1.
New Jersey Army National Guard
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The New Jersey Army National Guard consists of over 9000 Guardsmen. The Guard is currently engaged in several worldwide and homeland missions, units have deployed to Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, Afghanistan, Germany, Kosovo, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Egypt. The Guard has also deployed to help with the recovery from Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, the New Jersey Army National Guard is governed through the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs. On the home front, the Guard is responsible for Homeland Security tasks in the State of New Jersey. The NJ National Guard contributed forces to the 44th Division when it was reformed on 19 October 1920 as a result of the National Defense Act of 1920s major expansion of the National Guard. As originally conceived, the division was to consist of National Guard units from the States of Delaware, New Jersey, the 57th Infantry Brigade was the New) Jersey contribution. The brigade had the 113th and 114th Infantry Regiments, the New Jersey Army National Guard maintained the 50th Armored Division in the force from 1946 to 1988, and afterwards contributed a New Jersey brigade to the 42nd Infantry Division
2.
Donald W. McGowan
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Donald Wilson McGowan was a United States Army Major General who served as commander of the 50th Armored Division and Chief of the National Guard Bureau. McGowan was born on August 30,1899, in Orange and he graduated from high school in Orange in 1916, and enlisted in the New Jersey National Guard’s Company I, 5th Infantry Regiment. He served with his regiment in Texas during in the Pancho Villa Expedition, McGowan was promoted to Sergeant Major of the 114th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Division in 1918. He served in Europe, and took part in the Meuse-Argonne, in late 1918 the Army asked commanders to recommend students from the ranks for attendance at the United States Military Academy, and McGowans brigade commander, John McAuley Palmer, recommended him. McGowan attended West Point from 1919 to 1922, but resigned without graduating, in 1922 McGowan received a commission as a Second Lieutenant. He held a variety of command and staff positions as he advanced through the ranks, in 1935 he graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College. He was a Lieutenant Colonel when he served as New Jersey’s Assistant Adjutant General from 1936 to 1941, in 1941 he was appointed to command of the 102nd Cavalry Regiment. He served in Europe, and participated in the D-Day assault on Omaha Beach, later in 1944 he was assigned as Provost Marshal for the Normandy Base Section, and his responsibilities expanded to include Britanny, the Lower Seine, Belgium and the Netherlands. After the war McGowan returned to his position as New Jersey’s Assistant Adjutant General and he was subsequently appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the New Jersey Department of Defense. In 1947 McGowan was promoted to Brigadier General, from 1948 to 1955 he was commander of the 50th Armored Division as a Major General. From 1955 to 1959 McGowan was Chief of the Army Division at the National Guard Bureau, in 1959 he was named Chief of the National Guard Bureau, and he served until 1963. During his tenure the National Guard successfully mobilized more than 65,000 members during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in addition, the number of state Officer Candidate Schools increased from 5 to 51. The National Guard also converted its anti-aircraft weapons to Nike-Ajax and Hercules missiles, at his retirement McGowan was the last known Villa Expedition veteran to still be serving in the U. S. military. McGowan’s awards and decorations included the Distinguished Service Medal, and the Bronze Star Medal, after retiring from the military McGowan served as President of the United States Armor Association. He died at his home in Lawrence Township, Mercer County and he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Section 3, Site 2067-E. McGowan was married to Helen Margaret S. Schoeffel and they had four sons and one daughter, and all the sons all served in the military. Their daughter Margaret graduated from the University of Vermont and was a teacher in Vergennes, donald McGowan was a career member of the New Jersey Army National Guard. Colonel Robert Silber Bob McGowan graduated from West Point in 1952 and he served 3 tours in Vietnam, including one as commander of 3d Squadron, 4th Cavalry, 25th Infantry Division
3.
101st Cavalry Regiment
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This page is about the 101st Cavalry Regiment. The 101st Cavalry Group was its headquarters unit, the 101st Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the New York National Guard that has existed since 1921 and which saw service in World War II. The regiment was constituted on 30 December 1920 from the 1st, the regiment was initially assigned to the 21st Cavalry Division. S. Seventh Army in the Sixth Army Group, late in the war it was attached to the 12th Armored Division of XXI Corps. Among other exploits, troops of the 101st Cavalry captured German field marshal Albert Kesselring as well as the Japanese ambassador to Germany in May 1945, following the war, the 101st Group was inactivated on 25 October 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. The regiment was reformed as the 101st Armored Cavalry Regiment on 1 January 1950 with headquarters again at Brooklyn. Pope, the 2nd squadron remains and is headquartered in Niagara Falls, NY. 2nd Squadron is the squadron of the 27th IBCT, and they consist of A Troop, B Troop. Clay, Steven E. U. S. Army Order of Battle 1919-1941, Fort Leavenworth, Pope, Jeffrey L. and Kondratiuk, Leonid E. Armor-Cavalry Regiments, Washington, National Guard Bureau,1995. 101st Cavalry Regiment World War Two WITH THE 101st CAVALRY IN WORLD WAR II 1940-1945 Official History of the 101st Cavalry Group, Part I Official History of the 101st Cavalry Group, Part II
4.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty
5.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
6.
V Corps (United States)
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V Corps was a regular corps of the United States Army during World War I, World War II, Cold War, Kosovo, and War on Terrorism. It was officially inactivated on September 15,2013 at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, V Corps was organized July 7–12,1918 in the Regular Army in France, as part of the American Expeditionary Forces. By the end of World War I, the Corps had fought in three named campaigns, the triangles thus outlined in white are flag blue. The pentagon represents the number of the Corps, while blue, after Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on December 11,1941, the corps deployed the first American soldiers to the European Theater of Operations, United States Army. That initial deployment was known as the U. S. Army Northern Ireland Force or MAGNET, on June 6,1944, V Corps assaulted Omaha Beach, Normandy. Corps soldiers then broke out from the beachhead, liberated Paris and Sedan, Ardennes, and raced to the German border. After liberating Luxembourg, V Corps fought in the Battle of the Bulge, captured Leipzig, made first contact with the Red Army at Torgau, and, south in Czechoslovakia, liberated Plzeň by May 1945. On December 1,1950 due to concern of a Soviet threat to Western Europe during the Korean War, Seventh Army absorbed the two main Occupation Duty forces then in Germany, namely the 1st Infantry Division and the United States Constabulary. In December,1950 President Truman’s declared National Emergency due to the Korean War included a 4 division augmentation of U. S, Forces in Europe, including the NG 28th and 43rd infantry divisions. In May 1951 the 4th Infantry Division arrived in United States Army Europe in Germany, in July the 2d Armored Division arrived in Germany, and on August 25,1951 the 4th Infantry Division and 2d Armored Division were assigned as V Corps divisions. In November 1951 VII Corps was assigned to the Seventh Army, Zone of Occupation division, the 1st Infantry Division, plus the newly arrived 28th Infantry Division and 43d Infantry Division, were assigned as its divisions. The Constabulary was inactivated upon the arrival of the four U. S. division augmentation forces to Germany, V Corps was assigned to the northern area of the U. S. Occupation Zone of Germany, and the VII Corps was assigned to the area of the U. S. Zone. Note, Several years later the newly forming West German Army displaced the GDP positions of some of the U. S. units stationed in the far southern area of West Germany. As a consequence, the U. S. units GDP positions were moved further north and this shifting action likely coincided with the same time frame as the Summer and Fall conversion of all Seventh Army units to the ROAD format. As of June 1954, the main unit assignments to V Corps were 1st Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 2d Armored Division, and 19th Armor Group. The first U. S. armored division to be stationed east of the Rhine River in the Cold War, namely V Corps 3d Armored Division, arrived in May/June 1956. The 19th Armor Group was replaced by the 4th Armor Group on 1 July 1955, in 1958 the 1st Infantry Division gyroscoped to CONUS, and was replaced in V Corps by the 3rd Infantry Division from CONUS
7.
