1.
Office
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When used as an adjective, the term office may refer to business-related tasks. In legal writing, a company or organization has offices in any place that it has a presence, even if that presence consists of, for example. In modern terms an office usually refers to the location where white-collar workers are employed, as per James Stephenson, Office is that part of business enterprise which is devoted to the direction and co-ordination of its various activities. Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a complex or a large temple. The High Middle Ages saw the rise of the chancery, which was usually the place where most government letters were written. With the growth of large, complex organizations in the 18th century, the first purpose-built office spaces were constructed. The time and motion study, pioneered in manufacturing by F. W. Taylor led to the “Modern Efficiency Desk” with a top and drawers below. However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required discretion in the control of privacy, the main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in performing their job. Work spaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing, there are nine generic types of work space, each supporting different activities. In addition to individual cubicles, there are meeting rooms, lounges. Some offices also have an area where workers can make their lunches. There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office and whilst these vary according to function, managerial fashions and the culture of specific companies can be even more important. While offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this difficult, such as requirements for light, networking. The primary purpose of a building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative. These workers usually occupy set areas within the building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs. The structure and shape of the office is impacted by both management thought as well as materials and may or may not have walls or barriers. The word stems from the Latin officium, and its equivalents in various, mainly romance, languages. An officium was not necessarily a place, but rather an often mobile bureau in the sense of a staff or even the abstract notion of a formal position
2.
Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)
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Tenth Avenue, known as Amsterdam Avenue between 59th Street and 193rd Street, is a north-south thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It carries uptown traffic as far as West 110th Street – also known as Cathedral Parkway, Tenth Avenue begins a block below Gansevoort Street and Eleventh Avenue in the West Village / Meatpacking District. For the southernmost stretch, Tenth Avenue runs southbound, north of 14th Street, Tenth Avenue runs uptown for 45 blocks as a one-way street until its intersection with West 59th Street, where it becomes Amsterdam Avenue but continues without interruption. Amsterdam Avenue continues as a one-way street northbound until Cathedral Parkway, Tenth Avenue runs through the Chelsea and Hells Kitchen neighborhoods on the west side of the borough, and then as Amsterdam Avenue, through the Upper West Side, Harlem and Washington Heights. Much of these areas were working class or poor for much of the 20th century, the street has long been noted for its commercial traffic, and had grade-level railroad lines through the early 20th century. In the 19th century, when the West Side Line ran along the Avenue, the lines were later elevated above street level. Amsterdam Avenue was intended to recall the Dutch roots of Manhattans earliest colonization in the 17th century. According to Sanna Feirsteins Naming New York, What is now Amsterdam Avenue was laid out in the 1811 Commissioners Plan as 10th Avenue and opened from 59th Street to Fort George Avenue in 1816. The name was changed in 1890 in a bid on the part of Upper West Side landowners to confer a measure of old-world cachet to their real estate investments in an area that had yet to catch on. The new avenue name supported the claim that this section would become the New City. Tenth Avenue and Amsterdam Avenue were converted to carry one-way traffic northbound in two stages, south of its intersection with Broadway the avenue was converted on November 6,1948. The rest to 110th Street was converted on December 6,1951, Amsterdam Avenue continues to carry two-way traffic north of 110th Street. During the real boom of the late 20th century, Amsterdam Avenue from roughly 59th Street to 96th Street became one of the citys most expensive residential districts. The M11 bus runs northbound along the avenue, north of 72nd Street, the M7 bus also runs northbound on the avenue, north of 110th Street, the M11 bus runs in both directions along Amsterdam Avenue. As part of the 7 Subway Extension, the 7 <7> was extended to 34th Street in 2015, an intermediate stop, Tenth Avenue, was originally planned but it was dropped from the official plans in 2008. The 1 train serves two stations along the Inwood portion of Tenth Avenue, 207th Street, and 215th Street, a protected bike lane was installed in 2016 from 72nd Street to 110th Street. The Rodgers & Hart play On Your Toes included the dance number Slaughter on Tenth Avenue, performed by Ray Bolger. It was later performed on stage, film and television and it has been performed by the New York City Ballet, and was featured in the film version of On Your Toes, danced by Eddie Albert and Vera Zorina
3.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
The Related Companies
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Related is currently developing the 28 acres Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project in Manhattan’s Chelsea and Hells Kitchen neighborhoods. Related also manages approximately $1.5 billion of equity capital on behalf of sovereign wealth funds, public pension plans, multi-managers, endowments, Taft Hartley plans and family offices. Related also owns Equinox Fitness clubs and a partnership interest in Union Square Events, the catering, culture, sports, in 1972, Stephen M. Ross founded Related Companies, known then as Related Housing Companies. The Emerson apartment building in Los Angeles has 271 units, of which 216 are leased at market rates. The other 55 units are at subsidized rates to tenants whose annual incomes are less than 50% of the local median, in 2017, Fast Company named The Related Companies as one of The Most Innovative Companies of 2017. Their work for turning over 28 acres of Manhattan’s far west side was accredited to the award
7.
Oxford Properties
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Oxford Properties, established in 1960 is a global real estate owner, investor, developer and property manager with a portfolio of office, retail, industrial, multi-residential and hotel assets. Wholly owned by the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System since 2003, the organization has 2,000 employees and over $40 billion of real assets that it manages for itself and on behalf of its co-owners and investment partners. Oxford’s portfolio of properties represents more than 50 million square feet of office, retail, hotel, industrial, land and multi-residential assets in key markets across Canada, the US and Europe. Some of its most recognized assets include Royal Bank Plaza, The Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel, Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Olympic Tower and The Leadenhall Building. Oxford also owns seven Canadian Fairmont luxury hotels which were acquired in 2006, Oxford Leaseholds was established in 1960 in Edmonton by Don Love and John and George Poole, founders of PCL Construction. In the early days of the formation the partners decided there was a need for a medical clinic. Seven years and a few later, Great-West Life, Confederation Life Insurance Co. To reflect its growing desire to develop towers as well as operate them, the firm entered the 1970s as a publicly traded company, with an offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange, with its assets surpassing $1 billion. At the time, large acquisitions included Y&R Properties portfolio and 25 shopping centres from Cambridge Leaseholds, a decade later, a new ownership structure was introduced as Oxford went private in 1980 in a management-led leveraged buyout. To pay for the deal, it sold its shopping centres, the decade didnt pass quietly however, with assets rising above $3 billion. Oxford Properties set up its headquarters in Torontos Richmond-Adelaide Centre, eight years later, the two companies merged and once again went public with help from a $60 million investment from a Hong Kong investor. The company made significant real estate investments buying entire portfolios from Marathon, Greiner-Pacaud, Hammerson Canada, Royal Bank, Don Love had arrived in Edmonton in 1955 as an enterprising young stockbroker working for a national securities firm. A physician client approached him about building a clinic in Edmonton. He knew E. E. Poole, another one of his clients, and when Don made the proposal Ernest Poole declined, the three young men started a new company called “POLO” – PO for Poole, and LO for Love. Don provided the imagination, while John and George provided the capital, the trio secured a mortgage and built the Baker Clinic, which they then sold back to the doctors of the practice. They were officially in the development business, GRESB is an industry-driven organization committed to assessing the ESG performance of real assets globally, including real estate portfolios and infrastructure assets. Oxford Properties has measured a 26 per cent improvement in the efficiency of their managed portfolio, on a per square foot basis. RBC WaterPark Place was the first LEED Core and Shell Platinum Office Tower in Toronto
8.
