1.
Full metal jacket bullet
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A full metal jacket bullet is a small-arms projectile consisting of a soft core encased in a shell of harder metal, such as gilding metal, cupronickel, or less commonly a steel alloy. In military nomenclature, it is often labeled ball ammunition, the harder gilding was less prone to deformation than softer exposed lead, which improved feeding. Jacketed bullets had been in use since at least 1882, in general, a bullet jacket allows for higher muzzle velocities than bare lead without depositing significant amounts of metal in the bore. It also prevents damage to bores from steel or armor-piercing core materials, historically, the first successful full metal jacket rifle bullets were invented by Col. Eduard Rubin of the Swiss Army in 1882. Full metal jacket bullets were first used as ammunition in 1886. By design, fully jacketed projectiles have less capacity to expand after contact with the target than a hollow-point projectile. While this can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage as an FMJ bullet may pierce completely through a target, leading to severe wounding. Furthermore, a projectile that goes completely through a target can cause unintentional damage downrange of the target, the bullet design inspired the title of the film Full Metal Jacket, by Stanley Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford. Hollow-point bullet Soft-point bullet Huon, Jean, military Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridges. International Peace Conference at The Hague, which entered force on September 4,1900. Photos showing terminal effects of British Mark 7.303 bullets
2.
Pistol
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A pistol is a type of handgun. In some usage, the term refers to a subset of handguns. In other usage, the term is interchangeable with handgun, some handgun experts and dictionaries make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns, others use the terms interchangeably. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, for example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No.1 Mk VI. The English word was introduced in ca.1570 from the Middle French pistolet, the etymology of the French word pistolet is disputed. The first suggestion derives the word from Czech píšťala, a type of hand-cannon used in the Hussite Wars during the 1420s, the Czech word was adopted in German as pitschale, pitschole, petsole, and variants. The second suggestion is less likely, the use of the word as a designation of a gun is not documented before 1605 in Italy, long after it was used in French, the Czech word is well documented since the Hussite wars in 1420s. Other suggestions include from Middle High German pischulle or from Middle French pistole, also it is suggested that early pistols were carried by cavalry in holsters hung from the pommel of a horses saddle. The most common types of pistol are the shot. Single shot handguns were mainly seen during the era of flintlock and musket weaponry where the pistol was loaded with a ball and fired by a flint striker. However, as technology improved, so did the single shot pistol, new operating mechanisms were created, and due to this, they are still made today. It is the oldest type of pistol, and is used to hunt wild game. Multi-barreled pistols were common during the time as single shot pistols. As designers looked for ways to increase fire rates, multiple barrels were added to all guns including pistols, one example of a multi-barreled pistol is the Ducks foot pistol, which generally had either four or eight barrels, although some 20th century models had three barrels. Around 1850, pistols such as the Jarre harmonica gun were produced that had a sliding magazine, the sliding magazine contained pinfire cartridges or speedloaders. The magazine needed to be moved manually in many designs, hence distinguishing them from semi-automatic pistols, with the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one handgun barrel in quick succession. The semi-automatic pistol was the step in the development of the pistol. By avoiding multiple chambers—which need to be individually reloaded—semi-automatic pistols delivered faster rates of fire, an example of a modern blow back action semi-automatic pistol is the HK VP70
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Hostage Rescue Team
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The FBI Hostage Rescue Team is the counter-terrorism and hostage rescue unit of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. The HRT is trained to rescue American citizens and allies who are held hostage by hostile forces, the Hostage Rescue Team was founded in 1982 by Danny Coulson, former Deputy Assistant Director of the FBI, and completed its final certification exercise in October 1983. It was originally composed of 50 operators, later increased to over 90, the HRT commonly functions as a high-level national SWAT team in extremely sensitive or dangerous situations. Today, it is part of the Tactical Support Branch of the FBIs Critical Incident Response Group and is based at the FBI Academy at the Quantico Marine Corps Base, in Stafford County, Virginia. The HRT was originally conceived during the late 1970s, and was set up after FBI director William H. Webster witnessed a demonstration by the U. S. Armys Delta Force. When Webster reviewed the equipment used by the Delta Force and noticed there were no handcuffs, an operator grimly replied, We put two rounds in their forehead. Final approval for the HRT was given in early 1982, the initial HRT selection course was held in June 1982 and consisted of three groups of 30 candidates each. Most candidates were experienced SWAT team members, of this group,50 candidates were selected to continue to more advanced training. Upon completing its initial selection, the newly formed HRT began acquiring the equipment it considered necessary, One of its first projects was the construction of a shoot house, built entirely out of old tires, to allow the team to conduct live-fire training exercises. The final touches were added to the facilities just before Thanksgiving 1982 and, after a holiday break. After receiving tactical SWAT instruction, each individual was given an expertise to research, such as explosives, each operator also served as a liaison to one of the existing elite counter-terrorism teams from around the world. In addition, nearly everyone was involved with the Delta Force, as part of their liaison duties, the men attended training exercises held by their assigned counter-terrorism unit and their shared experiences with the team. The team returned to Quantico for further training and it became operational in August 1983. The teams final certification exercise, code named Operation Equus Red, was held in October 1983 at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. During the exercise, the HRT, a local SWAT team, the terrorist group was also believed to be in possession of a simulated nuclear device, which was at a separate location and had to be recovered or neutralized. The FBIs senior leadership viewed the exercise as a complete success, upon completion of the certification exercise, the HRT began to expand its capabilities by sending small teams of operators out for more specialized training courses. Approximately a dozen operators visited Naval Amphibious Base Coronado to receive combat diver, maritime operations, other team members conducted helicopter operations and aerial insertion training with the US Armys Task Force 160. Every operator also received 80 hours of medical training, the HRT traveled to Camp Peary, near Williamsburg, Virginia, for counter-terrorism training courses to develop skills in breaching barricades, running roadblocks, and defensive driving
5.
FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams
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FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams are specialized tactical teams of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. SWAT agents are trained to intervene in high-risk events like hostage. The FBI maintains SWAT teams at each of its 56 field offices throughout the country varying in size up to about 42 members, SWAT teams are considered very versatile and can be used in various types of operations. Enhanced FBI SWAT teams comprise a number of personnel than regular teams, in addition to having access to a more extensive range of tactical equipment. They are also available for worldwide deployment should the need arise, FBI SWAT Teams carry a variety of weapons that are generally found in most other law enforcement and counterterrorist tactical teams. The following are some of the weapons of FBI SWAT MP5/10 submachine gun M4 carbine M1911A1 Springfield Professional Custom.45 ACP pistol Glock pistol. In addition, if the SWAT officers want to avoid detection, they can use a variety of modified buses, vans, trucks, FBI Tactical Operations webpage Up Close with an FBI SWAT Team Agent FBI SWAT - American Special Ops
6.
Sirius Dog Sled Patrol
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Sirius Dog Sled Patrol, known informally as Siriuspatruljen and formerly known as North-East Greenland Sledge Patrol and Resolut Dog Sled Patrol. The Sirius Partrol is an elite Danish naval unit, patrolling is usually done in pairs, sometimes for four months and often without additional human contact. The Sirius Patrol has the ability to engage militarily, and has done so historically and its purpose is to maintain Danish sovereignty and police its area of responsibility. The physical and psychological demands for acceptance into the unit are exceptional, crown Prince Frederik patrolled with the Sirius Patrol. In 1933 the international court of the League of Nations ruled in the Danish-Norwegian dispute over Erik the Reds Land that for it to remain Danish, initially, this presence was in the form of two fixed police stations. Its headquarters was at Eskimonaes, which had been then a scientific station. The patrol discovered the German weather station Holzauge at Hansa Bay on the northeast coast of Sabine Island, during the war, the unit suffered one man killed in action. Two others were captured by German forces, but escaped and rejoined the patrol, in 2008, the National Bank of Denmark issued a 10 DKK commemorative coin of Sirius. Since October 2012, the newly formed Joint Arctic Command has been responsible for Sirius, the sled unit used to be operationally under the Greenland Command, and administratively under the Royal Danish Navy. The patrol represents Denmarks military presence in northeast Greenland, the patrol operates in the northern, and northeastern part of Greenland from the west coast of Hall Land 81°04′N 61°40′W to Cape Biot north of Fleming Fjord 71°53′N 22°33′W. The flying distance between the two points is about 2,100 km, but the length along the coastline is far greater, the Greenland ice sheet is not a part of the patrolled area. The unit is stationed at Daneborg, and maintains personnel at Station Nord, Danmarkshavn, the unit uses more than 50 depot huts scattered across the patrolled area. The depot huts are resupplied by small boats in the southern area, the Sirius Patrol consists of six dog sled teams for the duration of the year, each consisting of two men, and 11 to 15 dogs. When traveling, each team carries approximately 350–500 kg, depending on the distance to the next depot, currently there are 12 men serving with the patrol and two radio operators. Sledge patrolling is divided into two periods, depending on when the ice becomes thick enough, the autumn patrol starts sometime in November, and lasts until late-December. The sun sets for the last time around the beginning of November, and in the darkness the winter storms get progressively worse. Getting home before Christmas is therefore not always possible for members of the unit, around the end of January, when the weather stabilizes, and the sun reappears, the longer journeys begin and last until June, when the ice begins to break apart and drift southwards. During this period, the six teams will cover a large part of the coastline
7.