Camp Myles Standish
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Camp Myles Standish was a U. S. Army camp located in Taunton, Massachusetts. It functioned as an area for about a million U. S. and Allied soldiers. Immediately after, it was considered as a site for the United Nations Headquarters. The city of Taunton was notified in June 1942 by the War Department that 1,500 acres would be taken for use as a staging area. The design of the layout for the camp was made by the J. F. Worcester Company, the Matthew Cummings Company of Boston received the contract to construct the buildings. The camp opened on October 8,1942 and was named in honor of Myles Standish who was the first military commander in the Old Colony region, as such, a quartermaster was set up so an entire division could be prepared for deployment within a day. Often, divisions would go to Africa or Iceland and this made train traffic understandably chaotic, with trains regularly coming into town from Providence, Rhode Island, Springfield, Massachusetts and Boston. The yard itself, run by the New Haven Railroad, contained about ten miles of track, german soldiers who were captured during the war were detained at this camp. Also, Italian soldiers were detained there as well although they were considered co-belligerents because Italy had surrendered by the time the Italian soldiers arrived at Camp Myles Standish, the camp closed in January 1946 following World War II. The site of Camp Myles Standish was briefly considered as a site for the United Nations. There are several buildings that were part of Camp Myles Standish that still remain standing as of 2009. Massachusetts took it over from the government to create the Myles Standish State School for the Mentally Retarded. The patients of the institution were housed in the hospital area for the former army camp. Following the death of former Governor Paul A. Dever, the Myles Standish State School was dedicated in memory of Paul A. Dever, the City of Taunton acquired over 700 acres of the former army camp in 1973 for the purpose of constructing a modern industrial park. The Myles Standish Industrial Park has continued to expand and has one of the most successful industrial parks in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
8.
50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is an infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army National Guard of New Jersey. It is headquartered at the Lawrenceville Armory, the 50th Brigade Combat Team is the major unit of the New Jersey Army National Guard. The headquarters is located in Lawrenceville, NJ, the 50th Brigade Combat Team has two light infantry battalions, one field artillery battalion, one cavalry squadron, a special troops battalion, two MP companies, and a support battalion. Its nickname Jersey Blues dates back to the 17th century with the earliest units serving in both the French and Indian War and Rev. War, the brigades lineage can be traced back to several different units starting with the 50th Armored Division. This unit was disbanded On 1 September 1993 and the division was reduced to the 50th Armored Brigade which was subordinate unit to the 42nd Infantry Division. This unit consisted of the 2d Battalion, 102d Armor, the 5th Squadron, 117th Cavalry, the 113th Infantry, the 114th Infantry, the 3d Battalion, 112th Field Artillery, and the 250th Support Battalion. All units of the 50th Brigade were equipped with dated equipment such as M1IP Abrams main battle tanks, M113A1 armored personnel carriers, the 50th Armored Brigade existed up until 2007–2008 when the brigade was upgraded and converted to a brigade combat team under the Armys new modularity program. The 50th Armored Brigade took part in homeland security missions after 11 September 2001. It also participated in several Global War On Terror missions before converting in 2008, the 1st Battalion, 114th Infantry took part in the Sinai Multi-National Force and Observers Security Mission and was deployed for six months in 2004. The 2d Battalion, 102d Armor and the 2d Battalion, 113th Infantry deployed to Guantanamo Bay Cuba, battery B, 3d Battalion, 112th Field Artillery deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II as an In Lieu Of Military Police Company. Batteries A and C deployed to Germany in 2004 as provisional Military Police companies, in October 2005 elements of the brigade were activated for Operation Hurricane Katrina relief in the city of New Orleans. The 2d Battalion, 102d Armor and the 1st Battalion, 114th Infantry were called to active duty, the brigade arrived at Belle Chase Naval Air Station and from there was forward deployed to the New Orleans Convention Center. In 2006, and again in 2007, the brigade sent composite teams from across its component units as embedded trainers and advisors for the Afghan National Army, the force structure of the Brigade was changed in 2008 when the conversion to the 50th IBCT occurred. Equipment was mostly brought up to current Army standards and all assets were given up. The deployment of these 50th IBCT elements brought the number of NJ National Guard Soldiers sent to Iraq. The 50th IBCT units were mobilized for one year, including stateside training, the 50th IBCT units conducted a variety of important missions in Iraq. Premobilization training began in 2007 and took place in New Jersey and Fort Indian Town Gap, Pennsylvania, with further OIF-specific preparations conducted at Fort Bliss, TX. Originally slated to deploy to Iraq in 2010, the 50th IBCT units deployed earlier to compensate for the changes needed to comply with new Department of Defense policies
9.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
10.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
11.
Sea Girt, New Jersey
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Sea Girt is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Sea Girt was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 29,1917, from portions of Wall Township, the borough was named for the estate of Comm. Robert F. Stockton, who had purchased a property in the area in 1853, in the Forbes magazine 2012 rankings of Americas Most Expensive ZIP Codes, the borough was ranked 197th, with a median price of $1,135,184. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 1.450 square miles. Wreck Pond is a pond located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by Wall Township. The Wreck Pond watershed covers about 12.8 square miles in eastern Monmouth County, the borough borders the Monmouth County municipalities of Manasquan, Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights and Wall Township. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,828 people,823 households, the population density was 1,729.6 per square mile. There were 1,291 housing units at a density of 1,221.5 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 64% of the population,30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the family size was 2.77. In the borough, the population was out with 19. 2% under the age of 18,3. 8% from 18 to 24,11. 4% from 25 to 44,35. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 53.5 years, for every 100 females there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 81.0 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $96,652 and the median family income was $150,179. Males had an income of $118,958 versus $51,953 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $63,422, about 0. 9% of families and 4. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 0% of those under age 18 and 5. 1% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,148 people,942 households, the population density was 2,026.9 people per square mile. There were 1,285 housing units at a density of 1,212.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 99. 12% White,0. 09% African American,0. 28% Asian,0. 05% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 40% of the population
12.
29th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 29th Infantry Division, also known as the Blue and Gray, is an infantry division of the United States Army based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is a formation of the United States Army National Guard and contains units from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, formed in 1917, the division deployed to France as a part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. It supported a special Ranger unit tasked with clearing strong points at Omaha Beach, the rest of the 29th ID came ashore later then advanced to Saint-Lô, and eventually through France and into Germany itself. These actions have since been the subject of many motion pictures, following the end of World War II, the division saw frequent reorganizations and deactivations. Although the 29th did not see combat through most of the next 50 years, the 29th Division was first constituted on paper 18 July 1917, three months after the American entry into World War I, in the U. S. Army National Guard. Its artillery units were Marylands 110th Artillery Regiment, Virginias 111th Field Artillery Regiment, the division was actually organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp McClellan, Alabama. The division departed for the Western Front in June 1918 to join the American Expeditionary Force, the divisions advance detachment reached Brest, France on 8 June. In late September, the 29th received orders to join the U. S, First Armys Meuse-Argonne Offensive as part of the French XVII Corps. During its 21 days in combat, the 29th Division advanced seven kilometers, captured 2,148 prisoners, thirty percent of the division became casualties—170 officers and 5,691 enlisted men were killed or wounded. Shortly thereafter the Armistice with Germany was signed on November 11,1918, the division returned to the United States in May 1919. It demobilized on 30 May at Camp Dix, New Jersey, at the outbreak of World War II, the U. S. Army began buildup and reorganization of its fighting forces. The division was reactivated into active service on 3 February 1941, elements of the division were then sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for training. The 57th and 58th Brigades were inactivated as part of a removal of brigades from divisions. Instead, the division was based around three regiments, the 115th, the 116th, and 175th Infantry Regiments. The 29th Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Leonard Gerow, was sent to England on 5 October 1942 on RMS Queen Mary and it was based throughout England and Scotland, where it immediately began training for an invasion of northern Europe across the English Channel. In May 1943 the division moved to the Devon–Cornwall peninsula and started conducting simulated attacks against fortified positions, at this time the division was assigned to V Corps of the U. S. The cross-channel invasion of France finally came on June 6,1944, D-Day, otherwise known as Operation Overlord, the 29th Infantry Division sent the 116th Infantry to support the western flank of the veteran 1st Infantry Divisions 16th Infantry at Omaha Beach. The 116th Infantry was assigned four sectors of the beach, Easy Green, Dog Red, Dog White, most of the regiments tank support, launched from too far off-shore, foundered and sank in the channel
13.
