1.
104th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from January 3,1995, to January 3,1997, during the third and fourth years of Bill Clintons presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census, both chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 1950s. January 3,1995, Republicans gained control of both houses for the first time since 1954, January 31,1995, President Clinton invoked emergency powers to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse. April 10,1995, Mexican Debt Disclosure Act of 1995, 104–6,109 Stat.73 November 28,1995, National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104–59,109 Stat.568 December 19,1995, Lobbying Disclosure Act,691,2 U. S. C. ch.26 December 22,1995, Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, Pub. L. 104–67,109 Stat.737 February 8,1996, Telecommunications Act of 1996,56,47 U. S. C. §609 March 12,1996, Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996, Pub. L. §§ 6021–6091 April 9,1996, Line Item Veto Act, 104–130,110 Stat.1200 April 24,1996, Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub. L. 104–132,110 Stat.1214 July 30,1996, Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, 104–168,110 Stat.1452 August 3,1996, National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act, Pub. L. 104–169,110 Stat.1482 August 3,1996, Food Quality Protection Act of 1996,1489,7 U. S. C. §136 August 20,1996, Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188,110 Stat.1755 August 21,1996, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 104–191,110 Stat.1936 August 22,1996, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 104–193,110 Stat.2105 September 21,1996, Defense of Marriage Act, 104–199,110 Stat.2419 September 30,1996, Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, Pub. L. 104–208,110 Stat.3001 October 1,1996, Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, 104–210,110 Stat.3011 October 12,1996, Water Resources Development Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–303,110 Stat. Fazio Caucus Vice-Chairman, Barbara B, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Ford Chief Administrative Officer, Scott Faulkner Clerk, Robin H. Carle Historian, Christina Jeffrey,1995 Parliamentarian, Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 104th Congress. Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 104th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 104th Congress
2.
106th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1999, to January 3,2001, during the last two years of Bill Clintons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990, both chambers had a Republican majority. April 20,1999, Columbine High School massacre December 31,1999, Y2K bug April 3,2000, United States v. Gore litigation May 21,1999, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, Pub. L. 106–31,113 Stat.57 August 17,1999, Water Resources Development Act of 1999, 106–53 November 12,1999, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act, Pub. L. 106–102,113 Stat.1338 November 29,1999, American Inventors Protection Act, 106–113,113 Stat.1536 March 14,2000, Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106–178,114 Stat.38 April 5,2000, Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, 106–181,114 Stat.61 May 18,2000, African Growth and Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 106–200,114 Stat.251 June 30,2000, Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 106–229,114 Stat.464 August 7,2000, Oceans Act, Pub. L. 106–256,114 Stat.644 September 22,2000, Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 106–274,114 Stat.803 October 17,2000, Childrens Health Act, Pub. L. 106–310,114 Stat.1101 October 28,2000, Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, 106–386,114 Stat.1464 October 30,2000, Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Pub. L. 106–390,114 Stat.1552 October 30,2000, Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001, 106–398 December 11,2000, Water Resources Development Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106–541,114 Stat.2572 December 21,2000, Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, 2763A October 13,1999, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Rejected Membership changed with two deaths. There were two resignations and three deaths, House of Representatives Statistics & Lists from the U. S. Senate Legislative information from THOMAS at the Library of Congress House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 106th Congress. Senate Session Calendar for the 106th Congress, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 106th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress, official Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress
3.
United States Capitol
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The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
4.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
5.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
6.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
7.
Strom Thurmond
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James Strom Thurmond was an American politician who served for 48 years as a United States Senator from South Carolina. He ran for president in 1948 as the States Rights Democratic Party candidate, Thurmond represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 until 2003, at first as a Democrat and, after 1964, as a Republican. He left office as the member of either house of Congress to reach the age of 100 while still in office. Thurmond holds the record as the member of Congress to serve exclusively in the Senate. He is also the longest-serving Republican member of Congress in U. S. history, at 14 years, he was also the longest-serving Dean of the United States Senate in U. S. history. In opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1957, he conducted the longest filibuster ever by a senator, at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length. In the 1960s, he opposed the civil legislation of 1964 and 1965 to end segregation and enforce the constitutional rights of African-American citizens. He invariably insisted he had never been a racist, but was opposed to federal authority. He attributed the movement to Communist agitators, starting in the 1970s, he moderated his position on race, but continued to defend his early segregationist campaigns on the basis of states rights in the context of Southern society at the time. He never fully renounced his earlier viewpoints, six months after Thurmond died in 2003, his mixed-race, then 78-year-old daughter Essie Mae Washington-Williams revealed he was her father. Her mother Carrie Butler had been 16 years old and working as his familys maid when Thurmond initiated a relationship with her. Although Thurmond never publicly acknowledged Essie Mae Washington, he paid for her education at a black college. She said she kept silent out of respect for her father and his children by his marriage eventually acknowledged her. Her name has since been added as one of his children to his memorial at the state capital, James Strom Thurmond was born on December 5,1902, in Edgefield, South Carolina, the son of Eleanor Gertrude and John William Thurmond, a lawyer. His ancestry included English and German and he attended Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, where he was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. Thurmond graduated in 1923 with a degree in horticulture, Thurmond paid for his daughters college education and provided other support. Essie Mae Washington was raised by her aunt and uncle, and was not told about Thurmond as her father until she was in high school. After college, Thurmond worked as a farmer, teacher and athletic coach until 1929, Thurmond studied law with his father as a legal apprentice and was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1930
8.
