100 metres

Athletics; 100 metres
	Start of the men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Olympic Games.
Men's records
World	Usain Bolt 9.58 (2009)
Olympic	Usain Bolt 9.63 (2012)
Women's records
World	Florence Griffith-Joyner 10.49 (1988)
Olympic	Florence Griffith-Joyner 10.62 (1988)

The 100 metres, or 100 metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women.

Play media

Women's 100M Final - 28th Summer Universiade 2015

The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is often named "the fastest man in the world". The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983. Justin Gatlin and Tori Bowie are the reigning world champions; Usain Bolt and Elaine Thompson are the Olympic champions in the men's and women's 100 metres, respectively.

On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. Runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starter's pistol. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50 and 60 m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line.

The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2009, while the women's world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken.^[a]

The 100 m (109.361 yards) emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards (91.44 m), a now defunct distance originally contested in English-speaking countries. The event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight.

US athletes have won the men's Olympic 100 metres title more times than any other country, 16 out of the 28 times that it has been run. US women have also dominated the event winning 9 out of 21 times.

Race dynamics[edit]

Start[edit]

Male sprinters await the starter's instructions

At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks.^[3]^[4]^[5]

At high level meets, the time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start. The 0.2-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time they take to react to it.

For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified.

This rule led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a further change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification.^[6] This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, "Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work."^[7] The rule had a dramatic impact at the 2011 World Championships, when current world record holder Usain Bolt was disqualified.^[8]^[9]

Mid-race[edit]

Runners normally reach their top speed just past the halfway point of the race and they progressively decelerate in the later stages of the race. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100 m.^[10] Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100 m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique.

Finish[edit]

The winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with his or her torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line.^[11] There is therefore no requirement for the entire body to cross the finish line. When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.

Climatic conditions[edit]

Climatic conditions, in particular air resistance, can affect performances in the 100 m. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0 m/s is allowed for a 100 m performance to be considered eligible for records, or "wind legal".

Furthermore, sprint athletes perform a better run at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000 m above sea level are marked with an "A".^[12]

10-second barrier[edit]

Ethnicity[edit]

Only male sprinters have beaten the 100 m 10-second barrier, nearly all of them being of West African descent. Namibian (formerly South-West Africa) Frankie Fredericks became the first man of non-West African heritage to achieve the feat in 1991 and in 2003 Australia's Patrick Johnson (an Indigenous Australian with Irish heritage) became the first sub-10-second runner without an African background.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

In 2010, French sprinter Christophe Lemaitre became the first Caucasian to break the 10-second barrier, and in 2017, Azerbaijani-born naturalized Turkish Ramil Guliyev followed.^[17] In the Prefontaine Classic 2015 Diamond League meet at Eugene, Su Bingtian of China ran a time of 9.99 seconds, becoming the first East Asian athlete to officially break the 10-second barrier. On 22 June 2018, Su improved his time in Madrid with a time of 9.91.^[18] On 9 September 2017, Yoshihide Kiryū became the first man from Japan to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters, running a 9.98 (+1.8) at an intercollegiate meet in Fukui. In the 2015 Birmingham Grand Prix Diamond League meet, British athlete Adam Gemili, who is of mixed Iranian and Moroccan descent, ran a time of 9.97 seconds on home soil, becoming the first athlete with either North African or Middle Eastern heritage to break the ten-second barrier.^{[citation needed]}

Colin Jackson, an athlete with mixed ethnic background and former world record holder in the 110 metre hurdles,^[19] noted that both his parents were talented athletes and suggested that biological inheritance was the greatest influence, rather than any perceived racial factor. Furthermore, successful black role models in track events may reinforce the racial disparity.^[20]

Record performances[edit]

Major 100 m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.

The men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since electronic timing became mandatory in 1977.^[21] The current men's world record of 9.58 s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final in Berlin, Germany on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11 s.^[22] The current women's world record of 10.49 s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the US, at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988^[23] breaking Evelyn Ashford's four-year-old world record by .27 seconds. The extraordinary nature of this result and those of several other sprinters in this race raised the possibility of a technical malfunction with the wind gauge which read at 0.0 m/s- a reading which was at complete odds to the windy conditions on the day with high wind speeds being recorded in all other sprints before and after this race as well as the parallel long jump runway at the time of the Griffith-Joyner performance. All scientific studies commissioned by the IAAF and independent organizations since have confirmed there was certainly an illegal tailwind of between 5 m/s - 7 m/s at the time. This should have annulled the legality of this result, although the IAAF has chosen not to take this course of action. The legitimate next best wind legal performance would therefore be Griffith-Joyner's 10.61s performance in the final the next day.^[24]

Some records have been marred by prohibited drug use – in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner, Canadian Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal and world record.

Jim Hines, Ronnie Ray Smith and Charles Greene were the first to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 m, all on 20 June 1968, the Night of Speed. Hines also recorded the first legal electronically timed sub-10 second 100 m in winning the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics. Bob Hayes ran a wind-assisted 9.91 seconds at the 1964 Olympics.