Military police
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Military police are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In the Second World War, the police of the German Army still used a metal gorget as an emblem. Naval police members are sometimes called masters-at-arms and shore patrol, Military police in Brazil has two meanings. There are provost corps for each of the Brazilian Armed Forces, Army Police for the Army, Navy Police for the Navy, the second type are the civilian preventative police, with military organization comparable to gendarmerie, called the Military Police. Each State has their own Military Police, there is also a joint National Public Security Force, created in 1999. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states and they have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, MP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. MP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Acts on all military bases in Canada pursuant to the Government Property Traffic Regulations, in Colombia, MPs are very common. They can be seen guarding closed roads, museums, embassies, government buildings, in the National Army of Colombia they are assigned to the 37 Military Police Battalions, wearing green uniforms with the military police helmet. A Naval Police battalion is in service in the Colombian Marine Corps, Each branch of the military of the United States maintains its own police force. The U. S. CGIS primarily investigates and charges those in its own population with serious crimes, such as rape, assault or forgery, Navy, designated as Naval Security Force, primarily responsible for law enforcement and force protection. NSF personnel are led by Naval commissioned officers from the Limited Duty Officer and Chief Warrant Officer communities, additionally, a host installations Security Force are augmented by Sailors on Temporary Assignment of Duty from their parent units, as part of the Auxiliary Security Force. Prior to the 1970s, Master-at-Arms and Shore Patrol were used synonymously to refer to Sailors assigned to law enforcement. Air Force Security Forces —United States Air Force Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments and they are referred to as Department of Defense Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the United States Department of Defense, for example, the Department of the Air Force Police operate under the Air Provost Marshal. The police officers duties are similar to those of civilian police officers. They enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice, federal and state laws, the United States Constabulary was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the American Zone of West Germany immediately after World War II
14.
Fort Dix
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Fort Dix, the common name for the Army Support Activity located at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, is a United States Army post. It is located approximately 16.1 miles south-southeast of Trenton, Fort Dix is under the jurisdiction of the Army Installation Management Command. Fort Dix, established in 1917, was designated as part of an adjoining U. S. Air Force, however, it remains commonly known as Fort Dix, ASA Dix, or Dix as of 2015. In 2015, Colonel Shelley Balderson became Fort Dix first female commander in the bases 100-year history, Colonel Balderson rotated out of command in 2016, and the current commander is Colonel Martin Marty Klein. The supporting component at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst is the United States Air Force, the 87 ABW provides installation management to all of JBMDL while both the Navy and Army retain command and control of their mission, personnel, equipment and component-specific services. While the Joint Base has an assigned Deputy Joint Base Commander for both Army and Navy, neither the Navy nor the Army bases are subordinate to the Joint Base, the commanders of both Fort Dix and Lakehurst serve also as a Deputy Joint Base Commanders. Dix has a history of mobilizing, training and demobilizing Soldiers from as early as World War I through April 2015 when Forts Bliss, in 1978, the first female recruits entered basic training at Fort Dix. In 1991, Dix trained Kuwaiti civilians in military skills so they could take part in their countrys liberation. Dix ended its active Army training mission in 1991 due to Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, presently, it serves as a joint training site for all components and all services of the U. S. military and is commanded by an Army Colonel. Marine Aircraft Group 49 99th Regional Support Command 2d Brigade, 75th Division USCG Atlantic Strike Team U. S, Camp Dix, as it was known at the time, was a training and staging ground for units during World War I. Though the camp was a camp for the New York Port of Embarkation it did not fall under the direct control of that command with the War Department retaining direct jurisdiction. The camp became a center after the war. Between the World Wars, Camp Dix was a reception, training, Camp Dix became Fort Dix on March 8,1939, and the installation became a permanent Army post. During and after World War II the fort served the purpose as in the first World War. It served as a training and staging ground during the war, on July 15,1947, Fort Dix became a basic training center and the home of the 9th Infantry Division. In 1954, the 9th moved out and the 69th Infantry Division made the home until it was deactivated on March 16,1956. During the Vietnam War rapid expansion took place, a mock Vietnam village was constructed and soldiers received Vietnam-specific training before being deployed. Since Vietnam, Fort Dix has sent soldiers to Operation Desert Shield, Desert Storm, Bosnia, Afghanistan, the Atlantic Strike Team of the U. S. Coast Guard is based at Fort Dix
15.
Camp Dodge
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Camp Dodge is a military installation in the city of Johnston, Iowa. Centrally located near the capital of Iowa, it serves as the headquarters of the Iowa National Guard. Original construction of the post began in 1907, to provide a place for the National Guard units to train, in 1917, the installation was handed over to national authorities and greatly expanded to become a regional training center for forces to participate in the First World War. The name Camp Dodge comes from Brigadier General Grenville M. Dodge, although not a native-born Iowan, he became a well-known figure and resided within the state for most of his adult life. He is considered a War hero for his service and also served a term as a U. S, in June 1917, the 163rd Depot Brigade was formed at Camp Dodge. The brigade was the unit for the 88th Division, which processed new draftees. The 163 Bgde was still at Dodge in April 1918, upon the end of the war, the post was downsized and turned back over to state authorities. Camp Dodge has served as a Guard and Reserve installation since the end of the Second World War, during World War II the Camp Dodge was defined as being at the town of Herrold, so many documents reference this name as its post office address. Herrold was surrounded by the camp, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers purchased the town in 1990 to use as a training range. The nearby city of Johnston eventually became the new camp address, the camp is the home of the Iowa Gold Star Military Museum, a member of the Army Museum System
16.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state
17.
21st Cavalry Division (United States)
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The 21st Cavalry Division was a division of the United States Army National Guard located in the north eastern United States. The division was composed of personnel from the New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the division was created from the perceived need for additional cavalry units after the First World War. It numbered in succession of the Regular Army Divisions, which were not all active at its creation, the division was constituted in 1921 and assigned to the First Army. Not all authorized units were active during the divisions lifetime, the division did not participate in the First Army maneuvers in 1935,1939, and 1940. The 21st was inactivated on 1 October 1940 and disbanded on 1 November 1940. S, armor and Cavalry Regiments Headquarters Troop, 51st Cavalry Brigade Armory New York Army National Guard Heraldry U. S. Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, Volume 2
18.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
19.
West Orange, New Jersey
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West Orange is a suburban township in central Essex County, New Jersey, United States. West Orange was initially a part of Newark township, and remained so until November 27,1806, on April 13,1807, the first government was elected. On January 31,1860, Orange was incorporated as a town, almost immediately, Orange began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of local disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire and street departments. South Orange was organized on April 1,1861, Fairmount on March 11,1862, West Orange was incorporated as a township on April 10,1863, and was reformed as a town on February 28,1900. In 1980, West Orange again became a township to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated a share of government aid to municipalities classified as townships. The township derives its name from the city of Orange, which in turn is derived from William III of England or William IV, Prince of Orange. Llewellyn Park, the first planned community in America, is located within West Orange, Llewellyn Park is considered among the best examples of the Romantic Landscape movement of that period. Thomas Edison was one of the many residents, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 12.171 square miles, including 12.046 square miles of land and 0.125 square miles of water. It is located approximately 5 miles west of downtown Newark and 13 miles west of New York City, the West Branch of the Rahway River originates at Crystal Lake and passes through the township in South Mountain Reservation. West Orange borders the Essex County communities of Essex Fells, Livingston, Millburn, Maplewood, Montclair, Orange, Roseland, Verona and South Orange. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Crestmont, Crystal Lake, Llewellyn Park, Pleasantdale, the township is marked by an eclectic mix of neighborhoods and housing types, which roughly correspond to the townships geographic features. Main Street, in section, is home to the Thomas Edison National Historical Park, as well as the municipal building, police headquarters. The West Orange Public Library is located on Mount Pleasant Avenue in this section, downtown West Orange has the most urban character of the townships neighborhoods, while the Valley is home to a growing arts district and a significant African American community. The housing stock in the neighborhoods of Hutton Park and Gregory is a mixture of Victorian, Jazz Age, and Tudor-style houses, large estates, garden apartments, many blocks on the First Mountain have sweeping views of the Newark and New York City skylines. Pleasantdale, a business district in this part of the township, includes a number of restaurants, office buildings. Pleasantdale is also home to a significant Orthodox Jewish community, the Second Mountain Finally, the westernmost section of West Orange lies along the eastern face of the Second Watchung Mountain, and includes large portions of the South Mountain Reservation. The housing stock in this neighborhood resembles that of Pleasantdale, as well as those of the adjacent suburban townships of Millburn, as of the census of 2010, there were 46,207 people,16,790 households, and 11,753 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,836.0 per square mile, there were 17,612 housing units at an average density of 1,462.1 per square mile
20.
