1.
Perth
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Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, Aboriginal people have inhabited the Perth area for 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at Upper Swan. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers, the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually and as a source of food. The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as Boorloo, Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagongas group, one of several based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar. The judgment was overturned on appeal, the first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, said that Perth was as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed. On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship, Sulphur. The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantles diary entry for 12 August, Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murrays honour, the racial relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these happenings. Because of the amount of building in and around Boorloo
2.
St Georges Terrace
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St Georges Terrace is the main street in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It runs parallel to the Swan River and forms the major road through the central business district. Its western end is marked by the Barracks Arch, whereas the end joins Adelaide Terrace at the intersection with Victoria Avenue. St Georges Terrace was named after St Georges Cathedral, originally, houses occupied by clergy of the cathedral and lay clerks of the cathedral choir constituted a substantial portion of the Terrace. Some of these such as The Deanery remain, however the majority of these were demolished in the 1960s. Originally 150 plaques were installed in 1979, as part of the WAY79 celebrations, since then, additional plaques have been added, so that there is now one for each year from 1829 to 1999. Australian roads portal Media related to St Georges Terrace, Perth at Wikimedia Commons
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Australian dollar
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Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign, with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents, in 2011, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world, accounting for 7. 6% of the worlds daily share. It trades in the foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen. The currency is referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the Aussie dollar. With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, in 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum and the ming. Menzies influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, the name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a terrible mistake, on 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents. The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 =8 shillings, in 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12, on 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate a number of new features so that they remain secure into the future, the first new banknotes were issued from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver content and were withdrawn after a year after the value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988, the one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one-, in early 2013, Australias first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House
5.
Bankwest
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Bankwest, previously known as The Bank of Western Australia is an Australian full-service bank based in Perth, Western Australia. Formerly a wholly owned subsidiary of HBOS plc, it was sold in October 2008 to the Commonwealth Bank of Australia for A$2.1 billion, Bankwest also has offices in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney. In 1895, the Government of Western Australia established the Agricultural Bank of Western Australia as a lender to support the States farming industries. Despite its name, it was not a bank, in that it did not collect deposits from the public. It was a government instrumentality that lent exclusively to farmers, in 1945, the Agricultural Bank became a full trading bank and changed its name to the Rural and Industries Bank of Western Australia. This enabled it to expand its retail and commercial banking services throughout the state, in 1956 it became a savings bank, and in 1985 the first Sydney stores opened. The bank was incorporated in 1990, and then in 1994 changed its name to the Bank of Western Australia Limited, with the trading name Bankwest, in preparation for privatisation. In December 1995, the Bank of Scotland acquired the bank, Bankwest shares listed on the Australian Stock Exchange on 1 February 1996. In 2001, Halifax Group merged with Bank of Scotland to form HBOS plc, HBOS then acquired all the outstanding shares of Bankwest, making it HBOSs wholly owned subsidiary. Late in 2006, Bankwest announced it would be leaving their landmark tower, in early June 2008, reports began to circulate that HBOS intended to sell Bankwest. In September 2008, Lloyds TSB bought HBOS in a deal worth over £12.2 billion.1 billion, provided products and services Bankwest offers a full range of banking products, including loans, credit cards transaction and savings accounts. In 2007, Bankwest launched the Bankwest Regular Saver account for individuals, in 2012 Bankwest launched the Student Edge Debit Card linked to their Student Account. In 2016, Bankwest terminated its share trading platform and all Bankwest Online Share Trading Accounts were closed on 31 May 2016
6.
Multiplex (company)
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Multiplex is a leading international contractor. Multiplex was founded in 1962 in Perth, Western Australia by John Roberts and it went on to build many large projects such as King Street Wharf in Sydney and Wembley Stadium. In December 2003, it listed on the Australian Stock Exchange with the code of MXG, Multiplex announced in late November 2006 that it planned to create a European real-estate fund to increase profits. Multiplex posted a financial report on 22 February 2007 which announced the groups net profit of A$295.6 million. In January 2007 Multiplex faced a takeover bid which caused its price to jump 17%. The A$4.03 billion proposal was never made and the potential bidder remained anonymous. On 11 June 2007, Brookfield Asset Management proposed an acquisition of Multiplex which valued the company at approximately A$7.3 billion. The offer to shareholders of $5.05 per security was supported by the Multiplex board of directors, including the Roberts family, the offer also proved popular with investors, with Brookfield rapidly acquiring 90% ownership of the company by 31 October 2007. Brookfield acquired the remaining 10% of Multiplex securities and delisted the company from the ASX in November 2007, Brookfield published a statement to the ASX outlining its intentions following the acquisition of Multiplex. The group employs approximately 3,888 people in Australasia and has operations and offices throughout Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, multiplexs first project was the laying of a pipeline across the Mandurah estuary. The Literacy for Life Foundation was launched to improve literacy in Aboriginal adults
7.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
8.
Antenna (radio)
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In radio and electronics, an antenna, or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a transmitter or radio receiver. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio, typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all directions equally. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie, the words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term aerial is used to mean a wire antenna, however, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his fathers estate near Bologna, Marconi discovered that by raising the aerial wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres, in Italian a tent pole is known as lantenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called lantenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were simply as aerials or terminals. Because of his prominence, Marconis use of the word spread among wireless researchers. In common usage, the antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure. Especially at microwave frequencies, an antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna. An antenna, in converting radio waves to electrical signals or vice versa, is a form of transducer, Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field
9.
Central Park (skyscraper)
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Central Park is a 51-storey office tower in Perth, Western Australia. The building measures 226 m from its base at St Georges Terrace to the roof, upon its completion in 1992, the tower became the tallest building in Perth. It is also currently the seventh tallest building in Australia. The approval of the tower was controversial due to the plot ratio concessions made by the Perth City Council to the developers and these concessions enabled the developers to construct a tower more than twice the height which would otherwise be allowable on the site. There was also opposition to the Councils decision to ignore its own town planning experts in allowing a car park to be constructed underneath the site. The building is formed by a steel and concrete frame, with various setbacks in its profile. Outrigger trusses at the top of the building and at the various setbacks help to stiffen the buildings reinforced concrete core against the strong winds prevalent in the area, the base of the building features a small park, for which the tower is named. From as early as the 1930s, the site was home to a Foy & Gibson department store, which was known by the locals as Foys. The store extended all the way through from St Georges Terrace to Hay Street, the store changed to a David Jones department store upon the purchase by that chain of Foys Western Australian operations. By the late 1970s, David Jones had withdrawn from the Western Australian market, a planned $150 million redevelopment of the 1. 5-hectare site was announced in October 1985. The plans included a 45-storey office tower, underground car parking, a landscaped park, demolition of the site had started by October 1986, by which time the planned tower had been expanded slightly to 47 floors. The 1987 approval of the redevelopment by the Perth City Council was controversial, under the Scheme the site was only entitled to 300 car-parking bays. The developers sought approval for 1,175 car-parking bays, which Council planning experts had said would cause traffic to back up to King Street waiting for entry. The final planning approval for the redevelopment was ultimately passed by the Council in an 18–9 decision on 19 October 1987, the Council made various planning concessions to allow the development to have 1,175 car-parking bays and exceed the allowable plot ratio. As a result, more than half of the towers eventual 51 floors came from these planning concessions, at the time of the planning approval, the site was owned by AMP, the Reserve Bank of Australia and Central Park Developments. The State Government approved the plans in November 1987 and the contract was awarded to Multiplex. Construction on the tower started in 1988, with South Perth firm Bruechle Gilchrist & Evans as the project engineers, the building was constructed in a modular method, whereby floor slabs were pre-cast off-site and simply dropped into the steel frame of the tower as construction progressed. Over 60,000 m2 of pre-cast floor units, both rectangular and triangular, were supplied for use in Central Park, the largest such contract ever awarded to an Australian company, major structural work on Central Park concluded with the installation in 1992 of its communications mast
10.