Jeff Cooper
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John Dean Jeff Cooper was a United States Marine, the creator of the modern technique of handgun shooting, and an expert on the use and history of small arms. Cooper graduated from Stanford University with a degree in political science. He received a commission in the United States Marine Corps in September 1941. During World War II he served in the Pacific theatre on the USS Pennsylvania, by the end of the war he had been promoted to major. He resigned his commission in 1949, but returned to duty during the Korean War, where he was involved in irregular warfare. After the Korean War, the Marine Corps declined his application to remain on active duty, in the mid-1960s, he received a masters degree in history from the University of California, Riverside. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, he was a high school. In 1976, Cooper founded the American Pistol Institute in Paulden, Cooper began teaching shotgun and rifle classes to both law enforcement and military personnel, as well as civilians, and did on-site training for individuals and groups from around the world. He sold the firm in 1992, but continued living on the Paulden ranch and he was known for his advocacy of large caliber handguns, especially the Colt 1911 and the.45 ACP cartridge. Coopers modern technique defines pragmatic use of the pistol for personal protection, the modern technique emphasizes two-handed shooting using the Weaver stance, competing with and eventually supplanting the once-prevalent one-handed shooting. There are several conditions of readiness in which such a weapon can be carried, Cooper promulgated most of the following terms, Condition 4, Chamber empty, empty magazine, hammer down. Condition 3, Chamber empty, full magazine in place, hammer down, Condition 2, A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer down. Condition 1, A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, Condition 0, A round chambered, full magazine in place, hammer cocked, safety off. Condition 1 is widely referred to as cocked and locked and Condition 3 is known as Israeli carry and this firearm condition system can also be used to refer to other firearm actions, particularly when illustrating the differences between carry modes considered to be safe for various actions. For example, a firearm is designed to be carried in Condition 2. Cooper conceived and designed the Bren Ten pistol around the 10mm Auto, the cartridge was more powerful than both the 9×19mm Parabellum and the.45 ACP round. The most important means of surviving a confrontation, according to Cooper, is neither the weapon nor the martial skills. The primary tool is the mindset, set forth in his book
8.
Norma Precision
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Norma Precision is a Swedish manufacturer of ammunition located in Åmotfors, in the province of Värmland, just 20 km off the Norwegian border. It is commonly referred to as simply Norma, Norma was started in 1902 by the Enger brothers from Oslo, who a few years earlier started Norma Projektilfabrik A/S. The name Norma has, contrary to someone would think. The name was chosen one of the Enger brothers was very fond of the opera Norma by Bellini. The Swedish shooting movement needed a Swedish supplier and Norma Projektilfabrik A/S was asked to establish in Sweden, at this time, Sweden and Norway were in a union. The Enger brothers took the train to Sweden and simply got off at the first stop on the side of the border, Charlottenberg. However they found the council took no interest in their plans. Next stop was Åmotfors, where the brothers were welcomed and decided to establish their company. From the start until the middle of the century, the production was dominated by military ammunition standards, after a while though, hunting ammunition seemed to be more interesting. Norma began to make international connections by this time and this, combined with military interest, forced more modern thinking and new products, which the company pursued with impressive precision. Nils Kvale and Roy Weatherby were invaluable for Normas success in the half of the 20th century. Nils Kvale was a visionary and competent product developer, in the 1960s a couple of new calibers, like the.308 Norma Magnum and.358 Norma Magnum, were introduced on the market. Nils Kvales cooperation with American colleagues made Norma well known as a producer of high quality rifle ammunition, today, Norma has a yearly production of about 30 million rounds in 110 calibers. As such, Norma has one of the largest assortments of rifle ammunition in the world
9.
.40 S&W
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The.40 S&W is a rimless pistol cartridge developed jointly by major American firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. It uses 0. 40-inch diameter bullets ranging in weight from 105 to 200 grains, the semi-automatic pistol offered two advantages over the revolver, 1) increased ammunition capacity and 2) increased ease of reloading during a firefight. The FBI was satisfied with the performance of its.38 Special +P158 gr L. S. W. C. H. P, cartridge based on decades of dependable performance. Ammunition for the new semi-automatic pistol had to deliver terminal performance equal or superior to the.38 Special FBI Load, during tests of the 9×19mm and. During this collaboration with the FBI, S&W realized that downsizing the 10mm full power to meet the FBI medium velocity specification meant less powder, S&W then teamed with Winchester to produce a new cartridge, the.40 S&W. It uses a small pistol primer whereas the 10mm cartridge uses a large pistol primer, the.40 S&W cartridge debuted January 17,1990, along with the new Smith & Wesson Model 4006 pistol, although it was several months before the pistols were available for purchase. Beat Smith & Wesson to the shelves in 1990, with pistols chambered in.40 S&W which were announced a week before the 4006. Glocks rapid introduction was aided by its engineering of a pistol chambered in 10mm Auto, since the.40 S&W uses the same bore diameter and case head as the 10mm Auto, it was merely a matter of adapting the 10mm design to the shorter 9×19mm Parabellum frames. The new guns and ammunition were an immediate success, the.40 S&W case length and overall cartridge length are shortened, but other dimensions except case web and wall thickness remain identical to the 10mm Auto. Both cartridges headspace on the mouth of the case, thus in a semi-auto they are not interchangeable. Fired from a 10mm semi-auto, the.40 Smith & Wesson cartridge will headspace on the extractor, if the cartridge is not held by the extractor, the chances for a ruptured primer are great. Smith & Wesson does make a double-action revolver that can fire either at will using moon clips, a single-action revolver in the. 38–40 chambering can also be modified to fire the.40 or the 10mm if it has an extra cylinder. Some.40 caliber handguns can be converted to 9mm with a purpose made barrel, magazine change. The.40 S&W has 1.25 ml cartridge case capacity. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 millimetres,6 grooves, ∅ lands =9.91, mm, ∅ grooves =10.17 mm, land width =3.05 mm and the primer type is small pistol. Guidelines, the.40 S&W case can handle up to 225 megapascals piezo pressure, in C. I. P. -regulated countries every pistol/cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.40 S&W is set at 241.32 megapascals piezo pressure, the.40 S&W cartridge has been popular with law enforcement agencies in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Marshall & Sanow contend that with good jacketed hollow point bullets, apart from the imperfect relationship between ordnance gelatin ballistics and actual stopping power, critics pointed to the reduced power of the round compared with the 10mm Auto it was based on
10.
.357 SIG
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The.357 SIG pistol cartridge is the product of Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with American ammunition manufacturer Federal Cartridge. The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies and has a reputation of accuracy. Performance is similar to the 9×23mm Winchester, then Remington introduced the unsuccessful.22 Remington Jet, which necked a.357 Magnum case down to a.22 caliber bullet, and the.221 Remington Fireball, a shortened version of their.222 Remington. The.357 SIG has 1.27 ml cartridge case capacity.357 SIG maximum C. I. P, americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2=18 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands=8.71 mm, Ø grooves=9.02 mm, land width=2.69 mm, several sources have published contradicting information regarding.357 SIG headspacing. This is due to the cartridge having been designed as a.357 round. 2008 revised documents, the.357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth, some US sources are conflict with this standard. However, the cartridge and chamber drawing in the ANSI/SAAMI American National Standards also clearly shows the cartridge headspacing on the cartridge mouth, likewise, US reloading supplier Lyman has published that the.357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth. Rulings the.357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa piezo pressure, regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa, most.40 S&W pistols can be converted to.357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must be changed as well. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change, magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols.357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners. However, the.357 SIG is loaded to higher pressures than the.40 S&W, the table below shows common performance parameters for several.357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from 115 to 150 grains have been offered, key, Expansion – expanded bullet diameter. Penetration – penetration depth. PC – permanent cavity volume. TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume. Because of its high velocity for a handgun round, the.357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory. However, it not quite reach the performance of the.357 Magnum with bullets heavier than 125 grains. Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry more ammunition than revolvers. Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the.357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets, users have commented, Were really impressed with the stopping power of the.357 SIG round. The bottleneck shape of the.357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent and this is because the bullet is channeled through the larger chamber before being seated entirely as the slide goes into full battery
11.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
12.