Newt Gingrich
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Newton Leroy Newt Gingrich is an American author and politician from Georgia who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. He represented Georgias 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999, in 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the Republican Party presidential nomination. In the 1970s, Gingrich taught history and geography at the University of West Georgia, during this period he ran twice for the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989–95, a co-author and architect of the Contract with America, Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election. In 1995, Time named him Man of the Year for his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House, as House Speaker, Gingrich oversaw passage by the House of welfare reform, and a capital gains tax cut in 1997. In 1998, the House passed the first balanced budget since 1969 and he resigned altogether from the House on January 3,1999. Since leaving the House, Gingrich has remained active in policy debates. He founded and chaired several policy think tanks, including American Solutions for Winning the Future and he has written or co-authored 27 books. In May 2011, he announced his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, on May 2,2012, Gingrich ended his presidential campaign and endorsed front runner Mitt Romney, who won the nomination. After being raised Lutheran and spending most of his life as a Southern Baptist. He has been married three times, with the first two ending in divorce after he had affairs with other women. He has two children from his first marriage and has married to Callista Gingrich since 2000. On July 15,2016, Trump officially announced that Pence would be his running mate, Newton Leroy McPherson was born at the Harrisburg Hospital in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on June 17,1943. His mother, Kathleen Kit, and father, Newton Searles McPherson, married in September 1942, the marriage fell apart within days. He is of German, Scottish, and Irish descent, in 1946, his mother married career Army officer Robert Gingrich, who adopted Newt. Robert Gingrich was a career Army officer who served tours in Korea, in 1956 the family moved to Europe living for a period in Orléans, France and Stuttgart, Germany. Gingrich has three younger half-sisters, Candace and Susan Gingrich, and Roberta Brown, Gingrich was raised in Hummelstown and on military bases where his father was stationed. He also has a half-sister and half-brother, Randy McPherson, from his fathers side, in 1960 during his junior year in high school, the family moved to Georgia at Fort Benning
9.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
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The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
10.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
11.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
12.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
13.
Presidency of Bill Clinton
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The presidency of Bill Clinton began on January 20,1993 at noon Eastern Standard Time, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,2001. His running mate, Al Gore, took office as Vice President on the same day, Clinton, a Democrat, took office after defeating Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, he defeated Republican Bob Dole and Ross Perot to win a term of office. During both elections, Clinton ran as a New Democrat, and many of many of his administrations policy proposals reflected his centrist, Third Way thinking. He was succeeded in office by Republican George W. Bush, months into his first term, he signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which raised taxes and set the stage for future budget surpluses. He also signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement, a trade pact negotiated by President George H. W. Bush among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. His most ambitious legislative initiative, a plan to provide health care. Clintons party suffered a strong rebuke in the 1994 elections, the Republican Revolution, as the 1994 elections came to be known, empowered Congressional Republicans led by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich to propose several conservative policies. While Clinton vetoed many of these policies, he signed some, including the Personal Responsibility. After disagreements with Congressional Republicans led to two shutdowns of the government between 1995 and 1996. In foreign policy, Clintons first term saw American interventions in Haiti and the Balkans, Clinton also appointed two Supreme Court Justices, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer. Clintons second term saw the first federal budget surpluses since the 1960s and his impeachment arose after he denied having an affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Though the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton, he was acquitted of all charges by the Senate, in 1997, Clinton signed into law a bill creating the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, which was to help provide health care coverage for millions of children. In 1999, he signed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which allowed for the consolidation of investment banks, commercial banks, in foreign policy, Clinton launched a major bombing campaign in the Balkans, which led to the creation of a United Nations protectorate in Kosovo. Clinton also pursued trade agreements, most notably with China. Since the end of his presidency, historians and political scientists have tended to rank Clinton as an average to above average president. In the 1992 presidential election, Clinton defeated incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush to become the first Democratic president since Jimmy Carter left office in 1981, Clinton took office with Democratic majorities in both houses, and attempted to pass an ambitious health care reform bill. Republicans took control of both houses of Congress in 1994 and retained control throughout Clintons presidency, but Clinton won reelection in 1996
14.
1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
15.
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
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Clinton was subsequently acquitted of these charges by the Senate on February 12,1999. Two other impeachment articles – a second charge and a charge of abuse of power – failed in the House. The Independent Counsel, Ken Starr, turned over documentation to the House Judiciary Committee, the Chief Prosecutor, David Schippers, and his team reviewed the material and determined there was sufficient evidence to impeach the president. The trial in the United States Senate began right after the seating of the 106th Congress, a two-thirds vote was required to remove Clinton from office. Fifty senators voted to remove Clinton on the obstruction of justice charge and 45 voted to him on the perjury charge. Clinton, like Johnson a century earlier, was acquitted on all charges, the charges arose from an investigation by Ken Starr, the Independent Counsel. In the course of the investigation, Linda Tripp provided Starr with taped phone conversations in which Monica Lewinsky, at the deposition, the judge rejected the plaintiffs lawyers definition of the term sexual relations that Clinton claims to have construed to mean only vaginal intercourse. Judge Wright then told the attorneys they could be as explicit as necessary in asking their questions, a much-quoted statement from Clintons grand jury testimony showed him questioning the precise use of the word is. If the—if he—if is means is and never has been, that is not—that is one thing, if it means there is none, that was a completely true statement. Starr obtained further evidence of behavior by seizing the computer hard drive. Based on the conflicting testimony, Starr concluded that Clinton had committed perjury. Starr submitted his findings to Congress in a document, and simultaneously posted the report on the internet. Starr was criticized by Democrats for spending $70 million on an investigation that substantiated only perjury, after rumors of the scandal reached the news, Clinton publicly stated, I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. In his Paula Jones deposition, he swore, I have never had relations with Monica Lewinsky. Ive never had an affair with her, months later, Clinton admitted that his relationship with Lewinsky was wrong and not appropriate. Lewinsky engaged in sex with Clinton several times. Nevertheless, impeachment was one of the issues in the election. In November 1998, the Democrats picked up five seats in the House, impeachment proceedings were initiated during the post-election, lame duck session of the outgoing 105th United States Congress
16.