Continental records[edit]

Updated 5 January 2018.^[25]

Area	Men				Women
Area	Time (s)	Wind	Athlete	Nation	Time (s)	Wind	Athlete	Nation
Africa (records)	9.85	+1.7	Olusoji Fasuba	Nigeria	10.78	+1.6	Murielle Ahoure	Ivory Coast
Asia (records)	9.91	+1.8	Femi Ogunode	Qatar	10.79	0.0	Li Xuemei	People's Republic of China
	9.91	+0.6	Femi Ogunode	Qatar
	9.91	+0.2	Su Bingtian	People's Republic of China
	9.91	+0.8	Su Bingtian	People's Republic of China
Europe (records)	9.86	+0.6	Francis Obikwelu	Portugal	10.73	+2.0	Christine Arron	France
	9.86	+1.3	Jimmy Vicaut	France
	9.86	+1.8	Jimmy Vicaut	France
North, Central America and Caribbean (records)	9.58 WR	+0.9	Usain Bolt	Jamaica	10.49 WR	0.0	Florence Griffith-Joyner	United States
Oceania (records)	9.93	+1.8	Patrick Johnson	Australia	11.11	+1.9	Melissa Breen	Australia
South America (records)	10.00^[A]	+1.6	Robson da Silva	Brazil	10.91	-0.2	Rosângela Santos	Brazil

Notes[edit]

^A Represents a time set at a high altitude.^[26]
^WR World record

All-time top 25 men[edit]

Usain Bolt breaking the world and Olympic records at the 2008 Beijing Olympics

Correct as of August 2018.^[27]

Rank	Time	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Country	Date	Place	Ref
1	9.58	+0.9	Usain Bolt	Jamaica	16 August 2009	Berlin
2	9.69	+2.0	Tyson Gay	United States	20 September 2009	Shanghai
2	9.69	−0.1	Yohan Blake	Jamaica	23 August 2012	Lausanne
4	9.72	+0.2	Asafa Powell	Jamaica	2 September 2008	Lausanne
5	9.74	+0.9	Justin Gatlin	United States	15 May 2015	Doha
6	9.78	+0.9	Nesta Carter	Jamaica	29 August 2010	Rieti
7	9.79	+0.1	Maurice Greene	United States	16 June 1999	Athens
7	9.79	−0.3	Christian Coleman	United States	31 August 2018	Brussels	^[28]
9	9.80	+1.3	Steve Mullings	Jamaica	4 June 2011	Eugene
10	9.82	+1.7	Richard Thompson	Trinidad and Tobago	21 June 2014	Port of Spain
11	9.84	+0.7	Donovan Bailey	Canada	27 July 1996	Atlanta
		+0.2	Bruny Surin	Canada	22 August 1999	Seville
		+1.3	Trayvon Bromell	United States	25 June 2015	Eugene
		+1.6	Trayvon Bromell	United States	3 July 2016	Eugene	^[29]
14	9.85	+1.2	Leroy Burrell	United States	6 July 1994	Lausanne
		+1.7	Olusoji Fasuba	Nigeria	12 May 2006	Doha
		+1.3	Mike Rodgers	United States	4 June 2011	Eugene
17	9.86	+1.2	Carl Lewis	United States	25 August 1991	Tokyo
		−0.7	Frankie Fredericks	Namibia	3 July 1996	Lausanne
		+1.8	Ato Boldon	Trinidad and Tobago	19 April 1998	Walnut
		+0.6	Francis Obikwelu	Portugal	22 August 2004	Athens
		+1.4	Keston Bledman	Trinidad and Tobago	23 June 2012	Port of Spain
		+1.3	Jimmy Vicaut	France	4 July 2015	Saint-Denis
23	9.87	+0.3	Linford Christie	United Kingdom	15 August 1993	Stuttgart
		−0.2	Obadele Thompson ^[A]	Barbados	11 September 1998	Johannesburg
		−0.1	Ronnie Baker	United States	22 August 2018	Chorzów	^[30]

More facts about these male runners[edit]

Usain Bolt also holds the record for the fastest 100 metres with a running start at 8.70 (41 km/h). This was achieved during a 150 metres race in Manchester 2009, completed in 14.35 (also a World Record). He also ran times of 9.63 (2012), 9.69, 9.72 (2008), 9.76 (2008, 2011, 2012), 9.77 (2008, 2013), 9.79 (2009, 2012, 2015), 9.80 (2013), 9.81 (2009, 2016), 9.82 (2010, 2012), 9.83 (2008), 9.84 (2010), 9.85 (2008, 2011, 2013), 9.86 (2009, 2010, 2012, 2016) and 9.87 (2012, 2015). 2016)
Justin Gatlin ran 9.77 in Doha on 12 May 2006, which was at the time ratified as a world record. However, the record was rescinded in 2007 after he failed a doping test in April 2006. He also ran times of 9.74 (2015), 9.75 (2015), 9.77 (2014), 9.78 (2015), 9.79 (2012), 9.80 (2014, 2015, 2016), 9.82 (2014), 9.83 (2014, 2015), 9.85 (2004, 2013) and 9.86 (2014).
Tim Montgomery's time of 9.78 at Paris on 14 September 2002 was rescinded following his indictment in the BALCO scandal on drug use and drug trafficking charges. The time had stood as the world record until Asafa Powell first ran 9.77.
Ben Johnson ran 9.79 at Seoul on 24 September 1988, but he was disqualified after he tested positive for stanozolol after the race. He subsequently admitted to drug use between 1981 and 1988, and his time of 9.83 at Rome on 30 August 1987 was rescinded.
Ato Boldon ran four 9.86 races (two in 1998, two in 1999).
Dwain Chambers time of 9.87 (+2.0) on 14 September 2002 in Paris was later annulled due to a doping offence.
Steve Mullings is serving a lifetime ban for doping.
Christian Coleman also ran 9.82 (2017).
Jimmy Vicaut also ran 9.86 (2016).

Assisted marks[edit]

Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (9.80 or better). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.