.30 Remington
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The.30 Remington cartridge was created in 1906 by Remington Arms. It was Remingtons rimless answer to the popular. 30-30 Winchester cartridge, factory ammunition was produced until the late 1980s, but now it is a prospect for handloaders. Load data for the. 30-30 Winchester can be used safely for the.30 Remington, although the cartridge has dwindled into obscurity it lives on by being the parent case of the 10mm Auto and the 6. 8mm Remington SPC cartridge. Unlike the. 30-30, the.30 Remington can utilize standard pointed bullets rather than round nosed ones when used in rifles with box magazines and ones with special tubular magazines. This gives it an advantage over the. 30-30 cartridge which is most often chambered in lever-action rifles with standard tubular magazines. While the.30 Remington is ballistically equivalent to the. 30-30 Winchester cartridge, however.30 Remington cases can be made from. 30-30 cases by turning off the rim, cutting an extractor groove, and fire-forming the shoulder
13.
Rim (firearms)
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A rim is an external flange that is machined, cast, molded, stamped or pressed around the bottom of a firearms cartridge. Thus, rimmed cartridges are sometimes called flanged cartridges, almost all cartridges feature an extractor or headspacing rim, in spite of the fact that some cartridges are known as rimless cartridges. These types are rimmed, rimless, semi-rimmed, rebated rim and these categories describe the size of the rim in relation to the base of the case. The rimmed cartridge, sometimes called flanged cartridge, is the oldest of the types and has a rim that is larger in diameter than the base of the cartridge. Rimmed cartridges use the rim to hold the cartridge in the chamber of the firearm, because the rimmed cartridge headspaces on the rim, the case length is of less importance than rimless cartridges. This allows some firearms chambered for similar rimmed cartridges to safely chamber and fire shorter cartridges, rimmed cartridges are well suited to certain types of actions, such as revolvers, where the rim helps hold the cartridge in position, and break-action firearms. Semi-automatic handguns have been chambered in rimmed cartridges as well, for example a LAR Grizzly or Desert Eagle in.357 or.44 Magnum, under the metric cartridge designation system, a capitalized R added at the end of the designation denotes a rimmed cartridge. For example,7. 62×54mmR is a cartridge, while 7. 62×51mm is a rimless cartridge.45 Auto Rim. Examples of rimmed handgun cartridges include the.38 Special.357 Magnum, rimmed rifle cartridge examples include the.22 Hornet.303 British and 7. 62×54mmR. Rimless cases are not well suited to break-open and revolver actions, though they can be used with modifications, such as a spring-loaded extractor or, in a revolver. Crimping affects the length of the cartridge, and thus cannot be used on cartridges which headspace on the case mouth. Examples of rimless handgun cartridges include the 9mm Parabellum.40 S&W, rimless rifle examples include the.223 Remington.308 Winchester. 30-06 Springfield and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. On a semi-rimmed case the rim projects slightly beyond the base of the case, the tiny rim provides minimal interference feeding from a box magazine, while still providing enough surface to headspace on. Semi-rimmed cases are less common than the other types, if the chamber is cut shallow, so the case headspaces off the mouth, the rim is used for extraction only, a standard chamber will use the rim for both headspacing and extraction. Examples of more commonly encountered rimless handgun cartridges are.25 ACP.32 ACP and.38 ACP, while the.308 Marlin Express.338 Marlin Express and.444 Marlin are rifle cartridges that are semi-rimmed. Rebated rim cartridges have a rim that is smaller in diameter than the base of the case. Functionally the same as a case, the rebated rim provides some additional benefits when considered in conjunction with other cartridges. One example of a rebated rim cartridge is the.50 Action Express, by using the same rim dimensions as the.44 Magnum, a Desert Eagle could be converted from.44 Magnum to.50 AE by merely changing the barrel and magazine
14.
Headspace (firearms)
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In firearms, headspace is the distance measured from the part of the chamber that stops forward motion of the cartridge to the face of the bolt. Used as a verb, headspace refers to the interference created between this part of the chamber and the feature of the cartridge that achieves the correct positioning, different cartridges have their datum lines in different positions in relation to the cartridge. For example,5.56 NATO ammunition headspaces off the shoulder of the cartridge, if the headspace is too short, ammunition that is in specification may not chamber correctly. If headspace is too large, the ammunition may not fit as intended or designed, the cartridge is said to be rimless if the extractor groove is machined into the head of the case so the rim is the same diameter as the adjacent part of the case. Most modern automatic firearms use rimless cartridges, straight-walled rimless cartridges often headspace on the forward lip of the cartridge as shown in the diagram at the top of this article. This necessitates careful attention to consistent case length, bottle-necked rimless cartridges may headspace on the conical shoulder between the narrow neck and the larger diameter portion of the case. All small arms cartridges have a flange at the base of the case called a rim, the part of the firearm called an extractor claw hooks over the rim to extract the spent case from the chamber after it has been fired. The cartridge is said to be of a type when the rim is of larger diameter than the remainder of the case. Most early cartridges were rimmed, and the ledge at the rear of the chamber prevents the cartridge from moving forward. Headspace for rimmed cartridges is the space between that forward ledge and the face when the action is closed. Some large rimless magnum cartridges have a belt formed above the extractor groove and this belt is of slightly larger diameter than the adjacent case, so the cartridge can headspace from the forward edge of the belt closest to the bullet. The original purpose of the belt was to give accurate headspacing for cartridges with shallow shoulder angles, where longitudinal precision of seating using such a shoulder presents difficulties. In effect this was similar to the function of a rim. Some more or less straight cartridges have no bottleneck to headspace on, such cylindrical shaped cartridge cases use the case mouth as a forward positioned flange used for headspacing. There are four types of control to consider based on the case type used. This style of case relies on the face of the case neck. It is from this circular conic section face, as a datum, examples include.308 Winchester.223 Remington, and 7. 92×57mm Mauser. For a rimmed case, where the rim extends beyond the diameter of the case, such as with.22 Long Rifle. 30-30 Winchester, a rimmed case can have straight, tapered, or bottlenecked case walls
15.
Bullet
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The word bullet is a firearm term. A bullet is a projectile expelled from the barrel of a firearm, the term is from Middle French and originated as the diminutive of the word boulle which means small ball. Bullets are made of a variety of materials and they are available singly as they would be used in muzzle loading and cap and ball firearms, as part of a paper cartridge, and much more commonly as a component of metallic cartridges. Bullets are made in a numbers of styles and constructions depending on how they will be used. Many bullets have specialized functions, such as hunting, target shooting, training, defense, a bullet is not a cartridge. In paper and metallic cartridges a bullet is one component of the cartridge, bullet sizes are expressed by their weight and diameter in both English and Metric measurement systems. For example.22 caliber 55 grain bullets or 5. 56mm 55 grain bullets are the same caliber, the word bullet is often used colloquially to refer to a cartridge, which is a combination of the bullet, paper or metallic case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge is intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended, the bullets used in many cartridges are fired at a muzzle velocity faster than the speed of sound. Meaning they are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance, bullet speed through air depends on a number of factors such as barometric pressure, humidity, air temperature, and wind speed. Subsonic cartridges fire bullets slower than the speed of sound and so there is no sonic crack and this means that a subsonic cartridge such as.45 ACP can be effectively suppressed to be substantially quieter than a supersonic cartridge such as the.223 Remington. Bullets do not normally contain explosives, but damage the target by impact. The first use of gunpowder in Europe was recorded in 1247 and it had been used in China for hundreds of years. Later in 1364 hand cannon appeared, early projectiles were made of stone. Stone was used in cannon and hand cannon, in cannon it was eventually found that stone would not penetrate stone fortifications which gave rise to the use of heavier metals for the round projectiles. Hand cannon projectiles developed in a similar following the failure of stone from siege cannon. The first recorded instance of a ball from a hand cannon penetrating armor occurred in 1425. In this photograph of shot retrieved from the wreck of the Mary Rose which was sunk in 1545, the round shot are clearly of different sizes and some are stone while others are cast iron. The development of the hand culverin and matchlock arquebus brought about the use of cast lead balls as projectiles, bullet is derived from the French word boulette, which roughly means little ball
16.