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is one of the largest in New York City. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Unilever House in London, the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas, the Stephen M. In New York, KPF is presently designing the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, KPF recently completed One Jackson Square and served as Executive Architect for the 10-year phased expansion and renovation of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. Current projects around the world include the Midfield Terminal Complex at the Abu Dhabi International Airport, kPFs philosophy is firmly rooted in the belief that success is the result of collaboration and dialogue. KPF explains, “A similar sentiment is central to the manner in which we weave our buildings into the environmental fabric, for a firm of its size, KPF takes on an unusually large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. Shortly after its founding in 1976, the American Broadcasting Company chose KPF to redevelop a former building on Manhattan’s West Side to house TV studios. This experience led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including the AT&T, by the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted “Favorite Building” by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF’s Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its design with the AIA National Honor Award. In the 1990s, KPF also took on a number of government and civic projects. Courthouse in New York, the Mark O. Hatfield U. S, courthouse in Portland, OR, the U. S. Courthouse of Minneapolis, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D. C. KPF’s winning entry in the competition for the World Bank Headquarters. KPF’s sensitive design solution for the World Bank, its first D. C. project, KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street. KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through the present day, KPF’s subsequent work in the U. K. includes Thames Court in London, the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and the master plan for the London School of Economics. KPFs introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500, within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China
9.
West Side (Manhattan)
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The West Side of Manhattan refers to the side of Manhattan Island which abuts the Hudson River and faces New Jersey. Fifth Avenue, Central Park, and lower Broadway separate it from the East Side, the major neighborhoods on the West Side are West Harlem, Morningside Heights, Manhattan Valley, Upper West Side, Hells Kitchen, Chelsea, West Village, SoHo, and Tribeca. The 8th Avenue and West Side subway lines connect all parts of the West Side, the main north-south roads servicing the West Side are the Henry Hudson Parkway in the north, and the West Side Highway in the south. The Hudson River Greenway separates them from the west shore of the island, the Far West Side would have been the location of West Side Stadium, which was intended as the Olympic stadium for the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Jeffery Sweets one-act play Cover references this area of New York, the Intrepid Museum is located in the West Side and houses many ships and aircraft, including the Concorde, USS Intrepid and the Space Shuttle
10.
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
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Hells Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is traditionally considered to be bordered by 34th Street to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, the area provides transport, medical, and warehouse infrastructure support to Midtowns business district. Once a bastion of poor and working class Irish Americans, Hells Kitchens location in Midtown has changed its personality since the 1970s, since the early 1990s, the area has been gentrifying, and rents have risen rapidly. Located close to both Broadway theaters and the Actors Studio training school, Hells Kitchen has long been a home to learning and practicing actors, the name Hells Kitchen generally refers to the area from 34th to 59th Streets. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and north of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories, as a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP codes 10019 and 10036, the post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue. To the east, the neighborhood overlaps the Times Square Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue, on its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Here, two landmarks reside – the New Yorker Hotel and the dynamic Manhattan Center building, the northern edge of Hells Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side. 57th Street is the boundary between the two neighborhoods. The southern boundary is at Chelsea, but the two overlap and are often lumped together as the West Side since they support the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line is 34th Street, the transition area just north of Madison Square Garden and Pennsylvania Station includes the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park, several explanations exist for the original name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan and he was referring to the Five Points. Another explanation points to a building at 39th as the true original. A gang and a local dive took the name as well, a similar slum also existed in London and was known as Hells Kitchen. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and Tenth Avenue as Hells Kitchen, according to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hells Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heils Kitchen. But the most common version traces it to the story of Dutch Fred the Cop, a veteran policeman, the rookie is supposed to have said, This place is hell itself, to which Fred replied, Hells a mild climate
11.
Chelsea, Manhattan
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Chelsea is a neighborhood on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Chelsea is divided between Manhattan Community Board 4 and Manhattan Community Board 5 and it contains the Chelsea Historic District and its extension, which were designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1970 and 1981 respectively. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the area has a large LGBTQ population. Chelsea is also known as one of the centers of the art world. Chelsea takes its name from the estate and Georgian-style house of retired British Major Thomas Clarke, the land was bounded by what would become 21st and 24th Streets, from the Hudson River to Eighth Avenue. Clarke chose the name Chelsea after the Royal Hospital Chelsea, a retirement home for soldiers in London, England. Clarke passed the estate on to his daughter, Charity, who, with her husband Benjamin Moore, added land on the south of the estate, the house was the birthplace of their son, Clement Clarke Moore, who in turn inherited the property. Moore is generally credited with writing A Visit From St. Nicholas and was the author of the first Greek and Hebrew lexicons printed in the United States. Covenants in the deeds of sale specified what could be built on the land – stables, manufacturing, in 1847 the Hudson River Railroad laid its freight tracks up a right-of-way between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, separating Chelsea from the Hudson River waterfront. By the time of the Civil War, the area west of Ninth Avenue and below 20th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene, a lamp fuel. In addition, the huge Manhattan Gas Works complex, which converted coal into gas, was located at Ninth and 18th Street. As well as the piers, warehouses and factories, the area west of Tenth Avenue also included lumberyards and breweries. The social problems of the areas workers provoked John Lovejoy Elliot to form the Hudson Guild in 1897, one of the first settlement houses – private organizations designed to provide social services. A theater district had formed in the area by 1869, and soon West 23rd Street was the center of American theater, led by Pikes Opera House, Chelsea was an early center for the motion picture industry before World War I. Some of Mary Pickfords first pictures were made on the top floors of a building at 221 West 26th Street, while other studios were located on 23rd. London Terrace was one of the worlds largest apartment blocks when it opened in 1930, with a pool, solarium, gymnasium. The massive 23-story Art Deco Walker Building, which spans the block between 17th and 18th Streets just off of Seventh Avenue, was built in the early 1930s. It typifies the real activity of the district, as it has been converted in 2012 to residential apartments on the top 16 floors
12.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
13.