U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System
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The Combat Arms Regimental System, was the method of assigning unit designations to units of some of the combat arms branches of the United States Army from 1957 to 1981. CARS was superseded by the U. S. Army Regimental System in 1981, before the adoption of CARS, there was no satisfactory means of maintaining the active life of the combat arms organizations. Whenever the nation entered periods of military retrenchment, units were broken up, reorganized, consolidated. During periods of mobilization, large numbers of new units were created, changes in weapons and techniques of warfare produced new types of units to replace the old ones. As a result, soldiers served in organizations with little or no history. In the late 1950s requirements for maneuverable and flexible major tactical organizations demanded highly mobile divisions with greatly increased firepower, for this purpose the regiment was deemed too large and unwieldy and had to be broken up into smaller organizations. There were 61 Regular Army infantry regiments and 18 Army Reserve infantry regiments, plus the 1st Special Forces, there were 30 Regular Army armor/cavalry regiments in the Combat Arms Regimental System. The only Regular Army combat units not organized under CARS were the 2d, 3d, 6th, 11th, there were 82 Regular Army artillery regiments in the Combat Arms Regimental System –58 field artillery regiments and 24 air defense artillery regiments. Except for the 18 Army Reserve infantry regiments, those regiments organized under CARS had elements in both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve, in the Army National Guard, each state has its own regiments. The number of CARS regiments varied as troop allotments change, the 1st Special Forces has elements in all three components – Regular Army, Army Reserve and Army National Guard. The criteria for the majority of the regiments selected were two factors, age and honors and those regiments with the most points were selected for inclusion in the system. The new battle group, battalion, or squadrons organic elements were constituted and activated as new units, each of the old companies, batteries, or troops of the former regiment also had the capability of becoming a separate company, battery, or troop in the new regiment. The regimental headquarters was transferred to Department of the Army control, the lowest numbered or lettered active element of the regiment normally has custody of the regimental properties. If, however, the lowest numbered or lettered active element is unable to care for the properties, if a numbered or lettered element of the regiment is activated lower than the one having custody of the regimental properties, the properties will not necessarily be transferred. In a regiment not organized under CARS, there is a number of organic elements organized into battalions or squadrons. For example, the regiment of World War II contained Companies A through M divided into three battalions, plus supporting elements such as the service company. A brigade, on the hand, is a flexible organization. The usual number of battalions was 3, however, this was a guideline not a rule
21.
U.S. Army Regimental System
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USARS was developed to include the Active Army and the Reserve Components. USARS Provides different opportunities for Soldiers, depending upon which combat arms regiment they choose to be affiliated with or whether they affiliate with a CS or CSS corps or special branch. Combat arms is a doctrinal term, though colloquially it includes air defense artillery, armor, aviation, field artillery, infantry. It should be noted that soldiers will have opportunities to serve recurring assignments in their regiments if regiments are chosen that have battalions in both CONUS and OCONUS locations. Quoting from Chapter 3–2, page 7 of Army Regulation 600-82, U. S. Army Regimental System, USARS regiments offered to Active Army and USAR soldiers for affiliation are listed. All active Army soldiers are required to affiliate with a regiment, although affiliation is mandatory, the choice of regiment is left up to the individual. Officers who are single-tracked in a Functional Area will affiliate with a regiment associated with their basic combat arms branch, Functional Area officers who have no basic branch will submit request for regimental affiliation using procedures outlined below. Regimental affiliation is based on the Army branch associated with a soldier’s PMOS or specialty, AR 670–1 contains a listing of all PMOS and corresponding branches for each. Army recruiters who have assigned the SQI“4” will affiliate with a regiment associated with their PMOS. Recruiters or retention noncommissioned officers will be affiliated with The Adjutant General Corps, Regimental affiliation may be changed at any time, however, the regimental selection must be associated with the soldier’s PMOS or specialty. All combat arms officers and soldiers will affiliate with a regiment upon arrival at their first unit of assignment and these Soldiers will be affiliated with their regiment of assignment unless they voluntarily select another. Combat arms officers and soldiers whose initial Army assignment is not to a unit may defer selection until they are so assigned. Enlisted soldiers may elect the Regiment of Choice Reenlistment Option under AR 601–280, Soldiers who deliberately terminate airborne status after affiliating with an airborne regiment will change their affiliation to a non-airborne regiment at the time of their termination. Regimental affiliation will be a primary assignment consideration for officers and enlisted soldiers, to the maximum extent possible, soldiers who are regimentally affiliated will be assigned to their regimental units. Specific procedures for affiliation are below and these procedures permit affiliation and change of affiliation to be administered at the local Personnel Service Center level. Active Army soldiers who are accessioned into the USAR will retain their regimental affiliation unless they elect to change their affiliation, note, The U. S. Army is currently going through a major reorganization, units are being Re-Flagged or Re-designated as needed. There are currently 177 Regiments, only 47 consist of units at multiple locations,27 of which meet the Conus/Oconus goal, the majority of Regiments have only one Company or Battalion in existence. S. It is the responsibility of all proponents to incorporate within their corps, Army Regimental System,5 June 1990
22.
50th Armored Division (United States)
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The 50th Armored Division was a division of the Army National Guard from July 1946 until 1993. Once the process of negotiation was complete, among the new formations formed, for the first time in the National Guard, were armored divisions, the 50th Armored Division replaced the 44th Infantry Division within the New Jersey Army National Guard. New Jersey, which had supported part of the 44th Division before the war, now supported the 50th Armored Division, which became nicknamed the Jersey Blues. Therefore, most of its elements inherited the history of the units of the old 44th. At this point, the division lost its Jersey Blues nickname, following efforts by Army Chief of Staff General Frederick C. Weyand to raise the readiness of the Army National Guard, the 50th Armored Division was reorganized as a division in New Jersey. At the time, individual armor battalions in NJ and VT were issued 90-mm M48A1 and M48A3 medium tanks. The bi-state organization comprised, Headquarters, 50th Armored Division 104th Engineer Battalion HQ & HQ, Co. A, Co. B, Co. C, the M48A5 had the same main gun system as on the M60A1 and M60A3s in use by active-army. During this time, many VT tank crews competed in gunnery exercises held in West Germany, training within the 50th was rigorous during the Soviet threat peak years of the late 1970s to mid 1980s. Germany was the primary AO of the 50thAD if it were to be activated, during this time, both battalions of Vermonts 172nd Armor 86th BDE began doing their annual training at Ft Hood TX, a change from their former armor deployment base of Ft Drum NY. By October 1986, Vermonts 86th Brigade left the 50th Armor Division, a few years later the 86th went to the 42nd ID and got M60A3 medium tanks. On 1 September 1993, the 50th Armored Division was inactivated, New Jerseys 50th Infantry Brigade, which took the Divisions lineage, was made part of the 42nd Infantry Division. The 36th Infantry Brigade from Texas was reabsorbed into the 49th Armored Division, due to further military consolidations, the 86th Brigade turned in its Abrams tanks in 2006 and ended its Armor designation just short of 40 years. Notes Bibliography Chapter XIII The Total Army, manoeuvre and Firepower, The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. United States Army Center of Military History
23.
42nd Infantry Division (United States)
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The 42nd Infantry Division is a division of the United States Army National Guard. The 42nd Infantry Division has served in World War I, World War II, the division is currently headquartered at the Glenmore Road Armory in Troy, New York. The division headquarters is a unit of the New York Army National Guard, as of 2007,67 percent of 42ID soldiers are located in New York and New Jersey. The 42ID came to be known as the Rainbow Division, when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, it federalized National Guard divisions to quickly build up an Army. In addition, Douglas MacArthur, then a major, suggested to William A. Mann, the head of the Militia Bureau, that he form another division from the non-divisional units of several states. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker approved the proposal, the division was created using units from 26 states and the District of Columbia. The name stuck, and MacArthur was promoted to colonel as the chief of staff. The 42nd Division adopted a shoulder patch and unit crests acknowledging the nickname, the original version of the patch symbolized a half arc rainbow and contained thin bands in multiple colors. They also reduced the number of colors to just red, gold and blue bordered in green, in order to standardize the design and make the patch easier to reproduce. Description, The 4th quadrant of a rainbow with three bands of color, red, gold and blue, each 3/8 inch in width, outer radius 2 inches, background, The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally authorized by telegram on 29 Oct 1918. It was officially authorized for wear on 27 May 1922 and it was reauthorized for wear when the division was reactivated for World War II. On 8 September 1947 it was authorized for the post-World War II 42nd Infantry Division when it was reactivated as a National Guard unit. The 42nd Division was activated in August 1917, four months after the American entry into World War I, drawing men from 26 states and the District of Columbia. It was composed of the 83rd Infantry Brigade and the 84th Infantry Brigade, together with supporting units such as artillery, engineers, signals and so on. The 42nd went overseas to the Western Front of Belgium and France in November 1917, the AEF was commanded by General John Joseph Pershing. The following year, the took part in four major operations, the Champagne-Marne, the Aisne-Marne, the Battle of Saint-Mihiel. In total, it saw 264 days of combat, while in France, the division was placed under French control for a time, commanded by various French commanders, including Henri Gouraud and Georges de Bazelaire, of the French VII Army Corps. Commanders, Maj. Gen. W. A. Mann, Brig. Gen. Charles T. Menoher, Maj. Gen. Charles D. Rhodes, Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Maj. Gen. C. A. F. Flagler, Maj. Gen. George Windle Read
24.