Grain (unit)
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A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and, for the troy grain, equal to exactly 7001647989100000000♠64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat, rather, expressions such as thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, the grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries systems of mass. The unit was based on the weight of a grain of barley. The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of known as the wheat grain. The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly 45⁄64 of a troy grain.79891 milligrams, 7000100000000000000♠1 gram is approximately 7001154323600000000♠15.43236 grains. The unit formerly used by jewellers to measure pearls, diamonds, or other stones, called the jewellers grain or pearl grain, is equal to 1⁄4 of a carat. The grain was also the name of a traditional French unit equal to 6995531150000000000♠53.115 mg. In both British Imperial and U. S. customary units, there are precisely 7,000 grains per avoirdupois pound, the grain is commonly used to measure the mass of bullets and propellants. The term also refers to a particle of gunpowder, the size of which varies according to requirements. In archery, the grain is the unit used to weigh arrows. In dentistry, gold foil, used as a material to restore teeth, is measured in grains, in North America, the hardness of water is often measured in grains per US gallon of calcium carbonate equivalents. Otherwise, water hardness is measured in the metric unit parts per million, one grain per US gallon is approximately 6995171000000000000♠17.1 ppm. Soft water contains 1–4 gpg of calcium carbonate equivalents, while hard water contains 11–20 gpg, though no longer recommended, grains are still used occasionally in medicine as part of the apothecaries system, especially in prescriptions for older medicines such as aspirin or phenobarbital. For example, the dosage of a standard 6996325000000000000♠325 mg tablet of aspirin is sometimes given as 7000500000000000000♠5 grains, in that example the grain is approximated to 6995650000000000000♠65 mg, though the grain can also be approximated to 6995600000000000000♠60 mg, depending on the medication and manufacturer. The apothecaries system has its own system of notation, in which the symbol or abbreviation is followed by the quantity in lower case Roman numerals. For amounts less than one, the quantity is written as a fraction, or for one half, therefore, a prescription for tablets containing 325 mg of aspirin and 30 mg of codeine can be written ASA gr
17.
Rifling
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In firearms, rifling consists of helical grooves in the internal surface of a guns barrel, which impart a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability. Rifling is often described by its twist rate, which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one revolution, such as 1 turn in 10 inches. A shorter distance indicates a faster twist, meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a spin rate. Barrels intended for long, small-diameter bullets, such as the ultra-low-drag, 80-grain 0.223 inch bullets, extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates, these projectiles must be inherently stable, and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel. Muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired, barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg, Germany in 1498. In 1520 August Kotter, an armourer of Nuremberg, Germany improved upon this work, though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century, it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century. The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol, the grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges. More recently, polygonal rifling, a throwback to the earliest types of rifling, has become popular, polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land reduces erosion of the barrel. Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy, polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ, Heckler & Koch, Glock, Tanfoglio, and Kahr Arms, as well as the Desert Eagle. Such guns have achieved significant increases in velocity and range. Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH2000, gain-twist rifling begins with very little change in the projectiles angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat. This enables the bullet to remain undisturbed and trued to the case mouth. After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel. By only gradually increasing the rate, torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel. Gain-twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War, colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain-twist rifling
18.
Primer (firearms)
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In firearm ballistics, the primer is a component of pistol, rifle, and shotgun rounds. Early primers were simply the same black powder used to fire the weapon and this external powder was connected though a tube in the barrel that led to the main charge. As powder wont burn when wet, this led to difficulty, or even the inability, modern primers are shock sensitive chemicals. In smaller weapons the primer is usually integrated into the rear of a cartridge, in larger weapons like cannon the primer is a separate component placed inside the barrel to the rear of the main propellant charge. The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is igniting the propellant, the earliest firearms were cannons, which were simple closed tubes. There was an aperture, the touchhole, drilled in the closed end of the tube. This hole was filled with finely ground powder, which was ignited with a hot ember or torch. With the advent of firearms, this became an undesirable way of firing a gun. The first attempt to make the process of firing a small arm easier was the matchlock, the matchlock incorporated a lock that was actuated by a trigger, originally called a tricker. The lock was a lever which pivoted when pulled. The match was a burning fuse made of plant fibers that were soaked in a solution of nitrates, charcoal, and sulfur. This slow-match was ignited before the gun was needed, and it would slowly burn, after the gun was loaded and the touchhole primed with powder, the burning tip of the match was positioned so that the lock would bring it into contact with the touchhole. To fire the gun, it was aimed and the trigger pulled and this brought the match down to the touchhole, igniting the powder. With careful attention the slow-burning match could be burning for long periods of time. The next revolution in technology was the wheel-lock. It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite, a key was used to wind the wheel and put the spring under tension. Once tensioned, the wheel was held in place by a trigger, when the trigger was pulled, the serrated edge of the steel rubbed against the pyrite, generating sparks. These sparks were directed into a pan, called the flash pan, the flashpan usually was protected by a spring-loaded cover that would slide out of the way when the trigger was pulled, exposing the powder to the sparks
19.
Centerfire ammunition
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A centerfire cartridge is a cartridge with a primer located in the center of the cartridge case head. Unlike rimfire cartridges, the primer is a separate and replaceable component, centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire variety in all but the smallest cartridge sizes. The stronger base of a cartridge is able to withstand higher pressures which in turn give a bullet greater velocity. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, reducing the amount of priming explosive would reduce the reliability of rimfire cartridge ignition, and increase the probability of misfire or dud cartridges. Economies of scale are achieved through interchangeable primers for a variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual brass cases can be reused after replacing the primer, gunpowder, the forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or wildcat cartridges with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than.22 caliber are mostly centerfire, actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until the demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete. An early form of ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly. This was also the first fully integrated cartridge, true centerfire ammunition was invented by the Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829. However, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855, the centerfire cartridge was improved by Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Charles Lancaster, George Morse, Francois Schneider, Hiram Berdan and Edward Mounier Boxer. The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the primer which is a cup containing a primary explosive inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm firing pin crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of incandescent particles to ignite the powder charge, Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is much more common in military-surplus ammunition made outside the United States. Berdan primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20,1866, in U. S. A small copper cylinder formed the shell of the cartridge, and this system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse. S. Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day, Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the pocket of a Berdan-type cartridge case. Inside the primer pocket is a bump, the anvil, that rests against the center of the cup. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process is rather involved, the used primer must be removed, usually by hydraulic pressure or a pincer or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom
20.
Semi-automatic pistol
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One cartridge is fired each time the trigger of a semi-automatic pistol is pulled, the pistols disconnector ensures this behavior. Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are automatic pistol, self-loading pistol, autopistol, a semi-automatic pistol harnesses the energy of one shot to reload the chamber for the next. After a round is fired, the spent casing is ejected, most pistols use recoil operation to do this, but some pistols use blowback or gas operation. Most types of semi-automatic pistols rely on a magazine to store ammunition before it is fired. Typically, the first round is loaded into the chamber by pulling back. This is called racking the slide or racking the gun, after the trigger is pulled and the round is fired, the recoil operation of the handgun automatically extracts and ejects the shell casing and reloads the chamber. This mode of operation allows for faster reloading and storing a larger number of cartridges than a revolver. Each pull of the trigger on a DAO semi-automatic pistol requires the amount of pressure. The Kel-Tec P-32 is an example of a DAO action, DAO semi-automatic pistols are most generally recommended only in the smaller, self-defense, concealable pistols, rather than in target or hunting pistols. A notable exception is Glock-brand pistols which optimize preset triggers, and this allows for significantly shorter trigger pulls than DAO. The trigger spring can be replaced with a one and paired with a low-strength sear connector resulting in lightened trigger pulls to improve a shooters accuracy. Standard modern semi-automatic pistols are double action, also sometimes known as double-action/single-action. In this design, the hammer or striker may be either thumb-cocked or activated by pulling the trigger when firing the first shot, the hammer or striker is recocked automatically during each firing cycle. In double-action pistols, the first pull of the trigger requires roughly twice as much pressure as subsequent firings, the Beretta 92F/FS, a full-sized, service, semi-automatic pistol is an example of this style of action. A common mode of carry for DA semi-automatic pistols is with the full, a round chambered. In contrast, a single-action semi-automatic pistol must be cocked by first operating the slide or bolt, or, if a round is already chambered, the famed Colt M1911 is an example of this style of action. All SA semi-automatic pistols exhibit this feature, and automatically cock the hammer when the slide is first racked to chamber a round, a round can also be manually inserted in the chamber with the slide locked back. Then the safety can be applied, the normal mode of carrying an SA semi-automatic pistol is condition 1, popularly known as cocked and locked
21.