Hudson Yards, Manhattan
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Javits Convention Center, and a financing plan to fund the various components. The centerpiece of Hudson Yards is a 28-acre mixed-use real estate development of the name by Related Companies and Oxford Properties. This new construction project is the largest of its kind, the railyard project broke ground on December 4,2012, the first tower, an 895-foot office building in the southeast corner of the site, opened on May 31,2016. The over-US$20 billion development will accommodate a projected 65,000 daily visitors when completed, the Citys plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hells Kitchen Neighborhood Association. The main concept of the HKNA plan was to major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues. To help facilitate development, the Citys plan called for an extension of the 7 <7> trains to a 34th Street subway station under Eleventh Avenue, a Hudson Yards Infrastructure Corporation would issue bonds against expected revenues. In January 2005, the New York City Council approved the 60-block rezoning, including the portion of the West Side Yard. In June 2005, the proposal was defeated. After the City rezoned the western rail yard and added it to the financing district, five developers responded to the RFP, Extell, Tishman Speyer, Brookfield, Vornado, and the Related Companies. Tishman Speyer won the bid in March 2008, Tishman Speyer entered into a 99-year lease with the MTA, paying $1 billion for the air rights. However, just two later, the deal broke down due to the late-2000s financial crisis. Not much later, the MTA chose the Related Companies and Goldman Sachs to develop Hudson Yards under the same conditions, in December 2009, the New York City Council approved Related Companies revised plan for Hudson Yards, and the western portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned. Following the rail yards successful rezoning, the MTA signed another 99-year lease to the air rights over the yard in May 2010. Groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, the first building, occurred on December 4,2012, in April 2013, the Related/Oxford joint venture obtained a $475 million construction loan from parties including Barry Sternlichts Starwood Capital Group and luxury retailer Coach. A portion of the project was financed by the EB-5 investment program. The city had originally projected to receive $563 million from property sales by September 2015, consequently, the city has had to allocate $358 million since 2006 to pay off debt. But developers have paid the city $336 million since July 2014, the pace has quickened in recent years, with 57 buildings built or under construction in the area from 2006 to June 2015, indicating an improving balance sheet. After the Hudson Yards project was approved in 2005, the MTA received proceeds from the initial 2006 bond offering to pay for the subway to 34th Street, with funding assured, the MTA proceeded quickly to construction
14.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is a public benefit corporation responsible for public transportation in the U. S. MTA is the largest public transit authority in the United States. The construction of two bridges over the Long Island Sound was put under the jurisdiction of the MTA, the MTA took over full operations in 1983, as the Metro-North Commuter Railroad. Governor Rockefeller appointed his top aide, Dr. William J. Ronan, as chairman, Dr. Ronan served in this post until 1974. Veronique Hakim is currently the executive director of the MTA. The MTA is the largest regional public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere and its agencies serve a region of approximately 14.6 million people spread over 5,000 square miles in 12 counties in New York and two in Connecticut. MTA agencies now move more than 8.5 million customers per day, the MTAs systems carry over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 800,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday. The Related Entities represent a number of existing agencies which have come under the MTA umbrella. In turn, these previously existing agencies were successors to the property of companies that provided substantially the same services. Each of these Related Entities has a name and in some cases. The popular names were part of an overall corporate identification effort in 1994 to eliminate the confusion over the affiliations of the authorities that were part of the MTA. Each of these members has one vote, the county executives of Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, and Putnam counties also nominate one member each, but these members cast one collective vote. All board members are confirmed by the New York State Senate, the budget deficit of the MTA is a growing crisis for the organization as well as New York City and State residents and legislature. The MTA held $31 billion in debt in 2010 and it suffered from a $900 million gap in its operating budget for 2011. The capital budget, which covers repairs, technological upgrades, new trains, If this is not funded, the MTA will fund the repairs with debt and raise fares to cover repayments. The MTA has consistently run on a deficit, but increased spending in 2000–04 coupled with the economic downturn led to a increase in the financial burden that the MTA bore. The budget problems stem from multiple sources, the MTA cannot be supported solely by rider fares and road tolls. In the preliminary 2011 budget, MTA forecasted operating revenue totaled at $6.5 billion, therefore, the MTA must rely on other sources of funding to remain operational. Revenue collected from real estate taxes for transportation purposes helped to contain the deficit, however, due to the weak economy and unstable real estate market, money from these taxes severely decreased, in 2010, tax revenue fell at least 20% short of the projected value
15.
West Side Yard
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The West Side Yard is a rail yard owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority on the west side of Manhattan in New York City. Used to store commuter rail operated by the Long Island Rail Road. The yard includes storage tracks, a six-track indoor shop for maintenance, a 12-car long platform for car cleaning, and lockers. It also sits above the 34th Street – Hudson Yards subway station, before the yard opened in 1987, trains arriving at Penn Station during the morning rush hour had to deadhead back to Long Island for midday storage. The West Side Yard also increased the LIRRs peak period capacity at Penn Station, the 26. 17-acre site is bounded by between West 30th Street, West 33rd Street, 10th Avenue, and 12th Avenue. New York Central and later Penn Central expanded the rail yards, the rail yard was acquired by the State of New York. The northern portion was used for construction of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, the yard was built because limited storage capacity at Penn Station forced LIRR trains to make non-passenger trips to storage yards on Long Island. The yard opened in 1987, immediately increasing train capacity through Penn Station, the West Side Yard is named after John D. Caemmerer, a New York State Senator from East Williston who helped obtain $195.7 million for its construction. During construction, a tunnel was built that allows Amtrak trains from Penn Station to travel to Upstate New York via the West Side Line. Amtrak trains began using this tunnel on April 7,1991, before this, the West Side Yard was designed with space left between the tracks for columns to support development in air rights above the tracks. Madison Square Garden considered a move to the site in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s the air rights were considered as a location for a New York Yankees stadium. The eastern portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned for residential and commercial use in January 2005 as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. Following the defeat of the proposal to construct the West Side Stadium, the Gateway Project is a proposal to build a high-speed rail corridor to alleviate the bottleneck along the Northeast Corridor between Newark, New Jersey, and New York City. In June 2013 the US Department of Transportation announced that $183 million had been dedicated to the box as part of Hurricane Sandy recovery funding. Construction began in September 2013 and was expected to take two years, the underground concrete casing is 800 ft long,50 ft wide, and approximately 35 ft tall. Amtrak awarded Tutor Perini a $133 million contract to build a section of box tunnel
16.
Tapestry, Inc.
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Coach, Inc. is a multinational luxury fashion company based in New York City. Coach was founded in 1941, as a workshop in a loft on 34th Street in Manhattan, with six leatherworkers who made wallets. In 1946, Miles Cahn and his wife Lillian joined the company, Miles and Lillian Cahn were owners of a leather handbag manufacturing business, and were knowledgeable about leatherworks and business. By 1950, Cahn had taken over the business, during the early years, Cahn noticed the distinctive properties and qualities of the leather used to make baseball gloves. With wear and use, the leather in a glove became softer and suppler, attempting to mimic this process, Cahn made a way of processing the leather to make it stronger, softer, and more flexible. Since the leather absorbed dye very well, this also created a richer, deeper color in the leather. Soon after Cahn developed this new process, Lillian Cahn suggested to Miles that the supplement the factorys mens accessories business by adding womens leather handbags. The sturdy cowhide bags were an immediate hit, Miles and Lillian Cahn bought the company through a leveraged buyout in 1961. In 1961, Cahn hired Bonnie Cashin, a sportswear pioneer, Cashin revolutionized the products design, working as creative head for Coach from 1962 through 1974. Cashin instituted the inclusion of side pockets, coin purses, in 1979, Lewis Frankfort joined the company as vice-president of business development. During this time, Coach was making $6 million in sales and products were being distributed through the wholesale channel. He was mentored by the then executive VP of sales, Richard Rose, Richard joined Coach in 1965, and he is credited with making Coach a household name after putting the product in department stores across the United States and abroad. He retired from his position in the company in 1995, in 1981, under Frankforts leadership, the company opened its first directly operated retail location on Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. Coach was then sold to Sara Lee Corporation for a reported $30 million, Lew Frankfort succeeded Cahn as president. Sara Lee structured Coach under its Hanes Group, in early 1986, new boutiques were opened in Macys stores in New York City and San Francisco. Additional Coach stores were under construction, and similar boutiques were to be opened in major department stores later that year. By November 1986, the company was operating 12 stores, along with nearly 50 boutiques within department stores. In 1996, Lew Frankfort was named chairman and CEO of Coach, the following year, under Frankforts leadership, Coach hired Reed Krakoff, whose creative and commercials instincts aimed to make Coach products functional, lightweight, and stylish
17.