1997 in the United States
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Events from the year 1997 in the United States. January 20 U. S. President Bill Clinton is inaugurated for his second term, january 23 Mir Qazi is sentenced to death for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3. February 10 – The United States Army suspends Gene C, mcKinney, Sergeant Major of the Army, its top-ranking enlisted soldier, after hearing allegations of sexual misconduct. February 13 The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time, sTS-82, Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from Space Shuttle Discovery. February 231997 Empire State Building shooting FBI agent Earl Edwin Pitts pleads guilty to selling secrets to Russia, the North Hollywood shootout takes place between 2 heavily armed bank robbers and officers of the Los Angeles Police Department. March 4 – U. S. President Bill Clinton bars federal funding for any research on alien cloning, march 9 – Rapper The Notorious B. I. G. is killed in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. March 13 – The Phoenix Lights are seen over Phoenix, Arizona, march 24 – The 69th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with The English Patient winning Best Picture. March 26 – In San Diego, California,39 Heavens Gate cultists commit mass suicide at their compound, april 16 – Houston socialite Doris Angleton is murdered, drawing suspicion to her estranged husband, Robert. His brother Roger confesses to the crime and the investigation reveals that Robert had amassed a fortune through illegal betting. April 18 – The Red River of the North breaks through dikes and floods Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, may – For the first time since December 1973, unemployment falls below 5%. It would remain below 5% until September 2001, during the early 2000s recession, may 2 – The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D. C. May 15 – The United States government acknowledges existence of the Secret War in Laos, may 16 – U. S. President Bill Clinton issues a formal apology to the surviving victims of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male and their families. May 22 – Kelly Flinn, the U. S. Air Forces first female bomber pilot certified for combat, may 25 – Strom Thurmond becomes the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Senate. May 27 – The second-deadliest tornado of the 1990s hits in Jarrell, Texas, june 2 – In Denver, Colorado, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. June 6 – In Lacey Township, New Jersey, high school senior Melissa Drexler gives birth in a toilet, june 7 A computer user known as _eci publishes his C source code on a Windows 95 and Windows NT exploit, which later becomes WinNuke. The source code gets wide distribution across the internet, and Microsoft is forced to release a security patch, the Detroit Red Wings win their first Stanley Cup championship in 42 years, defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 4 games to 0. Red Wings goaltender Mike Vernon is awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP, june 8 – A United States Coast Guard helicopter crashes near Humboldt Bay, California, all 4 crew members perish. June 12 – The United States Department of the Treasury unveils a new $50 bill, june 13 – A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing
17.
1998 in the United States
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Events from the year 1998 in the United States. January 8 – Ramzi Yousef is sentenced to life in prison for planning the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, january 14 – Researchers in Dallas, Texas present findings about an enzyme that slows aging and cell death. January 17 – Paula Jones accuses U. S. President Bill Clinton of sexual harassment, january 25 – Super Bowl XXXII, The Denver Broncos become the first AFC team in 14 years to win the Super Bowl, as they defeat the Green Bay Packers, 31–24. January 26 Lewinsky scandal, On American television, President Bill Clinton denies he had relations with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. First Lady Hillary Clinton appears on The Today Show, calling the attacks against her husband part of a vast right-wing conspiracy, january 28 – Ford Motor Company announces the buyout of Volvo Cars for $6.45 billion. January 29 – In Birmingham, Alabama, a bomb explodes at a clinic, killing 1. Serial bomber Eric Rudolph is the prime suspect, February 3 Cavalese cable car disaster, a United States Military pilot causes the deaths of 20 people near Trento, Italy, when his low-flying plane severs the cable of a cable-car. Karla Faye Tucker is executed in Texas, becoming the first woman executed in the United States since 1984, February 6 – Washington National Airport is renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. February 7 – Roger Nicholas Angleton commits suicide in a cell in Houston, Texas. February 10 – Voters in Maine repeal a gay rights law passed in 1997, February 12 – The presidential line-item veto is declared unconstitutional by a United States federal judge. February 14 – The Department of Justice announces that Eric Robert Rudolph is a suspect in an Alabama abortion clinic bombing, February 15 – Dale Earnhardt wins the Daytona 500 on his 20th attempt. February 18 – Two white separatists are arrested in Nevada, accused of plotting biological warfare on New York City subways, February 19 – Larry Wayne Harris of the Aryan Nations and William Leavitt are arrested in Henderson, New York, for possession of military grade anthrax. February 23 – Florida El Niño Outbreak, Tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures, march 5 NASA announces that the Clementine probe orbiting the Moon has found enough water in polar craters to support a human colony and rocket fueling station. March 7 – The Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan is fined for burning a cross in his garden, march 10 – United States troops stationed in the Persian Gulf begin to receive the first anthrax vaccine. March 27 – The Food and Drug Administration approves Viagra for use as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, march 29 – A series of 3 tornadoes in southern Minnesota kills 3 people. April – The Unemployment Rate drops to 4. 3%, the lowest level since February 1970, April 6 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 9,000 for the first time, and ending a gain of 49.82 points,9,033.23. April 7 – Citicorp and Travelers Group announce plans to merge, creating the largest financial-services conglomerate in the world, April 8 – April 1998 Birmingham tornado, An F5 tornado strikes the western portion of the Birmingham, Alabama area, killing 32 people. April 16 – An F3 tornado passes through downtown Nashville, Tennessee, an F5 tornado travels through rural portions south of Nashville
18.
1999 in the United States
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Events from the year 1999 in the United States. January 6 – Dennis Hastert becomes Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, January 7 – The Senate trial in the impeachment of U. S. President Bill Clinton begins. He had been impeached by the House of Representatives on December 19, January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds of cocaine aboard, headed for Houston, Texas. February 4 Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, the New Carissa runs aground near Coos Bay, Oregon. February 12 – Impeachment of Bill Clinton, President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the Senate, february 15 – Rapper Big L is shot to death. February 19 – President Bill Clinton issues a pardon for U. S. Army Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper. February 23 – White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2 miles. February 24 – LaGrand case, The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, karls brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germanys legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him. March 2 – The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens on the Las Vegas Strip, March 3 – Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona. March 8 – The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the murder convictions of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City bombing, March 11 – Infosys becomes the first Indian company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. March 17 – The Roth IRA is introduced by U. S, senator William V. Roth, Jr. March 20 – Legoland California, the only Legoland outside of Europe, opens in Carlsbad, California. March 21 – The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, March 25 – Enron energy traders allegedly route 2,900 megawatts of electricity destined for California to the town of Silver Peak, Nevada, population 200. March 26 – A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man. March 27 – Kosovo War, A U. S. F-117 Nighthawk is shot down by Serbian forces, March 29 – For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78. April 5 – In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder, april 7 – The World Trade Organisation rules in favor of the United States in its long-running trade dispute with the European Union over bananas. April 8 – Bill Gates personal fortune exceeds US$100 billion, due to the value of Microsoft stock. April 12 – US President Bill Clinton is cited for contempt of court for giving false statements in a sexual harassment civil lawsuit. It would be the deadliest shooting at a school in U. S. history
19.
United States v. Microsoft Corp.