Bren Ten
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The Bren Ten is a semi-automatic pistol chambered for 10mm Auto that was made by Dornaus & Dixon Enterprises Inc. from 1983 to 1986. While the Bren Tens design has a similar to the 9×19mm Parabellum CZ-75. The design was produced only in numbers before the company went bankrupt. Subsequent attempts to bring the back into production have been unsuccessful. The Bren Ten remains a weapon of some controversy, many enthusiasts consider it to be one of the best pistols of its era, and the 10mm Auto is one of the most powerful semi-automatic pistol rounds. Issues reported with the gun when it was in its production run included some of the units delivered with missing or inoperable magazines. Spare magazines were hard to find and were relatively expensive, the 10mm Auto caliber was at first unique to this pistol, and produced initially by FFV Norma AB of Åmotfors, Sweden. In the 1970s the police and some military forces used a mix of semi-automatic designs, automatics offered high rates of fire and quick reloading, but generally used small rounds that would neither overstress the mechanism nor the shooter. Revolvers were offered in calibers with considerably more power than the automatics, on December 13,1979, Thomas Dornaus and Michael Dixon decided to start the development of a new semi-automatic pistol to address the gap between revolvers and automatics. What was needed, they believed, was a pistol with its greater ammunition capacity and faster reloads. They hoped the new design would become as popular as the then-aged Colt 1911, on January 15,1980, they went seeking advice from the most knowledgeable sources available. This effort led to Jeff Cooper, upon seeking his advice, the two discovered that he had already been working on such a pistol. The trio combined their efforts, Dornaus and Dixon provided the engineering, development, manufacturing, the company was formally incorporated as Dornaus & Dixon Enterprises Inc. on July 15,1981 in California, and a new factory was set up in Huntington Beach. After some experimentation with wildcat loads like the.40 GA and centimeter cartridge, they worked with ammunition manufacturer Norma to standardize the cartridge and design the pistol to fire it. Production of the Bren Ten ran from 1983 to 1986, with a run of fewer than 1,500 total pistols according to some sources. They had started taking orders in 1982, forcing them to ship out examples as soon as possible, the first batch of pistols was sent out to the customers with one magazine from a pre-serial batch. The much needed magazines could not be available on the US market for two years because Italy prohibited their export and customs seized them as war material, customers cancelled their orders and in 1986 Dornaus & Dixon Inc. was forced to file for bankruptcy. The Bren Ten models borrow some traits from the famous CZ-75 pistol design, the Bren Ten was offered in several variants in full sized and compact pistol frame sizes, made out of stainless steel
22.
Ammunition
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Ammunition is the general term used for the material fired, scattered, dropped or detonated from any weapon. The term ammunition can be traced back to the mid 17th century, broadly speaking, ammunition refers to both expendable weapons and the component parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target. Nearly all weapons will require some form of ammunition to operate, the word comes from the French la munition, which refers to the material used for war. The terms ammunition and munitions are used interchangeably, although the term munition now usually refers to both the actual weapons system alongside the ammunition required to operate it. The purpose of ammunition is to project a force against a target to have an effect. The most iconic example of ammunition is the cartridge, which all components required to deliver the weapon effect in a single package. Ammunition comes in a range of sizes and types and is often designed to work only in specific weapons systems. However, there are internationally recognized standards for certain types that enable their use across different weapons. There are also types of ammunition that are designed to have a specialized effect on a target, such as armor-piercing shells and tracer ammunition. Ammunition is commonly colored in a manner to assist in the identification. A round is a cartridge containing a projectile, propellant, primer. A shell is a form of ammunition that is fired by a large cannon or artillery piece. Before the mid-19th century, these shells were made of solid materials. However, since that time, they are often filled with high-explosives. A shot refers to a release of a weapons system. This may involve firing just one round or piece of ammunition, a dud refers to loaded ammunition that fails to function as intended, typically failing to detonate on landing. However, it can refer to ammunition that fails to fire inside the weapon, known as a misfire, or when the ammunition only partially functions. Dud ammunition, which is classified as an ordnance, is regarded as highly dangerous
23.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
24.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
25.
Lieutenant colonel (United States)
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In the United States Army, U. S. Marine Corps, and U. S. Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is a field grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the rank of commander in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5, in the United States armed forces, the insignia for the rank consists of a silver oak leaf, with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Navy/Marine Corps version. While often written as Lt. Colonel in orders and signature blocks, as a courtesy, lieutenant colonels are addressed simply as colonel verbally, the U. S. Army uses the three letter abbreviation LTC. The United States Marine Corps and U. S. Air Force use the abbreviations LtCol and Lt Col respectively. The U. S. Government Printing Office recommends the abbreviation LTC for U. S. Army usage, LtCol for Marine Corps usage, the Associated Press Stylebook recommends the abbreviation Lt. Col. for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force. Slang terms for the historically used by the U. S. military include light colonel, short colonel, light bird, half colonel, bottlecap colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel has existed in the British Army since at least the 16th century and was used in both American colonial militia and colonial regular regiments. The Continental Army continued the British and colonial use of the rank of lieutenant colonel, the lieutenant colonel was sometimes known as lieutenant to the colonel. In British practice, regiments were commanded by their lieutenant colonels. The conversion was never completely effected and some regiments remained commanded by colonels throughout the war, from 1784 until 1791, there was only one lieutenant colonel in the US Army, who acted as the armys commanding officer. In the Continental Army aides to the Commander in Chief, viz, Lieutenant General George Washington, were lieutenant colonels. Additionally, certain officers serving under the Adjutant General, Inspector General, such was the case of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, who commanded a Maine regiment as both a lieutenant colonel and later as a colonel. Such was the case with George A. Custer, who was a lieutenant colonel in the regular army, a lieutenant colonel may also serve as a brigade/brigade combat team, regiment/regimental combat team, Marine Aviation Group, Marine Expeditionary Unit, or battalion task force executive officer. These staff positions may include, G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5, usage of The G-n may refer to either a specific staff section or the staff officer leading a section. Lieutenant colonels may also be junior staff at a variety of higher echelons, Lieutenant colonels may also serve on general staffs and may be the heads of some wing staff departments. Senior Lieutenant colonels occasionally serve as group commanders, in US Army and Air Force ROTC detachments, the commanding officer is typically a lieutenant colonel, along with several majors, captains, and non-commissioned officers serving as assistants. However, some detachments are commanded by full colonels, the rank of lieutenant colonel is also used by many large American police departments for officers in senior administrative positions
26.
.40 Super
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The.40 Super is a powerful automatic pistol cartridge developed in 1996 and introduced to the market by Triton Cartridge. The cartridge was co-developed by Fernando Coelho and Tom Burczynski and it never attained mainstream success, Triton Cartidge folded, and supplies and support is now very limited. In 1994 Triton Cartridge, a company based in upstate NY. Essentially, the.45 Super is based on a.451 Detonics case trimmed to.45 ACP length. Pioneered by writers Dean Grennell and the late Tom Ferguson, the.45 Super raised the level for.45 ACP-chambered autos beyond that of the.45 ACP+P. With the availability of the strong.45 Super cartridge case, in January 1996 Fernando Coelho and Tom Burczynski began work on a new, based on a.45 Super necked down to.40 caliber, the new cartridge began to take shape. Actually, necking a.45 ACP to.40 caliber was nothing new, before the public debut of the.40 S&W, Charles Petty, a well-known and respected writer, had already ventured into the bottleneck arena. His cartridge, called the “10mm Centaur”, was based on a.45 ACP case necked to.40 caliber using 10mm dies, prior to that, Dean Grennell took.451 Detonics cases and necked them down to 9mm, calling it the. 38/45 Hard Head. Charles Petty and Tony Rumore were major contributors in the initial development for Triton’s new cartridge. During that time, Triton began closely examining the specific attributes of the cartridge, in order to maximize the performance potential and reliability of the new cartridge, it was decided to lengthen the cartridge case from.45 ACP to 10mm length. By trimming.45 Winchester Magnum brass to 10mm case length and necking them to.40 caliber, working closely with Starline Brass Company, more testing was conducted on the cartridge case. These tests led to further improvements, a small primer pocket replaced the large primer pocket. This allowed the use of small pistol magnum or small rifle primers, the final improvement came with the increased thickness of the cartridge case wall from the web area up to the beginning of the shoulder. This created a cartridge case stronger than the.45 Winchester Magnum cartridge case, the.40 Super cartridge case was designed for a balance of strength and powder capacity. To maximize bullet pull and overall feeding characteristics, the case has a length of. 175”. The shoulder angle is an optimum 25 degrees, the neck yields more precise bullet alignment than can be achieved using a cartridge with a shorter neck. The pressure limit for factory.40 Super ammunition from Triton was 37,000 PSI, the.40 Super drove a 135 grain bullet to 1,800 feet per second while generating less chamber pressure than the Winchester 9 X23. With a 200 grain bullet the.40 Super delivers more foot-pounds of energy at 100 yards than the.45 ACP does at the muzzle, from a sheer power standpoint, the.40 Super rivals the energy generated by the.44 Magnum
27.