Anchor store
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In retail, an anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain. Current examples of common anchor stores in the USA include Younkers, Macys, Kohls, Sears, Bergners, Dillards, Carsons, Boscovs, The Bon-Ton, Bloomingdales, Lord & Taylor, and JCPenney. Defunct examples include Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, Eatons, Lazarus, Galyans, Foleys, Marshall Fields, Hechts, Sports Authority, Parisian, anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more, in each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the malls leasable space. Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at stores in the mall. Early on, grocery stores were a type of anchor store. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however, the challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors
18.
Tutor Perini
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Tutor Perini Corporation is one of the largest general contractors in the United States. At the end of 2013 it reported a revenue of approximately $4.2 billion. Tutor Perini is headquartered in Sylmar, California, and works on construction projects throughout the United States. Specific areas of focus are civil infrastructure, building infrastructure, Perini was founded in 1894 by a stonemason named Bonfiglio Perini. Under the direction of Bonfiglios grandson, Lou Perini, the moved into the real-estate business, developing 4,500 acres in Palm Beach County. Later real-estate ventures were successful, leaving the company deeply in debt by the mid-1990s. In 1997, Perini recapitalized, passing control to a California-based investor group led by Los Angeles-based construction executive Ronald Tutor and investor Richard Blum, Perini was listed on the NYSE on April 1,2004. Later that year it acquired Cherry Hill Construction, a contractor in Maryland, in January 2009, the corporation acquired Philadelphia-based building contractor Keating. While Perini maintained headquarters in Framingham, Massachusetts it commonly bid on many construction projects in Massachusetts. The corporation is now headquartered in Sylmar, California, the company is heavily involved in civil infrastructure, as well as construction for the gaming and hospitality industries. In May 2009, Perini shareholders voted to change the name to Tutor Perini Corporation. Subsequent to its change, Tutor Perini Corporation strengthened its focus towards expanding its geographical footprint throughout the United States. In order to facilitate this strategy, Tutor Perini issued $300 million of Senior Notes in October 2010, Tutor Perini proceeded to acquire six companies over the next nine months. Tutor-Saliba Corporation Perini Building Company Rudolph and Sletten, Inc
19.
High Line
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The High Line is a 1. 45-mile-long New York City linear park built in Manhattan on an elevated section of a disused New York Central Railroad spur called the West Side Line. Inspired by the 3-mile Promenade plantée, a project in Paris completed in 1993. The High Line Park is built on the southern portion of the West Side Line running to the Lower West Side of Manhattan. An unopened spur extends above 30th Street to Tenth Avenue, repurposing of the railway into an urban park began construction in 2006, with the first phase opening in 2009, and the second phase opening in 2011. The third and final phase opened to the public on September 21,2014. A short stub above Tenth Avenue and 30th Street is still closed as of September 2014, the project has spurred real estate development in the neighborhoods that lie along the line, and increased real estate values and prices along the route, as a halo effect. As of September 2014, the park gets nearly 5 million visitors annually, the park extends from Gansevoort Street to 34th Street. The 34th Street entrance is at level, and has wheelchair access. The park is open daily from 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. in the winter,10 p. m. in the spring and fall, and 11 p. m. in the summer, except for the Interim Walkway west of 11th Avenue, which is open until dusk. It can be reached through eleven entrances, five of which are accessible to people with disabilities, the wheelchair-accessible entrances, each with stairs and an elevator, are at Gansevoort, 14th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th Streets. Additional staircase-only entrances are located at 18th, 20th, 26th, and 28th Streets, Street level access is available at 34th Street via an Interim Walkway between 30th Street/11th Avenue and 34th Street. At the Gansevoort Street end, which runs north-south, the end over Gansevoort Street is named the Tiffany. Foundation Overlook, dedicated in July 2012, the foundation was a backer of the park. Then, it passes under The Standard hotel, and through a passage at 14th Street, then, the High Line passes under the Chelsea Market, a food hall, at 15th Street. A spur connecting the viaduct to the National Biscuit Company building splits off at 16th Street, the Tenth Avenue Square, an amphitheater located on the viaduct, is at 17th Street, where the High Line crosses over Tenth Avenue from southeast to northwest. At 23rd Street, there is the 23rd Street Lawn, a lawn where visitors can rest, then, between 25th and 26th Streets, a ramp takes visitors above the viaduct, with a scenic overlook facing east at 26th Street. The Philip Falcone and Lisa Maria Falcone flyover, as it is called, is named after two major donors to the park, this ramp was based on plans for a Phase 1 flyover that was never built. The park then curves west to Phase 3 and merges into the Tenth Avenue Spur, there is also a seesaw-like bench, as well as a chime bench, with keys that make sounds when tapped
20.
Kohn Pedersen Fox
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Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is one of the largest in New York City. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Unilever House in London, the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas, the Stephen M. In New York, KPF is presently designing the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, KPF recently completed One Jackson Square and served as Executive Architect for the 10-year phased expansion and renovation of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. Current projects around the world include the Midfield Terminal Complex at the Abu Dhabi International Airport, kPFs philosophy is firmly rooted in the belief that success is the result of collaboration and dialogue. KPF explains, “A similar sentiment is central to the manner in which we weave our buildings into the environmental fabric, for a firm of its size, KPF takes on an unusually large number of restoration and renovation projects. Examples of this work include The World Bank Headquarters, Unilever House, KPF has been recognized for workplace collaboration. Shortly after its founding in 1976, the American Broadcasting Company chose KPF to redevelop a former building on Manhattan’s West Side to house TV studios. This experience led to 14 more projects for ABC over the next 11 years, as well as commissions from major corporations across the country, including the AT&T, by the mid-1980s, KPF had nearly 250 architects working on projects in cities throughout the United States. It remains a Chicago landmark, and was voted “Favorite Building” by the readers of the Chicago Tribune in both 1995 and 1997. In 1986, KPF’s Procter & Gamble Headquarters in Cincinnati, which included an open plan interior design by Patricia Conway, was recognized for its design with the AIA National Honor Award. In the 1990s, KPF also took on a number of government and civic projects. Courthouse in New York, the Mark O. Hatfield U. S, courthouse in Portland, OR, the U. S. Courthouse of Minneapolis, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport and the multiple award-winning redevelopment of The World Bank Headquarters in Washington, D. C. KPF’s winning entry in the competition for the World Bank Headquarters. KPF’s sensitive design solution for the World Bank, its first D. C. project, KPF completed the design for two blocks of the large-scale Canary Wharf redevelopment and the Goldman Sachs Headquarters on Fleet Street. KPF has been selected for projects in the Canary Wharf area through the present day, KPF’s subsequent work in the U. K. includes Thames Court in London, the Rothermere American Institute at Oxford University and the master plan for the London School of Economics. KPFs introduction to the Asian market began with the 4,500, within 10 years, KPF had projects in Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China
21.
