1.
Amitabh Bachchan
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Amitabh Harivansh Rai Shrivastava Bachchan is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s for movies like Zanjeer and Deewaar, referred to as the Shahenshah of Bollywood, Star of the Millennium or Big B, he has since appeared in over 190 Indian films in a career spanning almost five decades. Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema, so total was his dominance on the movie scene in the 1970s and 1980s that the French director François Truffaut called him a one-man industry. Bachchan has won accolades in his career, including four National Film Awards as Best Actor and many awards at international film festivals. He has won fifteen Filmfare Awards and is the performer in any major acting category at Filmfare. In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a singer, film producer. He has hosted several seasons of the show, Kaun Banega Crorepati, Indias version of the game show franchise. He also had a stint in politics in the 1980s, the Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1984, the Padma Bhushan in 2001 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015 for his contributions to the arts. The Government of France honoured him with its highest civilian honour, Knight of the Legion of Honour, in 2007 for his career in the world of cinema. Bachchan made his Hollywood debut in 2013 with The Great Gatsby, Bachchan was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, in north central India. His ancestors hailed from a village called Babupatti in the Raniganj taluka of Pratapgarh district in Uttar Pradesh and his father Harivansh Rai Srivastava was a well-known Hindi poet and his mother Teji Bachchan was a Punjabi Sikh from Lyallpur, Punjab. Bachchan was initially named Inquilaab, inspired by the phrase Inquilab Zindabad popularly used during the Indian independence struggle, in English, Inquilab Zindabad means Long live the revolution. However, at the suggestion of fellow poet Sumitranandan Pant, Harivansh Rai changed the name to Amitabh. Although his surname was Shrivastava, Amitabhs father had adopted the pen name Bachchan and it is with this last name that Amitabh debuted in films and for all other practical purposes, Bachchan has become the surname for all of his immediate family. Bachchans father died in 2003, and his mother in 2007, Bachchan is an alumnus of Sherwood College, Nainital. He later attended Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi and he has a younger brother, Ajitabh. His mother had a keen interest in theatre and was offered a film role. Teji had some influence in Amitabh Bachchans choice of career because she insisted that he should take the centre stage
2.
Rishi Kapoor
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Rishi Kapoor is an Indian film actor, producer and director known for his works in Hindi cinema. He received the National Film Award for his role as a child artist in his father Raj Kapoors 1970 film Mera Naam Joker. Kapoor had his first lead role as an adult, opposite Dimple Kapadia in 1973 with the film Bobby, since then, he played leading roles as the romantic lead in 92 films between 1973 and 2000, of which 41 were multi-starrer films. Only 11 of the 51 solo hero films were successful, for his performance in Do Dooni Chaar, he won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor in 2011 and for his role in Kapoor & Sons, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2017. He was honored with the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 and he appeared opposite his future wife Neetu Singh in twelve films from 1973 and 1981. Kapoor was born in Chembur, Mumbai in a Punjabi Hindu family as Rishi Raj Kapoor and he was the second son of film director and star Raj Kapoor. He did his schooling with his brothers at Campion School, Mumbai and Mayo College and his brothers, Randhir Kapoor and Rajiv Kapoor, are also actors. Rishi Kapoor debuted in his fathers 1970 film, Mera Naam Joker, Kapoor had his first lead role, as an adult, opposite Dimple Kapadia in the 1973 film Bobby. In an interview in 2012, he stated There was a misconception that the film was made to me as an actor. The film was made to pay the debts of Mera Naam Joker. Dad wanted to make a love story and he did not have money to cast Rajesh Khanna in the film. Only 11 of the 51 solo hero films were successful at the box office and 25 of the 41 mutli-hero films were successful at the box office, in 1999 he directed the film Aa Ab Laut Chalen, starring Rajesh Khanna, Aishwarya Rai, Akshaye Khanna in the lead. His last film as a lead was the delayed Karobaar. Rishi Kapoor has acted in Heena, directed by his brother Randhir Kapoor and his father, Raj Kapoor, and in Prem Granth, a movie produced by the three Kapoor brothers and directed by Rajiv Kapoor. In year 1974, Filmfare Awards were held honouring the films released in year 1973. Rajesh Khanna was nominated for his performance in a role in Daag. He moved on to supporting roles in the 2000s and he has since appeared in films like Yeh Hai Jalwa, Hum Tum, Fanaa, Namastey London, Love Aaj Kal and Patiala House. He also appeared in the British films Dont Stop Dreaming and Sambar Salsa and he reunited onscreen with Neetu Singh in the film Do Dooni Chaar. He also acted in the movie Chintu Ji in which he plays himself, in 2012 he appeared in a villainous role in Agneepath and in the multi-starrer Housefull 2 where he appeared with brother Randhir Kapoor for the first time after Khazana in mid-1980s
3.