Palace Hotel, Perth
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The Palace Hotel in Perth, Western Australia is a landmark three-storey heritage listed building located in the citys central business district. The building is located on the most prominent intersection in the district of the city, at the corner of St Georges Terrace. When the hotel opened for business on 18 March 1897 it was, although smaller than some of its contemporary buildings in other capital cities in Australasia. One of the most beautiful and elegant hotels in Australasia, redolent of the bourgeois luxury and splendour of the Paris of Napoleon III and later. In its day, as sumptuous a hostelry as any in Melbourne or Sydney and it operated as licensed premises from 1897 until 1981. The building is described as being of a Federation Free Classical architectural style and it is three storeys high and of brick and iron construction. It was designed by architects Porter and Thomas and built by prominent mining entrepreneur, in 1973, a public lobby group known as The Palace Guards was formed to push state planning authorities for the preservation of the building. In 1990, legislation enforcing compliance with heritage preservation orders was enacted and it was recorded as a permanent entry in the state heritage register at the Heritage Council of Western Australia in May 2000. At the time of its transformation into banking chambers in the 1980s, considerable amounts of nostalgia, the site was first used as a lodging house when the Kings Head Hotel operated there from at least 1830, owned and operated by William Dixon. In 1831 Dixon sold it to William Henry Leeder after which it was known as Leeders Hotel, with it becoming a centre for the town with many important dinners. Leeders Hotel was extended in 1845, by time it was known as the Freemasons Tavern. A fire at the rear of the hotel in 1888 destroyed a number of outbuildings, american real estate investor and former hotelier John De Baun purchased the property from Leeders widow for ₤14,000 in 1894, along with several other sites along St Georges Terrace. He engaged architects Ernest Saunders Porter and Edmond Neville Thomas to design the new Palace Hotel for the site with no expense to be spared, marble for the fireplaces and mosaic floor tiles for the main entrance and bar-room floors came from Italy. De Baun also commenced construction of the nearby Melbourne Hotel in 1895 in similar style, if not quite the same degree of opulence, a newspaper advertisement dated 1903 boasted. De Baun died in 1911 and ownership passed to the West Australian Trustee Executor and Agency Company Limited, charles Atkins purchased the property in 1924 for £48,000. External renovations were made in 1935 and 1939, prior to this refurbishment, engraved lettering of the former name De Bauns Palace Hotel was displayed in the corbelling above the front entrance. The Commonwealth Banking Corporation purchased the property sometime around 1972 with an announcement that it planned to redevelop the site as high-rise offices, the groups inaugural meeting was held on 27 March 1973 at the Hotel. There were never many hotels of its standard in Australia and to my knowledge this is the last of them
11.
Alan Bond
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Born in London and raised in Australia from the age of 12, Bond began his career as a signwriter and formed what became the Bond Corporation in 1959. He became a hero in his adopted country after bankrolling challenges for the Americas Cup. His Australia II syndicate won the 1983 Americas Cup, which had held by the New York Yacht Club since 1851. In 1992, Bond was declared bankrupt with debts totalling A$1.8 billion. The funds were used to shore up the resources of the ailing Bond Corporation. Alan Bond was born on 22 April 1938, the son of Frank and Kathleen Bond in the Hammersmith district of London, in 1950, aged 12, he emigrated to Australia with his parents and his older sister Geraldine, living in Fremantle, near Perth. At age 14, he was charged with stealing and being unlawfully on premises, at age 18, he was arrested for being unlawfully on premises and reportedly admitted planning a robbery. The Perth-based Bond made his fortune initially in property development and at one time was one of Australias most prominent businesspeople, in 1970 he bought three Americas Cup challenge yachts from Sir Frank Packer. He later extended his business interests into other fields including brewing, gold mining, television, in 1987, Australias first private university, Bond University was founded by Bond Corporation. He purchased QTQ-9 Brisbane and settled an outstanding defamation dispute the station had with the Queensland premier, in 1987, Bond purchased Vincent van Goghs renowned painting, Irises, for $54 million—the highest price ever paid for a single painting. However, the purchase was funded by a loan from the auctioneer, Sothebys. The transaction was criticised by art dealers as possibly a manipulated sale designed to artificially inflate values generally, the painting was subsequently re-sold in 1990 to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Also in 1987, he built and developed the Bond Centre in Hong Kong and it was later bought by the Lippo Group of Indonesia and is now known as the Lippo Centre, Hong Kong. In 1987, Bond paid $1 billion for the Australia-wide Channel Nine television network from Kerry Packers PBL, and said, Well, I dont really want to sell my stations. And I said, Oh, is that right, so, anyway, after much discussion, Kerry thumped the table and said, Listen, if you can pay me $1 billion, Ill sell them to you, otherwise bugger off. Hen I rang the National Australia Bank, I said, Look, Im in discussions here to buy these television stations. Kerry will sell to me, and what I want to do is put our stations together and then, with Sky Channel, Im going to float it off as a separate entity, said $1 billion, but I think Ill get it for $800 million. Duly rang back and said yes, Ill go and have some further negotiations with Kerry, which I did
12.