SAP SE
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SAP SE is a German multinational software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations. SAP is headquartered in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, with offices in 130 countries. The company has over 335,000 customers in 190 countries, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. When Xerox aimed to exit the industry in 1975, they asked IBM to migrate their business systems to IBM technology. As part of IBMs compensation for the migration, IBM was given the rights to the Scientific Data Systems /SAPE software, five IBM engineers from the AI department were working in an enterprise-wide system based on this software, only to be told that it would no longer be necessary. Rather than abandon the project, they decided to leave IBM Tech, in June 1970, they founded Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung company, as a private partnership under the German Civil Code. Their first client was the German branch of Imperial Chemical Industries in Östringen, instead of storing the data on punch cards mechanically, as IBM did, they stored it locally. Therefore, they called their software a real-time system, since there was no need to process the punch cards overnight and this first version was also a standalone software that could be offered to other interested parties. In 1973, the first commercial product was launched and it was called SAP R/98, and offered a common system for multiple tasks. This permitted the use of a data storage, improving the maintenance of data. From a technical point of view, therefore, a database was necessary, in 1976, SAP GmbH was founded, and moved its headquarters the following year to Walldorf, Germany. Three years later, in 1979, SAP launched SAP R/2, expanding the capabilities of the system to other areas, such as material management, in 1981, SAP brought a re-designed product to market. However, SAP R/2 did not improve until the period between 1985 and 1990, SAP released the new SAP R/3 in 1992. SAP developed and released versions of R/3 through 1995. By the mid-1990s, SAP followed the trend from mainframe computing to client/server architectures, the development of SAP’s internet strategy with mySAP. com redesigned the concept of business processes. As a result, R/3 was replaced with the introduction of SAP ERP Central Component 5.0 in 2004, architectural changes were also made to support an enterprise service architecture to transition customers to a services-oriented architecture. The latest version, SAP ERP6.0, was released in 2006, SAP ERP6.0 has since then been updated through SAP enhancement packs, the most recent, SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP6.0 in 2016. In August 1988, SAP GmbH became SAP AG, and public trading started on 4 November 1988, shares were listed on the Frankfurt and Stuttgart stock exchanges
22.
Fairway Market
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Fairway Market is an American grocery chain. Founded in the 1930s, it is one of the United States highest grossing food retailers per square foot with 14 million customers per year, Fairway has had significant store expansion in the New York area, with 14 stores in the tri-state area, plus 3 liquor stores. The flagship store remains at Broadway and West 74th Street, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, in 2011, the chain had revenues of $550 million. It was spun off in an IPO on April 17,2013, trading under its parent, a café serves sandwiches, burgers, and breakfast, and becomes a steakhouse by night. In 2012, Fairway Market opened three locations, in Woodland Park, New Jersey on June 6, Westbury, New York on August 22. In 2013, Fairway Market opened a location in Chelsea, Manhattan and another at The Shops at Nanuet shopping mall in Nanuet, there will be another store in Hudson Yards, Manhattan by 2017. The company currently employs about 5,000 people, the sequence of all stores is as follows, The flagship store, founded in the 1930s, still occupies the original Broadway location in the Upper West Side. In 1995, Fairways Harlem store opened in a larger space. This store has a 10, 000-square-foot enclosed space, the Cold Room, which contains the meats, seafood, dairy products. Silver coats hang nearby for customers who wish to keep warm while browsing the freezer, in 2001, the company opened its first store outside the city in the Long Island community of Plainview. In 2006, it opened its store in Red Hook. Fairways fifth store opened on March 25,2009, in the Fashion Center shopping mall in suburban Paramus, New Jersey, on April 14,2010, Fairway opened a new branch in the Westchester County village of Pelham Manor, directly across the border with the Bronx. This became Fairways third location in the New York City suburbs, the company signed a lease on a 75,000 sq ft site formerly occupied by Kmart. With the Pelham Manor opening, Fairway expanded its offering to its customers with their first 6, 000-square-foot Wine and their second wine and spirit superstore is adjacent to the Stamford market, it is 6,500 square feet. The newest is beside Fairway Market, Woodland Park, it includes a temperature controlled room for high-end wines, a bar. Fairway’s seventh location opened in November 2010 in Stamford, Connecticut, the Stamford store is the largest one to date at over 80,000 square feet. In 2011, Fairway opened a location on the Upper East Side of Manhattan on 86th Street, Fairway also opened a location in Douglaston, Queens in 2011. In June 2012, Fairway opened its food store and third Wine and Spirits Store in Woodland Park, New Jersey
23.
The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
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The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America is one of the largest mutual life insurance companies in the United States. Based in New York, New York, it employs approximately 8,000 employees in the United States and it currently ranks 254th on the Fortune 500 list of largest corporation in the United States. In 2015, Guardian achieved the highest earning in its 155-year history with $7.3 billion in capital and $1.5 billion in operating costs. Founded in Manhattan in 1860, the company offers a range of insurance products and services, including life insurance, disability income insurance, annuities, investments, dental. Guardian founder Hugo Wesendonck, a German civil rights lawyer, participated in the 1848-49 revolution, accused of treason, he fled post-revolution Europe and landed in the U. S. Two years later, he opened a branch in San Francisco, and later across the country, reaching territories such as Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota, in 1868, Germania became the first U. S. insurance company to start an agency in Europe. By the early 20th century, almost half its business was outside North America, as operations expanded, the company moved to Union Square in 1911 – a location that would serve as Guardians headquarters for more than 85 years. In 1999, Guardian relocated to its current headquarters to 7 Hanover Square in the Financial District, Guardian is the 6th largest dental provider in the US, with 6.4 million participants as of February 2015. Guardian acquired First Commonwealth in 1999, and acquired Premier Access in 2014, in July 2001, Guardian merged with Berkshire Life Insurance Company. As of February 2015 the newly formed Berkshire Life Insurance Company of America subsidiary administers all disability products for Guardian, Guardian acquired Reed Group in 2012 and through it, provides human resources to companies dealing with employees on absence due to disability. It helps manage and administer claims related to employee absences, offers LeavePro, a software to manage absences, and offers MDGuidelines, in 2015 they grew this business by acquiring Aon Hewitts absence management business. In 2006, Guardian acquired 65% of RS Investments, RS provides its services to pensions, investment companies, high net worth individuals, corporations, and banks. It also has a selection of funds which it offers to clients. In 2007, RS Investments was one of the largest stockholders in Corrections Corporation of America, in September 2016 Guardian sold their 401 business to Ameritas Life. Additionally, Guardian owns a full service broker-dealer Park Avenue Securities, PAS was established in 1999 by Guardian. Under the federal ERISA law Guardian was obligated to continue the coverage for one year after it cancelled the plan, Guardian offered no comparable plan to replace it, and his parents characterized the cancellation as a death sentence. His parents sued Guardian and lost the case in October 2009, Guardian publicly and personally apologized to the Pearls and agreed to continue coverage for Ian and two other patients in similar situations
24.
Retail
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
25.