Amitabh Bhattacharya
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Amitabh Bhattacharya is an Indian lyricist and playback singer from Uttar Pradesh but belonging to a family of Bengali origin who works in Bollywood films. He shot to fame with the film Dev. D, the song Emotional Attyachar from the movie was an instant hit. He has been writing lyrics for a variety of Bollywood movies since then and has also sung a few of them. Bhattacharya has also maintained an association with Amit Trivedi since their first film Aamir. He has written the lyrics or sang for most of the film composed by the latter. His lyrics have been described as frillfree and smartly worded. Amitabh Bhattacharya at the Internet Movie Database Amitabh Bhattacharya, Filmography
4.
Sony Pictures
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Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. is an American entertainment company that produces, acquires and distributes filmed entertainment through multiple platforms. It operates as a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment Inc. which is the parent company for both the music and motion picture businesses of Sony Corporation, based in Culver City, California, it encompasses Sonys motion picture, television production and distribution units. Its group sales in the fiscal year 2015 has been reported to be of $8.3 billion, Sony Pictures film franchises include Spider-Man, Men in Black, Underworld, Resident Evil, and Robert Langdon. Sony Pictures is one of Hollywoods major film studios and a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, on September 1,1987, The Coca-Cola Company announced plans to spin-off its assets of Columbia Pictures, which it had owned since 1982. Under this arrangement, Coca-Cola would sell its entertainment assets to TriStar Pictures, Tri-Star would be renamed to Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. with Coca-Cola owning 49%, its shareholders owning 31%, and Tri-Stars shareholders owning 20%. A new company was formed in early 1988 with the Tri-Star name to take over the studios operations, on September 28,1989, Sony obtained an option to purchase all of The Coca-Cola Companys stock in CPE for $27 per share. This was all led by Norio Ohga, who was the president, the hiring of Guber and Peters by Sony to run Columbia was conflicted by a previous contract the producers had signed at Warner Bros. Time Warners chairman, Steve Ross, threatened Sony with a lawsuit for breach of contract, the lawsuit would be subsequently dropped when Sony sold half-interest in Columbia House and cable distribution rights to Columbias feature films, TV movies, and miniseries to Warner Bros. Said agreement also saw Columbia sell its 35% interest in the Burbank Studios, on November 8,1989, Sony completed the acquisition by a short-form merger of its wholly owned subsidiary Sony Columbia Acquisition Corporation into CPE under Delaware law. Sony also completed a tender offer for shares of stock of the Guber-Peters Entertainment Company on November 6,1989. The acquisition cost Sony $4.9 billion and was backed by five major Japanese banks Mitsui, Tokyo, Fuji, Mitsubishi, the company was renamed Sony Pictures Entertainment on August 7,1991. On June 4,2008, SPEs wholly owned group 2JS Productions B. V. acquired Dutch production company 2waytraffic N. V. famous for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. and You Are What You Eat for £114.3 million. In 2011, the Sony Pictures computer network was breached and approximately one million user accounts associated with the SonyPictures. com website were leaked. On November 21,2013, SPE and Sony Entertainments CEO Michael Lynton announced that SPE will shift emphasis from movies to television by cutting its 2014 film slate, on January 22,2014, SPE folded its technology unit into its various cores of its businesses. On February 6,2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment, through their legal name Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal Ltda. announced that they close their offices in Portugal on March 31. On November 20,2015, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that they will release Ultra HD Blu-ray releases, the first set will be in early 2016 and will include film and television content. In November 2014, the Sony Pictures computer network was compromised by a group of hackers named Guardians of Peace, disabling many computers. Later the same week, five of Sony Pictures movies were leaked, including some not yet released, as well as confidential data about 47,000 current and former Sony employees
5.