Justin Gatlin ran 9.45 (+20 m/s) in 2011 on the Japanese TV show Kasupe! assisted by wind machines blowing at speeds over 25 meters per second.^[31]
Tyson Gay (USA) ran 9.68 (+4.1 m/s) on 29 June 2008 during the U.S. Olympic Trials at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon^[32]
Andre De Grasse (CAN) ran 9.69 (+4.8 m/s) on 18 June 2017 during Diamond League in Stockholm^[33] and 9.75 (+2.7 m/s) on 12 June 2015 at the NCAA Championships in Eugene, Oregon.
Obadele Thompson (BAR) ran 9.69 (+5.7 m/s) in El Paso, Texas in April 1996, which stood as the fastest ever 100 metres time for 12 years.
Richard Thompson (TTO) ran a wind-assisted 9.74 (exact wind unknown) in Clermont on 31 May 2014.
Darvis Patton (USA) ran 9.75 (+4.3 m/s) in Austin, Texas on 30 March 2013.
Churandy Martina (AHO) ran 9.76 at altitude (+6.1 m/s) in El Paso on 13 May 2006.
Trayvon Bromell (USA) ran 9.76 (+3.7 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2015.
Ronnie Baker (USA) ran 9.78 (+2.4 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 May 2018.
Carl Lewis (USA) ran 9.78 (+5.2 m/s) at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials in Indianapolis.
Andre Cason (USA) twice ran 9.79 (+4.5 m/s) and (+5.3 m/s) in Eugene, Oregon on 16 June 1993.

All-time top 25 women[edit]

Christine Arron (left) wins the 100 m at the Weltklasse meeting.

Correct as of June 2017.^[34]

Rank	Time	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Location	Ref
1	10.49	0.0^[a]	Florence Griffith-Joyner	United States	16 July 1988	Indianapolis
2	10.64	+1.2	Carmelita Jeter	United States	20 September 2009	Shanghai
3	10.65 ^[A]	+1.1	Marion Jones	United States	12 September 1998	Johannesburg
4	10.70	+0.6	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce	Jamaica	29 June 2012	Kingston
4	10.70	+0.3	Elaine Thompson	Jamaica	1 July 2016	Kingston	^[35]
6	10.73	+2.0	Christine Arron	France	19 August 1998	Budapest
7	10.74	+1.3	Merlene Ottey	Jamaica	7 September 1996	Milan
7	10.74	+1.0	English Gardner	United States	3 July 2016	Eugene	^[29]
9	10.75	+0.4	Kerron Stewart	Jamaica	10 July 2009	Rome
10	10.76	+1.7	Evelyn Ashford	United States	22 August 1984	Zürich
10	10.76	+1.1	Veronica Campbell-Brown	Jamaica	31 May 2011	Ostrava
12	10.77	+0.9	Irina Privalova	Russia	6 July 1994	Lausanne
12	10.77	+0.7	Ivet Lalova	Bulgaria	19 June 2004	Plovdiv
14	10.78 ^[A]	+1.0	Dawn Sowell	United States	3 June 1989	Provo
	10.78	+1.8	Torri Edwards	United States	26 June 2008	Eugene
		+1.6	Murielle Ahoure	Ivory Coast	11 June 2016	Montverde	^[36]
		+1.0	Tianna Bartoletta	United States	3 July 2016	Eugene	^[29]
		+1.0	Tori Bowie	United States	3 July 2016	Eugene	^[29]
19	10.79	0.0	Li Xuemei	People's Republic of China	18 October 1997	Shanghai
		−0.1	Inger Miller	United States	22 August 1999	Seville
		+1.1	Blessing Okagbare	Nigeria	27 July 2013	London
22	10.81	+1.7	Marlies Göhr	East Germany	8 June 1983	Berlin
22	10.81	−0.3	Dafne Schippers	Netherlands	24 August 2015	Beijing	^[37]
24	10.82	−1.0	Gail Devers	United States	1 August 1992	Barcelona
		+1.5			7 July 1993	Lausanne
		-0.3			16 August 1993	Stuttgart
		+0.4	Gwen Torrence	United States	3 September 1994	Paris
		−0.3	Zhanna Block	Ukraine	6 August 2001	Edmonton
		−0.7	Sherone Simpson	Jamaica	24 June 2006	Kingston
		+0.9	Michelle-Lee Ahye	Trinidad and Tobago	24 June 2017	Port of Spain	^[38]

More facts about these female runners[edit]

Florence Griffith-Joyner's world record has been the subject of a controversy due to strong suspicion of a defective anemometer measuring a tailwind lower than actually present;^[39] since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognised as a world record".^[40] It can be reasonable to assume a wind reading of about +4.7 m/s for Griffith-Joyner's quarter-final. Her legal 10.61 the following day and 10.62 at the 1988 Olympics would still make her the world record holder.^[41]

Below is a list of all other legal times equal or superior to 10.77:

As well as the 10.61 (1988) and 10.62 (1988) mentioned in the more facts section, Florence Griffith-Joyner also ran 10.70 (1988).
Carmelita Jeter also ran 10.67 (2009), 10.70 (2011).
Marion Jones also ran 10.70 (1999), 10.71 (1998), 10.71 (1998), 10.71 (1998), 10.72 (1998), 10.72 (1998), 10.75 (1998), 10.76 (1997, 1999), 10.77 (1998).
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce also ran 10.71 (2013), 10.72 (2013), 10.73 (2009), 10.74 (2015), 10.75 (2012), 10.76 (2015), 10.77 (2013).
Elaine Thompson also ran 10.71 (2016, 2017), 10.72 (2016).
Kerron Stewart also ran 10.75 (August 2009).

Assisted marks[edit]

Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (10.82 or better). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.

