activities include snowmobiling, cross-country skiing, dogsledding and ice fishing, Canim Falls can be reached from the south side of the lake. The Canim River has cut into a plateau that came from the Wells Gray Clearwater Volcanic Field. The falls are located in Wells Gray Provincial Park, online records indicate the Government of British Columbia has stocked Canim Lake sporadically with hatchery reared Kokanee and Rainbow Trout between 1938 and 1998. The settlement Canim Lake of the Canim Lake Band is located west of the lake
21.
Quesnel, British Columbia
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Quesnel /kwəˈnɛl/ is a small city that is part of the Cariboo District of British Columbia, Canada. Located nearly evenly between the cities of Prince George and Williams Lake, it is on the route to northern British Columbia. It is claimed to be home to the worlds largest gold pan, although this is disputed by Nome, the Rocky Mountaineer train also travels through and stops overnight in Quesnel. Quesnel is sister city to Shiraoi, Japan and Val-dOr, Quebec, Quesnel hosted the 2000 British Columbia Winter Games, an annual provincial amateur sports competition. To the east of Quesnel lie Wells, Barkerville, and Bowron Lake Provincial Park, the name is derived from Jules Maurice Quesnel, who accompanied Simon Fraser on his journey to the Pacific Ocean. Quesnel came to be called Quesnellemouth to distinguish it from Quesnel Forks,97 kilometres up river, in 1870 it had been shortened to Quesnelle and by 1900 it was spelled the way it is now. Quesnel is located along the gold mining trail known as the Cariboo Wagon Road and was the centre of the Cariboo Gold Rush. It also marks one end of the Alexander MacKenzie Heritage Trail, because of its location on the Fraser River it was also an important landing for sternwheelers during 1862 until 1886 and then from 1909 until 1921. The last sternwheeler on the upper Fraser was Quesnels own namesake craft, and home town product, overnight lows are still cool even in summer, but daytime temperatures average above 24 °C in that season according to Environment Canada. The highest temperature recorded in Quesnel was 40.6 °C on 17 July 1941. The coldest temperature recorded was −46.7 °C on 31 December 1927 and 17 January 1950. Quesnel had a population of 9,326 people in 2006, the median household income in 2005 for Quesnel was $54,044, which is slightly above the British Columbia provincial average of $52,709. As of 2012, the population of Quesnel is estimated to still be about 10,000 people living within the city, Quesnels municipal government consists of a 7-member Mayor and Council. The current Council consists of Mayor Bob Simpson and Councillors Ed Coleman, Scott Elliott, Ron Paull, Laurey-Anne Roodenburg, Shushil Thapar, Quesnel is part of School District 28. It contains several schools, as well as a Junior. Also within the district is McNaughton Centre which is an Alternate High school. For post secondary education, Quesnel contains the College of New Caledonia and University of Northern British Columbia, Quesnel is served by the Quesnel Airport, with several commercial flights daily to & from Vancouver, BC. The city is a stop on Greyhound Canadas schedules between Kamloops and Prince George and also has a local transit system provided by BC Transit
22.
Prince George, British Columbia
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Prince George, with a population of 74,003, is the largest city in northern British Columbia, Canada, and is the Northern Capital of BC. The origins of Prince George can be traced to the North West Company fur trading post of Fort George, the post was centred in the centuries-old homeland of the Lheidli Tenneh First Nation, whose very name means people of the confluence of the two rivers. Throughout the 19th century Fort George remained unchanged, while Fort St. James reigned as the trading post. Then, when the Collins Overland Telegraph Trail was built in 1865–67, it bypassed Fort George, following the Blackwater Trail from Quesnel, finally in 1903, Fort Georges fortune began to change when reports said that the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway would pass near the fur post. South Fort George was built on the Fraser River near the Hudsons Bay Company’s trading post, ten paddle steamer sternwheelers serviced the area, coming up on the Fraser River from Soda Creek. Properties were sold in both of the main townsites and many others nearby, such as Birmingham, Fort Salmon, Nechako Heights and Willow City. By 1913, South and Central Fort George each had a population of 1500 and were booming as thousands of construction workers came to town for supplies. There were three rationales given for naming the new city as Prince George, In 1911, Grand Trunk Railway documents justified the name to distinguish it from nearby Fort George neighbourhoods. In 1914, the said that the name would honour the recently crowned King George V. A third rationale was to honour Prince George, Duke of Kent, businessmen in Hammond, Fort George petitioned the provincial government to block the new name but they were unsuccessful. Residents voted by plebiscite to name the new city as Prince George, army Camp Prince George was opened during WWII and once housed 6,000 soldiers. From March 1942 - October 1943, divisional troops and units of the 16th Infantry Brigade were housed there, the camp was located in the area of 1st Street, Central Street, 15th Ave, to the bottom of Cranbrook Hill. Barracks were built to house the soldiers, dining halls constructed to feed them, there were rifle ranges, mortar ranges and artillery ranges. The camp closed at the end of the war and it is now owned by the City of Prince George for use by the Community Arts Council. The Nechako Bottle Depot on First Avenue is also another former camp building, others include the first Overwaitea store, at Victoria and Third, formerly a barracks and the original civic centre, which was the old drill shed, was removed and rebuilt on Seventh Avenue. After the war, as the ravaged European cities rebuilt, the demand for lumber skyrocketed and Prince George, with its abundance of sawmills and spruce trees, Canadian Forces Station CFS Baldy Hughes was constructed in 1952 as a closed General Surveillance Radar station. It was located 22.3 miles south-southwest of Prince George and it was operated as part of the Pinetree Line network controlled by NORAD. Today the former station is The Baldy Hughes Addiction Treatment Centre, pilot Frank Pynn, a former Royal Air Force Transport Command pilot, and his passenger, 15-year-old Jimmy Clarke, died on impact
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Interlakes
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The area is a subregion of the Cariboo and includes the communities of Bridge Lake and Lac des Roches. The area contains over 1600 households and most are along the corridor from Lone Butte, just east of 70 Mile House, another interpretation from the Cariboo Regional District includes Sheridan Lake and Deka Lake. The Interlakes region is served by the Interlakes or Little Fort Highway, Highway 24, the route is not serviced by buses. The route begins south of 100 Mile House and terminates at Little Fort, most roads in the area are unpaved but ploughed
Canada
British Columbia
Hwy 97