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United States v. Microsoft Corporation 253 F. 3d 34 is a U. S. It was initiated on May 18,1998 by the United States Department of Justice and 20 states, joel I. Klein was the lead prosecutor. The plaintiffs alleged that Microsoft abused monopoly power on Intel-based personal computers in its handling of operating system, the issue central to the case was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle its flagship Internet Explorer web browser software with its Microsoft Windows operating system. Bundling them together is alleged to have responsible for Microsofts victory in the browser wars as every Windows user had a copy of Internet Explorer. It was further alleged that this restricted the market for competing web browsers that were slow to download over a modem or had to be purchased at a store. They also asserted that IE was not really free because its development, the case was tried before Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The DOJ was initially represented by David Boies, compared to the European Decision against Microsoft, the DOJ one is focused less on interoperability and more on predatory strategies and market barrier to entry. By 1984 Microsoft was one of the most successful software companies, infoWorld wrote that it is widely recognized as the most influential company in the microcomputer-software industry. Some insiders say Microsoft is attempting to be the IBM of the software industry, although Gates says that he isnt trying to dominate the industry with sheer numbers, his strategy for dominance involves Microsofts new Windows operating system. Our strategies and energies as a company are totally committed to Windows, in the way that were committed to operating-system kernels like MS-DOS and Xenix. Were also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run, Gates claimed that Microsofts entrance into the application market with such products as Multiplan, Word and the new Chart product was not a big-time operation. The U. S. governments interest in Microsoft began in 1992 with an inquiry by the Federal Trade Commission over whether Microsoft was abusing its monopoly on the PC operating system market. In the years followed, Microsoft insisted that Internet Explorer was not a product but a feature which it was allowed to add to Windows. These proceedings imposed various constraints on our Windows operating system businesses and we believe we are in full compliance with these rules. However, if we fail to comply with them, additional restrictions could be imposed on us that would affect our business. While the DOJ was represented by David Boies, the States were separately represented by New York Attorneys General Alan Kusinitz, Gail Cleary, bill Gates was called evasive and nonresponsive by a source present at a session in which Gates was questioned on his deposition. He argued over the definitions of such as compete, concerned, ask. Businessweek reported that early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers, many of the technology chiefs denials and pleas of ignorance have been directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of email Gates both sent and received
20.
1998 United States embassy bombings
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The FBI also connected the attack to Azerbaijan, as 60 calls were placed via satellite phone by bin Laden to associates in the countrys capital Baku. Fazul Abdullah Mohammed and Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah were credited for being the masterminds behind the bombings, the following month, a communique was issued warning the United States that a response was being prepared to repay them for their interference. However, the 9/11 Commission Report claims that preparations began shortly after bin Laden issued his February 1998 fatwa and he also told his followers that the genocide in Rwanda had been planned inside the two American embassies. Wright concludes that bin Ladens actual goal was to lure the United States into Afghanistan, in May 1998, a villa in Nairobi was purchased by one of the bombers to enable a bomb to be built in the garage. Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan purchased a beige Toyota Dyna truck in Nairobi, six metal bars were used to form a cage on the back of the Atlas to accommodate the bomb. In June 1998, KK Mohamed rented House 213 in the Illala district of Dar es Salaam, a white Suzuki Samurai was used to haul bomb components hidden in rice sacks, to House 213. In both Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, Mohammed Odeh supervised construction of two large,2, 000-pound destructive devices. The Nairobi bomb was made of 400 to 500 cylinders of TNT, ammonium nitrate, aluminium powder, the explosives were packed into twenty specially designed wooden crates that were sealed and then placed in the bed of the trucks. Mushin Musa Matwalli Atwah ran a wire from the bomb to a set of batteries in the back of the truck cab and then to a detonator switch beneath the dashboard. The bombings were scheduled for August 7, the anniversary of the arrival of American troops in Saudi Arabia during the early stages of the Persian Gulf War. 213 people were killed in the Nairobi blast, while 11 were killed in Dar es Salaam, an estimated 4,000 in Nairobi were wounded, and another 85 in Dar es Salaam. Seismological readings analyzed after the bombs indicated energy of between 3 to 17 short tons of explosive material. S. Marine, Sergeant Jesse Aliganga, a Marine Security Guard at the Nairobi embassy, U. S. Army Sergeant Kenneth R. Hobson II was one of the 12 Americans killed in the attack. Al-Owhali threw a grenade at embassy guards before exiting the vehicle. As Bwaku radioed to Marine Post One for backup, the truck detonated, the explosion damaged the embassy building and collapsed the neighboring Ufundi Building where most victims were killed, mainly students and staff of a secretarial college housed here. The heat from the blast was channelled between the buildings towards Haile Selassie Avenue where a packed commuter bus was burned, windows were shattered in a radius of nearly 1⁄2 mile. Following the attacks, a group calling itself the Liberation Army for Holy Sites took credit for the bombings, American investigators believe the term was a cover used by Egyptian Islamic Jihad, who had actually perpetrated the bombing. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1189 condemning the attacks on the embassies, both embassies were heavily damaged and the Nairobi embassy had to be rebuilt
21.
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
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The Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 is a United States federal law, located at 15 U. S. C. The act, effective April 21,2000, applies to the collection of personal information by persons or entities under U. S. jurisdiction from children under 13 years of age. The Federal Trade Commission has the authority to issue regulations and enforce COPPA, also under the terms of COPPA, the FTC-designated safe harbor provision is designed to encourage increased industry self-regulation. As of June 2016, the FTC has approved seven safe harbor programs operated by TRUSTe, ESRB, CARU, PRIVO, Aristotle, samet Privacy, and the Internet Keep Safe Coalition. In September 2011, the FTC announced proposed revisions to the COPPA rules, the proposed rule changes expanded the definition of what it meant to collect data from children. Most recognized non-profit organizations are exempt from most of the requirements of COPPA, however, the Supreme Court ruled that non-profits operated for the benefit of their members commercial activities are subject to FTC regulation and consequently also COPPA. The FTC has brought a number of actions against website operators for failure to comply with COPPA requirements, including actions against Girls Life, American Pop Corn Company, Lisa Frank, mrs. Fields Cookies, and The Hershey Company. In February 2004, UMG Recordings, Inc, other websites that were directed towards children and fined due to COPPA include Imbee Kidswirl, and Skid-e-Kids. Operators are prohibited from conditioning a child’s participation in an activity on the child providing more information than is reasonably necessary to participate in that activity. Another example cited by the FTC that an operator may have actual knowledge based on answers to “age identifying” questions like “What grade are you in. ” or “What type of school do you go to. A small fee is charged by Microsoft under the COPPA as a way to verify parent consent, the fee is donated to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Google, however, charges the fee as a way to verify ones date of birth. However, no notice and consent is required when an operator collects a persistent identifier for the sole purpose of supporting the website or online service’s internal operations. The definition of information after July 1,2013, also includes geolocation information, as well as photos, videos. On November 19,2015, the FTC announced it had approved a method for obtaining verifiable parental consent. COPPA is controversial and has criticized as ineffective and potentially unconstitutional by legal experts. Delays in obtaining parental consent often result in moving on to other activities that are less appropriate for their age. In addition, age restrictions and the consent process is easy for children to circumvent
22.