.45 ACP
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The.45 ACP, or.45 Auto is a handgun cartridge designed by John Browning in 1905, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials it was adopted along with the Browning.45 Colt handgun as the.45 M1911 cartridge, the handgun was designated M1911 handgun. The U. S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s, the.45 Colt Single Action Army had largely been replaced, even by some double-action versions of the same caliber. The Army had fielded some double-action revolvers in.38 Long Colt and they determined the.38 caliber round was significantly less effective than the.45 Colt against determined opponents such as the Moro juramentado warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion. This experience, and the Thompson–LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and they noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new.45 ACP cartridge. The resulting. 45-caliber cartridge, named the.45 ACP, was similar in performance to the.45 Schofield cartridge, by 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Brownings design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut, DWM, which submitted two Parabellum P08s chambered in.45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons. In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the testing with no failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911, the cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U. S. military purposes. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked F A811, the cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. Thompson insisted on a real man stopper pistol, following the showing of the Armys.38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine–American War. The.45 ACP has 1.62 ml cartridge case capacity.45 ACP maximum C. I. P. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 mm,6 grooves, Ø lands =11.23 mm, Ø grooves =11.43 mm, land width =3.73 mm and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference, according to Commission Internationale Permanente pour lEpreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives rulings, the.45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to 131.000 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers and this means that.45 ACP chambered arms in C. I. P. Regulated countries are proof tested at 170.30 MPa PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP is set at 21,000 psi piezo pressure, while the SAAMI pressure limit for the.45 ACP +P is set at 23,000 psi, piezo pressure
28.
Handgun
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A handgun is a firearm designed to be handheld, in either one or both hands. This characteristic differentiates handguns as a class of firearms from long guns such as rifles. Major handgun subtypes are the revolver and pistol, other subtypes include derringers, the words pistol and handgun have overlapping variations, in meaning. Although handgun use often includes bracing with a hand, the essential distinguishing characteristic of a handgun is its facility for one-handed operation. The word pistol is often synonymous with the word handgun, some handgun experts make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns. But UK/Commonwealth usage often does not make this distinction, handheld firearms were first made in China where gunpowder was first developed. By the 14th century, they existed in Europe as well, the first handheld firearms that might better be called pistols were made as early as the 15th century, but their creator is unknown. By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms, previously there had been no such differentiation, and in fact Samuel Colts original patent was for a revolving-breech pistol. There is no equivalent for handgun in the Romance languages. The general types of handguns are listed below in their order of historical appearance, each type can be classified into many sub-types. Some of these types can also be classified using the general distinction between muzzle-loading firearms and breech-loading firearms. Single-shot pistols are the simplest possible form of pistols and are known to have existed in AD1365, the earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were nothing more than miniature cannon. Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as types of locks were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, an analogous to that used in todays cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, the flintlock remained the standard method of small arms ignition around two hundred years. In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, an example of a single-shot pistol is the flare gun
29.
CZ 75
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The CZ75 is a pistol made by Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod in the Czech Republic that has both semi-automatic and selective fire variants. First introduced in 1975, it is one of the original wonder nines featuring a staggered-column magazine, all-steel construction, and it is widely distributed throughout the world. It is the most common handgun in the Czech Republic, the armament industry was an important part of the interwar Czechoslovak economy and made up a large part of the countrys exports. However following the 1948 communist coup détat, all heavy industry was nationalized and was cut off from its Western export market behind the Iron Curtain, while most other Warsaw Pact countries became dependent on armaments imports from the Soviet Union, most of the Czechoslovak weaponry remained domestic. Following the Second World War, brothers Josef and František Koucký became the most important engineers of the CZUB and they participated to some extent on designing all the companys post-war weapons. Kouckýs signed their designs together, using only the surname, making it impossible to determine one of them developed particular ideas. By 1969 František Koucký was freshly retired, however the company offered him a job on designing a new 9×19mm Parabellum pistol, unlike during his previous work, this time he had a complete freedom in designing the whole gun from scratch. The design he developed was in many new and innovative. Although the model was developed for export purposes, Kouckýs domestic patents regarding the design were classified as secret patents, effectively, nobody could learn about their existence, but also nobody could register the same design in Czechoslovakia. At the same time Koucký as well as the company were prohibited from filing for patent protection abroad, consequently, a large number of other manufacturers began offering pistols based on CZ75 design. The pistol was not sold in Czechoslovakia until 1985, when it became popular among sport shooters and it was adopted by the Czech armed forces only after the Velvet Revolution in 1989. The increasing popularity of the IPSC competitions in the Czech Republic led to inception of CZUBs factory team in 1992, initially, the sport shooters were using CZ 75s and CZ 85s. Stanislav Křižík designed a new version called CZ75 Champion already in 1992 and this version had a SA trigger, a muzzle brake and adjustable weights. 150 firearms were made in 9×19mm Parabellum.40 S&W. The design was modified, however its main shortcoming of the same capacity as the standard CZ75 magazines remained. The CZ75 ST and CZ75 M were introduced in 1998 and these had a different frame from standard versions allowing for more modifications. While the ST had become successful, M was not initially designed for use with collimator. The popular ST version was developed mostly with aim of prolonging its lifespan
30.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
31.
Wildcat cartridge
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A wildcat cartridge, often shortened to wildcat, is a custom cartridge for which ammunition and/or firearms are not mass-produced. These cartridges are often created in order to optimize a certain performance characteristic of a commercial cartridge. Often, wildcats are commercially sold rounds that have been modified in some way to alter the cartridges performance, barrels for the caliber are originally manufactured by gunsmiths specializing in barrel making. Generally the same makers also offer reloading dies, tools to custom-load bullets into cases, because changing the barrel of a gun to accommodate custom cartridges requires precision equipment, most wildcats are developed by or in association with custom barrel makers. Ammunition is handloaded, using modified parent cases and the gunsmith-provided wildcat dies, handloaders use the data to develop a load by starting with minimum loads and carefully working up. Wildcat cases and cartridges can be found for sale, but only from small makers, larger manufacturers usually do not produce wildcats because there is such a limited market for them and because there are no established CIP or SAAMI standards, which causes liability concerns. Wildcat cartridges are developed for many reasons, generally, the goal is to optimize some characteristic of a commercial cartridge in a given context. The sport of metallic silhouette shooting, has given rise to a number of wildcats. Wildcat cartridges are developed because, Higher velocities can be obtained by increasing the case capacity. Greater energy can be attained by increasing the caliber or the case capacity, better efficiency can be achieved by increasing the shoulder angle, shortening the case, and reducing case taper. Greater consistency can be achieved by tuning the case capacity to a bullet diameter, weight. Some methods used to develop a wildcat are, Cold forming, the parent case is well lubricated and forced carefully into the reloading die for the wildcat caliber. This will swage the case into the new shape and this type of operation is used for reducing case dimensions, such as reducing the neck diameter or pushing the shoulder back, or changing the neck diameter. This consists of taking the parent case, or a cold formed case, loading it with a light bullet and light load of powder. Another technique uses a charge of fast burning powder topped with a full of Cream of Wheat. This technique is used for increasing case dimensions, such as pushing the neck forward, increasing the neck angle, or straightening the case walls. Generally, after either a cold forming or a fire forming operation, the mouth of the case will be longer than ideal, and the case will be trimmed back to the trim to length. Trimming is a normal reloading operation, as high pressure cartridges will flow each time they are fired, changing the diameter of the case
32.