Tori Bowie of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.72 (+3.2) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2015 and 10.74 (+3.1) on July 3 2016.
Tawanna Meadows of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.72 (+4.5) in Lubbock, Texas on 6 May 2017.
Blessing Okagbare of Nigeria ran a wind-assisted 10.72 (+2.7) in Austin, Texas on 31 March 2018 and 10.75 (+2.2) in Eugene, Oregon on 1 June 2013.
Marshevet Hooker of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.76 (+3.4) in Eugene, Oregon on 27 June 2008.
Gail Devers of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.77 (+2.3) in San Jose, California on 28 May 1994.
Ekateríni Thánou of Greece ran a wind-assisted 10.77 (+2.3) in Rethimnó, Greece on 29 May 1999.
Gwen Torrence of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.78 (+5.0) in Indianapolis, Indiana on 16 July 1988.
Muna Lee of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.78 (+3.3) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 June 2009.
Marlies Göhr of East Germany ran a wind-assisted 10.79 (+3.3) in Cottbus, East Germany on 16 July 1980.
Kelli White of the USA ran a wind assisted 10.79 (+2.3) in Carson, California on June 1, 2001. This performance was later annulled due to doping offence.
Pam Marshall of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.80 (+2.9) in Eugene, Oregon on 20 June 1986.
Jenna Prandini of the USA ran a wind-assisted 10.81 (+3.6) in Eugene, Oregon on 2 July 2016.
Silke Gladisch of East Germany ran a wind-assisted 10.82 (+2.2) in Rome, Italy on 30 August 1987.

Season's bests[edit]

Men[edit]

Year	Time	Athlete	Place
1972	10.07	Valeriy Borzov (URS)	Munich
1973	10.15	Steve Williams (USA)	Dakar
1974	9.9h	Steve Williams (USA)	Los Angeles
1975	10.05	Steve Riddick (USA)	Zürich
1976	10.06	Hasely Crawford (TRI)	Montreal
1977	9.98A	Silvio Leonard (CUB)	Guadalajara
1978	10.07(A)	Clancy Edwards (USA) Eddie Hart (USA) Steve Williams (USA)	Eugene Colorado Springs(A) Zürich
1979	10.01A	Pietro Mennea (ITA)	Ciudad de Mexico
1980	10.02	James Sanford (USA)	Westwood
1981	10.00	Carl Lewis (USA)	Dallas
1982	10.00	Carl Lewis (USA)	Modesto
1983	9.93A	Calvin Smith (USA)	Colorado Springs
1984	9.96	Mel Lattany (USA)	Athens
1985	9.98	Carl Lewis (USA)	Modesto
1986	10.00	Chidi Imoh (NGR)	Berlin
1987	9.93	Carl Lewis (USA)	Rome
1988	9.92	Carl Lewis (USA)	Seoul
1989	9.94	Leroy Burrell (USA)	Houston
1990	9.96	Leroy Burrell (USA)	Villeneuve d'Ascq; Sestriere(A)
1991	9.86	Carl Lewis (USA)	Tokyo
1992	9.93	Michael Marsh (USA)	Walnut
1993	9.87	Linford Christie (GBR)	Stuttgart
1994	9.85	Leroy Burrell (USA)	Lausanne
1995	9.91	Donovan Bailey (CAN)	Montreal
1996	9.84	Donovan Bailey (CAN)	Atlanta
1997	9.86	Maurice Greene (USA)	Athens
1998	9.86	Ato Boldon (TRI)	Walnut; Athens
1999	9.79	Maurice Greene (USA)	Athens
2000	9.86	Maurice Greene (USA)	Berlin
2001	9.82	Maurice Greene (USA)	Edmonton
2002	9.89	Maurice Greene (USA)	Roma
2003	9.93	Patrick Johnson (AUS)	Mito
2004	9.85	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Athens
2005	9.77	Asafa Powell (JAM)	Athens
2006	9.77	Asafa Powell (JAM)	Gateshead; Zürich
2007	9.74	Asafa Powell (JAM)	Rieti
2008	9.69	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Beijing
2009	9.58	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Berlin
2010	9.78	Tyson Gay (USA) Nesta Carter (JAM)	London Rieti
2011	9.76	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Brussels
2012	9.63	Usain Bolt (JAM)	London
2013	9.77	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Moscow
2014	9.77	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Brussels
2015	9.74	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Doha
2016	9.80	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Eugene
2017	9.82	Christian Coleman (USA)	Eugene
2018	9.79	Christian Coleman (USA)	Brussels

Women[edit]

Year	Time	Athlete	Place
1972	11.07	Renate Stecher (GDR)	Munich
1973	11.07	Renate Stecher (GDR)	Dresden
1974	11.13	Irena Szewinska (POL)	Rome
1975	11.13	Renate Stecher (GDR)	Dresden
1976	11.01	Annegret Richter (FRG)	Montreal
1977	10.88	Marlies Göhr (GDR)	Dresden
1978	10.94	Marlies Göhr (GDR)	Dresden
1979	10.97	Marlies Göhr (GDR) Evelyn Ashford (USA)	Dresden Walnut
1980	10.93	Marlies Göhr (GDR)	Dresden
1981	10.90A	Evelyn Ashford (USA)	Colorado Springs
1982	10.88	Marlies Göhr (GDR)	Karl-Marx-Stadt
1983	10.79A	Evelyn Ashford (USA)	Colorado Springs
1984	10.76	Evelyn Ashford (USA)	Zürich
1985	10.86	Marlies Göhr (GDR)	Berlin
1986	10.88	Evelyn Ashford (USA)	Rieti
1987	10.86	Anelia Nuneva (BUL) Silke Möller (GER)	Beograd Potsdam
1988	10.49	Florence Griffith-Joyner (USA)	Indianapolis
1989	10.78A	Dawn Sowell (USA)	Provo
1990	10.78	Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Sevilla
1991	10.79	Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Vigo
1992	10.80	Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Salamanca
1993	10.82	Gail Devers (USA) Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Lausanne;Stuttgart Stuttgart
1994	10.77	Irina Privalova (RUS)	Lausanne
1995	10.84	Gwen Torrence (USA)	Gothenburg
1996	10.74	Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Milano
1997	10.76	Marion Jones (USA)	Brussels
1998	10.65A	Marion Jones (USA)	Johannesburg
1999	10.70	Marion Jones (USA)	Sevilla
2000	10.78	Marion Jones (USA)	Sevilla
2001	10.82	Zhanna Block (UKR)	Edmonton
2002	10.83	Zhanna Block (UKR)	Heusden-Zolder
2003	10.86	Chryste Gaines (USA)	Monaco
2004	10.77	Ivet Lalova (BUL)	Plovdiv
2005	10.84	Chandra Sturrup (BAH)	Lausanne
2006	10.82	Sherone Simpson (JAM)	Kingston
2007	10.89	Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)	Kingston
2008	10.78	Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM) Torri Edwards (USA)	Beijing Eugene
2009	10.64	Carmelita Jeter (USA)	Shanghai
2010	10.78	Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)	Eugene
2011	10.70	Carmelita Jeter (USA)	Eugene
2012	10.70	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)	Kingston
2013	10.71	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)	Moscow
2014	10.80	Tori Bowie (USA)	Monaco
2015	10.74	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)	Saint-Denis
2016	10.70	Elaine Thompson (JAM)	Kingston
2017	10.71	Elaine Thompson (JAM)	Kingston
2018	10.85	Marie-Josée Ta Lou (CIV) Dina Asher-Smith (GBR)	Doha Berlin