BHP
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BHP Billiton is an Anglo-Australian multinational mining, metals and petroleum company headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. It is the worlds largest mining company measured by 2015 market values and Australias fourth largest company, BHP Billiton was created in 2001 through the merger of the Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited and the Anglo–Dutch Billiton plc. The result is a dual-listed company, the UK-registered BHP Billiton Plc has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. BHP Billiton global headquarters & Australian registered office is located at 171 Collins St, Melbourne CBD, two months later, the company acquired the mineral rights to the tin-rich Billiton and Bangka Islands in the Netherlands Indies archipelago, off the eastern coast of Sumatra. Billitons initial business forays included tin and lead smelting in the Netherlands, followed in the 1940s by bauxite mining in Indonesia, in 1970, Shell acquired Billiton accelerated this growth. The tin and lead smelter in Arnhem, the Netherlands, was shut down in the 1990s, Billiton owned a tin smelting and refining plant in Phuket, Thailand called Thaisarco, which still exists today. In 1994, South Africas Gencor Ltd. acquired the division of Billiton excluding the downstream metal division. Billiton was divested from Gencor in 1997, in 1997, Billiton Plc became a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. Throughout the 1990s and beyond, Billiton Plc experienced considerable growth, in 2001 Billiton Plc merged with the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited to form BHP Billiton. In 2015, BHP Billiton spun off a number of its subsidiaries in South Africa, South32 is invested in manganese production and coal mining activities in South Africa, Brazil, Australia and the Far East. In August 2016, the company recorded its worst annual loss in history, towards the end of 2016 BHP indicated it would be expanding its petroleum business with new investments in the sector. The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, BHP Co. Ltd, BHP, also known by the nickname the Big Australian, was incorporated in 1885, operating the silver and lead mine at Broken Hill in western New South Wales, Australia. The Broken Hill group floated on 10 August 1885, the first consignment of Broken Hill ore was smelted at the Intercolonial Smelting and Refining Companys works at Spotswood, Melbourne. The resulting 35,605 ounces of silver raised a lot of interest when exhibited at the City of Melbourne Bank in Collins St, john Darling, Jr. became a director of the company in 1892 and was chairman of directors from 1907 to 1914. In 1915, the company ventured into manufacturing, with its operations based primarily in Newcastle. The decision to move from mining ore at Broken Hill to open a steelworks at Newcastle was due to the limitations in recovering value from mining the lower-lying sulphide ores. The discovery of Iron Knob and Iron Monarch near the shore of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia combined with the development by the BHP metallurgist A. D. The company began exploration in the 1960s with discoveries in Bass Strait
13.
William Street, Perth
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William Street is a suburban distributor and one of two major cross-streets in the CBD of Perth, Western Australia. Commencing in western Mount Lawley it also crosses the Perth to Fremantle railway at the Horseshoe Bridge and it is a one-way street from Brisbane Street to Newcastle Street, from which point until its terminus at The Esplanade it has been progressively converted to two-way since 2008. Its route takes it through the Northbridge cafe and nightclub district as well as Perths central business district, a ramp which took William Street traffic from The Esplanade onto the southbound Kwinana Freeway was closed in 2004 during the construction of the Esplanade railway station. William Streets northern end is at Walcott Street in Mount Lawley and it travels southwest along one block, for 130 metres, before turning southwards. After 600 metres it reaches Vincent Street, and the edge of Mount Lawley. The road continues in a direction, at the eastern edge of Hyde Park. William Street realigns itself one block further east through a 220-metre-long reverse curve, at this point, it intersects Brisbane Street, which bring southbound State Route 51 traffic to William Street. Prior to the restoration of traffic on Beaufort Street, all southbound traffic was redirected via Brisbane Street to William Street. Beyond this intersection, the road is the component of State Route 51. It continues in a line for 900 metres to Roe Street. The Horseshoe Bridge takes the road over the Fremantle and Joondalup railway lines, beyond the bridge, the road continues in its south-south-westerly direction through the Perth CBD. It intersects all the major east-west routes, at the southern end of the bridge is Wellingtion Street. This is followed by Murray and Hay streets, which are pedestrian malls to the east, and then St Georges Terrace, one more block takes it to an intersection with Mounts Bay Road, to the west, and the Esplanade to east. After one more block, alongside the Elizabeth Quay Bus Station and railway station and this intersection also connects a Mitchell Freeway exit ramp and Kwinana Freeway southbound entrance ramp, components of the Narrows Interchange. William Street is serviced by buses running through Northbridge, most of these services deviate via Elizabeth Quay Bus Station before going to their intended destination. There is an entrance to 108 St Georges Terrace on William Street, wesley Church is also on the corner of William Street and Hay Street. Australia Place is further down William Street, there is a 24-hour McDonalds, as well as a KFC and Hungry Jacks. Both sides of William Street between Wellington Street and Hay Street have recently been redeveloped, Raine Square on the west and Gordon Stephenson House on the east side of the street
14.
Gold rush
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A gold rush is a new discovery of gold that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, the wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced migration costs and low barriers to entry. While gold mining itself was unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made fortunes. The resulting increase in the gold supply stimulated global trade. Historians have written extensively about the migration, trade, colonization, Gold rushes helped spur a huge immigration that often led to permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rushes define significant aspects of the culture of the Australian, at a time when the worlds money supply was based on gold, the newly mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the gold fields. Gold rushes extend back as far as gold mining, to the Roman Empire, whose gold mining was described by Diodorus Siculus and Pliny the Elder, within each mining rush there is typically a transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge. They may also progress from high-unit value to lower unit value minerals, a rush typically begins with the discovery of placer gold made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a pan or similar simple instrument. Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a pan or equipment that may be built on the spot. The low investment, the value per unit weight of gold. After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organisations, small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels, water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of ground sluicing, hydraulic mining and dredging may be used, typically the heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. Hard rock mining, like mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital. The surface outcrop of a gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, the first miners may at first build a simple arrastra to crush their ore, later, they may build stamp mills to crush ore more quickly. As the miners dig down, they may find that the part of vein contains gold locked in sulfide or telluride minerals. If the ore is still rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter
15.
Commonwealth Bank
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The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Fiji, Asia, USA and the United Kingdom. Commonwealth Bank is also the largest bank in the Southern Hemisphere, founded in 1911 by the Australian government, the Commonwealth Bank is one of the big four Australian banks, with National Australia Bank, ANZ and Westpac. The bank listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1991 and the government fully privatised it in 1996. The headquarters were moved to two new buildings which were built at the site of the former Sega World Sydney. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded by the Commonwealth Bank Act on 22 December 1911, introduced by the Andrew Fisher Labor Government, in a rare move for the time, the bank was to have both savings and general bank business. The bank was also the first bank in Australia to receive a Federal Government guarantee, the banks earliest and most strenuous proponent was the flamboyant American-Australian Labor politician, King OMalley, and its first Governor was Sir Denison Miller. The bank opened its first branch in Melbourne on 15 July 1912, in an agreement with Australia Post that exists to this day, the bank also traded through post office agencies. In 1912, it merged with the savings bank in Tasmania. In 1916, the bank moved its office to Sydney. It also followed the Australian army into New Guinea, where it opened a branch in Rabaul, in 1920, the bank took over from the Department of the Treasury the responsibility for the issue of Australian bank notes, the beginning of its acquisition of central bank powers. In 1920, the Commonwealth Bank merged with the savings bank in Queensland. The bank also acquired the State Savings Bank of Western Australia, the banks role in central banking expanded gradually after 1920. In 1931, the board came into conflict with the Labor government of James Scullin. The banks chairman Robert Gibson refused to credit in response to the Great Depression unless the government cut pensions. Conflict surrounding this issue led to the fall of the government, in 1942, the Commonwealth Banking Corporation suspended its operations in Papua New Guinea as the Imperial Japanese Army captured many of the towns in which it operated, and bombed Port Moresby. The bank resumed operations later, possibly in 1944, the bank had many branches across Papua New Guinea including Port Moresby, Boroko, Rabaul, Lae, Wau, Bulolo, Goroka, Kavieng, Madang, Mount Hagen, Kundiawa, Popondetta and Wewak. On Bougainville there was Kieta, Panguna, Arawa and early on a sub branch at Loloho. The bank maintained those facilities to support trade, local business, government, the government also colossally expanded immigration programmes
16.