Columbia Pictures
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The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra
6.
Earth
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Earth, otherwise known as the World, or the Globe, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets, according to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earths gravity interacts with objects in space, especially the Sun. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times, thus, Earths axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planets surface. The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earths orientation on its axis, Earths lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earths surface is covered with water, mostly by its oceans, the remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earths polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet, Earths interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earths magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics. Within the first billion years of Earths history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earths atmosphere and surface, some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earths distance from the Sun, physical properties, in the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species that lived on Earth are extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely, over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures, politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states, the modern English word Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms, which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe. It has cognates in every Germanic language, and their proto-Germanic root has been reconstructed as *erþō, originally, earth was written in lowercase, and from early Middle English, its definite sense as the globe was expressed as the earth. By early Modern English, many nouns were capitalized, and the became the Earth. More recently, the name is simply given as Earth. House styles now vary, Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, another convention capitalizes Earth when appearing as a name but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the. It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as what on earth are you doing, the oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4. 5672±0.0006 billion years ago. By 4. 54±0.04 Gya the primordial Earth had formed, the formation and evolution of Solar System bodies occurred along with the Sun
7.
Hindi
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Hindi, or Modern Standard Hindi is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Along with the English language, Hindi written in the Devanagari script, is the language of the Government of India. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India, Hindi is the lingua franca of the so-called Hindi belt of India. Outside India, it is a language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with Official Language, under Article 343, official language of the Union has been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English. Gujarat High Court, in 2010, has observed that there was nothing on record to suggest that any provision has been made or order issued declaring Hindi as a language of India. Article 343 of the Indian constitution states The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the working language of the Union Government by 1965. Each may also designate a co-official language, in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the formation in power. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of language in the following Union Territories, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu. National-language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme, an Indian court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, Hindi is a language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji, Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis of Nepal. Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the Hindi Belt of India. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is considered to be a descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit. It has been influenced by Dravidian languages, Turkic languages, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. By the 10th century A. D. it became stable, Braj Bhasha, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Khari Boli etc. are the dialects of Hindi
8.
Saregama
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Saregama India Ltd. is an Indian music label and content producer for Indian television. Its music catalogue consists of more than 117,000 songs in 14 languages and it has daily and weekly TV shows currently on air with television networks in India. Saregama’s head office is located in Mumbai, with offices in Kolkata, Delhi. It is listed on the NSE and BSE, the company was founded in 1901. It produced the first song recorded in India, and later moved into the production of cinema and television content, digital retailing, aggregation, radio programming, in 1901, operations started as the first overseas branch of Electrical & Musical Industries Limited, EMI London. The company was incorporated on 13 August 1946 with the name of ‘The Gramophone Co, the name of the Company was subsequently changed to ‘The Gramophone Co. of India Limited’ effective 1 April 1956. It was converted into a company on 28 October 1968. RPG Group took over the company in 1985 from EMI, the name of the company was then changed from The Gramophone Company of India Limited to ‘Saregama India Limited’ on November 3,2000. The name Saregama refers to the first four notes of the Indian musical scale, in 2005, the remaining EMI stake was sold off to the parent company. The Gramophone Company is better known as HMV in India, RPG Group has been using the brand under license from the former parent company, EMI. On 3 November 2000, RPG Group changed the name to Saregama India Limited. The Recording Studio and the entire Dum Dum establishment of Saregama India Limited was built in 1928 and it is one of the oldest studios in Southeast Asia. Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore had recorded his songs and poems in his own voice at this studio, rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam’s voice was also recorded here. Artistes who have recorded at this studio include K. C. Dey, Hemanta Mukherjee, Sandhya Mukherjee, Manna Dey, Suchitra Mitra, Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Pandit Ravi Shankar, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. Film director Satyajit Ray preferred to record his musical scores for his films at Dum Dum studio, television shows such as Dadagiri, Didi No. 1, Dance Bangla Dance and Saregamapa Lil Champs have been shot at the studio, in March 2015, Saregama relaunched its online music store, consisting of more than 117,000 downloadable songs in 15 languages in lossless WAV format. Saregama has also established relationships with iTunes, OTT services TV channels, Saregama India launched a subscription based mobile application in September 2015 which features its catalogue of Indian classical music. The app, named Saregama Classical has more than 10,000 musical works of over 400 classical music artistes in three major subgenres of Indian Classical music, i. e. Hindustani, Carnatic and Fusion and it also has a curated list of 50 artiste-based stations
9.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
10.