Top 12 Junior (under-20) men[edit]

Updated 24 June 2017^[update]^[42]

Rank	Time	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Location	Age	Ref
1	9.97	+1.8	Trayvon Bromell	United States	13 June 2014	Eugene	7003691300000000000♠18 years, 338 days
2	10.00	+1.6	Trentavis Friday	United States	5 July 2014	Eugene
3	10.01	+0.0	Darrel Brown	Trinidad and Tobago	24 August 2003	Saint-Denis
		+1.6	Jeff Demps	United States	28 June 2008	Eugene
		+0.9 ^[43]	Yoshihide Kiryu	Japan	29 April 2013	Hiroshima
6	10.03	+0.7	Marcus Rowland	United States	31 July 2009	Port of Spain
6	10.03	+0.7	Filippo Tortu	Italy	23 May 2018	Savona	7003728200000000000♠19 years, 342 days	^[44]
8	10.04	+1.7	D'Angelo Cherry	United States	10 June 2009	Fayetteville
		+0.2	Christophe Lemaitre	France	24 July 2009	Novi Sad
		+1.9	Abdullah Abkar Mohammed	Saudi Arabia	15 April 2016	Norwalk		^[45]
11	10.05	+0.1	Adam Gemili	Great Britain	11 July 2012	Barcelona
		+0.5	Abdul Hakim Sani Brown	Japan	24 June 2017	Osaka	7003668500000000000♠18 years, 110 days	^[46]
		-0.6	Abdul Hakim Sani Brown	Japan	4 August 2017	London	7003672600000000000♠18 years, 151 days	^[47]

Notes[edit]

British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds on 5 August 2001 (aged 18 years, 334 days) but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.
Nigerian sprinter Davidson Ezinwa ran 10.05 (4 January 1990), but without wind gauge.
Trayvon Bromell recorded a time of 9.77 s with a strong tailwind of +4.2 m/s on May 2014 during the Big 12 Outdoor Track Championships^[48]

.

Top 12 Junior (under-20) women[edit]

Updated 25 April 2018^[update]

Rank	Time	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Location	Age	Ref
1	10.88	+2.0	Marlies Göhr	East Germany	1 July 1977	Dresden
2	10.89	+1.8	Katrin Krabbe	East Germany	20 July 1988	Berlin
3	10.98	+2.0	Candace Hill	United States	20 June 2015	Shoreline		^[49]
4	10.99	+0.9	Ángela Tenorio	Ecuador	22 July 2015	Toronto		^[50]
4	10.99	+1.7	Twanisha Terry	United States	21 April 2018	Torrance	7003708800000000000♠19 years, 148 days	^[51]
6	11.02	+1.8	Tamara Clark	United States	12 May 2018	Knoxville
7	11.03	+1.7	Silke Gladisch-Möller	East Germany	8 June 1983	Berlin
7	11.03	+0.6	English Gardner	United States	14 May 2011	Tucson
9	11.04	+1.4	Angela Williams	United States	5 June 1999	Boise
10	11.06	+0.9	Khalifa St. Fort	Trinidad and Tobago	24 June 2017	Port of Spain	7003707100000000000♠19 years, 131 days	^[52]
11	11.07	+0.7	Bianca Knight	United States	27 June 2008	Eugene
12	11.08	+2.0	Brenda Morehead	United States	21 June 1976	Eugene

Top 15 Youth (under-18) boys[edit]

Updated 27 March 2018^[update]

Rank	Fastest time (s)	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Country	Date	Location	Ref
1	10.15	+2.0	Anthony Schwartz	United States	31 March 2017	Gainesville	^[53]
2	10.18	+1.1	Khairul Hafiz Jantan	Malaysia	27 July 2016	Kuching	^[54]
3	10.19	+0.5	Yoshihide Kiryu	Japan	3 November 2012	Fukuroi
4	10.20	+1.5	Tlotliso Leotlela	South Africa	7 September 2015	Apia	^[55]
4	10.20	+2.0	Sachin Dennis	Jamaica	23 March 2018	Kingston	^[56]
6	10.23	+0.8	Tamunosiki Atorudibo	Nigeria	23 March 2002	Enugu
6	10.23	+1.2	Rynell Parson	United States	21 June 2007	Indianapolis
7	10.24	+0.0	Darrel Brown	Trinidad and Tobago	14 April 2001	Bridgetown
9	10.25	+1.5	J-Mee Samuels	United States	11 July 2004	Knoxville
		+1.6	Jeff Demps	United States	1 August 2007	Knoxville
		+0.9	Jhevaughn Matherson	Jamaica	5 March 2016	Kingston	^[57]
12	10.26	+1.2	Deworski Odom	United States	21 July 1994	Lisboa
12	10.26	−0.1	Sunday Emmanuel	Nigeria	18 March 1995	Bauchi
14	10.27	+0.2	Henry Thomas	United States	19 May 1984	Norwalk
		+1.6	Curtis Johnson	United States	30 June 1990	Fresno
		+1.0	Ivory Williams	United States	8 June 2002	Sacramento
		−0.2	Jazeel Murphy	Jamaica	23 April 2011	Montego Bay
		+1.9	Raheem Chambers	Jamaica	20 April 2014	Fort-de-France