City of Perth
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The City of Perth is a local government area and body, within the Perth metropolitan area, which is the capital of Western Australia. The local government is known as Perth City Council. The City covers the Perth city centre and surrounding suburbs, the City covers an area of 20.01 square kilometres and had an estimated population of 21,092 as at 30 June 2015. On 1 July 2016 the City expanded, absorbing 1,247 residents from the City of Subiaco, in 1694, the Dutch ship Ridderschap van Hollant was lost off the Western Australian coast near Perth. In 1829, Captain James Stirling founded Perth as part of the Swan River Colony, the City of Perth was officially declared on 20 September 1856. In 1915, it absorbed North Perth and Leederville municipalities, and on 1 November 1917, a year later, it absorbed territory from Perth Road Board including the Belmont Park racecourse. By 1962, the council had 27 members representing nine wards, on 1 July 1994, following the passage of the City of Perth Restructuring Act, the City of Perth was broken up and a significantly reduced City of Perth reconsistutued. The Town of Victoria Park, Town of Cambridge and Town of Vincent were created from the boundaries of the City. The first elections were held on 6 May 1995, with 8 councillors, the boundary changes took effect on 1 July 2016. Approximately 1,247 residents from Nedlands and Subiaco in the City of Subiaco were transferred to the City of Perth, and it features the Saint Georges Cross overlaid with the City of Perth Coat of Arms in the centre. The City has 8 councillors and no wards, each councillor serves a four-year term, and half-elections are held every two years. Perth* Crawley* East Perth* Nedlands** Northbridge Subiaco** West Perth* * The parts of these suburbs north of Newcastle and these localities are only partially contained within the City of Perth boundary. ** The parts of these localities were transferred from the City of Subiaco in 2016. These localities are only partially contained within the City of Perth boundary, the 1991 population has been broken down by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as follows, Perth 7,604, Cambridge 22,740, Victoria Park 24,313, Vincent 24,765. The official population of the City of Perth as of 30 June 2015 is 21,092. The City of Perth is twinned with, List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Perth Perth Coat of arms of Perth List of Australian flags Official website Perth City City of Perth Parking website
17.
White ant
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Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in an order from cockroaches. However, the first termites emerged during the Permian or even the Carboniferous. About 3,106 species are described, with a few hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are called white ants, they are not ants. Like ants and some bees and wasps from the separate order Hymenoptera, all colonies have fertile males called kings and one or more fertile females called queens. Termites mostly feed on plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil. Termites are major detritivores, particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions, Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except for Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals, Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens reportedly living up to 30 to 50 years. Unlike ants, which undergo a metamorphosis, each individual termite goes through an incomplete metamorphosis that proceeds through egg, nymph. Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form part of a self-regulating entity, Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. Several hundred species are significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, crops. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite, are regarded as invasive species, the infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso and ptera, which refers to the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings. Termite derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes, altered by the influence of Latin terere from the earlier word tarmes, Termite nests were commonly known as terminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites were known as wood ants or white ants, the modern term was first used in 1781. DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and colleagues in 1934 and this earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut flagellates in the wood-eating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to propose that termites be reclassified as a family, the Termitidae, within the order Blattodea
18.
Government of Western Australia
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The Government of Western Australia, a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1890 as prescribed in its Constitution, as amended from time to time. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, Western Australia ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Western Australia is governed according to the principles of the Westminster system, Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and senior ministers. The Governor, as representative of the Crown, is the repository of power, which is exercised by him or her on the advice of the Premier of Western Australia. The Premier and Ministers are appointed by the Governor, and hold office by virtue of their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the Legislative Assembly. The state election on 11 March 2017 returned a Labor government, rendering the list below obsolete, ministries as at 11 March 2017, The following individuals serve as government ministers, at the pleasure of the Queen, represented by the Governor of Western Australia. The government ministers are listed in order of seniority, while the minister are listed against their opposing portfolio. All ministers and shadow ministers are members of the Parliament of Western Australia
19.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
20.
Brian Burke (Australian politician)
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Brian Thomas Burke was Labor premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 until his resignation on 25 February 1988. He was imprisoned for seven months in 1994, after being convicted of false pretence regarding travel expenses, in the following decades, Burke continued to maintain his Labor party contacts and parliamentary influence, using them to further his career as a pro-business lobbyist. He worked both sides of politics in partnership with disgraced former ministerial colleague Julian Grill and assisted by former senator Noel Crichton-Browne. A son of federal Labor parliamentarian Tom Burke, Brian Burke started his career as a journalist, initially at The West Australian newspaper and later in radio, Burke entered the Legislative Assembly at the 1973 Balcatta by-election, which he won by only 30 votes on the two-party-preferred count. His elder brother Terry held the seat of Perth from 1968 to 1987, in 1981, Brian Burke defeated Ron Davies to become opposition leader. The Burke government abolished capital punishment in Western Australia in 1984, four-year maximum terms were established for the Legislative Assembly, and fixed four-year terms for the Legislative Council. His premiership was characterised by very close associations with such as Laurie Connell and Alan Bond and arranging joint government. As a result of the 1987 stock market crash, major corporate collapses including that of Connells merchant bank Rothwells unwound some of those deals which, in turn, caused major losses to the state. A packed public gallery attended his speech and both he and his deputy Mal Bryce, who resigned on the same day, were given a rare standing ovation in the House. Burke was able to play the part of kingmaker, convincing party colleagues to support the Dowding-Parker ticket for the leadership, Burke then accepted an appointment as Australias ambassador to Ireland and the Holy See. As a result of allegations of improper conduct by Burke during his time as premier and this led to Burke being charged with various offences, for which he was sentenced to two years imprisonment. He served seven months in jail in 1994 for travel expense rorts before being released on parole, in March 1997, he was sentenced to three years jail for stealing $122,585 in campaign donations. He served six months before the convictions were quashed on appeal, in 1995, he was stripped of his 1988 honour as a Companion of the Order of Australia. Burke became active as a consultant and lobbyist for Western Australian business interests and his continued involvement in state Labor branch politics was the subject of controversy since before Labor returned to power in 2001. As premier, Geoff Gallop banned cabinet ministers from contact with Burke, on 9 November 2006, Burke resigned from the Labor Party after public criticism from Carpenter, in part due to evidence provided to the Corruption and Crime Commission. This triggered a by-election for Marlboroughs seat of Peel, although Labor retained the seat, Burke subsequently stood trial on five charges of telling lies to the CCC inquiry and on 1 April 2010 was found guilty of deliberately giving false testimony and fined $25,000. An attempted appeal to the High Court against the conviction failed, soon after, Burke was found not guilty of a separate charge of disclosing official secrets. On 19 June 2013, Burke was charged with four counts of insider trading relating to the ASX-listed telecommunications company AMCOM, the Godfather, The Life of Brian Burke
21.