500 West 30th Street
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500 West 30th Street is a residential building in Chelsea, in Manhattan, New York City just outside the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. There are 386 rental apartments at the building, located at the southwest corner of 30th Street, robert A. M. Stern was the designer of the building, and The Related Companies developed the building. There is about 7,200 square feet of space on the ground floor of the 33-story,325 feet -tall building. The building, the first to open in the area under the zoning of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, has 78 permanent units and it started leasing in April 2014, just two years after beginning construction in 2012. Brookfield Properties Goes Splittsville on Curbed. com Chaban, Matt, scaling the Towers of Hudson Yards in New York Observer Davidson, Justin. From 0 to 12 Million Square Feet New York, anatomy of a deal, Inside Related/Oxford’s unusual financing of Hudson Yards in The Real Deal Sheftell, Jason
26.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
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The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is an international body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design. Its stated mission is to study and report on all aspects of the planning, design, the Council was founded at Lehigh University in 1969 by Lynn S. Beedle, where its office remained until October 2003 when it moved to the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The CTBUH ranks the height of buildings using three different methods, Height to architectural top, This is the criterion under which the CTBUH ranks the height of buildings. Heights are measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the top of the building, inclusive of spires but excluding items such as flagpoles and antennae. Highest occupied floor, Height to the level of the highest floor that is occupied by residents. Height to tip, Height to the highest point of the building, including antennae, flagpoles, a category measuring to the top of the roof was removed from the ranking criteria in November 2009. This became the CTBUH official definition of a building’s completion, the CTBUH maintains an extensive database of the tallest buildings in the world, organized by various categories. Buildings under construction are included, although not ranked until completion. The CTBUH also produces an annual list of the ten tallest buildings completed in that particular year. Second on the 2008 list was the 363-metre Almas Tower in Dubai, third was the Minsheng Bank Building in Wuhan which stands at 331 metres, whilst fourth was The Address Downtown Burj Dubai. All in all, six of the ten tallest buildings completed in 2008 are located in Asia, the CTBUH also hosts annual conferences and a World Congress every three to five years. The most recent World Congress was held in Shanghai between 19 and 21 September 2012, the next World Congress will be held in Shanghai between 16 and 19 September 2014. The CTBUH also bestows Tall Building Awards each year, with four awards to the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Among these four regional awards, one is given the Best Tall Building Award Overall, there are also two lifetime achievement awards. Starting in 2010, these awards are presented at a symposium, in 2012 the CTBUH added two new awards for Innovation and Performance. In addition to the newsletter and daily updated global news archive. The Journal includes peer-reviewed technical papers, in-depth project case studies, book reviews, interviews with prominent persons in the building industry. The CTBUH also publishes guidebooks, reference manuals, and monographs related to the building industry
27.
Emporis
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Emporis GmbH is a real estate data mining company with headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The company collects and publishes data and photographs of buildings worldwide, Emporis offers a variety of information on its public database, Emporis. com, located at www. emporis. com. Emporis is frequently cited by media sources as an authority on building data. Emporis previously focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defines as buildings between 35 and 100 metres tall and at least 100 metres tall, respectively, today, the database has expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996, in 2000 he started skyscrapers. com which was folded into Emporis in 2003. In 2004, Stephan R. Boehm assumed the role of Chairman, Wutzke was Chief Technology Officer and managing director until 2010, when he left the company. In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million Euro in the company, effective January 1,2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg, in 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year
28.
Engadget
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Engadget is a multilingual technology blog network with daily coverage of gadgets and consumer electronics. Engadget currently operates a total of ten written in English. Engadget has in the past ranked among the top five in the Technorati top 100 and was noted in Time for being one of the best blogs of 2010 and it has been operated by AOL since October 2005. Engadget was founded by former Gizmodo technology weblog editor and co-founder, Peter Rojas, Engadget was the largest blog in Weblogs, Inc. a blog network with over 75 weblogs including Autoblog and Joystiq which formerly included Hack-A-Day. Weblogs Inc. was purchased by AOL in 2005, Engadgets editor-in-chief, Ryan Block, announced on July 22,2008, that he would be stepping down as editor-in-chief in late August, leaving the role to Joshua Topolsky. On March 12,2011, Topolsky announced that he was leaving Engadget to start The Verge, appointing Tim Stevens — profiled by Fortune on May 31, on February 13,2013, AOL acquired gdgt, a device review website that was created by Rojas and Block. Overnight on July 15,2013, Tim Stevens stepped down as the editor-in-chief, in November 2013, a major redesign was launched that merged gdgts features into Engadget, such as database of devices and aggregated reviews. The changes aimed to turn Engadget into a more consumer electronics resource, similarly to CNET and Consumer Reports. As of April 2014, Michael Gorman was tapped as the Editor-In-Chief alongside Christopher Trout as Executive Editor, Engadget operates a number of blogs spanning seven different languages including English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Polish, Korean and German. The English edition of Engadget operates four blogs which, like the international editions, have assimilated into a single site with a sub-domain prefix. These include Engadget Classic, Engadget Mobile, Engadget HD and Engadget Alt, as of late 2013, these editions exist but have been wrapped into Engadget Classic. In March 2014, a UK edition of Engadget also launched to target the developing European tech market, launched in March 2004, Engadget is updated multiple times a day with articles on gadgets and consumer electronics. These writers include Jason Calacanis, Paul Boutin, Phillip Torrone, Joshua Fruhlinger, Marc Perton, darren Murph, has worked on the site as Managing Editor and Editor-at-Large. He has written over 17,212 posts as of October 5,2010, industry analyst Ross Rubin has contributed a weekly column called Switched On since October 2004. Engadget uses the Blogsmith CMS to publish its content, the Engadget podcast was launched in October 2004 and was originally hosted by Phillip Torrone and Len Pryor. Torrone was the host for the first 22 episodes of the podcast at which point Eric Rice took over, the podcast was hosted by Editor-in-chief Joshua Topolsky along with editors Paul Miller and Nilay Patel with occasional special guests until their 2011 departure. The podcast was produced by Trent Wolbe under Topolskys editorship and continued to be under Tim Stevens until December 2012, the topic of discussion for the podcast is technology-related and closely linked to events that have happened during the week in the world of technology. The show generally lasts an hour or more, the show is normally weekly, however, the frequency can change, especially during special events
29.
The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal is an American business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal, along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, the newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation, according to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies as of March 2013, compared with USA Todays 1.7 million. The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes through 2015 and derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8,1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, the Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ. They were later aggregated in a daily summary called the Customers Afternoon Letter. In 1896, The Dow Jones Industrial Average was officially launched and it was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journals Review & Outlook column, which still today, appeared for the first time. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902, circulation was then around 7,000, Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting—a novelty in the early days of business journalism. In 1921, Barrons, Americas premier financial weekly, was founded, Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday, the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barrons descendants, the Bancroft family, would continue to control the company until 2007, the Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, under Kilgore, in 1947, that the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize, for William Henry Grimess editorials. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies, later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group. In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones, a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996, in 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journals print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, in May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually
30.
New York Observer
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The New York Observer was a weekly newspaper published in New York City from 1987 to 2016. As of January 2017, the team is led by Ken Kurson with other writers and editors including Rex Reed, Will Bredderman, Drew Grant, Brady Dale, John Bonazzo, Vinnie Mancuso. The Observer was first published in New York City on September 22,1987, as a newspaper by Arthur L. Carter. In July 2006, the paper was purchased by the American real estate figure Jared Kushner, the paper began its life as a broadsheet, and was then printed in tabloid format every Wednesday, and currently has an exclusively online format. It is headquartered at 1 Whitehall Street in Manhattan, schindler, Michael M. Thomas, Robert Sam Anson, Philip Weiss and Steve Kornacki. Originally, the paper was perhaps best known for publishing Candace Bushnells column on Manhattans social life on which the television series Sex and it was visually distinctive because of its salmon‑colored pages and sketch illustrations, in the style of La Gazzetta dello Sport. Henry Rollins once described it as the curiously pink newspaper, the paper switched to white‑colored paper in 2014. The fourth and longest serving editor for the newspaper, Peter Kaplan, interim editor Tom McGeveran was replaced by Kyle Pope in 2009. Elizabeth Spiers served as editor from 2011 to 2012, followed by interim editor Aaron Gell, in January 2013, publisher Jared Kushner named Ken Kurson, a political consultant, journalist, and author, as the Observers next editor. Observer Media, the parent company, announced recently to readers that the weekly print edition will close. Content will remain available online under the masthead Observer dropping New York. The November 9,2016 issue was the last for the print publication, the discontinuation of the print Observer came the day after Kushners father-in-law, Donald Trump, won the 2016 presidential election, Kushner serves as a senior advisor in the Trump Administration. Kushner transferred his ownership of Observer Medias remaining online assets into a family trust, the New York Observer was also the name of a weekly religious paper founded by Sidney E. Morse in 1823. The publisher and original owner, Arthur Carter, has had other publishing interests, at one time, he was a part‑owner in The East Hampton Star. Carter received a B. A. in French literature from Brown University and he spent 25 years in investment banking until 1981, when he founded the Litchfield County Times in New Milford, Connecticut. He owned it for twenty years until selling to Journal Register Company and he has been an adjunct professor of philosophy and journalism at New York University and is a trustee. In July 2006, Jared Kushner, a 25‑year‑old law student and son of a wealthy New Jersey developer, Charles Kushner, in April 2007 Bob Sommer became president of Observer Media Group, and subsequently served on OMG’s Board of Directors. In January 2017, Jared Kushner announced he would sell his stake to a Kushner family trust, Kushners brother-in-law, Joseph Meyer, who has been the CEO of Observer Media Group since 2013, replaced him as publisher
31.