Camp Shanks
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Camp Shanks was a United States Army installation in the Town of Orangetown in Rockland County, New York. Named after Major General David Carey Shanks, it was situated near the juncture of the Erie Railroad, the camp was the largest U. S. Army embarkation camp used during World War II. Camp Shanks served as a point of embarkation for troops departing overseas during World War II, in 1945 Camp Shanks housed German and Italian prisoners of war. A small museum opened near the site in June 1994, USCGC Eagle Gottlock, Wesley, and Barbara H. Gottlock. Lost Towns of the Hudson Valley
25.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
26.
Westfield, New Jersey
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Westfield is a town in Union County of New Jersey, United States. According to a 2014 nationwide survey, Westfield is considered to be the 30th-safest city to live in the United States, the old village area, now the downtown district, was settled in 1720 as part of the Elizabethtown Tract. It became part of the newly formed Union County on March 19,1857, portions of the township have been taken to form Rahway Township, Plainfield Township, Cranford Township, Fanwood Township and Mountainside. The Town of Westfield was incorporated on March 4,1903, the name of the town is derived from its location in the western, undeveloped fields of the Elizabethtown tract. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had an area of 6.743 square miles. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Germantown, Westfield consists of two sides of the town, the North Side and the South Side. Neighborhoods include Brightwood, Country Club Estates, The Gardens, Indian Forest, Kimball Avenue Historic District, Manor Park, Stonehenge, Stoneleigh Park and Wychwood. The Westfield Memorial Library was founded in 1873 as the Every Saturday Book Club and has evolved over the past century into the Westfield Memorial Library of today, the Library is located in a large, modern, Williamsburg-style building at 550 East Broad Street. The library offers classes for adults and children, storytimes for children, Westfields downtown features many local and national stores, such as Lord & Taylor and several landmarks that were shown and used in the NBC network television show Ed such as the Rialto Theater. There are over 40 restaurants and casual dining establishments throughout the downtown, Downtown is located mostly north of the Westfield train station. The downtown area has a mix of independent stores and boutiques as well as national stores, over one-third of the retailers and restaurants have existed for 25 years or more. Downtown Westfield, with over 200 retail establishments and 400 commercial enterprises, is a destination in New Jersey. The Downtown Westfield Corporation manages the Special Improvement District areas growth, the DWC participates in the National Main Street program associated with the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is funded by a SID assessment on downtown properties and operates as the management agency. The DWC sponsors marketing efforts and promotions, special event planning, urban design, the DWC works closely with the town government and volunteer groups to improve the downtown area. In 2004, Westfield won the Great American Main Street Award from the National Trust, in 2010, Westfield was the winner of the America in Bloom contest for communities with a population of 25, 001–50,000 against the other two towns entered in their category. Shopping and dining in Westfield attracts citizens from other communities across the state, several war memorials are located in a plaza near the downtown. The plaza is home to the September 11 Memorial Park
27.
New York Army National Guard
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The New York Army National Guard is a component of the New York National Guard and the Army National Guard. Nationwide, the Army National Guard comprises approximately one half of the US Armys available combat forces, National coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau. The New York Army National Guard maintains 57 armories,21 Field and Combined Support Maintenance facilities, New York Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards, the New York Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of New York. During the American Revolution, New York City was occupied by the British 1775-1783, many of the Military companies existing prior to the war were broken up, in 1786 the Militia was reestablished, the regiments in New York City were, Isaac Stoundenbergs 1st Regiment. Richard Varicks 4th Regiment Sebastian Baumans New York City Regiment of Artilley, the militia regiments that New York mobilized included, 2nd Regiment New York State State Militia Infantry mustered into volunteer service as the 82nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. 4th Regiment National Guard Infantry was raised on June 18,1863 and it served in Pennsylvania and was mustered out of service on July 24,1863. 5th Regiment National Guard Infantry was raised on June 18,1863 and it served in Pennsylvania and was mustered out of service on July 22,1863. 6th Regiment National Guard Infantry was raised on June 18,1863 and it served in Baltimore, Maryland, as part of the garrison of that city, and was mustered out of service on July 22,1863. 25th Regiment National Guard Infantry was raised on May 31,1862 for three months service and it served in the garrison of Suffolk, Virginia, and was mustered out of service on September 8,1862. 28th Regiment National Guard Infantry was raised on June 20,1863 and it saw no action during the campaign, and then returned to New York City to help suppress the draft riots there. It was mustered out on July 23,1863 and it served in the Middle Department and was mustered out on September 2,1862. It was mustered a second time for 30 days service during the Gettysburg Campaign on June 18,1863, the 37th was mustered a third time for 30 days on May 6,1864, for guard duty at New Yorks harbor. It mustered out June 6,1864, the New York State Militia was active by the mid-1880s. In 1889 a group of wealthy equestrian enthusiasts were incorporated into the State Militia as Squadron A and their heritage is carried on today by the 101st Cavalry Regiment. The New York Army National Guard was formally created in 1906, the Militia Act of 1903 organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The New York Army National Guard despatched elements of the 27th Infantry Division, douglas MacArthur served as an officer and brigade commander in the 42nd Infantry Division during the First World War. For much of the decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served One weekend a month
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Vermont National Guard
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The Vermont National Guard is composed of the Vermont Army National Guard and the Vermont Air National Guard. Together, they are known as the Green Mountain Boys. Both units use the original Revolutionary War era Flag of the Green Mountain Boys as their banner and their strength in 2009 was 2,660. White settlers relied on the militia almost from the moment they began moving into Vermont in the mid-1700s, units were often formed as needed, and usually for brief periods of time. Since most Vermonters had obtained grants from New Hampshires governor. However, Vermonters were also willing to work with the British colonies when it suited them, on occasion, the elections by members were not ratified. Instead, they asked Allen and Warner to work through New Yorks Provincial Congress to facilitate the process, New York agreed and provided uniforms, equipment and pay, as well as authorizing officers commissions. When Allen was denied the command, he met with Major General Philip Schuyler and offered to serve in any capacity—with a commission or without, overcoming his previous misgivings about Allen, Schuyler accepted, and Allen was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army. When Schuyler gave up command temporarily because of illness he was succeeded by Richard Montgomery, Montgomery allowed Allen to attempt to raise troops for an invasion of Canada. Allen was captured at the Battle of Longue-Pointe and spent over two years as a prisoner of war, with the Green Mountain Boys called to active duty, Vermont reorganized its militia to defend the border with Canada and protect Vermont from invasion. After Allens release, he returned to Vermont and was appointed commander of the reorganized militia, after Vermont attained statehood, its militia was organized into several divisions. Noteworthy among the individuals who commanded divisions during this period was Martin Chittenden, Martin Chittenden served in the U. S. House from 1803 to 1813, and as Governor from 1813 to 1815. As one of the majority of Vermonters who opposed U. S, the commander in Plattsburgh, General Jacob Davis of Milton, positively refused, countering that once the militia was ordered into federal service, it was no longer subject to the governors orders. U. S. forces, including the Vermont Militia, remained encamped near Plattsburgh until they returned home in December, and Chittenden took no action against Davis. In the wake of the War of 1812, the government attempted to standardize training and laws governing call up. As a result, state governors were no longer in command with military rank. As with other states, Vermonts adjutant general was appointed by the governor. Subsequent changes to Vermont law conferred this appointment power on the state legislature, the Vermont adjutant generals office was marked in the 1820s and 1830s by efforts to reenergize the militia after interest started to lapse following the War of 1812
29.