Parachuting
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Parachuting, or skydiving, is a method of transiting from a high point to Earth with the aid of gravity, involving the control of speed during the descent with the use of a parachute. It may involve more or less free-fall, a time during which the parachute has not been deployed, the first parachute jump in history was made by Andre-Jacques Garnerin, the inventor of the parachute, on October 22nd,1797. Garnerin tested his contraption by leaping from a hydrogen balloon 3,200 feet above Paris, garnerins parachute bore little resemblance to todays parachutes however as it was not packed into any sort of container and did not feature a ripcord. The first intentional freefall jump with a deployment was not made until over a century later by Leslie Irvin in 1919. While Georgia Broadwick made an earlier freefall in 1914 when her static line became entangled with her jump aircrafts tail assembly, Broadwick cut her static line and deployed her parachute manually, only as a means of freeing her self from the aircraft to which she had become entangled. The military developed parachuting technology as a way to save aircrews from emergencies aboard balloons and aircraft in flight, early competitions date back to the 1930s, and it became an international sport in 1952. Parachuting is performed as recreational activity, and a sport which is widely considered an extreme sport due to the risks involved. Manually exiting an aircraft and parachuting to safety has been used by aviators. While this method of escape is relatively rare in modern times, it was used in World War I by military aviators. In modern times, the most common means of escape from an aircraft in distress is via an ejection seat, said system is usually operated by the pilot, aircrew member, or passenger, by engaging an activation device manually. In most designs, this lead to the seat being propelled out of and away from the aircraft carrying the occupant with it. Once clear of the aircraft, the seat will deploy a parachute. Despite the perception of danger, fatalities are rare, about 21 skydivers are confirmed killed each year in the US, roughly one death for every 150,000 jumps. In the US and in most of the world, skydivers are required to carry two parachutes. The reserve parachute must be inspected and re-packed by a certified parachute rigger. Many skydivers use an automatic device that opens the reserve parachute at a pre-determined altitude if it detects that the skydiver is still in free fall. Depending on the country, AADs are often mandatory for new jumpers, most skydivers wear a visual altimeter, and an increasing number also use audible altimeters fitted to their helmets. One of the most common sources of injury is a low turn under a high-performance canopy, swooping is the advanced discipline of gliding at high-speed parallel to the ground during landing
22.
Hay Street, Perth
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Hay Street is a major road through the CBD of Perth, Western Australia, and adjacent suburbs. The street was named after Robert William Hay, the Permanent Under Secretary for Colonies, sections of the road were called Howick Street and Twiss Street until 1897. Orientated east-west, the starts at the Causeway traveling west through the suburbs of East Perth, Perth, West Perth, and Subiaco. A subway under the Fremantle railway line was constructed in the early 1900s, from that point it becomes Underwood Avenue through Jolimont, Floreat and ends in Swanbourne. A number of buildings are along the road, Gledden Building His Majestys Theatre, Perth London Court Melbourne Hotel Perth Town Hall Piccadilly Theatre, through traffic was initially diverted to either Murray Street or St Georges Terrace
23.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography
24.
Irises (painting)
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Van Gogh started painting Irises within a week of entering the asylum, in May 1889, working from nature in the hospital garden. There is a lack of the tension which is seen in his later works. He called painting the lightning conductor for my illness because he felt that he could keep himself from going insane by continuing to paint, the painting was probably influenced by Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints like many of his works and those by other artists of the time. The similarities occur with strong outlines, unusual angles, including close-up views and he wrote to Vincent of the exhibition, strikes the eye from afar. The Irises are a study full of air and life. The first owner was Julien Père Tanguy, a paint grinder, in 1892 Tanguy sold Irises to art critic and anarchist Octave Mirbeau who was also one of Van Goghs first supporters. Mirbeau paid 300 francs for it, in 1987, it became the most expensive painting ever sold, setting a record which stood for two and a half years. Then it was sold for US$53.9 million to Alan Bond, Irises was later re-sold in 1990 to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Irises is currently tenth on the inflation-adjusted list of most expensive ever sold. Van Gogh, paintings and drawings, a loan exhibition, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
25.
AMP Limited
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AMP formed in 1849 as the Australian Mutual Provident Society, a non-profit life insurance company and mutual society. In 1998, it was demutualised and listed on the Australian, AMP has one of Australia’s largest shareholder registers, with most shareholders living in Australia and New Zealand. This is because when the society demutualised, all policy holders received shares in the new company and its UK operation was the subject of a demerger in 2003, separating out the Henderson Group. The company provides planning and advice, banking, life insurance, managed funds, superannuation, property, listed assets. AMP is Australias largest retail and corporate superannuation provider, and is the largest life risk business in Australia. One of AMPs subsidiaries, AMP Capital, is the aligned wealth manager, with more than A$128 billion in assets under management, AMP has four main business areas, Advice and banking provides financial planning and advice, superannuation services for businesses, and selected banking products. These products and services are distributed through a network of self-employed financial planners. AMP has been granted a authority, enabling it to continue to receive default superannuation contribution from 1 January 2014, insurance and superannuation provides superannuation, personal risk insurance products and self-managed super fund administration, support and design. AMP Capital is one of Asia Pacifics largest investment managers, through a team of investment professionals across the world, it invests in equities, fixed interest, infrastructure, property, diversified funds and multi-manager funds. It is the top 10 global investment manager in infrastructure and top 25 in real estate, david Jones was a foundation director in 1848. George King was chairman for fifteen years from the 1850s, richard Teece was general manager and actuary from 1890 and a director from 1917 to 1927. Many of the older AMP buildings are now heritage-listed and feature the Amicus statue group, the central figure in the statue group is the goddess of Peace and Plenty, holding a palm branch and a cornucopia. The male figure of Labour sits to her left and also holds the cornucopia, while the figures of the wife, under the statue is AMP Societys Latin motto Amicus certus in re incerta. AMP Shares rose to almost $22.00 per share in June 2001, see 5 May 2003 article On 15 November 2010, AMP announced a bid to merge its business with AXA Asia Pacific Holdings. The transaction was a joint proposal with AXA SA under which AXA SA would acquire AMPs Asian business and AMP would acquire AXAs Australian, the Australasian holdings included the former National Mutual business which was demutualised in 1996. AXA had gained majority ownership of National Mutual in 1999 and renamed the company as AXA Asia Pacific
26.