Arijit Singh
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Arijit Singh is an Indian playback singer, predominantly singing Hindi and Bengali songs. Arijit is regarded as one of the most versatile and highly successful singer in the History of Indian Music, Singh became well-known with the release of Tum Hi Ho from Aashiqui 2. He was awarded the prestigious Best Male Playback Singer award for the song, Arijit had won IBN Live Movie Award for the song Muskurane Ki Wajah Tum Ho in the category of Best Playback Singer. Arijit won the Male Vocalist of the Year 2017 at the Mirchi Music Awards for his rendition of Ae Dil Hai Mushkil and he initiated training in music from his house, since his maternal grandmother used to sing and his maternal aunt is trained in Indian classical music. His maternal uncle also plays the tabla and he also learnt music from his mother who sings and plays the tabla. For studies, he went to Raja Bijay Singh High School and Sripat Singh College, according to Singh he was a decent student, but cared more about music. His inclination towards music led his parents to decide on training him professionally and he was taught Indian classical music by Rajendra Prasad Hazari and trained in tabla by Dhirendra Prasad Hazari while Birendra Prasad Hazari taught him Rabindra Sangeet and pop music. In 2005, insisted by Rajendra Prasad Hazari who felt that music was a dying tradition. Initially hesitant to take the chance, Singh joined the show since composer Shankar Mahadevan was included in the jury panel, though Singh lost the finals, he soon entered another reality show,10 Ke 10 Le Gaye Dil. After winning the show, Singh built his own recording studio and he then went on to become an assistant music programmer to Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Vishal–Shekhar and Mithoon. In 2010, Singh started working with Pritam Chakraborty on three films—Golmaal 3, Crook and Action Replayy, during the time, he started singing scratches on Chakrabortys insistence. In 2011, Singh made his Bollywood music debut with the Mithoon-composition, Phir Mohabbat from Murder 2, the same year, when he was programming for the song Raabta from Agent Vinod, Chakraborty wanted him to sing the classical arrangement in the song. The part was retained in all the four versions of the song, apart from Agent Vinod, Singh dubbed for Chakraborty in three other films released during the year, Players, Cocktail and Barfi. He also lent his voice for Chirantan Bhatt in 1920, Evil Returns for the song Ae Khuda Ae Khuda Uska hi Bana, Singh rose to widespread prominence with the release of the song Tum Hi Ho from Aashiqui 2. The song fetched him several awards and nominations including Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer and he worked with Jeet Gannguli for the rest of his tracks in the album. Singh further allied with Chakraborty, singing Dilliwaali Girlfriend, Kabira, other than rendering the encore version of Kabira, he also associated himself as the music producer of the track along with Balam Pichkari from the same film. Singh considered the period as a phase which helped him in becoming a better musician. The duo collaborated with Shahid Kapoor, performing Main Rang Sharbaton Ka from Phata Poster Nikhla Hero, moreover, he dubbed for Shah Rukh Khan in the song Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari from Chennai Express which was composed by Vishal–Shekhar
11.