Top 14 Youth (under-18) girls[edit]

Updated 4 April 2018^[update]

Rank	Fastest time (s)	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nation	Date	Location	Ref
1	10.98	+2.0	Candace Hill	United States	20 June 2015	Shoreline	^[49]
2	11.10	+0.9	Kaylin Whitney	United States	5 July 2014	Eugene	^[58]
3	11.13	+2.0	Chandra Cheeseborough	United States	21 June 1976	Eugene
3	11.13	+1.7	Brianna Williams	Jamaica	17 March 2018	Jacksonville
5	11.14	+1.7	Marion Jones	United States	6 June 1992	Norwalk
5	11.14	−0.5	Angela Williams	United States	21 June 1997	Edwardsville
7	11.16	+1.2	Gabrielle Mayo	United States	22 June 2006	Indianapolis
7	11.16	+0.9	Kevona Davis	Jamaica	23 March 2018	Kingston
9	11.17 A	+0.6	Wendy Vereen	United States	3 July 1983	Colorado Springs
10	11.19	0.0	Khalifa St. Fort	Trinidad and Tobago	16 July 2015	Cali
11	11.20 A	+1.2	Raelene Boyle	Australia	15 October 1968	Mexico City
12	11.24	-1.0	Ewa Swoboda	Poland	4 June 2015	Sankt Pölten
13	11.24	+1.2	Jeneba Tarmoh	United States	22 June 2006	Indianapolis
13	11.24	+0.8	Jodie Williams	Great Britain	31 May 2010	Bedford

Paralympic men[edit]

Jason Smyth (in lane five) breaking the men's T13 world record at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London.

Updated to 19 September 2018^[59]

Class	Record	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nationality	Date	Place	Ref
T11	10.92	+1.8	David Brown	United States	18 April 2014	Walnut
T12	10.66	−0.4	Elchin Muradov	Azerbaijan	19 June 2010	Imola
T13	10.46	+0.6	Jason Smyth	Ireland	1 September 2012	London
T32	23.25	0.0	Martin McDonagh	Ireland	13 August 1999	Nottingham
T33	16.46	+1.0	Ahmad Almutairi	Kuwait	3 June 2017	Nottwil
=	16.46	+1.3	Ahmad Almutairi	Kuwait	3 June 2017	Doha
T34	14.80	+0.7	Rheed McCracken	Australia	26 May 2018	Nottwil
T35	12.22	+0.7	Ihor Tsvietov	Ukraine	9 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[60]
T36	11.90	-0.5	Evgenii Shvetcov	Russia	22 July 2013	Lyon
T37	11.42	+0.2	Charl du Toit	South Africa	10 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[61]
T38	10.74	–0.3	Hu Jianwen	China	13 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[62]
T42	vacant
T43	vacant
T44	vacant
T45	10.94	+0.2	Yohansson Nascimento	Brazil	6 September 2012	London
T46/47	10.50	+0.5	Petrucio Ferreira dos Santos	Brazil	15 June 2018	Paris
T51	19.89	+1.3	Peter Genyn	Belgium	31 May 2018	Nottwill
T52	16.46	+1.4	Raymond Martin	United States	4 June 2018	Arbon
T53	14.10	+0.7	Brent Lakatos	Canada	27 May 2017	Arbon
T54	13.63	+1.0	Leo-Pekka Tähti	Finland	1 September 2012	London
T61	vacant
T62	vacant
T63	vacant
T64	10.61	+1.4	Richard Browne	United States	29 October 2015	Doha

Paralympic women[edit]

Updated to April 2017^[63]

Classification	Record	Wind (m/s)	Athlete	Nationality	Date	Place	Ref
T11	11.91	+0.7	Libby Clegg	Great Britain	9 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[64]
T12	11.40	+0.2	Omara Durand	Cuba	9 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[65]
T13	11.79	+0.5	Leilia Adzhametova	Ukraine	11 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[66]
T32	37.67	0.0	Lindsay Wright	United Kingdom	25 July 1997	Nottingham
T33	21.59	−0.4	Kristen Messer	United States	31 August 2012	London
T34	17.31	+1.0	Hannah Cockroft	United Kingdom	17 May 2014	Nottwil
T35	13.63	+2.0	Isis Holt	Australia	29 October 2015	Doha	^[67]
T36	13.82	+0.3	Wang Fang	People's Republic of China	16 September 2008	Beijing
T37	13.13	+1.6	Georgina Hermitage	Great Britain	9 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[68]
T38	12.60	+1.6	Sophie Hahn	Great Britain	22 October 2015	Doha	^[69]
T42	14.61	-0.2	Martina Caironi	Italy	30 October 2015	Doha	^[70]
T43	12.80	+1.0	Marlou van Rhijn	Netherlands	29 October 2015	Doha	^[71]
T44	12.93	–0.4	Sophie Kamlish	Great Britain	17 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[72]
T45	14.00	0.0	G Cole	Canada	2 June 1980	Arnhem
T46	11.95	−0.2	Yunidis Castillo	Cuba	4 September 2012	London
T51	32.08	0.0	V Hill	United States	27 August 1989	Stoke Mandeville
T52	18.67	+1.7	Michelle Stilwell	Canada	14 July 2012	Windsor
T53	16.19	+1.0	Huang Lisha	China	8 September 2016	Rio de Janeiro	^[73]
T54	15.82	+0.5	Wenjun Liu	People's Republic of China	8 September 2012	London