New York (magazine)
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New York is a bi-weekly magazine concerned with life, culture, politics, and style generally, and with a particular emphasis on New York City. Founded by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker in 1968 as a competitor to The New Yorker, it was brasher and less polite, and established itself as a cradle of New Journalism. Since its redesign and relaunch in 2004, the magazine has won more National Magazine Awards than any other publication and it was one of the first dual-audience lifestyle magazines, and its format and style have been emulated by some other American regional city publications. In 2009, its paid and verified circulation was 408,622 and its websites—NYmag. com, Vulture. com, The Cut, and Grub Street—receive visits from more than 14 million users per month. New York began life in 1963 as the Sunday-magazine supplement of the New York Herald Tribune newspaper, edited first by Sheldon Zalaznick and then by Clay Felker, the magazine showcased the work of several talented Tribune contributors, including Tom Wolfe, Barbara Goldsmith, and Jimmy Breslin. Soon after the Tribune went out of business in 1966–67, Felker and his partner, Milton Glaser, gerald Goldsmith, and reincarnated the magazine as a stand-alone glossy. Joining them was managing editor Jack Nessel, Felkers number-two at the Herald Tribune, New Yorks first issue was dated April 8,1968. Among the by-lines were many names from the magazines earlier incarnation, including Breslin, Wolfe, and George Goodman. Within a year, Felker had assembled a team of contributors who would come to define the magazines voice, Breslin became a regular, as did Gloria Steinem, who wrote the city-politics column, and Gail Sheehy. Harold Clurman was hired as the theater critic, Alan Rich covered the classical-music scene. Gael Greene, writing under the rubric The Insatiable Critic, reviewed restaurants, Woody Allen contributed a few stories for the magazine in its early years. The magazines regional focus and innovative illustrations inspired numerous imitators across the country, the office for the magazine was on the top floor of the old Tammany Hall clubhouse at 207 East 32nd Street, which Glaser owned. Wolfe, a contributor to the magazine, wrote a story in 1970 that captured the spirit of the magazine, Radical Chic. The article described a benefit party for the Black Panthers, held in Leonard Bernsteins apartment, in a collision of high culture, in 1972, New York also launched Ms. magazine, which began as a special issue. New West, a magazine on New Yorks model that covered California life, was also published for a few years in the 1970s. As the 1970s progressed, Felker continued to broaden the magazines editorial vision beyond Manhattan, covering Richard Nixon, twenty years later, Cohn admitted that hed done no more than drive by Odysseys door, and that hed made the rest up. It was a problem of what Wolfe, in 1972, had labeled The New Journalism. In 1976, the Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch bought the magazine in a hostile takeover, a succession of editors followed, including Joe Armstrong and John Berendt
32.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
33.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
34.
The Steinway Tower
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111 West 57th Street is a supertall residential project by developers JDS Development Group and Property Markets Group in midtown Manhattan in New York City. The development will be a combination of the original landmarked Steinway Building designed in 1925 by Warren & Wetmore, the building will rise to be 1,438 ft. The tower will become the most slender building in the world with a ratio of about 1,23. 111 West 57th Street was originally known as 107 West 57th Street, the building was approved in January 2015. Excavation began in 2014, as did internal demolition within Steinway Hall, the tallest freestanding crane in NYC history, at 220 feet, is being used in the construction of the building. The building will include an 800-ton tuned mass damper to provide stability in the event of high winds or a seismic event. The Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York has criticized the buildings developer, JDS, for not giving their workers adequate safety training, and for not using union labor. The skyscraper was designed by SHoP Architects and is being developed by Michael Sterns JDS Development Group, the north side of the tower rises directly up to the pinnacle of the building. On the south side of the tower, a series of setbacks appear as the tower rises, as the height of the building increases, the setbacks eventually thin out, with the tower disappearing into the sky. The buildings interiors were designed by Studio Sofield, the building will have a porte-cochere, and a recital hall will be constructed as an homage to the fact that the building is being constructed on top of Steinway Hall. Media related to 111 West 57th Street at Wikimedia Commons Official website
35.
One Vanderbilt
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One Vanderbilt is a skyscraper under construction in New York City on the corner of 42nd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue in midtown Manhattan, New York City. Proposed by New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and developer SL Green Realty as part of a planned Midtown East rezoning, the tower would stand next to Grand Central Terminal. When completed in 2020, the 57-floor,1,600, 000-square-foot skyscrapers roof will be 1,301 feet high and its spire will be 1,401 feet, making it the citys fourth-tallest building. In the early 2000s, SL Green Realty began looking at sites in Midtown Manhattan to build a new skyscraper for office use and this request for office space would become part of a general trend where Manhattan office space increased 10% from 2000 to 2016. It began buying buildings on the bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue, 42nd Street, Madison Avenue. As part of the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the area around Grand Central Terminal was to be redeveloped and this entailed rezoning the 73 blocks of the neighborhood directly around the terminal. The area was rezoned anyway in September 2013, plans for the One Vanderbilt skyscraper were released in May 2014. In July 2014, there was a dispute with Grand Central Terminals owners over air rights, and that lawsuit was settled by August 2016. SL Green would spend $210 million to build transportation improvements for the subway, penson would sell 1.3 million square feet of air rights, which came with the station when he bought it in 2006. The floor area, which he bought at $61 per 1 square foot, would be nearly 10 times as much, at $600 per square foot, by September 2014, few details were known about the construction timeline. A projected completion date of 2020 was revealed in December 2014, in February 2015, Vanderbilt Avenue, between 42nd and 47th Streets, was rezoned under the Vanderbilt Corridor Rezoning Text Amendment, which allows redevelopment on the corridor. In 2015, demolition at the site of One Vanderbilt began, the buildings that were demolished were built around the same time as Grand Central, albeit unremarkable-looking and unimportant to the stations function. The 18-story Vanderbilt Avenue Building, a Warren and Wetmore-designed structure at 51 East 42nd Street, opened as an office complex in 1902. It had a two-story Modells store that sold sport-related items, the Carrère and Hastings-designed Liggett Building, at Madison and 42nd, opened in 1922. One block north, the Prudence Bond & Mortgage Building at Madison and 43rd, two small structures along 43rd Street respectively housed an Irish pub and a T. G. I. The official groundbreaking occurred on October 18,2016, in an event attended by Mayor Bill de Blasio as well as several SL Green executives, by 2017, foundation laying should be completed, with the full building expected to be open in 2020. The building would take up a block bounded by Madison Avenue, Vanderbilt Avenue, air rights from 110 East 42nd Street, the former Bowery Savings Bank building, would need to be transferred to One Vanderbilt. One Vanderbilt is being designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox, upon completion, it would be among the worlds 30 tallest skyscrapers
36.