Sonu Nigam
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Sonu Nigam is an Indian playback singer whose songs have been featured mainly in Hindi and Kannada. He has also sung in Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Tulu, Assamese, Odia, Nepali, Maithili and he has also released Indian pop albums and acted in a number of films. He has been one of the highest paid Indian singers and his singing style is considered similar to the legendary Mohd. Rafi whom he considers his motivation. He has come into limelight through the Kannada film Mungaru Male, Sonu Agam Kumar Nigam was born on 30 July 1973 to Agam Kumar Nigam and Shobha Agam Kumar Nigam in the city of Faridabad, Haryana. Nigam began his career at the age of four, when he joined his father Agam Kumar Nigam on stage to sing Mohammed Rafis song Kya hua tera wada. From then on, Nigam accompanied his father on his appearances at weddings. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 18 and he was trained by Hindustani classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan. Nigam married Madhurima Agam Kumar Nigam on 15 February 2002, Nigam has released pop albums in Hindi, Kannada, Odia, Chhattisgarhi and Punjabi, as well as Hindu and Islamic devotional albums. He has released several Buddhist albums, Nigam has performed in countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australia. In May–June 2007, he participated in The Incredibles tour with Asha Bhosle, Kunal Ganjawala, in September–October of the same year, he gave solo concerts titled Simply Sonu in Canada and Germany, the first Indian singer to do so. In April 2008, he toured India promoting his Punjabi single Punjabi Please, nigams first film song as a playback singer was for Janam, which was never officially released. He then began making radio commercials and also acted in some of them and his first released song was O Aasman Wale from the movie Aaja Meri Jaan. Sonu had also sung title Track Of Aaja Meri Jaan, but it Was Dubbed By SP Balasubramaniam. He released his first album Rafi Ki Yaadein in 1992, after this he sung in some movies included as Muqabla, Meharban, Shabnam, Aag, Khuddar, Hulchul, Stuntman, Ramjaane, Gaddar etc. He began hosting the TV show, Sa Re Ga Ma in 1995 and sang Accha Sila Diya for the film Bewafa Sanam and he sang the Anu Malik-composed song Sandese Aate Hai in Border and performed the Nadeem-Shravan-composed song Yeh Dil Deewana in Pardes in 1997. Nigams album Deewana, with directed by Sajid-Wajid, was released by T-Series in 1999. Nigam provided playback singing for Hindi movies including the song for the film Kal Ho Naa Ho in 2003
12.
The Hindu
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The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. Headquartered at Chennai, The Hindu was published weekly when it was launched in 1878 and it is the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, with average qualifying sales of 1.45 million copies as of Jan−Jun 2016. The Hindu has its largest base of circulation in southern India, the newspaper and other publications in The Hindu Group are owned by a family-held company, Kasturi and Sons Ltd. In 2010, The newspaper employs over 1,600 workers, most of the revenue comes from advertising and subscription. The Hindu became, in 1995, the first Indian newspaper to offer an online edition, started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. About 80 copies of the issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown on one rupee. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper, the paper initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved on Scottish Press, then, The Hindu Press, Mylapore, and finally to the National Press on Mount Road. Started as a newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas, the offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named The National Press, the Hindu was initially liberal in its outlook and is now considered left leaning. Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road, in between, there were more views than news. The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898, Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C. However, The Hindus adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, Kasturi Ranga Iyengars ancestors had served the courts of Vijayanagar and Mahratta Tanjore. Since then the newspaper has been owned entirely by the members of the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family, in the late 1980s, when its ownership passed into the hands of the familys younger members, a change in political leaning was observed. Worldpress. org lists The Hindu as an independent newspaper. Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial, but it also depends on reader beliefs. On 3 and 23 September 2003, the letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased. In 1987–88, The Hindus coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, the investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai
13.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
14.