Copyright Term Extension Act
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The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 extended copyright terms in the United States. It is one of several acts extending the terms of copyrights, following the Copyright Act of 1976, copyright would last for the life of the author plus 50 years, or 75 years for a work of corporate authorship. The 1998 Act extended these terms to life of the author plus 70 years and for works of authorship to 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication. Copyright protection for works published before January 1,1978, was increased by 20 years to a total of 95 years from their publication date, unlike copyright extension legislation in the European Union, the Sonny Bono Act did not revive copyrights that had already expired. The Act did extend the terms of set for works that were already copyrighted. However, works created before January 1,1978, but not published or registered for copyright until recently, are addressed in a special section, additionally, they are permitted to provide for a longer term of protection. The United States did not become a Berne signatory until 1988, since the 1993 Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection, member states of the European Union implemented protection for a term of the authors life plus seventy years. The act was named in memory of the late Congressman Sonny Bono, House members sympathetic to restaurant and bar owners, who were upset over ASCAP and BMI licensing practices, almost derailed the Act. As a result, the bill was amended to include the Fairness in Music Licensing Act, both houses of the United States Congress passed the act as Public Law 105-298 with a voice vote. President Bill Clinton signed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 on October 27,1998, the Senate Report gave the official reasons for passing copyright extension laws and was originally written in the context of the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995. The bill accomplishes these goals by extending the current U. S. copyright term for an additional 21 years, since 1990, The Walt Disney Company had lobbied for copyright extension. The legalisation delayed the entry into the domain of the earliest Mickey Mouse movies. In addition to Disney, California congresswoman Mary Bono, and the estate of composer George Gershwin supported the act, Mary Bono, speaking on the floor of the United States House of Representatives, said, Actually, Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution, as you know, there is also Jack Valentis proposal for term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress and this was one of the arguments that prevailed in the Eldred v. Ashcroft case, when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the CTEA. It is also pointed out by proponents that the extension did not prevent all works from going in the public domain and they also claim that Congress has actually increased the scope of the public domain since, for the first time, unpublished works will enter the public domain. Proponents believe that copyright encourages progress in the arts, proponents contend that it is more important to encourage all creators to make new works instead of just copyright holders. Proponents say that copyright better preserves intellectual property like movies, music, one example given is the case of the classic film Its a Wonderful Life
23.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
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The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization. It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works and it also criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself. In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for infringement on the Internet. The DMCAs principal innovation in the field of copyright is the exemption from direct and indirect liability of Internet service providers and this exemption was adopted by the European Union in the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000. The Copyright Directive 2001 implemented the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty in the EU, the treaties have two major portions. One portion includes works covered by treaties in U. S. copy prevention laws. For further analysis of this portion of the Act and of cases under it, see WIPO Copyright and Performances, the second portion is often known as the DMCA anti-circumvention provisions. The section contains a number of limitations and exemptions, for such things as government research. The section does not include a fair use exemption from criminality nor a scienter requirement, OCILLA also includes a counternotification provision that offers OSPs a safe harbor from liability to their users when users claim that the material in question is not, in fact, infringing. OCILLA also facilitates issuing of subpoenas against OSPs to provide their users identity, DMCA Title III modified section 117 of the copyright title so that those repairing computers could make certain temporary, limited copies while working on a computer. It reversed the precedent set in MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, DMCA Title IV contains an assortment of provisions, Clarified and added to the duties of the Copyright Office. Added ephemeral copy for broadcasters provisions, including certain statutory licenses, added provisions to facilitate distance education. Added provisions to assist libraries with keeping phonorecords of sound recordings, added provisions relating to collective bargaining and the transfer of movie rights. DMCA Title V added sections 1301 through 1332 to add a sui generis protection for boat hull designs, boat hull designs were not considered covered under copyright law because boats are useful articles whose form cannot be cleanly separated from their function. Exemptions are granted when it is shown that access-control technology has had an adverse effect on the ability of people to make non-infringing uses of copyrighted works. The exemption rules are revised every three years, Exemptions expire after three years and must be resubmitted for the next rulemaking cycle. Consequently, the issued in the prior rulemakings in 2000,2003,2006,2010 and 2013 are no longer valid. After much criticism, on December 29,2015, the Copyright Office initiated a study to assess the operation of section 1201 and this is different from usual public comments on exemption proposals
24.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
25.
Trent Lott
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Chester Trent Lott Sr. is an American politician. A former United States Senator from Mississippi, Lott served in leadership positions in both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate. He entered Congress as one of the first of a wave of Republicans winning seats in Southern states that had been solidly Democratic and he became Senate Majority Leader, then fell from power after praising Strom Thurmonds 1948 segregationist Dixiecrat presidential bid. From 1968 to 1972, Lott was an assistant to Representative William M. Colmer of Mississippi. Upon Colmers retirement, Lott won Colmers former seat in the House of Representatives, in 1988, Lott ran successfully for the U. S. Senate to replace another retiree, John C. After Republicans took the majority in the Senate, Lott became Senate Majority Whip in 1995 and then Senate Majority Leader in 1996, on December 20,2002, after significant controversy following comments regarding Strom Thurmonds presidential candidacy, Lott resigned as Senate Minority Leader. He resigned from the Senate in 2007 and fellow Republican Roger Wicker won the 2008 special election to replace him, Lott became a lobbyist, co-founding the Breaux–Lott Leadership Group. The firm was acquired by law and lobbying firm Patton Boggs. Lott serves as a Senior Fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center, Lott is also a co-chair of BPCs Energy Project. Lott was born in Grenada, Mississippi, and lived his early years in nearby Duck Hill, Lotts mother, the former Iona Watson, was a schoolteacher. When Lott was in the grade, the family moved to Pascagoula. Lott attended college at the University of Mississippi in Oxford, where he obtained a degree in public administration in 1963. He served as a representative for Ole Miss and was president of his fraternity. Lott was also an Ole Miss cheerleader, on the team with future U. S. Lott married Patricia Thompson on December 27,1964, the couple has two children, Chester Trent Chet Lott, Jr. and Tyler Lott. Lott sided with the segregationists who defeated the amendment, the Dartmouth chapter subsequently seceded from the fraternity, and Sigma Nu remained whites-only until later in the decade. He served as assistant to House Rules Committee chairman William M. Colmer, also of Pascagoula. In 1972, Colmer, one of the most conservative Democrats in the House and he endorsed Lott as his successor in Mississippis 5th District, located in the states southwestern tip, even though Lott ran as a Republican
26.