53W53
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The building had been in development since 2006, and construction began in late 2014. The building, designed by Jean Nouvel, initially was proposed to stand 1,250 feet tall. Financing had been a problem, until October 2013, when the Kwee brothers Pontiac Land agreed to provide $200 million in equity, the building bought air rights from the University Club of New York and St. Thomas Church. On September 9,2009, the New York City Planning Commission said the building could be built if 200 feet were clipped off the top, the Citys decision not to approve Tower Verre as proposed was greeted with disappointment and derision by several prominent architecture critics. The 1, 050-foot version was approved by the City Council on October 28,2009 in a 44-3 vote, MoMA, which owned the buildings 17, 000-square-foot lot and completed a renovation in 2005, sold the lot to Hines for $125 million in 2007. In September 2014, the air rights were purchased from MOMA, the building is 82-story, 145-unit tower. In addition to the MOMA, the air rights were purchased from the St. Thomas Church for $71 million, the buildings total floor area will be approximately 750,000 square feet, and condominiums in the building are designed by Thierry Despont. As of July 2016, construction management company Lend Lease had completed excavation and foundation work with concrete up to the 8th floor. The building will be mixed-use, with space, condominiums. There will be 145 residences, from one to five bedroom options, one bedroom residences will begin at $3 million and the top floor duplex penthouse is priced at over $70 million. Residents will be given special privileges at MoMA, including unlimited free admission to the museum, exhibition previews, discounts in MoMA stores, services available for a fee will include a pantry stocking service, a housekeeping service, and pet walking. List of tallest buildings in New York City Official website Chicago Tribune, Meet the visionaries behind NYCs new billionaire lair
37.
220 Central Park South
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220 Central Park South is a residential skyscraper currently under construction, being developed by Vornado Realty Trust. It is located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and is being designed by American architect Robert A. M. Stern, the tower is located along Central Park South, when complete the building will have 65 floors, and will include 150 units. When completed, the tower will be the tenth tallest building in New York City, the building that previously occupied the site was a 20 story building built in 1954. It contained 124 apartments, and was purchased in 2005 by Vornado for $131.5 million, after the purchase, Vornado entered a legal battle with its rent-stabilized tenants concerning their eviction. A court sided with Vornado in 2009, and the developer ultimately settled with tenants in 2010, demolition of the existing structure began in 2012 after the settling of a dispute between Vornado and Extell. Extell, another developer, owned the garage under the previous building. Demolition was completed in early 2013, Robert A. M. Sterns designs were released in early 2014. The plans were approved in March 2014, the building is one of several major developments on or around 57th Street and Central Park, including 432 Park Avenue,111 West 57th Street, and the Central Park Tower. The building originally called for a glass tower, contrary to the early plans, Robert A. M. Sterns designs call for a limestone-clad building, similar to other buildings by Stern such as 15 Central Park West. The building is one of three designed by Stern in Manhattan, joining 30 Park Place in the Financial District. The building is currently under construction, the building will have a porte-cochere, as well as a wine cellar, a swimming pool, a dining room, and a fitness room. List of tallest buildings in New York City List of works by Robert A. M
38.
125 Greenwich Street
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125 Greenwich Street is a residential supertall skyscraper being built in the Financial District, Manhattan, New York City, designed by architect Rafael Viñoly. It is across the street from the site of 5 World Trade Center. The residential tower on Greenwich Street will be located in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, in September 2014, it was announced that the tower would stand 1,356 feet, with 77 floors, and a total of 128 residential units. The foundation of the building was completed in June 2016, the skyscraper is located two blocks south of One World Trade Center. 125 Greenwich Street is directly across Greenwich from the site of the Deutsche Bank Building, five World Trade Center will take its place. 111 West 57th Street 432 Park Avenue World One
39.
520 Park Avenue
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520 Park Avenue is an American skyscraper under construction on East 60th Street west of Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by Robert A. M. Stern, the building will cost US$450 million to build. The tower will be completed by 2017, the 54-story tower is being designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects and developed by Zeckendorf Development Co. the same firms behind the celebrity haven 15 Central Park West and 18 Gramercy Park, sterns work, the building is New Classical in style. Like 15 Central Park West the buildings exterior is clad in Indiana limestone. It will also have some of the high expectations. Prices at 520 Park start at $20.5 million, the triplex penthouse is asking $130 million. The 54-story tower is another effort by Zeckendorf and architect Robert A. M. Stern, they collaborated on 15 Central Park West, which opened in 2008, a now legendary celebrity magnet, its units originally sold for a collective $2 billion, but some owners have already sold for three times their original investment. The tower at 520 Park, which is on track to be completed in 2018, inspired by the classic Upper East Side Pre-war architecture, but at heights that are truly modern. Stern-designed 520 Park Avenue will soar 54 floors into the Manhattan skyline, becoming the tallest, Zeckendorf Development is behind the 54-story limestone tower on 60th Street between Park and Madison avenue, and Robert A. M. Stern is the same team responsible for 15 Central Park West. Privacy and exclusivity is offered in form of 33 exclusive full-floor residences, Simplexes, the building will offer over 15,000 square feet of amenities, which is the highest ratio amenity space to residences of any residential building in New York City. The amenities will include a salon, a garden, a playroom, a club room, screening room, a pool. There will also be guest suites and wine available for purchase
40.
3 Hudson Boulevard
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It is expected to rise 66 floors and 1,060 feet in height. FXFOWLE Architects designed the building, which would have 139,355 square metres of floor space, if completed as planned, the building would become one of the tallest in the city. The building is planned to have 1,800,000 square feet of real estate, the 1,060 ft building will feature a 22-degree twist in its western and eastern facades, to represent the fact that Manhattans street grid is slightly rotated. Construction was supposed to begin in mid-2014 or 2015, with the buildings planned for 2017. Consequently, the foundation is being built by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, because the station is directly underneath. The foundation works started May 2016, on June 26,2014, Joseph Moinian secured a loan for the construction of the building. The buildings former name, Girasole, means sunflower in Italian, the developers of the building are hoping to get a LEED Platinum certification for the building when it is completed, owing to its eco-friendly design. When completed, the US$800–900 million building will also contain condominiums located on 300,000 square feet between floors 49 and 63
41.
100 East 53rd Street
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100 East 53rd Street is a residential skyscraper under construction in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building’s architect is Norman Foster, upon completion, it will rise 64 stories or 711 feet. In March 2012, Aby Rosen and Michael Fuchs of RFR Holding LLC regained control of the site, excavation work began in early 2014. The building topped out on January 13,2016 and it should be complete by spring 2017, according to a 2015 update. The building will feature 94 condominium units including, one-bedrooms, two-bedrooms, three-bedrooms, floors three and four will feature a host of amenities for residents including a 60-by-15 foot lap pool, a sauna and steam rooms, a fitness center, and yoga and ballet rooms. The building will also have a 24-hour doorman, keyed elevator access, list of tallest buildings in New York City Media related to 100 East 53rd Street at Wikimedia Commons