44th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 44th Infantry Division was a division of the United States Army National Guard from October 1920 to November 1945, when it was inactivated after Federal Service during World War II. A second 44th Infantry Division existed in the Illinois Army National Guard from 1946 until October 1954, when that division was disbanded after federal service during the Korean War. Originally named the 44th Division, it was constituted on 19 October 1920 as a National Guard Division, as originally conceived, the division was to consist of National Guard units from the States of Delaware, New Jersey and New York. However, units from the State of Delaware were never assigned to the division, the shoulder sleeve insignia of the 44th Division was approved by the Secretary of War on 5 October 1921. The division was organized and federally recognized on 26 March 1924. The 44th Division participated in the First Army Maneuvers in Upstate New York from 7–24 August 1940, posted at Fort Dix, New Jersey during 1940–1941, the divisions training culminated in the Carolina Maneuvers, September–December 1941. The division was en route to New Jersey on 7 December 1941, shortly afterwords, the remainder of the division moved to Camp Claiborne, LA, where the 44th Division was reorganized and redesignated, the 44th Infantry Division on 16 February 1942. The division was sent to Fort Lewis Washington, where it participated in defense of the West Coast for the remainder of 1942. In February 1943, the 44th Infantry Division, much reduced through the loss of personnel, after completing the D-Series, division-level training, the 44th was sent to participate in the multi-division Fourth Army #6 Louisiana Maneuvers,7 February-3 April 1944. The division then moved to Camp Phillips, KS for its final pre-deployment preparations, the division moved by railroad to Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts, arriving on 24–27 August 1944, departing the United States via the Boston Port of Embarkation on 5 September 1944. Within 6 days, the division was hit by a heavy German counterattack, the attack was repulsed and the 44th continued its active defense. After regrouping, the returned to the attack, taking Ratzwiller. Displacing to defensive positions east of Sarreguemines, 21–23 December, the 44th threw back three attempted crossings by the enemy of the Blies River, an aggressive defense of the Sarreguemines area was continued throughout February 1945 and most of March. Moving across the Rhine at Worms,26 March, in the wake of the 3d Division, the 44th relieved the 3d, 26–27 March, and crossed the Neckar River to attack and capture Mannheim, 28–29 March. Shifting to the west bank of the Main, the division crossed that river at Gross-Auheim in early April, and engaged in a 3-week training period. Attacking 18 April, after the 10th Armored Division, the 44th took Ehingen,23 April, crossed the Danube, and attacking southeast, took Füssen, Berg, on 2 May, a group of V-2 rocket scientists that included Wernher von Braun surrendered to the 44th. Pursuing the disintegrating enemy through Fern Pass and into the Inn River valley,30 August 1944, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group. 10 October 1944, Ninth Army, 12th Army Group,14 October 1944, XV Corps, 6th Army Group, for supply
30.
Vineland, New Jersey
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Vineland is a city in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. Vineland was formed on July 1,1952, through the merger of Landis Township and Vineland Borough, festivities on July 1,1952, when the merger took effect, included a parade and speeches from such notables as Senator Estes Kefauver. The name is derived from the plans of its founder to use the land to grow grapes. The first houses were built in 1862, and train service was established to Philadelphia and New York City, with the population reaching 5,500 by 1865 and 11,000 by 1875. Landis Avenue was constructed as a 100-foot wide and about 1-mile long road running east-west through the center of the community, thomas Bramwell Welch founded Welchs Grape Juice, and purchased the locally grown grapes to make unfermented wine. The fertile ground also attracted the glass-making industry and was home to the Progresso soup company, throughout the first half of the 20th century, most of the city was involved in the poultry industry, which led to the city being dubbed The Egg Basket of America. Vineland Poultry Laboratories was started by Arthur Goldhaft, dr. Goldhaft is credited with putting a chicken in every pot after developing the fowl pox chicken vaccine that saved millions of chickens from death. Dr. Goldhafts work at Vineland Poultry Laboratories in Vineland, helped protect the worlds chicken supply from the fowl pox disease, Vineland had New Jerseys first school for the intellectual disabled, the Vineland Developmental Center, which now has an east and west campus. These institutions housed mentally handicapped women in fully staffed cottages, Henry H. Goddard, an American psychologist, coined the term Moron while directing the Research Laboratory at the Training School for Backward and Feeble-minded Children in Vineland. This facility was so well known that one American Prison Association pamphlet in 1955 heralded Vineland as famous for its contributions to our knowledge of the feebleminded. The city of Vineland celebrated its 150th birthday in 2011, Mayor Robert Romano initially ordered a custom cake from Buddy Valastro of Carlos Bake Shop in Hoboken, the business featured in the TLC reality television series Cake Boss. After outcry from business owners, the order was canceled. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 69.029 square miles. Of all the municipalities in New Jersey to hold the label of City, Vineland borders Deerfield Township, Millville, and Maurice River Township. Vineland also borders Salem County, Gloucester County, and Atlantic County, the city is approximately 38 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Vineland has a Ukrainian community and is home to the Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Church, as of the census of 2010, there were 60,724 people,21,450 households, and 15,230 families residing in the city. The population density was 887.5 per square mile, there were 22,661 housing units at an average density of 331.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 67. 03% White,14. 16% Black or African American,0. 67% Native American,1. 71% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,12. 91% from other races, and 3. 48% from two or more races
31.
Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center
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Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center is an Army National Guard installation in western Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Fort Smith. Established as Camp Chaffee in 1941, renamed to Fort Chaffee in 1956, Fort Chaffee has served as a United States Army base, training camp, prisoner-of-war camp, the base was closed following the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission round. Since that time, the Arkansas National Guard has been using 66,000 acres as a training facility, the State of Arkansas received 6000 acres, about half of which have been redeveloped as of 2014. The main environmental concern has been asbestos, released during various fires, Fort Chaffee is just outside Fort Smith and Barling on Arkansas Highway 22, one mile southeast of Fort Smith Regional Airport. The Arkansas River flows eastward along its border and Interstate 40 is five miles to the north on the opposite side of the river. Fort Chaffee was originally named Camp Chaffee, the groundbreaking of Camp Chaffee was held on September 20,1941, as part of the Department of Wars preparations to double the size of the U. S. Army in the face of World War II. That month, the U. S. government paid $1.35 million to acquire 15,163 acres from 712 property owners, including families, farms, businesses, churches, schools and it took only sixteen months to build the entire base. The first soldiers arrived on December 7,1941, the day of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the installation was activated on March 27,1942 and from 1942 to 1946, the Sixth, Fourteenth and Sixteenth Armored Divisions trained there. The creation of the camp caused the town of Barling to experience a tremendous boom in housing. Fort Chaffee also served as a prisoner-of-war-camp during World War II, from 1948 to 1957, Chaffee was the home of the Fifth Armored Division. On March 21,1956, the name of Camp Chaffee was officially changed to Fort Chaffee in recognition of the permanent nature of the base. For four days in 1958, Chaffee was home to Elvis Presley, in 1959, the Home of the U. S. Army Training Center, Field Artillery moved from Fort Chaffee to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where it remains to this day. The facility processed 50,809 refugees of the Vietnam War, giving them medical screenings, matching them with sponsors, and arranging for their resettlement in the United States. Among notable children of refugees born at Fort Chaffee was Dat Nguyen, in 1980, Fort Chaffee became a Cuban refugee resettlement center, holding 19,000 Cubans after the Mariel boatlift and briefly making the camp the 11th largest city in Arkansas. On Sunday, June 1, the detainees rioted, destroying four barracks and fighting with State Police officers, sixty-two refugees were injured and 46 others were arrested. After the riots, the previously unsecured facility was turned into a prison, the riot was a major issue in Frank D. Whites victory over Governor Bill Clinton in the November 1980 gubernatorial election, over two years, Fort Chaffee processed 25,390 Cuban refugees. In 1987, the Joint Readiness Training Center began training soldiers at Chaffee, in 1993 the JRTC was transferred to Fort Polk, Louisiana and in 1995, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closure of Fort Chaffee
32.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
33.
Tank destroyer battalion (United States)
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The tank destroyer battalion was a type of unit used by the United States Army during World War II. The unit was organized in one of two different forms—a towed battalion equipped with guns, or a self-propelled battalion equipped with Self-propelled guns. The tank destroyers were formed in response to the German use of massed formations of armored units early in WW2, the tank destroyer concept envisioned the battalions acting as independent units that would respond at high speed to enemy tank attacks. In this role they would be attached to divisions or corps, in practice, they were usually attached to infantry divisions. Over one hundred battalions were formed, of more than half saw combat service. The force was disbanded shortly after the end of the war when the concept had been shown to be unsound, in the opening offensives of the Second World War, German doctrine - armored forces concentrated and used in a fast-moving offensive — shocked military observers. Experience showed that neither infantry, anti-tank guns, or tanks, the American armed forces, aware of the possibility of war against Germany, began to reorganize to meet this threat. In April 1941, a focused on the future of antitank operations. The immediate effect was to create a battalion in infantry divisions. The conference gave broad support to the idea of creating mobile anti-tank defensive units which could be deployed to meet an armored attack, the effort stalled on the issue of which branch of the Army should control it—the infantry, the cavalry, or the artillery. Interestingly, the branch did not press for control of the anti-tank units. In August, a plan was out for a program of 220 anti-tank battalions. The term tank destroyer was used from this point on, as it was seen as a more psychologically powerful term, on 3 December, all existing anti-tank battalions were reassigned to General Headquarters and converted to tank destroyer battalions. The new tank destroyer doctrine was formally stated in Field Manual 18-5, Tactical Employment, Tank Destroyer Unit and it laid down a focused doctrine—There is but one objective of tank destroyer units… the destruction of hostile tanks—and repeatedly emphasized an offensive, vigorous spirit. Tank destroyer units were expected to be employed as complete battalions, held in reserve and committed at critical points, rather than parceled out as small defensive strongpoints. The emphasis was heavy on mobility, and the ability to outmaneuver the attacking armor, this would feed into vehicle design, two of the initially converted battalions were black, with another four created in 1942 and four in 1943. Several would eventually see combat, and one would become the first black unit to receive a Distinguished Unit Citation, during the Tunisian Campaign of 1942–1943, the US forces would employ seven tank destroyer battalions. However, contrary to doctrine they were broken up down to the platoon level to support infantry units
34.