Don Nickles
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Donald Lee Don Nickles is an American politician and lobbyist who was a Republican United States Senator from Oklahoma from 1981 until 2005. He was considered both a fiscal and social conservative, after retiring from the Senate as the longest serving senator from Oklahoma, he founded the Nickles Group, a lobbying firm. Nickles was born and raised in Ponca City, Oklahoma, where he attended public schools, to help pay for their education at Oklahoma State University, he and his wife, the former Linda Lou Morrison, operated Don Nickles Professional Cleaning Service in Stillwater. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity at Oklahoma State University, after college, he went to work for Nickles Machine Corporation in Ponca City, a business started in 1918 by his grandfather, Clair Nickles. He became the vice president and general manager. He also served in the Oklahoma National Guard from 1970 until 1976, a formative experience was the distress his family suffered following his fathers death in 1961, when Nickles was thirteen. They had to sell off part of the business to raise cash to pay the required estate tax. Nickles never expected to make an out of public office. Instead, he intended to be a business leader. While working toward his degree at OSU, he began a service company to help pay his way through college. In 1972, he completed his bachelors degree in administration and returned to Ponca City to work for Nickles Machine Corporation where he later became vice president. In 1978, his election to the Oklahoma State Senate was the beginning of his career in public office, at the age of 31, he became the youngest Republican ever elected to the U. S. Senate. Encouraged by then-Senator Dewey F. Bartlett, Nickles ran for the Oklahoma State Senate in 1978, as an unknown in a field crowded with business and political bigwigs, Nickles was not initially given much of a chance. Indeed, Bellmon even tried to convince him to wait and to run instead for the United States House of Representatives and his platform was based on cutting the size of government, strong support of tax cuts, and his appeal to the prevailing conservative views of Oklahomans proved popular. In 1980 the term Christian right was still unfamiliar, but the movement was active, Nickles beat two well funded oil millionaires in the primary and won the primary run-off against Zink, who was also well known as a race car driver. He was later swept into office in the election against Oklahoma City Mayor Andy Coats on the shoulders of the Reagan Revolution of 1980. At the age of thirty-one, Nickles was the youngest Republican ever elected to the United States Senate and he sponsored legislation to cut taxes, reduce government spending, promote national defense, and reduce what he believed to be official hostility to religion. He sponsored the Defense of Marriage Act which allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages conducted in other states, Nickles said that he and other socially conservative Republican senators would not support OConnor because of her presumed unwillingness to overturn the abortion decision, Roe v. Wade
27.
Connie Mack III
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Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy III, popularly known as Connie Mack III, is an American attorney and Republican politician. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida and he served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference. He was considered as the Vice-Presidential nominee on the GOP ticket by Bob Dole in 1996, Jack Kemp and Dick Cheney, respectively, were chosen instead. He is the grandson of Connie Mack, former owner and manager of baseballs Philadelphia Athletics, Mack was born Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy III in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1940, the son of Susan and Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy Jr. He graduated from the University of Florida with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1966 and he is a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity and Florida Blue Key. His paternal grandfather was Connie Mack, former owner and manager of baseballs Philadelphia Athletics, macks maternal grandfather was Morris Sheppard, U. S. His maternal step-grandfather was Tom Connally, who served as U. S. Macks fathers line were Irish immigrants, macks maternal great-grandfather was John Levi Sheppard, who served as a U. S. U. S. House elections Mack made his first run for office in 1982, when he ran in the Republican primary for the 13th District. The old 13th, represented by Democrat William Lehman, had been renumbered as the 17th district, Mack led the field in a crowded four-way Republican primary with 28 percent of the vote, and won a run-off election in October against State Representative Ted Ewing 58% to 42%. In the November general election, he won with 65% of the vote, in 1984, he won re-election with unopposed and in 1986 won with 75% of the vote. 1988 U. S. Senate election Incumbent Democratic U. S, Senator Lawton Chiles decided to retire. After three terms in the U. S. House, Mack decided to run for the U. S. Senate and he won the primary with 62% of the vote against Robert Merkle. In the general election, he defeated Democratic U. S, congressman Buddy Mackay with just 50% of the vote. 1994 U. S. Senate election In the general election and he won every county in the state. He was the only Republican Senator in Florida history to get elected to more than one term until Marco Rubio did so in 2016. During his congressional career, Mack supported the passage of laws dealing with health care, financial modernization, modification of the tax code and he also secured Medicare coverage for clinical trials, and was a leading Republican advocate of the Womens Health Initiative. He worked to strengthen and reform the U. S. Food, Mack helped define the framework of landmark legislation to allow the financial industry to respond appropriately to the increasing demands of an aggressive global marketplace
28.