Olympic medallists[edit]

Men[edit]

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1896 Athens details	Thomas Burke (USA)	Fritz Hofmann (GER)	Francis Lane (USA) Alajos Szokolyi (HUN)
1900 Paris details	Frank Jarvis (USA)	Walter Tewksbury (USA)	Stan Rowley (AUS)
1904 St. Louis details	Archie Hahn (USA)	Nathaniel Cartmell (USA)	William Hogenson (USA)
1908 London details	Reggie Walker (RSA)	James Rector (USA)	Robert Kerr (CAN)
1912 Stockholm details	Ralph Craig (USA)	Alvah Meyer (USA)	Donald Lippincott (USA)
1920 Antwerp details	Charley Paddock (USA)	Morris Kirksey (USA)	Harry Edward (GBR)
1924 Paris details	Harold Abrahams (GBR)	Jackson Scholz (USA)	Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt (NZL)
1928 Amsterdam details	Percy Williams (CAN)	Jack London (GBR)	Georg Lammers (GER)
1932 Los Angeles details	Eddie Tolan (USA)	Ralph Metcalfe (USA)	Arthur Jonath (GER)
1936 Berlin details	Jesse Owens (USA)	Ralph Metcalfe (USA)	Tinus Osendarp (NED)
1948 London details	Harrison Dillard (USA)	Barney Ewell (USA)	Lloyd LaBeach (PAN)
1952 Helsinki details	Lindy Remigino (USA)	Herb McKenley (JAM)	McDonald Bailey (GBR)
1956 Melbourne details	Bobby Morrow (USA)	Thane Baker (USA)	Hector Hogan (AUS)
1960 Rome details	Armin Hary (EUA)	Dave Sime (USA)	Peter Radford (GBR)
1964 Tokyo details	Bob Hayes (USA)	Enrique Figuerola (CUB)	Harry Jerome (CAN)
1968 Mexico City details	Jim Hines (USA)	Lennox Miller (JAM)	Charles Greene (USA)
1972 Munich details	Valeriy Borzov (URS)	Robert Taylor (USA)	Lennox Miller (JAM)
1976 Montreal details	Hasely Crawford (TRI)	Don Quarrie (JAM)	Valeriy Borzov (URS)
1980 Moscow details	Allan Wells (GBR)	Silvio Leonard (CUB)	Petar Petrov (BUL)
1984 Los Angeles details	Carl Lewis (USA)	Sam Graddy (USA)	Ben Johnson (CAN)
1988 Seoul^[74]^[75] details	Carl Lewis (USA)	Linford Christie (GBR)	Calvin Smith (USA)
1992 Barcelona details	Linford Christie (GBR)	Frankie Fredericks (NAM)	Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1996 Atlanta details	Donovan Bailey (CAN)	Frankie Fredericks (NAM)	Ato Boldon (TRI)
2000 Sydney details	Maurice Greene (USA)	Ato Boldon (TRI)	Obadele Thompson (BAR)
2004 Athens details	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Francis Obikwelu (POR)	Maurice Greene (USA)
2008 Beijing details	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Richard Thompson (TRI)	Walter Dix (USA)
2012 London details	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Yohan Blake (JAM)	Justin Gatlin (USA)
2016 Rio de Janeiro details	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Andre De Grasse (CAN)

Women[edit]

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1928 Amsterdam details	Betty Robinson United States	Fanny Rosenfeld Canada	Ethel Smith Canada
1932 Los Angeles details	Stanisława Walasiewicz Poland	Hilda Strike Canada	Wilhelmina von Bremen United States
1936 Berlin details	Helen Stephens United States	Stanisława Walasiewicz Poland	Käthe Krauß Germany
1948 London details	Fanny Blankers-Koen Netherlands	Dorothy Manley Great Britain	Shirley Strickland Australia
1952 Helsinki details	Marjorie Jackson Australia	Daphne Hasenjager South Africa	Shirley Strickland de la Hunty Australia
1956 Melbourne details	Betty Cuthbert Australia	Christa Stubnick United Team of Germany	Marlene Matthews Australia
1960 Rome details	Wilma Rudolph United States	Dorothy Hyman Great Britain	Giuseppina Leone Italy
1964 Tokyo details	Wyomia Tyus United States	Edith McGuire United States	Ewa Kłobukowska Poland
1968 Mexico City details	Wyomia Tyus United States	Barbara Ferrell United States	Irena Szewińska Poland
1972 Munich details	Renate Stecher East Germany	Raelene Boyle Australia	Silvia Chivás Cuba
1976 Montreal details	Annegret Richter West Germany	Renate Stecher East Germany	Inge Helten West Germany
1980 Moscow details	Lyudmila Kondratyeva Soviet Union	Marlies Göhr East Germany	Ingrid Auerswald East Germany
1984 Los Angeles details	Evelyn Ashford United States	Alice Brown United States	Merlene Ottey Jamaica
1988 Seoul details	Florence Griffith-Joyner United States	Evelyn Ashford United States	Heike Drechsler East Germany
1992 Barcelona details	Gail Devers United States	Juliet Cuthbert Jamaica	Irina Privalova Unified Team
1996 Atlanta details	Gail Devers United States	Merlene Ottey Jamaica	Gwen Torrence United States
2000 Sydney details	Vacant^[76]	Ekaterini Thanou Greece	Merlene Ottey Jamaica
2000 Sydney details	Vacant^[76]	Tayna Lawrence Jamaica	Merlene Ottey Jamaica
2004 Athens details	Yulia Nestsiarenka Belarus	Lauryn Williams United States	Veronica Campbell Jamaica
2008 Beijing details	Shelly-Ann Fraser Jamaica	Sherone Simpson Jamaica	none awarded
2008 Beijing details	Shelly-Ann Fraser Jamaica	Kerron Stewart Jamaica	none awarded
2012 London details	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Jamaica	Carmelita Jeter United States	Veronica Campbell-Brown Jamaica
2016 Rio de Janeiro details	Elaine Thompson Jamaica	Tori Bowie United States	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Jamaica