Camp Patrick Henry
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Camp Patrick Henry is a decommissioned United States Army base which was located in Warwick County, Virginia. The airport is known in times as Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport. The base served primarily as a staging ground during World War II under the control of the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation. The camp was founded in late 1942 and was an approximately 1, 700-acre complex, at its peak, Camp Patrick Henry had a capacity of hosting approximately 35,000 individuals at one time. These included American troops of every branch of the service, troops of other Allied armies. Although most of the military personnel processed through the Camp during the war were replacements, complete units processed in 1943 included the 45th Thunderbird, the 85th Custer, and the 88th Blue Devils Infantry Divisions. During 1944 the camp handled the 31st Dixie, the 91st Powder River, by January 31,1946, the total number of personnel to pass through the camp was 1,412,107. In the later stages of the war, the served as a demobilization point for many soldiers returning home. The Camp had its own post office, restaurant, movie theater, Camp Patrick Henry also served as a prisoner of war camp, housing over 5,000 German and prisoners of war between 1944 and 1945. The prisoners were assigned to alleviate the shortage of manpower in the area within the limits of the Geneva Convention. The first German prisoners of war assigned to the Port of Hampton Roads were members of the Afrika Korps who had been captured in the early part of 1943 in North Africa. A prisoner-of-war canteen was established within the compound where the prisoners, within existing regulations, after the war, the camp was deactivated and about 925 acres were ceded to the Peninsula Airport Commission to build a regional airport on the site. Patrick Henry Field, which later became Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport opened in 1949, the U. S. Army continued to operate a Nike Missile site, designated N-85, on the complex until the late 1970s, when the base was shut down permanently. A historical marker in front of the current terminal of Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport marks the site of the camp, the Marker has the following text on it, Title, Camp Patrick Henry Dec.1,1942 - Jan. 31,1945 Location, Newport News Williamsburg International Airport, Newport News VA Description, an Army base of 1,700 acres of Peninsula woodland became a World War II staging area of 35,000 personnel capacity with shuttle rail service to shipside. A key component of the vital Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation, almost a million and a half people were processed through this camp. After deactivation, the land was sold in 1949 for community development
35.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
36.
Red Bank, New Jersey
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Red Bank is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, incorporated in 1908 and located on the Navesink River, the areas original transportation route to the ocean and other ports. Red Bank was originally formed as a town on March 17,1870, on February 14,1879, Red Bank became Shrewsbury City, a portion of Shrewsbury Township, but this only lasted until May 15,1879, when Red Bank regained its independence. On March 10,1908, Red Bank was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature and was set off from Shrewsbury Township, the borough was named for the red soil along the Navesink River. The Lenape lived in the area between the Navesink River and the Shrewsbury River in an area that they called Navarumsunk, the Native Americans traded freely with European settlers from England and the Dutch Republic in the mid-17th century, who purchased land in the area. Originally part of Shrewsbury Towne, Red Bank was named in 1736, Red Bank was settled by English colonists beginning in the 17th century and became a center for shipbuilding. Its population grew rapidly after 1809, when scheduled passenger ships were established to serve the route to Manhattan. By 1844, Red Bank had become a commercial and manufacturing center, focused on textiles, tanning, furs, with the dredging of the Navesink River about 1845, Red Bank became a port from which steamboats transported commuters to work in Manhattan. Red Bank grew in size as a result of this, as well as the effects of construction of a railway in the town by the Raritan and Delaware Bay Railroad in 1860. During the 20th century, Red Bank was a cultural, economic. During this time, Red Banks economy, based largely on commerce, was in decline. Local pundits and urban planners referred to the town as Dead Bank, the district as originally proposed was larger, to include the commercial areas west of Maple Avenue, including the antique buildings, The Galleria, and Shrewsbury Avenue. But, some property owners in this area were opposed to paying the special assessment, plans for the larger district advanced but opposition became more rigorous. The proposed district was amended to exclude opponents, and the district that was adopted stops at Maple Avenue. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 2.162 square miles. Red Bank is located on the bank of the Navesink River, in northern Monmouth County. It is about 24 miles due south of the tip of Manhattan and about 25 nautical miles to the tip of Manhattan if traveling by water along the Navesink River, unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Newmans Corner. Red Bank is bordered by the Monmouth County municipalities of Middletown Township and the boroughs of Tinton Falls, Fair Haven, Shrewsbury, and Little Silver. Red Banks climate borders humid subtropical and humid continental As of the census of 2010, there were 12,206 people,4,929 households, the population density was 7,019.1 per square mile
37.
Orange, New Jersey
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The City of Orange is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Orange was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 27,1806, portions of the township were taken on April 14,1834, to form the now-defunct Clinton Township. On January 31,1860, Orange was reincorporated as a town, portions of the town were taken to form South Orange Township, Fairmount, East Orange Township and West Orange Township. On April 3,1872, Orange was reincorporated as a city, the city derives its name from William III of England or William IV, Prince of Orange. Orange is often joined with neighboring East Orange, South Orange and West Orange, Orange had its origins in Connecticuts New Haven Colony. In 1666, a group of 30 of New Havens families traveled by water to found a town on the Passayak River and they arrived on territory now encompassing Newark, the Oranges, and several other municipalities. The area was situated in the northeast portion of a land grant conveyed by King Charles II of England to his brother James, in 1664, James conveyed the land to two proprietors, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Since Carteret had been Royal Governor of the Isle of Jersey, Orange was initially a part of the city of Newark, but it was originally known as Newark Mountains. On June 7,1780, the townspeople of Newark Mountains officially voted to adopt the name Orange, at the time, there was a significant number of people in favor of secession from Newark. However, this would not occur until November 27,1806, on April 13,1807, the first government was elected, but not until March 13,1860 was Orange officially incorporated as a city. Immediately, the new city began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire. South Orange was organized on January 26,1861, Fairmount on March 11,1862, East Orange on March 4,1863, Orange is located on the Newark and Mount-Pleasant Turnpike, the main road from Newark to Morristown, and ultimately to Easton, Pennsylvania. The town became a thoroughfare for travelers, and hotels abounded. Initially, the stagecoach was the method of transportation. Omnibuses of the Eclipse and the Morris & Newark Lines serviced Orange, the Morris and Essex Railroad arrived in Orange in November 1836, its first cars drawn by horses. On October 2,1837, the first steam locomotive appeared, the M&E later became a part of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which exists today as NJ Transits Morristown Line. Trolley cars appeared much later, with the Orange and Newark Horse Car Railroad Company running its first car up Main Street in May 1862, the Orange Crosstown Line, eventually extending from Morris Street, Orange, to Bloomfield, was started in June 1888. Eventually, all of the trolleys, and the buses that replaced them, Orange was an industrial city from the outset
38.