CNN-News18
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CNN-News18 is an Indian English-language news television channel based in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It is owned by Network 18, according to BARC, CNN-News18 has the fourth-highest rating among all English news channel in India. CNN provides international coverage for the channel, while Indian Broadcasting Network concentrates on Indian, in May 2014, Reliance Industries announced it would be taking over Network18. The move is touted as the deal in the Indian media space. Reliance Industries already has indirect control in the TV18 network by virtue of investments it made in Network18, like elsewhere in the world, CNN International only reached the urban elites in India. In order to reach the Indian masses Time Warner together with an Indian company, Global Broadcast News, the channel is completely run by TV18 Broadcast Limited, which only uses the Cable News Network brand name. Currently, Time Warners India-specific CNN-News18 is watched by more people than its CNN International sister network, according to Network 18, since its inception, the channel has been reaching out to an average of 45 million households every day. In 2015, it was announced that an agreement between Turner Broadcasting and Network 18 has not been renewed and will expire in January 2016. On 1 December 2015, it was announced the licensing had been renewed for another term. At 7, 57pm,18 April 2016, CNN-IBN rebranded as CNN-News18, the show has received NT Awards and Asian Television Awards. The show looks at the stories of the week with a satirical tone. Proposals were considered in an ad hoc manner, as and when a proposal was received, the CAG further said in its report that, We had no assurance about the competitiveness of the rates quoted by these channels and the need and usefulness of these proposals. From March 2010 to June 2010, the entire pre games publicity, a controversy about some fake Twitter comments that ran on the screen during a news show raised questions about the reliability of instant feedback from viewers, which was criticized. The officials later apologised saying that the source of comment was wrongly stated as Twitter. On November 2012, on its prime time show Face The Nation, the show was hosted by the deputy editor of the channel, Sagarika Ghose, the wife of the channels editor, Rajdeep Sardesai. On public outcry, the anchor issued an apology on Twitter, web. The episode has not been hosted on the shows homepage, in August 2013, TV18 fired nearly 400 people from their various offices including CNN-IBN as a part of restructuring. The company however declined to comment on the issue
15.
The Times of India
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The Times of India is an Indian English-language daily newspaper. It is the fourth-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest selling English-language daily in the according to Audit Bureau of Circulations. It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India still in circulation, in 1991, the BBC ranked The Times of India among the worlds six best newspapers. It is owned and published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In 2014 however, The Times of India was ranked 174th among Indias most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, the Times of India issued its first edition 3 November 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. In 1850, it began to publish daily editions, in 1860, editor Robert Knight bought the Indian shareholders interests, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started Indias first news agency. It wired Times dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service, in 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. In the 19th century, this company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India. In 1946, Bennett Coleman & Co, Ltd was sold to sugar magnate Ramkrishna Dalmia of the then-famous industrial family, the Dalmiyas, for Rs 20 million, as India was becoming independent and the British owners were leaving. In the court case followed, Ramkrishna Dalmia was sentenced to two years in Tihar Jail after having been convicted of embezzlement and fraud. But for most of the term he managed to spend in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in-law, Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain, to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, in the early 1960s, Shanti Prasad Jain was imprisoned on charges of selling newsprint on the black market. Based on the pleading, Justice directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper which resulted in replacing half of the directors, curiously, the court appointed D K Kunte as Chairman of the Board. Kunte had no business experience and was also an Opposition member of the Lok Sabha. In 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Government transferred ownership of the back to Ashok Kumar Jain. The move was a critique of Prime Minister Indira Gandhis 21-month state of emergency, in late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited. VPL previously published two Kannada newspapers, Vijay Karnataka and Usha Kiran, and an English daily, Vijay Times, Vijay Karnataka was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then. The paper launched a Chennai edition,12 April 2008 and it launched a Kolhapur edition, February 2013
16.
The Indian Express
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The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. It is published in Mumbai by Indian Express Group, in 1999, eight years after the groups founder Ramnath Goenkas death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions taking the name The New Indian Express, while the editions, based in Mumbai, retaining the original Indian Express name. The Indian Express is published at nine locations—Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Kolkata, Vadodara, Chandigarh, Lucknow, in 1931, the Indian Express was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his Tamil Nadu press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of The Free Press Journal, in 1933 The Indian Express opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, Dinamani. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper, faced with financial difficulties, he sold a part of his stake to Ramanath Goenka as convertible debentures. In 1935, when The Free Press Journal finally collapsed, and after a court battle with Goenka. Later Goenka bought the remaining 26% of the held by Sadanand. The newspaper then came under Goenkas sole control, taking the already anti-establishment tone of the paper to greater heights, also at that time, it faced stiff competition from the well established The Hindu and the Mail, as well as several other prominent newspapers. In the late 1930s the newspapers circulation was no more than 2000, in 1939 Goenka bought Andhra Prabha, another prominent Telugu daily newspaper. The name Three Musketeers was often used for the three dailies, in 1940 the whole premises was gutted by fire. This relocation also helped the Express obtain better high speed printing machines, some claimed the Goenka had deliberately set fire to escape financial embarrassment. In later years Goenka started the Mumbai edition with the landmark Express Towers as his office when he bought the Morning Standard in 1944, two years later it became the Mumbai edition of The Indian Express. Later, editions were started in cities, the Madurai edition in 1957, the Bangalore edition in 1965. The Delhi edition started was when the Tej groups Indian News Chronicle was acquired in 1951, in 1990 the group bought the Sterling group of magazines, along with it the Gentleman magazine
17.