Paul Coverdell
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Paul Douglas Coverdell was a United States Senator from Georgia, elected for the first time in 1992 and re-elected in 1998, and director of the Peace Corps from 1989 until 1991. Coverdell died from a hemorrhage in Atlanta, Georgia in 2000 while serving in the United States Senate. Coverdell was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1939 and lived much of his childhood in the Midwest, Coverdell graduated from Lees Summit High School in Lees Summit, Missouri. And went on to graduate from the University of Missouri in 1961 with a degree in journalism, while in college, Coverdell was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Coverdell joined the Army in 1962 and served as a captain in Okinawa, Taiwan, after completing his service Coverdell settled in Atlanta with his wife, Nancy. Coverdell began a career in insurance, founding the firm Coverdell & Co. Inc. with his father, Coverdell was unsuccessful in his first attempt to win election to the state senate in 1968 but he ran again and won in 1970 representing north Fulton County. Coverdell began serving as Senate Minority Leader in 1974, a position he held until he left the Georgia Senate in 1989, Coverdell worked with Democrats to accomplish his goals. Roy Barnes, a Democrat who would later be elected Governor of Georgia, said that when he joined the Georgia State Senate and he showed that people of different parties could discuss their personal strengths and weaknesses, Barnes said. I never worried that Paul would disclose anything I said, during Coverdells time as Minority Leader he worked for pension reform, supported DUI legislation, and raising the legal drinking age in Georgia. In 1977 Coverdell lost an election for Andrew Young’s congressional seat to Wyche Fowler. After Coverdells loss in 1977, he began working to develop a base for national Republican candidates, in 1985 Coverdell was elected Chairman of the Georgia GOP. In 1978, Coverdell was vacationing in Maine and decided to look up former Chairman of the Republican National Committee George H. W. Bush. Coverdell found Bushs address in a book, went to his home, knocked on the door. Bush and Coverdell became close friends and over the next fourteen years Bush, in 1980, Coverdell was finance chairman in Georgia when Bush first ran for the Republican nomination for president. In 1988, Coverdell was the Southern steering committee chairman for the Bush campaign, Coverdells efforts paid off in 1988 when Bush carried Georgias twelve electoral votes. When Bush was elected president, Coverdell sent a letter, if I can help, Id like to help, Coverdell wrote. Bush appointed Coverdell to head the Peace Corps, Coverdell was sworn in as Director of the Peace Corps on May 2,1989 in a ceremony in the Oval Office. At the same time Coverdell stepped down from the Georgia State Senate, Inc to devote his time to the Peace Corps
29.
Larry Craig
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Larry Edwin Craig is a former Republican politician from the U. S. state of Idaho. He served 18 years in the U. S. Senate, preceded by 10 years in the U. S. House and his 28 years in Congress rank as the second-longest in Idaho history, trailing only William Borah, who served over 32 years in the Senate. In addition to serving in Congress, Craig has been a member of the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association since 1983, Craig was selected for induction into the Idaho Hall of Fame in 2007. Craig was not a candidate for re-election in 2008 and he was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor and former Governor Jim Risch, who won the seat in the November 2008 election. Craig subsequently co-founded the consulting firm New West Strategies and became a lobbyist, Craig was born in Council, Idaho, the son of Dorothy Lenore and Elvin Oren Craig. He grew up on a ranch outside Midvale in Washington County, in 1969 he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Idaho. At the University of Idaho, he was student body president and he pursued graduate studies at George Washington University before returning to his familys Midvale ranching business in 1971. Craig was a member of the Idaho Army National Guard from 1970 to 1972, attaining the rank of Private First Class, Craig married Suzanne Thompson in 1983 and adopted the three children she had from a previous marriage. Through his adopted children, Craig has nine grandchildren, Craig was elected to the Idaho Senate in 1974 and reelected in 1976 and 1978. In 1980, Craig was elected to a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives. He succeeded Republican Steve Symms, who was leaving the House to run for, Craig was re-elected four times, serving until 1991. While in the House, he supported President Ronald Reagans push to expand vocational education, allegations of cocaine use and sex with male teenage congressional pages by unnamed congressmen were pursued by investigators and journalists in 1982. Craig issued a statement denying involvement, Craig stated Persons who are unmarried as I am, by choice or by circumstance, have always been the subject of innuendos, gossip and false accusations. Craig served on the House Ethics Committee, in 1989 Craig was reported to have led an extended effort that pushed for more severe punishment of Representative Barney Frank for his involvement in a gay prostitution scandal. Craig announced his candidacy for the 1990 Senate election for the vacated by the retiring James A. McClure. Craig defeated Idaho Attorney General Jim Jones in the Republican primary, in the general election he defeated Democratic former Idaho Legislature member Ron J. Twilegar with 61 percent of the vote. In 1995, Craig formed a quartet called The Singing Senators with Senators Trent Lott, John Ashcroft. Craig was reelected in 1996, with 57 percent of the vote and he was reelected again in the 2002 election with 65 percent of the vote, when he spent $3.2 million to defeat Alan Blinken
30.
Mitch McConnell
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Addison Mitchell Mitch McConnell Jr. is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. A member of the Republican Party, he has been the Majority Leader of the Senate since January 3,2015 and he is the 15th Republican and the second Kentuckian to lead his party in the Senate. During the administration of President Barack Obama, McConnell was known to the left as being an obstructionist, some on the right praised him for tenacity and courage, while others criticized him for being part of the political establishment and not keeping his promises to conservatives. From early 2016, McConnell refused to schedule Senate hearings for Obamas nominee to the Supreme Court, Merrick Garland, to replace Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, who died in February 2016. Garlands nomination remained before the Senate for 294 days, from March 16,2016 until it expired on January 3,2017, McConnell has repeatedly been found to have the lowest home state approval rating of any sitting senator. McConnell was born on February 20,1942, in a hospital in Sheffield, Alabama, which is now called the Helen Keller Hospital, McConnell is the son of Addison Mitchell McConnell, and his wife, Julia. As a youth, he overcame polio and his family moved to Georgia when he was eight. When he was a teenager, his family arrived in Louisville where he attended duPont Manual High School and he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B. A. in political science in 1964. McConnell was president of the Student Council of the College of Arts and Sciences and he has maintained strong ties to his alma mater and remains a rabid fan of its sports teams. Three years later, McConnell graduated from the University of Kentucky College of Law, McConnell is of Scots-Irish and English descent. McConnell enlisted in the U. S. Army Reserve at Louisville and he received an Honorable Discharge for medical reasons after five weeks at Fort Knox. McConnell began interning for Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1964, later, McConnell was an assistant to Senator Marlow Cook and was a Deputy Assistant Attorney General under President Gerald R. Ford, where he worked alongside future Justice Antonin Scalia. In 1977, McConnell was elected the Jefferson County Judge/Executive, the top political office in Jefferson County. 1984 In 1984, McConnell ran for the U. S. Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter Dee Huddleston. The election race wasnt decided until the last returns came in, McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagans landslide victory in the presidential election. His campaign bumper stickers and television ads asked voters to Switch to Mitch,1990 In 1990, McConnell faced a tough re-election contest against former Louisville Mayor Harvey I. 1996 In 1996, he defeated Steve Beshear by 12. 6%,2002 In 2002, he was re-elected against Lois Combs Weinberg by 29. 4%, the largest majority by a statewide Republican candidate in Kentucky history. 2008 In 2008, McConnell faced his closest contest since 1990 and he defeated Bruce Lunsford by 6%
31.