Swan River (Western Australia)
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The Swan River is a river in the south west of Western Australia. Its Aboriginal Noongar name is the Derbarl Yerrigan, the river runs through the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australias capital and largest city. The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth and its lower reaches are relatively wide and deep, with few constrictions, while the upper reaches are usually quite narrow and shallow. The Swan River drains the Avon and coastal plain catchments, which have an area of about 121,000 square kilometres. It has three tributaries, the Avon River, Canning River and Helena River. The latter two have dams which provide a part of the potable water requirements for Perth and the regions surrounding. The Avon River contributes the majority of the freshwater flow, the climate of the catchment is Mediterranean, with mild wet winters, hot dry summers, and the associated highly seasonal rainfall and flow regime. The Canning River rises not far from North Bannister,100 kilometres southeast of Perth and joins the Swan at Applecross, the river then narrows into Blackwall Reach, a narrow and deep stretch leading the river through Fremantle Harbour to the sea. The Noongar people believe that the Darling Scarp is said to represent the body of a Wagyl – a snakelike being from Dreamtime that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and it is thought that the Wagyl/Waugal created the Swan River. The estuary is subject to a regime, with a maximum tidal amplitude of about 1 metre. In doing so, it carved a gorge about the size of the Grand Canyon, now known as Perth Canyon, this feature still exists as a submarine canyon near the edge of the continental shelf. The Swan River drains the Swan Coastal Plain, a catchment area of over 100,000 square kilometres in area. The river is located in a Mediterranean climate, with hot dry summers and cool wet winters, the Swan is located on the edge of the Darling Scarp, flowing downhill across the coastal plain to its mouth at Fremantle. The Swan begins as the Avon River, rising near Yealering in the Darling Range, the Avon flows north, passing through the towns of Brookton, Beverley, York, Northam and Toodyay. It is joined by tributaries including the Dale River, the Mortlock River, the Avon becomes the Swan as Wooroloo Brook enters the river near Walyunga National Park. Between Perth and Guildford the river goes through several loops, originally, areas including the Maylands Peninsula, Ascot and Burswood, through Claise Brook and north of the city to Herdsman Lake were swampy wetlands. Most of the wetlands have since been reclaimed for land development, Heirisson Island, upon which The Causeway passes over, was once a collection of small islets known as the Hierrison Islands. Perth Water, between the city and South Perth, is separated from the estuary by the Narrows
27.
Right triangle
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A right triangle or right-angled triangle is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle. The relation between the sides and angles of a triangle is the basis for trigonometry. The side opposite the angle is called the hypotenuse. The sides adjacent to the angle are called legs. Side a may be identified as the adjacent to angle B and opposed to angle A, while side b is the side adjacent to angle A. If the lengths of all three sides of a triangle are integers, the triangle is said to be a Pythagorean triangle. As with any triangle, the area is equal to one half the base multiplied by the corresponding height. In a right triangle, if one leg is taken as the then the other is height. As a formula the area T is T =12 a b where a and b are the legs of the triangle and this formula only applies to right triangles. From this, The altitude to the hypotenuse is the mean of the two segments of the hypotenuse. Each leg of the triangle is the mean proportional of the hypotenuse, in equations, f 2 = d e, b 2 = c e, a 2 = c d where a, b, c, d, e, f are as shown in the diagram. Moreover, the altitude to the hypotenuse is related to the legs of the triangle by 1 a 2 +1 b 2 =1 f 2. For solutions of this equation in integer values of a, b, f, the altitude from either leg coincides with the other leg. Since these intersect at the vertex, the right triangles orthocenter—the intersection of its three altitudes—coincides with the right-angled vertex. The Pythagorean theorem states that, In any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs. This can be stated in equation form as a 2 + b 2 = c 2 where c is the length of the hypotenuse, Pythagorean triples are integer values of a, b, c satisfying this equation. The radius of the incircle of a triangle with legs a and b. The radius of the circumcircle is half the length of the hypotenuse, thus the sum of the circumradius and the inradius is half the sum of the legs, R + r = a + b 2
28.
Corner office
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A corner office is an office that is located in the corner of a building. Corner offices are considered desirable because they have windows on two walls, as opposed to a typical office with only one window or none at all. Corner Office, in Massachusetts, is a used to refer to that states governor. CNBCs show Kudlow & Company has a segment entitled The Corner Office. The Wall Street Journals Law Blog runs a series titled Associate Advice from the Corner Office where top executives in legal firms give tips to recent graduates. American Public Medias Marketplace radio program has a segment, Conversations from the Corner Office. Richard Conniff has written a book titled Ape in the Corner Office in which he applies theories from evolutionary biology and sociobiology to concepts of management in workplaces, Corner Office Bedroom is a song by PlayRadioPlay. The law-drama Suits makes numerous references to the office, highlighting the prestige having one conveys. Nice Girls Dont Get the Corner Office,101 Unconscious Mistakes Women Make That Sabotage Their Careers, the Ape in the Corner Office, Understanding the Workplace Beast in All of Us. Associate Advice from the Corner Office, the Wall Street Journal Law Blog,28 Apr 2008. The New York Times,27 Nov 2005, space Design & Layout Young, Valerie. The Secret Thoughts of Successful Women pg.141
29.
Elevator
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An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the chain, languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a requirement in new multistory buildings. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of a lifting device. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the buildings of England. Louis XV of France had a flying chair built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743. Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders, the invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793, several years later another of Kulibins elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal, the technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. It elevated paying customers to a height in the center of London. Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the decade, – in 1835 an innovative elevator called the Teagle was developed by the company Frost. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power, the hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the steam driven elevators, exploiting Pascals law. A water pump supplied a variable level of pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder. Counterweights and balances were used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus
30.