Hindustan Times
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Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the Indian independence movement of the period. The newspaper is owned by Rajya Sabha M. P. Shobhana Bhartia and it is the flagship publication of HT Media. Hindustan Times is one of the largest newspapers in India, by circulation, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it has a circulation of 1.16 million copies as of November 2015. The Indian Readership Survey 2014 revealed that HT is the second most widely read English newspaper in India after The Times of India. It is popular in North India, with editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna, Ranchi, Bhopal. The print location of Jaipur was discontinued from June 2006 and that of Nagpur edition was discontinued from September 1997, HT launched a youth daily, HT Next, in 2004. The Mumbai edition was launched on 14 July 2005 and the Kolkata edition was launched in early 2000. In 2014 however, Hindustan Times was ranked 360th among Indias most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, other sister publications of Hindustan Times are Mint, Hindustan, Nandan and Kadambani. Hindustan Times is owned by the KK Birla branch of the Birla family, Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab Province. S Mangal Singh Gill and S. Chanchal Singh were made in charge of the newspaper, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, K. M. Panikkar was its first editor, Devdas Gandhi on the editors panel, and later editor. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924, the first issue was published from Naya Bazar, Delhi. As an Oxonian, historian, and litterateur, Panikkar must have hoped to make his paper eventually more than an Akali sheet and he became the editor and funds flowed freely from activist Akali patrons. He exerted himself strenuously, but the paper made very little headway, in two years Panikkar could not take the print order any higher than 3,000. By then the Akali movement appeared to lose steam and funds dried up, the paper was saved from an untimely demise when Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya stepped in to realise his vision of a newspaper in Delhi. Malaviya raised ₹50,000 rupees to acquire the Hindustan Times along with the help of nationalist leaders Lajpat Rai and M. R. Jayakar and industrialist G. D. Birla, Birla took full control of the paper in 1933. The paper continues to be owned by the Birla family and it has its roots in the Indian independence movement of the first half of the twentieth century and even faced the noted Hindustan Times Contempt Case at Allahabad High Court. It was edited at times by many important people in India, including Devdas Gandhi, Sri Mulgaonkar, B. G. Verghese, sanjoy Narayan was editor in chief of the paper from August 2008 till July 2016
18.
NDTV
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New Delhi Television Limited is an Indian television media company founded in 1988 by husband and wife Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy. NDTV is an acronym for the name of the company, New Delhi Television. Channels of NDTV Group are, NDTV 24x7 – 24-hour English news channel, NDTV India – 24-hour Hindi news channel. NDTV Profit – Business news channel, NDTV Good Times – Lifestyle channel. ATN NDTV 24x7 Vikram A Chandra, Consulting Editor Sonia Singh, Editorial Director Ravish Kumar, abhigyan Prakash, Executive Editor of NDTV India. Rahul Narvekar, CEO of Indianroots NDTV Ethnic Retail NDTV organises campaigns through its channels to support education, rural electrification and it was supported by many actors such as Priyanka Chopra, Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Johar. There have been two seasons of Greenathon campaign in 2010 and 2011 resulting in donations of more than 130 million Rupees. It is also sponsored by automaker Toyota, save Our Tiger Campaign, This campaign was launched on 30 January 2010 by Indian telecom company Aircel in partnership with NDTV and WWF-India. The goal was to create awareness among Indians about the rapidly decreasing population in India. The first year of the NDTV campaign culminated in a 12-hour telethon, during the telethon, people appealed to political leaders and the masses to do whatever they could to help safeguard the Indian tiger. As a result of the campaign, several prominent political leaders came on air, during the telethon 19.9 million rupees were raised through donations. Support My School Campaign, On 24 January 2011 NDTV in partnership with Coca-Cola India, CAF, the motive of this telethon was to create awareness on water and sanitation, environment and healthy active living. Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar was the ambassador of this campaign. On 18 September 2011 an event was organised to support education in rural India and it was supported by Sachin Tendulkar and Bollywood Actor Sanjay Dutt. The event generated more than 72 million Rupees to fund the needs of more than 140 schools, Fit India Movement, On 16 March 2011 NDTV and Nirmal Lifestyle launched a long-term campaign, Fit India Movement. The purpose of movement is to change the way Indians think about their fitness. The Mission-1 of this movement was Marks for Sports, Marks for Sports, This initiative was launched on 16 March 2011 under the Fit India Movement of NDTV and Nirmal Lifestyle. The goal of is to push for inclusion of sports in the school curriculum, Actor Ranbir Kapoor, Dr. Prannoy Roy, chairman, NDTV and Dharmesh Jain, chairman and managing director of Nirmal Lifestyle launched this initiative in New Delhi
19.