Dover, New Jersey
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Dover is a town in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. Located on the Rockaway River, Dover is about 31 miles west of New York City and about 23 miles west of Newark, New Jersey. Dover has become a majority minority community, with nearly 70% of the population as of the 2010 Census identifying themselves as Hispanic, up from 25% in 1980. Joseph Latham was deeded the land that includes present-day Dover in 1713, on May 31,1722, Latham and his wife Jane deeded 527 acres over to John Jackson of Flushing, New York. Jackson settled on the portion of his land along Grannys Brook at the site of what would later become the Ross Ribbon Factory on Park Heights Avenue. Iron ore at the time was so plentiful that it could be collected off the ground at the nearby Dickerson Mine in Mine Hill, at Jacksons Forge, ore would be processed into bars that would then be transported to Paterson and other industrial areas towards the east. The passage of the Iron Act by the British Parliament led to difficulties, leading Jackson into bankruptcy in 1753, with all of his property. Quaker Hartshorne Fitz Randolph purchased Jacksons property and annexed to his own existing property, Dover was incorporated as a town on April 1,1869, within Randolph Township and became fully independent as of March 5,1896. The town charter was amended in 1875, on May 7,1896, Dover was reincorporated as a city and regained its status as a town on March 21,1899, after the referendum that approved the change was invalidated by a court ruling. During this period, Dover was a port on the Morris Canal while it was operational, sources attribute the towns name to Dover, England or Dover, New Hampshire. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had an area of 2.730 square miles. Hedden County Park, a 380-acre Morris County park, is located in Dover. As of the census of 2010, there were 18,157 people,5,562 households, the population density was 6,765.5 per square mile. There were 5,783 housing units at a density of 2,154.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 66. 55% White,6. 10% Black or African American,0. 63% Native American,2. 54% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,19. 88% from other races, and 4. 25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 69. 38% of the population,22. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.21 and the family size was 3.54. In the town, the population was out with 21. 6% under the age of 18,10. 5% from 18 to 24,32. 8% from 25 to 44,24. 5% from 45 to 64
39.
Fleur-de-lis
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The fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily that is used as a decorative design or symbol. Many of the saints are depicted with a lily, most prominently St. Joseph. The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C in the Miscellaneous Symbols block and it remains an enduring symbol of France that appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics. According to French historian Georges Duby, the three represent the medieval social classes, those who worked, those who fought. It is unclear where the fleur-de-lis originated, among the Egyptians, Persians, Arabs and Greeks, this arabesque evoked warrior-like power. In France it is used in city emblems like in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt. The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom, many of the current departments use the ancient symbol on their coats to express this heritage. In Italy, the fleur de lis, called giglio is mainly known as the crest of the city of Florence, in the Florentine fleurs-de-lis, the stamens are always posed between the petals. This heraldic charge is known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional design. As an emblem of the city, it is found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop. Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens. The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread, among the cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word lily, for example, Liljendal, Finland. This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology, other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania. The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats, in Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms. Another suburb which developed around the area known as Fleur-de-Lys. The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily and this emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998. The state insignia were changed in 1999, the former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy. Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of cantons, municipalities, cities
40.
Operation Overlord
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Operation Overlord was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings, a 1, 200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, the decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion in 1944 was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. The coast of Normandy was chosen as the site of the invasion, with the Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed Utah and Omaha, the British at Sword and Gold, and the Canadians at Juno. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a military deception, Operation Bodyguard. This misled the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings, Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in charge of developing fortifications all along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion. A failed counterattack by German forces on 8 August left 50,000 soldiers of the 7th Army trapped in the Falaise pocket, the Allies launched an invasion of southern France on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August. German forces retreated across the Seine on 30 August 1944, marking the close of Operation Overlord, in June 1940, Germanys leader Adolf Hitler had triumphed in what he called the most famous victory in history—the fall of France. The defending British Expeditionary Force, trapped along the northern coast of France, was able to evacuate over 338,000 troops to England in the Dunkirk evacuation. After the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing for the creation of a front in Western Europe. Two tentative plans code-named Operation Roundup and Operation Sledgehammer were put forward for 1942–43, instead, the Allies launched the invasion of French North Africa in November 1942, the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, and invaded Italy in September. These operations provided the troops with valuable experience in amphibious warfare, the decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. Churchill favoured making the main Allied thrust into Germany from the Mediterranean theatre, but was over-ruled by his American allies, British Lieutenant-General Frederick E. Morgan was appointed Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander, to begin detailed planning. The initial plans were constrained by the number of landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean. In part because of lessons learned in the Dieppe Raid of 19 August 1942, the failure at Dieppe also highlighted the need for adequate artillery and air support, particularly close air support, and specialised ships able to travel extremely close to shore. Morgan considered four sites for the landings, Brittany, the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, as Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected. The Pas de Calais is the closest point in continental Europe to Britain and was the location of sites for V-1 and V-2 rockets. The Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone, Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site
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Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
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Rhino tank
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The Rhino tank was the American nickname for Allied tanks fitted with tusks, or hedgerow cutting devices, during World War II. The British designation for the modifications was Prongs, in the summer of 1944, during the Battle of Normandy, Allied forces – particularly the Americans – had bogged down fighting the Germans in the Normandy bocage. This landscape of thick banked hedges proved difficult for tanks to breach, in an effort to restore battlefield mobility, various devices were invented to allow tanks to navigate the terrain. Initially the devices were manufactured in Normandy, largely from German steel-beam beach defensive devices on an ad hoc basis, manufacture was then shifted to the United Kingdom, and vehicles were modified before being shipped to France. While the devices have been credited with restoring battlefield mobility in the terrain, historians have questioned their overall usefulness. Following the Normandy landings of June 1944, as Allied forces pushed inland from the French coast, in some areas, this terrain stretches for 50 miles. The nature of the embankments, half earth, half hedge up to 15 ft high with interlocking root systems—made excavating them extremely difficult. Narrow sunken tracks were the pathways between these banks. The rolling landscape was dotted with small rivers, woods. The Germans had in places cut foxholes and other defensive structures directly into the hedgerows. These defensive positions limited the ability of the American forces to coordinate attacks or receive sufficient. Openings that did exist within the patchwork of hedges were already covered by German anti-tank weapons, tanks were able to run over the banks—but in doing so they would expose their weak underside armor. Prior to the launch of Operation Cobra, solutions were developed for how tanks could effectively support the offensive within this terrain, bulldozers or tanks modified to carry a bulldozer blade were used to open gaps in hedgerows. Some hedgerows were so thick that engineers first had to blow a hole in the bank and this time-consuming process slowed down the progress of the Allied offensive. Throughout July innumerable inventions were created by various American units to get tanks through the hedges quickly without exposing their weak underside armor. These prongs were able to lift and remove a portion of the vegetation, units within V Corps also invented devices, which were dubbed brush cutters and greendozers. The invention of a device is generally credited to Curtis G. Culin. Rather than joining in the laughter that greeted this remark, Culin recognized the ideas potential, a prototype tusk-like assembly was created by welding steel scrap to the front of a tank to create a hedge cutter
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United States Army Institute of Heraldry
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The United States Army Institute of Heraldry, also known as The Institute of Heraldry, furnishes heraldic services to the U. S. Armed Forces and other U. S. government organizations, including the Executive Office of the President, limited research and information services concerning official symbolic items are also provided to the general public. The Institute of Heraldry is located at Fort Belvoir, an installation within the metropolitan area of Washington. The staff consists of thirty-two civilians, Heraldic and other military symbols have been used by the U. S. Armed Forces and government agencies since the beginning of the American Revolution. S, in 1924, formal staff responsibility for specific military designs was delegated to the Quartermaster General. As the needs for symbolism by the services and the national government expanded. The expansion of the Army during World War II, and the subsequent increased interest in symbolism and it was further expanded by Pub. L. 85–263, approved September 1957,71 Stat,89, which delineated the authority of the Secretary of the Army to furnish heraldic services to the military departments and other branches of the federal government. On 1960-08-10, Army General Order Number 29 placed the U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry under the control of the Quartermaster General. The Army Adjutant General’s office assumed responsibility of the institute in 1962, in 1987, another realignment subordinated the Institute to the U. S. In April 1994, the Institute of Heraldry moved from Cameron Station to Fort Belvoir, in October 2004, another realignment assigned responsibility for the Heraldic Program to Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army, part of the United States Army. Approve designs for distinctive unit insignia, Regimental Distinctive Insignia, and shoulder sleeve insignia, authorize heraldic items for U. S. Army Organizations. Authorize the use of Army insignia when incorporated into items for commercial sale, design and develop insignia seals, medals, badges, band regalia and flags. Establish Army policy for flag design and display, monitor the Heraldic Quality Control System in accordance with Army Regulation 672-8, to ensure heraldic items are manufactured according to government specifications or purchase descriptions. Prepare heraldic item specifications and provide engineering support to manufacturers, provide manufacturers with government-loaned tools and specifications for heraldic items. Blazon, Or a chevron Gules, on a chief Sable a label of the first, blazon, On a wreath Or and Gules, a griffin salient of the first. The griffin, a fabulous animal half eagle and half lion, is symbolic of wisdom, the role of the griffin as guardian of treasure is symbolic of the institutes singular responsibility to safeguard the heraldic art of the federal government. The eagle also alludes to the United States and the lion to Great Britain, dexter, The large white star edged with blue symbolizes all the States, which comprise the United States, and was suggested by the union of the United States Flag
United States
N.J. Army National Guard
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document "102nd Cavalry Regiment".