World Championship medallists[edit]

Men[edit]

Championships	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1983 Helsinki details	Carl Lewis (USA)	Calvin Smith (USA)	Emmit King (USA)
1987 Rome details	Carl Lewis (USA)	Raymond Stewart (JAM)	Linford Christie (GBR)
1991 Tokyo details	Carl Lewis (USA)	Leroy Burrell (USA)	Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1993 Stuttgart details	Linford Christie (GBR)	Andre Cason (USA)	Dennis Mitchell (USA)
1995 Gothenburg details	Donovan Bailey (CAN)	Bruny Surin (CAN)	Ato Boldon (TRI)
1997 Athens details	Maurice Greene (USA)	Donovan Bailey (CAN)	Tim Montgomery (USA)
1999 Seville details	Maurice Greene (USA)	Bruny Surin (CAN)	Dwain Chambers (GBR)
2001 Edmonton details	Maurice Greene (USA)	Bernard Williams (USA)	Ato Boldon (TRI)
2003 Saint-Denis details	Kim Collins (SKN)	Darrel Brown (TRI)	Darren Campbell (GBR)
2005 Helsinki details	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Michael Frater (JAM)	Kim Collins (SKN)
2007 Osaka details	Tyson Gay (USA)	Derrick Atkins (BAH)	Asafa Powell (JAM)
2009 Berlin details	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Tyson Gay (USA)	Asafa Powell (JAM)
2011 Daegu details	Yohan Blake (JAM)	Walter Dix (USA)	Kim Collins (SKN)
2013 Moscow details	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Nesta Carter (JAM)
2015 Beijing details	Usain Bolt (JAM)	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Trayvon Bromell (USA) Andre De Grasse (CAN)
2017 London details	Justin Gatlin (USA)	Christian Coleman (USA)	Usain Bolt (JAM)

Women[edit]

Championships	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1983 Helsinki details	Marlies Oelsner-Göhr (GDR)	Marita Koch (GDR)	Diane Williams (USA)
1987 Rome details	Silke Gladisch-Möller (GDR)	Heike Daute-Drechsler (GDR)	Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1991 Tokyo details	Katrin Krabbe (GER)	Gwen Torrence (USA)	Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1993 Stuttgart details	Gail Devers (USA)	Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Gwen Torrence (USA)
1995 Gothenburg details	Gwen Torrence (USA)	Merlene Ottey (JAM)	Irina Privalova (RUS)
1997 Athens details	Marion Jones (USA)	Zhanna Pintusevich (UKR)	Savatheda Fynes (BAH)
1999 Seville details	Marion Jones (USA)	Inger Miller (USA)	Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)
2001 Edmonton details	Zhanna Pintusevich-Block (UKR)	Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)	Chandra Sturrup (BAH)
2003 Saint-Denis details	Torri Edwards (USA)	Chandra Sturrup (BAH)	Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)
2005 Helsinki details	Lauryn Williams (USA)	Veronica Campbell (JAM)	Christine Arron (FRA)
2007 Osaka details	Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)	Lauryn Williams (USA)	Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2009 Berlin details	Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM)	Kerron Stewart (JAM)	Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2011 Daegu details	Carmelita Jeter (USA)	Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)	Kelly-Ann Baptiste (TRI)
2013 Moscow details	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)	Murielle Ahouré (CIV)	Carmelita Jeter (USA)
2015 Beijing details	Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)	Dafne Schippers (NED)	Tori Bowie (USA)
2017 London details	Tori Bowie (USA)	Marie-Josée Ta Lou (CIV)	Dafne Schippers (NED)

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c It is widely believed that the anemometer was faulty for the race in which Florence Griffith Joyner set the official world record for the women's 100 m of 10.49 s.^[1] A 1995 report commissioned by the IAAF estimated the true wind speed was between +5.0 m/s and +7.0 m/s, rather than the 0.0 recorded.^[1] If this time, recorded in the quarter-final of the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, were excluded, the world record would be 10.61 s, recorded the next day at the same venue by the same athlete in the final.^[1]^[2]

References[edit]

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^ "IPC Athletics World Records". IPC. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
^ "Men's T35 100m Round 1 Heat 2 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ "Men's 100m T37 Round 1 Heat 2 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 10 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ "Men's 100m T38 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 13 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
^ "IPC Athletics World Records". International Paralympic Committee. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
^ "Women's 100m T11 Semifinal 2 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ "Women's 100m T12 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ "Women's 100m T13 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 11 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ "Women's 100m T35 Results" (PDF). IPC. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "Women's 100m T37 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 9 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ "Women's 100m T38 Results" (PDF). IPC. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^ "Women's 100m T42 Results" (PDF). IPC. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
^ "Women's 100m T43/44 Results" (PDF). IPC. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "Women's 100m T43/44 Round 1 Heat 3 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^ "Women's T53 100m – Round 1 Heat 1 Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ Canadian Ben Johnson won the 1988 men's 100 metres final, but was stripped of the title after testing positive for steroids in a subsequent doping test.
^ "1988: Johnson stripped of Olympic gold". BBC News. September 27, 1988.
^ On October 5, 2007 Marion Jones of the United States admitted to having taken performance-enhancing drugs prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics. On October 9 she relinquished her medals to the United States Olympic Committee, who returned them to the International Olympic Committee. The IOC have removed the medals from Jones and her relay teammates, leaving the positions vacant.