Aeroelasticity
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Aeroelasticity is the branch of physics and engineering that studies the interactions between the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces that occur when an elastic body is exposed to a fluid flow. Although historical studies have focused on aeronautical applications, recent research has found applications in fields such as energy harvesting and understanding snoring. Aeroelasticity draws on the study of mechanics, solid mechanics, structural dynamics. The synthesis of aeroelasticity with thermodynamics is known as aerothermoelasticity, the 2nd failure of Samuel Langleys prototype plane on the Potomac has been attributed to aeroelastic effects. Problems with torsional divergence plagued aircraft in the First World War, in 1926, Hans Reissner published a theory of wing divergence, leading to much further theoretical research on the subject. In the development of engineering at Caltech, Theodore von Kármán started a course Elasticity applied to Aeronautics. After teaching for one term he passed it over to Ernest Edwin Sechler, in an aeroplane, two significant static aeroelastic effects may occur. Divergence is a phenomenon in which the elastic twist of the wing suddenly becomes theoretically infinite, Control reversal is a phenomenon occurring only in wings with ailerons or other control surfaces, in which these control surfaces reverse their usual functionality. Divergence occurs when a lifting surface deflects under aerodynamic load so as to increase the applied load, the increased load deflects the structure further, which eventually brings the structure to the diverge point. Divergence can be understood as a property of the differential equation governing the wing deflection. Under a simple lift forcing theory the aerodynamic moment is of the form, M ′ = C U2 Where C is a coefficient, U is the fluid velocity. N =0 corresponds to the point of torsional divergence, for given structural parameters, this will correspond to a single value of free-stream velocity U. This is the torsional diverengence speed, note that for some special boundary conditions that may be implemented in a wind tunnel test of an airfoil it is possible to eliminate the phenomenon of divergence altogether. Control surface reversal is the loss of the response of a control surface. For simple models, control reversal speeds can be derived analytically as for torsional divergence, Control reversal can be used to aerodynamic advantage, and forms part of the Kaman servo-flap rotor design. Dynamic Aeroelasticity studies the interactions among aerodynamic, elastic, and inertial forces, net damping can be understood as the sum of the structures natural positive damping, and the negative damping of the aerodynamic force. Methods of predicting flutter in linear structures include the p-method, the k-method, for nonlinear systems, flutter is usually interpreted as a limit cycle oscillation, and methods from the study of dynamical systems can be used to determine the speed at which flutter will occur. Structures exposed to aerodynamic forces — including wings and aerofoils, but also chimneys, in complex structures where both the aerodynamics and the mechanical properties of the structure are not fully understood, flutter can be discounted only through detailed testing
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Murdoch University
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Murdoch University is a public university in Perth, Western Australia, with campuses also in Singapore and Dubai. It began operations as the second university in 1973. Its name is taken from Sir Walter Murdoch, the Founding Professor of English, Murdoch is a verdant university and a member of the Innovative Research Universities. Murdoch University has three Australian campuses, South Street Campus, Rockingham Campus, and Peel Campus, the main campus is on South Street, Perth, in the suburb of Murdoch, near the Kwinana Freeway. Most of the part of the university consists of paddocks of livestock, farms. The master plan for the campus included an open quadrangle of grass and trees, known as Bush Court, in the part of Murdoch campus. The library and first academic buildings flanking this court were designed by R J Ferguson, rather, the architecture adopts a low-slung form redolent of a homestead, with covered walkways suggesting a hybrid veranda or cloister around the bush court. In the smaller courtyards exotic gardens, including a Chinese garden of rocks and stones, the planting and landscaping were the work of Marion Blackwell. Features of the include the Joglo Rahayu, a semi-enclosed pavilion near the Education. A monument to the association between Murdoch University and Indonesian academic institutions in Java, it acts as storage for the Western Australian Gamelan Orchestra. Images of South Street Campus The Rockingham Campus is located 38 kilometres south of central Perth in the suburb of Rockingham, opened in 1996, it is co-located with Rockingham Challenger Institute of Technology campus, and features an arts and commerce building. The campus ceased offering classes at the end of 2014 due to not enough students attending the campus. Rockingham Regional Campus Community Library, located at the Rockingham Campus, is a joint venture between the university, the City of Rockingham and Challenger Institute of Technology, members of all of these groups have free access to library membership. Membership entitles all patrons to access to Challenger Institute of Technology, university, the Mandurah Campus is located 64 kilometres south of central Perth in the suburb of Greenfields, near the regional centre of Mandurah. Opened in 2004, it is home to the School of Health Professions Bachelor of Nursing, in Semester 2,2015 this degree also became available for study at the South Street Campus. Murdoch University shares the campus with Challenger Institute and John Tonkin College, the Centre encompasses researchers from across Murdoch University. It also regularly engages in collaboration with researchers from universities around the world. The Centres Director is Caroline Hughes, Associate Professor of Governance Studies in the School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Murdoch University is home to over 18,500 students including 3,000 international students from over 100 countries
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Curtain wall (architecture)
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A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep the weather out and the occupants in. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a lightweight material, when glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load weight from the other than its own dead load weight. The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the building, curtain-wall systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminium frame is infilled with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building. However, parameters related to solar gain control such as thermal comfort, other common infills include, stone veneer, metal panels, louvres, and operable windows or vents. Buildings were constructed with the walls of the building supporting the load of the entire structure. The exterior walls could be non-load-bearing and thus much lighter and more open than the masonry load-bearing walls of the past and this gave way to increased use of glass as an exterior façade, and the modern-day curtain wall was born. Oriel Chambers and 16 Cook Street, both built in Liverpool, England, by architect and civil engineer Peter Ellis, are characterised by their extensive use of glass in their facades. Towards the courtyards they even boasted metal-framed glass curtain walls, which makes two of the worlds first buildings to include this structural feature. The extensive glass walls allowed light to penetrate further into the building, utilizing more floor space, oriel Chambers comprises 43,000 sq ft set over five floors without an elevator which had only recently been invented and was not yet widespread. An early example of a curtain wall used in the classical style is the Kaufhaus Tietz department store on Leipziger Straße, Berlin. Some of the first curtain walls were made with steel mullions, eventually silicone sealants or glazing tape were substituted, using a glass mullion system. Some designs included a cap to hold the glass in place. The first curtain wall installed in New York City, in the Lever House building, was this type of construction, earlier modernist examples are the Bauhaus in Dessau and the Hallidie Building in San Francisco. During the 1970s began the use of aluminium extrusions for mullions. Aluminum offers the advantage of being able to be easily extruded into nearly any shape required for design
33.
Tropical cyclone
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Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface and this energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as noreasters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of momentum imparted by the Earths rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they form within 5° of the equator. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km in diameter, Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. Cyclone refers to their nature, with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect, in addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes. Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure in the troposphere. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level, the environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings at all altitudes, thus they are characterized as warm core systems. The near-surface wind field of a cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. At the outer edge of the storm, air may be nearly calm, however, due to the Earths rotation, as air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. At an inner radius, air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere and this radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall, and has the strongest near-surface winds of the storm, consequently, it is known as the radius of maximum winds. Once aloft, air flows away from the center, producing a shield of cirrus clouds
34.
Earthquake
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An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earths lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to people around. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type, Earthquakes are measured using measurements from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe and these two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause damage over larger areas. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the damage to structures it causes. At the Earths surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground, when the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity, in its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts. An earthquakes point of rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter, tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behavior, once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the portion of the fault. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface and this process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of a total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction
35.
Tonne
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The SI symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit itself in 1879. Its use is also official, for the metric ton, within the United States, having been adopted by the US National Institute of Standards and it is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviations include T, mT, MT, in French and all English-speaking countries that are predominantly metric, tonne is the correct spelling. Before metrication in the UK the unit used for most purposes was the Imperial ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois, equivalent to 1,016 kg, differing by just 1. 6% from the tonne. Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages to designate a large cask. A full tun, standing about a high, could easily weigh a tonne. An English tun of wine weighs roughly a tonne,954 kg if full of water, in the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau, but these terms are now obsolete. The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both spelled ton in English, though they differ in mass, one tonne is equivalent to, Metric/SI,1 megagram. Equal to 1000000 grams or 1000 kilograms, megagram, Mg, is the official SI unit. Mg is distinct from mg, milligram, pounds, Exactly 1000/0. 453 592 37 lb, or approximately 2204.622622 lb. US/Short tons, Exactly 1/0. 907 184 74 short tons, or approximately 1.102311311 ST. One short ton is exactly 0.90718474 t, imperial/Long tons, Exactly 1/1. 016 046 9088 long tons, or approximately 0.9842065276 LT. One long ton is exactly 1.0160469088 t, for multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events. When used in context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelt either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. *The equivalent units columns use the short scale large-number naming system used in most English-language countries. †Values in the equivalent short and long tons columns are rounded to five significant figures, ǂThough non-standard, the symbol kt is also sometimes used for knot, a unit of speed for sea-going vessels, and should not be confused with kilotonne. A metric ton unit can mean 10 kilograms within metal trading and it traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% of metal. In the case of uranium, the acronym MTU is sometimes considered to be metric ton of uranium, in the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent is a unit of energy, the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ
36.