Tom Daschle
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Thomas Andrew Tom Daschle is a policy advisor, lobbyist, former U. S. Senator from South Dakota, and former U. S. Senate Majority Leader and he is a member of the Democratic Party. A South Dakota native, Daschle obtained a degree at South Dakota State University and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1978 and served four terms. In 1986, he was elected to the Senate, becoming minority leader in 1994, defeated for re-election in 2004, he took a position as a policy advisor with a lobbying firm, and also became a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. He co-authored a book advocating universal health care, however, Daschle withdrew his name on February 3,2009, amid a growing controversy over his failure to report and pay income taxes accurately. He is currently working for The Daschle Group, a Public Policy Advisory of Baker Donelson, Daschle was born in Aberdeen, South Dakota, the son of Elizabeth B. and Sebastian C. His paternal grandparents were Volga Germans, Daschle grew up in a working-class Roman Catholic family as the eldest of four brothers. He became the first person in his family to graduate from college when he earned a B. A. in political science from South Dakota State University in 1969, while attending South Dakota State University, Daschle became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega. From 1969 to 1972, Daschle served in the United States Air Force as an officer with the Strategic Air Command. In the mid-1970s Daschle was an aide to then Senator James Abourezk of South Dakota, Daschle has been married to Linda Hall, who was Miss Kansas in 1976, since 1984, one year after his marriage to his first wife, Laurie, ended in divorce. Hall was acting administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration in the Clinton administration and her lobbying clients have included American Airlines, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing, Senate lobbying records show. Daschle has three children from his first marriage, Kelly, Nathan, and Lindsay, Nathan is the CEO of Ruck. us and former Executive Director of the Democratic Governors Association. In 1978 Daschle was elected to the United States House of Representatives, winning the race by a margin of 139 votes, following a recount, Daschle served four terms in the House of Representatives and quickly became a part of the Democratic leadership. At the 1980 Democratic National Convention Congressman Daschle received 10 delegate votes for Vice President of the United States, although he was not a candidate, Daschle received votes against incumbent Walter Mondale, who was renominated easily. In 1986, Daschle was elected to the Senate in a victory over incumbent Republican James Abdnor. In his first year, he was appointed to the Finance Committee, in 1994 he was chosen by his colleagues to succeed the retiring Senator George Mitchell as Democratic Minority Leader. In the history of the Senate, only Lyndon B. Johnson had served fewer years before being elected to lead his party. In addition to the Minority Leaders post, Daschle also served as a member of the U. S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, South Dakotans reelected Daschle to the Senate by overwhelming margins in 1998
32.
Wendell Ford
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Wendell Hampton Ford was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served for years in the U. S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky. He was the first person to be elected lieutenant governor, governor. The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999, he was considered the leader of the states Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until his retirement from the Senate in 1999. At the time of his retirement, he was the senator in Kentuckys history. Born in Daviess County, Kentucky, Ford attended the University of Kentucky, after the war, he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business. He also continued his service in the Kentucky Army National Guard. He worked on the campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959. Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs ally and successor, Ned Breathitt, Ford won the seat and he was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Four years later, Ford defeated Combs in an upset in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship, as governor, Ford made government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch. He raised revenue for the state through a tax on coal. He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office, including helping Walter Dee Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwart John Sherman Cooper, in 1974, Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator, Republican Marlow Cook. As senator, Ford was a defender of Kentuckys tobacco industry. He also formed the Senate National Guard Caucus with Missouri senator Kit Bond, chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991, Ford considered running for floor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to Connecticuts Christopher Dodd. He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro, Wendell Ford was born near Owensboro, in Daviess County, Kentucky, on September 8,1924. He was the son of Ernest M. and Irene Woolfork Ford and his father was a state senator and ally of Kentucky Governor Earle C. Clements. Ford obtained his education in the public schools of Daviess County. From 1942 to 1943, he attended the University of Kentucky, on September 18,1943, Ford married Jean Neel of Owensboro at the home of the brides parents
33.
Barbara Mikulski
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Barbara Ann Mikulski is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Maryland from 1987 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. She is the woman in the history of the United States Congress and is the longest-serving senator in Maryland history. Raised in the Highlandtown neighborhood of East Baltimore, Mikulski attended Mount Saint Agnes College, originally a social worker and community organizer, she was elected to the Baltimore City Council in 1971 after delivering a highly publicized address on the ethnic movement in America. She was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1976, from the death of Senator Daniel Inouye in December 2012 until 2015, Mikulski chaired the Senate Appropriations Committee, the first woman and first Marylander to hold the position. At her retirement, she was the ranking minority member and she also served on the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence. After five terms in the Senate, on March 2,2015, Mikulski was born and raised in the Highlandtown neighborhood of East Baltimore, the eldest of the three daughters of Christine Eleanor and William Mikulski. Her parents were both of Polish descent, her immigrant great-grandparents had owned a bakery in Baltimore, during her high school years at the Institute of Notre Dame, she worked in her parents grocery store, delivering groceries to elderly neighbors who were unable to leave their homes. She worked as a worker for Catholic charities and Baltimores Department of Social Services, helping at-risk children. Mikulski became an activist social worker when she heard about plans to build Interstate 70 through Baltimores Fells Point and she helped organize communities on both sides of the city and successfully fought to stop the construction of the road. Mikulski first received attention in 1970, because of her remarks at a conference at The Catholic University of America regarding “Ethnic Americans”. Her message became one of the documents of the “ethnic movement”. Mikulskis activism led to a seat on the Baltimore City Council in 1971 and she was instrumental in solidifying democratizing reforms to the national delegate selection process. She then ran for the U. S. Senate in 1974, although well-known to residents in her city, Mikulski had limited name recognition in the rest of the state. As an advocate for campaign finance reform, Mathias refused to accept any contribution over $100 to avoid the curse of big money that has led to so much trouble in the last year. However, he managed to raise over $250,000. Ideologically, Mikulski and Mathias agreed on issues, such as closing tax loopholes. On two issues, however, Mathias argued to reform Congress and the U. S. tax system to address inflation and corporate price fixing, contrary to Mikulski