Deccan Chronicle
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Deccan Chronicle is an Indian English-language daily newspaper. It is published in Hyderabad, Telangana by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited, the newspapers name derives from the originating place, the Deccan regions of India. Deccan Chronicle is also published from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, supplements are TV Guide, Sunday Chronicle, Hyderabad Chronicle, Chennai Chronicle, Bengaluru Chronicle and Kerala Chronicle. It also supplies other weekly features like School Chronicle and Teen Chronicle, the newspaper has a total readership of over 10.88 lakhs. Since May 2004, it started printing the International Herald Tribune in Hyderabad It has started the operations as a concern in 1938 by Karai Rajagopal. The Indian Premier League cricket franchise of the Deccan Chargers was owned by Deccan Chronicle, the Deccan Chargers represented the city of Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League. Gayatri Reddy was the owner of Deccan Chargers, the media group acquired the franchise from IPL auction for $107 million on 24 January 2008. The franchise was terminated by BCCI on 12 October 2012 due to failure of the franchise to provide a guarantee of ₹1 billion. This franchise has now acquired by Sun TV Group and is called Sunrisers Hyderabad known as SRH
20.
Daily News and Analysis
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Daily News and Analysis is an Indian broadsheet launched in 2005 and published in English from Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jaipur, Bengaluru and Indore in India. It is the first English broadsheet daily in India to introduce an all-colour page format and it targets a young readership and is owned and managed by Diligent Media Corporation. A high-profile advertising campaign with the tagline, Speak up, its in your DNA, preceded the birth of Daily News, the context into which the publication was introduced was described by the Indian media as tumultuous, with price cuts and competitive activity occurring. In an announcement on its front page on 1 February 2010, former editor-in-chief Aditya Sinha announced that DNA would drop its edit page, dNAs decision was considered bold and attracted much criticism in the field. DNA subsequently began providing, where appropriate, expert opinion and comments in different pages of the newspaper, IRS also ranked DNA as sixth among the top ten English dailies in India. DNA is the second most-read English broadsheet in the city of Mumbai and it registering 86 percent growth in average per-issue readership over the five years since the IRS survey in the second half of 2006, nearly doubling the issue readership from 444,000. In 2012, Quarter, DNA added 21,000 readers, in February 2007, DNA announced that its paid circulation had reached 400,000 in Mumbai. It had previously reached 300,000 in October 2006, in May 2006, DNA authorised Ernst & Young to certify its circulation figures. They submitted their report in July, putting its circulation at 270,000. Today, DNA is the choice of 1506,000 readers in Mumbai alone. The paper is available on the World Wide Web, their e-paper site. They also have presence on social media and there are news apps for mobile phones. DNA organises a yearly Mumbai marathon called DNA I Can for women only, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Zee News Official website
21.
ITunes
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ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
22.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
23.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
24.
Bollywood Hungama
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Bollywood Hungama is a Bollywood entertainment website, owned by Hungama Digital Media Entertainment, which acquired this Bollywood portal in 2000. The website provides news related to Indian film industry, particularly Bollywood, film reviews, launched on 15 June 1998 the website was originally named IndiaFM. com. It changed its name to Bollywood Hungama in 2008, as of April 2015, its Alexa ranking in India is 547. Koimoi Box Office India Full2entertain Bollywood Hungama Website