.38-40 Winchester
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The. 38-40 Winchester is actually a.40 caliber cartridge shooting.401 caliber bullets. The cartridge was introduced by Winchester in 1874 and is derived from their. 44-40 Winchester and this cartridge was introduced for rifles, but in its reintroduction for Cowboy Action Shooting it has seen some popularity as a pistol cartridge. It is not particularly suited to hunting larger game, but it was popular when it was introduced, along with the previous. 44-40 Winchester. It can be used successfully on smaller animals, and for self-defense. Current loadings are intended for revolvers and it is unclear why this cartridge was introduced as it is very similar to the. 44-40 from which it was derived. It has approximately 110 ft·lbf less muzzle energy, and has a muzzle velocity about 110 ft/s less than the. 44-40, the bullet differs by only.026 inches in bullet diameter and 20 grains in standard bullet weight from the original. 44-40. The goal may have been to reduce recoil while maintaining a similar bullet sectional density, most reloading dies are designed to size fired brass to the chamber specification rather than that of the original factory ammunition case profile. The renewed interest in this caliber can be explained by the popularity of Cowboy Action Shooting. Several single-action revolvers have recently been chambered for this cartridge, including the Ruger Vaquero, most modern reloading data for this cartridge is found in the handgun section of reloading manuals. Though introduced as a cartridge, traditional sources suggest the. 38-40 performs inadequately on deer. Ballistically, commercial cowboy loads are similar to the much newer.40 S&W, sharing the same diameter, bullet weight. A limited number of hunting loads are available commercially, which produce about 25% more muzzle energy than the common target ammunition. 38-40. 38-40 WCF.38 CFW.38 WCF.38 caliber
33.
Bankruptcy
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Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay the debts it owes to creditors. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, Bankruptcy is not the only legal status that an insolvent person may have, and the term bankruptcy is therefore not a synonym for insolvency. In some countries, including the United Kingdom, bankruptcy is limited to individuals, in the United States, bankruptcy is applied more broadly to formal insolvency proceedings. In France, the cognate French word banqueroute is used solely for cases of fraudulent bankruptcy, in Ancient Greece, bankruptcy did not exist. If a man owed and he could not pay, he and his wife, children or servants were forced into debt slavery, until the creditor recouped losses through their physical labour. Many city-states in ancient Greece limited debt slavery to a period of five years, debt slaves had protection of life and limb, which regular slaves did not enjoy. However, servants of the debtor could be retained beyond that deadline by the creditor and were forced to serve their new lord for a lifetime. An exception to rule was Athens, which by the laws of Solon forbade enslavement for debt, as a consequence. The Statute of Bankrupts of 1542 was the first statute under English law dealing with bankruptcy or insolvency, Bankruptcy is also documented in East Asia. According to al-Maqrizi, the Yassa of Genghis Khan contained a provision that mandated the death penalty for anyone who became bankrupt three times, a failure of a nation to meet bond repayments has been seen on many occasions. Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557,1560,1575 and 1596, at the edge of Europe, Egypt, Russia, and Turkey have histories of chronic default as well. For private households, it is argued to be insufficient to merely dismiss debts after a certain period and it is important to assess the underlying problems and to minimize the risk of financial distress to re-occur. In most EU Member States, debt discharge is conditioned by a partial payment obligation, in the United States, discharge is conditioned to a lesser extent. The spectrum is broad in the EU, with the UK coming closest to the US system, the Other Member States do not provide the option of a debt discharge. It is almost impossible to discharge student loan debt by filing bankruptcy, unlike most other debtors, the individual with student debt must give a series of reasons and tests to prove that the debtor could not pay the debt. If the person were to file bankruptcy, he or she is encouraged to do so under Chapter 13. In order to avoid bankruptcy, one could negotiate with the lender to lower monthly payments, student loan bankruptcy is considered a last resort. However, some find themselves being forced to file bankruptcy, as the lender refused to lower payments
34.
Colt's Manufacturing Company
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Colts Manufacturing Company is an American firearms manufacturer, founded in 1855 by Samuel Colt. It is the corporation to Colts earlier firearms-making efforts, which started in 1836. Colts earliest designs played a role in the popularization of the revolver. Although Samuel Colt did not invent the concept, his designs resulted in the first very successful ones. The most famous Colt products include the Colt Walker, made 1847 in the facilities of Eli Whitney Jr. Though they did not develop it, for a long time Colt was also responsible for all AR-15 and M16 rifle production. The most successful and famous of these are numerous M16 carbines, including the Colt Commando family, in 2002, Colt Defense was split off from Colts Manufacturing Company. Colts Manufacturing Company now serves the market, while Colt Defense serves the law enforcement, military. The two companies remained in the same West Hartford, Connecticut location cross-licensing certain merchandise before reuniting in 2013, following the loss of its M4 contract in 2013, Colt was briefly in Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, starting in 2015. Samuel Colt received a British patent on his design for a revolver in 1835. That same year, he founded his first corporation for its manufacture, the first firearm manufactured at the new Paterson plant, however, was the Colt First Model Ring Lever rifle beginning in 1837. This was followed thereafter in late 1837 by the introduction of the Colt Paterson. This corporation suffered quality problems in production, making firearms with interchangeable parts was still rather new, and it was not yet easy to replicate across different factories. Interchangeability was not complete in the Paterson works, and traditional gunsmithing techniques did not fill the gap entirely there, the Colt Paterson revolver found patchy success and failure, some worked well, while others had problems. The United States Marine Corps and United States Army reported quality problems with these earliest Colt revolvers, production had ended at the New Jersey corporation by 1842. Colt made another attempt at revolver production in 1846 and submitted a prototype to the US government, during the Mexican–American War, this prototype was seen by Captain Samuel Hamilton Walker who made some suggestions to Colt about making it in a larger caliber. Having no factory or machinery to produce the pistols, Samuel Colt collaborated with the Whitney armory of Whitneyville and this armory was run by the family of Eli Whitney. Eli Whitney Jr, the son of the patriarch, was the head of the family armory
35.
Colt Delta Elite
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The Colt Delta Elite is a modified M1911 pistol, Series 80 configuration, chambered for the 10mm Auto. It is similar to the M1911 in design and operation, Colt manufactured both stainless steel and blued versions with eight-round magazines. A Delta Gold Cup model was offered for target competition. The stainless steel Government Model version has recently been reintroduced, the Delta Elite is credited as being the first firearm produced by a major manufacturer to chamber the 10mm. The ill-fated Bren Ten sparked a genuine interest in the 10mm round with outdoorsmen and this new generation is generally similar to the previous version. The new Delta Elites will be manufactured with the traditional barrel/bushing arrangement, Colt Customer Service stated they had a lack of acceptable accuracy problem with the bull bushingless barrel setup. That was the cause of the delay in the Delta Elites production schedule, the new Delta Elite pistol was released March 31,2009. The Delta Elite is a standard M1911 design, with a few differences from the latest Series 80 derivative of that pistol. It carries the rowel Commander type hammer of that pistol and the same features of the 1911 that have made it so popular with users. However, the Delta Elite carries a stiffer double recoil spring to handle the recoil of the 10mm round. Unlike the.400 Corbon, the 10mm can easily exceed the levels of the.357 Magnum, thus stressing the original designs limitations. Many gunsmiths have their own modifications which they feel adjust the level of felt recoil of the Delta Elite, some of the very first Delta Elites had a tendency to suffer flex-induced slide rail stress cracks. This was quickly addressed by removing the section of the rail above the slide-stop cutout, variant 1 Blued — a standard blued Delta Elite. Variant 1 Stainless — a standard stainless Delta Elite, featuring pebbled texture wrap-around grips, variant 2 — Colt Gold Cup Ten. Assembled by Colt Custom Shop with only 500 being produced, serial Numbers begin GCTEN ending with numerals from 001-500. Variant 3 — Colt Match 10, the Gold Cup versions were not available at the time, so this was the most advanced Gold Cup type available. The adjustable Millet style sight allows it to be centered for decent groups at 25 yards, according to Colt, approximately 400 were manufactured in 1988. Variant 4 — spur hammer with black grips Special variant — Colt Elite Ten Forty — the Colt Elite Ten/Forty was an edition for Lew Horton Co. in the early 1990s
36.