Pound (mass)
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The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. The international standard symbol for the pound is lb. The unit is descended from the Roman libra, the English word pound is cognate with, among others, German Pfund, Dutch pond, and Swedish pund. All ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression lībra pondō, usage of the unqualified term pound reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force, the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg. In the United Kingdom, the use of the pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963.9144 metre exactly. An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains, the conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to be divisible by 7, and an grain is thus equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams. The US has not adopted the system despite many efforts to do so. Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the libra is an ancient Roman unit of mass that was equivalent to approximately 328.9 grams. It was divided into 12 unciae, or ounces, the libra is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, lb. A number of different definitions of the pound have historically used in Britain. Amongst these were the avoirdupois pound and the tower, merchants. Historically, the sterling was a tower pound of silver. In 1528, the standard was changed to the Troy pound, the avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. It was initially equal to 6992 troy grains, the pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since then, the grain has often been a part of the avoirdupois system
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Deep foundation
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A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a structural element of a deep foundation. There are different terms used to different types of deep foundations including the pile, the pier, drilled shafts. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ, other foundations are typically put in place using excavation. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms, Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver, driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees, concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed, steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section. Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a cap to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to all the loads of a large above-surface structure. A transition piece is attached to the now deeply driven pile, an additional layer of even larger stone, up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion protection. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method, Construction methods depend on the geology of the site, in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in dry ground conditions or through water-saturated strata - i. e. wet boring. Casing is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured, for end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a layer, or hardpan, or other dense. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the conditions, loading conditions. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation, under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of a cone and can only be formed in stable soils
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Siltstone
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Siltstone is a sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones. Siltstone is a sedimentary rock. As its name implies, it is composed of silt sized particles. Siltstones differ significantly from sandstones due to their smaller pores and higher propensity for containing a significant clay fraction, although often mistaken as a shale, siltstone lacks the fissility and laminations which are typical of shale. Unless the siltstone is fairly shaly, stratification is likely to be obscure, mudstone or shale are rocks that contain mud, which is material that has a range of silt and clay. Siltstone is differentiated by having a majority silt, not clay, folk, R. L.1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version. 2nd ed.1981, ISBN 0-914696-14-9 Williams, Howel, Francis J. Turner and Charles M. Gilbert,1954, Petrography, W. H. Freeman
39.
Basement
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A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. However, in cities with high property prices such as London, basements are often fitted out to a high standard, the word cellar or cellars is used to apply to the whole underground level or to any large underground room. A subcellar is a cellar that lies further underneath, a basement can be used in almost exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground floor of a house or other building. However, the use of basements depends largely on factors specific to a geographical area such as climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology. Basements are much easier to construct in areas with soft soils. Adding a basement can also reduce heating and cooling costs as it is a form of earth sheltering, the housing density of an area may also influence whether or not a basement is considered necessary. Historically, basements have become easier to build since the industrialization of home building. For most of its history, the basement took one of two forms. However, beginning with the development of large, mid-priced suburban homes in the 1950s, a daylight basement or a walk-out basement is contained in a house situated on a slope, so that part of the floor is above ground, with a doorway to the outside. The part of the lower than the ground can be considered the true basement area. From the street, some daylight basement homes appear to be one storey, others appear to be a conventional two storey home from the street. Occupants can walk out at that point without having to use stairs, for example, if the ground slopes downwards towards the back of the house, the basement is at or above grade at the back of the house. It is a modern design because of the complexity of uneven foundations, where the basement is above grade. Full-size windows can be installed in a daylight basement and these can provide exits for bedrooms. Ventilation is improved over fully buried basement homes, with less dampness, daylight basements can be used for several purposes – as a garage, as maintenance rooms, or as living space. The buried portion is used for storage, laundry room, hot water tanks. Daylight basement homes typically appraise higher than standard-basement homes, since they include more viable living spaces, in some parts of the US, however, the appraisal for daylight basement space is half that of ground and above ground level square footage. Designs accommodated include split-foyer and split-level homes, garages on both levels are sometimes possible
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The West Australian
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The West is the second-oldest continuously produced newspaper in Australia, having been published since 1833. The West tends to have conservative leanings, and has supported the Liberal–National Party Coalition. Of Australias largest newspapers by circulation, The West is ranked fourth and is the newspaper in the top 20 not owned by either News Limited or Fairfax Media. As of January 2015, refraining from reporting greatly reduced print circulation, the Saturday edition was rebranded as The Weekend West in October 2010. There is an enlarged classified-advertising section for motor vehicles each Wednesday, a digital archive subscription enables past editions to be accessed for $220 per month or $2,200 per year. The West has conservative leanings, and has supported the Liberal–National Party Coalition throughout the political groups existence. At the state election held in March 2017, the newspapers editorial endorsed the Australian Labor Party opposition, led by Mark McGowan, the tabloid newspaper publishes international, national and local news. As of 23 February 2015, newsgathering was integrated with the TV news and current-affairs operations of Seven News, Perth, a breaking news and video news website are also staffed in the same area, together with sales and other departments. In the 1990s, the newspaper introduced a weekly Earth 2000 segment on environmental matters, opinion columnists now include Zoltan Kovacs, Paul Murray and a variety of writers syndicated from Fairfax Media including Gerard Henderson, Danny Katz and Brian Toohey. The paper publishes a supplement titled WestWeekend Magazine which is included as an insert in The Weekend West, the West Australian was owned by the publicly listed company West Australian Newspapers Ltd from the 1920s. The following year Alan Bond, through Bond Corporation, gained control of Bell Group and this ownership structure only survived for a few years until the collapse of Bond Corporation. A newly formed company, West Australian Newspapers Holdings, then purchased the paper from the receivers before being floated in an oversubscribed $185 million public offering, chairman Trevor Eastwood announced in the annual report that the company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange on 9 January 1992. A management fee of $217,000 and underwriting/brokers handling fee of $1,981,136 were paid to companies associated with former short-term directors John Poynton and J. H. Nickson. After having acquired Seven Media Group in February 2011, West Australian Newspapers Holdings Limited became Seven West Media, the West Australian traces its origins to The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal, the first edition of which appeared on 5 January 1833. Owned and edited by Perth postmaster Charles Macfaull, it was originally a four-page weekly and it was, at first, published on Saturdays, but changed to Fridays in 1864. The new publisher, M. Shenton, remained in place until 26 June 1874, when it was bought by a syndicate who renamed it The Western Australian Times and who in September 1874 increased production to two editions a week. On 18 November 1879, it was relaunched as The West Australian, in October 1883, production was increased to three editions per week, two years later it became a daily publication. The proprietors of the West Australian at that time also inaugurated the Western Mail, initially, delivery of the paper beyond settled areas was problematic, but the growth and development of the rural railway system in the early 1900s facilitated wider circulation
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Perth skyline in 2016