M1911 pistol
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The M1911 is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the.45 ACP cartridge. It served as the sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was first used in stages of the Philippine–American War, and was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War. The pistols formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911 for the model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber.45, Automatic, the U. S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U. S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by units of the U. S. Army Special Forces. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design, the pistol was widely copied, and this operating system rose to become the preeminent type of the 20th century and of nearly all modern centerfire pistols. It is popular with civilian shooters in competitive events such as USPSA, IDPA, International Practical Shooting Confederation, compact variants are popular civilian concealed carry weapons in the U. S. because of the designs relatively slim width and stopping power of the.45 ACP cartridge. The M1911 pistol originated in the late 1890s as the result of a search for a suitable self-loading pistol to replace the variety of then in service. Maxim had designed a self-loading rifle in the 1880s, but was preoccupied with machine guns, nevertheless, the application of his principle of using cartridge energy to reload led to several self-loading pistols in 1896. The designs caught the attention of various militaries, each of which programs to find a suitable one for their forces. In the U. S. such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century, during the end of 1899 and start of 1900, a test of self-loading pistols was conducted, which included entries from Mauser, Mannlicher, and Colt. This led to a purchase of 1,000 DWM Luger pistols, chambered in 7. 65mm Luger, during field trials these ran into some problems, especially with stopping power. Other governments had made similar complaints, consequently, DWM produced an enlarged version of the round, the 9×19mm Parabellum, a necked-up version of the 7.65 mm round. Fifty of these were tested as well by the U. S. Army in 1903, American units fighting Moro guerrillas during the Philippine–American War using the then-standard Colt M1892 revolver. The problems prompted the then–Chief of Ordnance, General William Crozier and this led to the 1906 trials of pistols from six firearms manufacturing companies. Of the six designs submitted, three were eliminated early on, leaving only the Savage, Colt, and DWM designs chambered in the new.45 ACP cartridge and these three still had issues that needed correction, but only Colt and Savage resubmitted their designs
37.
Miami Vice
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Miami Vice was an American television crime drama series created by Anthony Yerkovich and executive produced by Michael Mann for NBC. The series starred Don Johnson as James Sonny Crockett and Philip Michael Thomas as Ricardo Rico Tubbs, the series ran for five seasons on NBC from 1984 to 1989. The USA Network began airing reruns in 1988, and broadcast an originally unaired episode during its run of the series on January 25,1990. Unlike standard police procedurals, the show drew heavily upon 1980s New Wave culture, the show became noted for its integration of music and visual effects. It has been called one of the Top 50 TV Shows, people magazine stated that Miami Vice was the first show to look really new and different since color TV was invented. In 2016, television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked Miami Vice as the 51st greatest American television show of all time, Michael Mann directed a film adaptation of the series, which was released on July 28,2006. The initial idea was for a movie about a pair of cops in Miami. Yerkovich then turned out a script for a pilot, titled Gold Coast. Yerkovich was immediately drawn to South Florida as a setting for his new-style police show, Miami Vice was one of the first American network television programs to be broadcast in stereophonic sound. It was mixed in stereo for its run, but not actually broadcast in stereo until 1985. In keeping with the namesake, most episodes focused on combating drug trafficking. Episodes often ended in a gun battle, claiming the lives of several criminals before they could be apprehended. An undercurrent of cynicism and futility underlies the entire series, the detectives repeatedly reference the Whac-A-Mole nature of drug interdiction, with its parade of drug cartels quickly replacing those that are apprehended. Co-executive producer Yerkovich explained, The choice of music and cinematography borrowed heavily from the emerging New Wave culture of the 1980s, as such, segments of Miami Vice would sometimes use music-based stanzas, a technique later featured in Baywatch. As Lee H. Katzin, one of the directors, remarked, The show is written for an MTV audience. These elements made the series into an instant hit, and in its first season saw an unprecedented fifteen Emmy Award nominations, while the first few episodes contained elements of a standard police procedural, the producers soon abandoned them in favor of a more distinctive style. Influenced by an Art Deco revival, no earth tones were allowed to be used in the production, mickey Rourke was also considered for the role, but he turned down the offer. Larry Wilcox, of CHiPs, was also a candidate for the role of Crockett, after dozens of candidates and a twice-delayed pilot shooting, Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas were chosen as the vice cops
38.
James "Sonny" Crockett
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Detective James Sonny Crockett is a fictional character from the Miami Vice television series and Miami Vice. The character is portrayed by Don Johnson in the television series and he was introduced in the Miami Vice pilot in 1984 and appeared in almost all 111 episodes and in the motion picture. The character has appeared in video games and various popular culture references. James Crockett, more known as Sonny Crockett, is a former University of Florida Gators football star who had sustained an injury which put an end to his sports career. He served two tours in Vietnam – or as he calls it, the Southeast Asia Conference and he first appears in the pilot episode of Miami Vice as an undercover vice cop on the trail of a Colombian drug lord. While undercover he meets Ricardo Rico Tubbs, an NYPD undercover officer, Calderone and the Colombian are the same person. Crockett and Tubbs both go undercover as Sonny Burnett and Rico Cooper respectively, trying to get closer to Calderone and they are successful and in the end capture him. Just as they go to see him in jail, Calderone makes his $2 million bail and is on his way out of the country, Crockett promises Tubbs that they will get him, but as reconciliation asks him if he is interested in a career in Southern Law Enforcement. There begins their new partnership as Vice Cops for the Metro-Dade Police Department, at first Crockett appears somewhat hard to get along with, and have a hard exterior, but is also a rather caring and loving person. This soft side becomes evident when innocent victims die or suffer injustice as the result of others mistakes, Crockett despises those who use or deceive others self-serving reasons. He assiduously honors his own promises and commitments, and despite being a man of few words and his hard exterior stems in part from the type of work hes doing, and also from rough experiences in his past. Losing friends, partners, and other people hes close to or otherwise deeply cares about. From time to time, these experiences haunt him, and he struggles with feelings of guilt and he is very close with his friends and colleagues, Switek, Zito, Gina and Trudy, as well as with his supervisor and especially with his partner, Tubbs. Crockett is depicted as a rogue character, that lives by his own set of rules and he is often angered by. This part of the character is emphasized by the fact that he lives on a yacht moored in Miamis luxurious Miamarina. Crocketts role in the investigations decreases in the end of the series, especially after he loses his memory for a while and thinks he is Sonny Burnett and he also loses faith in his work, realizing that he cannot win the battle against all the drug cartells and crooks. Tubbs realises the same thing a little later, and two of them quit their job, and give away their badges in the episode of the series. The name Sonny Crockett had previously used for a criminal played by actor Dennis Burkley on Hill Street Blues in 1983
39.
Firearms in Miami Vice
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In the television series, Miami Vice, firearms took a key role. Episodes such as Evan revolved around them, while the characters also used several firearms during the series. Sonny Crockett was to have used a SIG Sauer P220, the importance of the firearms in Miami Vice is demonstrated by Galco International, which provided the holster used by Don Johnson on the show, naming its holster the Miami Classic. Originally, James Sonny Crockett was to use a SIG Sauer P220 in.45 Auto which is evident in the pilot episode and he also carries a Detonics Pocket 9 as a backup, tucked in his rear waistband near the small of his back. But it was decided that a more state-of-the-art gun was to be used by Don Johnson. During the first season, he used a Bren Ten pistol carried in a Ted Blocker Lifeline shoulder holster rig, due to Don Johnsons dissatisfaction with the Lifeline rig, the Jackass Leather Company Original Jackass Rig shoulder holster rig was personally fitted for him by Rick Gallagher. Finally the Galco Miami Classic shoulder holster was designed and used, the Bren Ten, manufactured by Dornaus & Dixon, was a stainless steel handgun notable as the first ever chambered in the powerful 10mm Auto caliber. The Bren Ten was originally manufactured as a weapon, the carbon steel slide was black oxide. The model used in Miami Vice had a hard chromed matte finished slide so that it showed up better during night shots, the pistol used in the show was chambered in.45 ACP, as opposed to the standard 10mm Auto. After the Dornaus & Dixon company went out of business in 1986, starting with the third season, Sonny used a 2nd Generation series Smith & Wesson Model 645. This was a full-sized 5-inch-barreled stainless steel service pistol in. 45ACP, Galco Gunleather, formerly Jackass Leather Co. built a Miami Classic shoulder holster for the S&W645 used. In the Galco Gunleather headquarters, there is a display that contains the Miami Vice shoulder holster rig that Don Johnson wore. In late 1988 Smith & Wesson unveiled their new 3rd Generation Series of auto pistols and this pistol had 20+ design improvements including a one piece arched grip. Sonnys M4506 can be seen in the beginning of the episode Victim of Circumstance when he is sitting in a cafe, Sonny also carried a.45 ACP Detonics Combat-Master backup gun in an ankle holster on his left leg, replacing the Pocket 9 from the pilot episode. It can be seen in the bar scene shootout in the Prodigal Son episodes, in the last series episode Freefall Crockett is placing what looks to be a S&W CS45 in his ankle holster. Ricardo Rico Tubbs was armed with a sawed-off double-barreled shotgun in the first season, in Season 2, he used an Ithaca 37 sawed-off pump shotgun called an Ithaca Stakeout, which he carried on a halter under his jacket. Beginning in Season 3, he carried a modified, short-barreled Remington 870, as a backup, he carried a Smith & Wesson Model 38 Bodyguard with Pachmayr grips. He can also be using a SIG P228 in the series finale Freefall
