1.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
2.
Robert Borden
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Sir Robert Laird Borden, GCMG PC KC was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10,1911, to July 10,1920, after retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queens University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 notes produced since 1976 but in late 2016 the government announced Bordens image would be removed during the next redesign, also arriving in this group was a great great grandfather, Robert Denison, who had come from Connecticut at about the same time. Perry had accompanied his father, Samuel Borden, the chief surveyor chosen by the government of Massachusetts to survey the former Acadian land, Robert Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister born before Confederation. His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician, from 1868 to 1874, he worked as a teacher in Grand-Pré and Matawan, New Jersey. Seeing no future in teaching, he returned to Nova Scotia in 1874, despite having no formal university education, he went to article for four years at a Halifax law firm. In August 1878, he was called to the Nova Scotia Bar, Borden went to Kentville, Nova Scotia, as the junior partner of the Conservative lawyer John P. Chipman. In 1880, he was inducted into the Freemasons – St Andrews lodge #1, in 1882, he was asked by Wallace Graham to move to Halifax and join the Conservative law firm headed by Graham and Charles Hibbert Tupper. In the Autumn of 1889, when he was only 35, Borden became the senior partner following the departure of Graham and Tupper for the bench and politics, respectively. His financial future guaranteed, on September 25,1889, he married Laura Bond, in 1894, he bought a large property and home on the south side of Quinpool Road, which the couple called Pinehurst. In 1893, Borden successfully argued the first of two cases which he took to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He represented many of the important Halifax businesses, and sat on the boards of Nova Scotian companies including the Bank of Nova Scotia and the Crown Life Insurance Company. In 1896, he became President of the Nova Scotia Barristers Society, by the time he was prevailed upon to enter politics, Borden had what some judged to be the largest legal practice in the Maritime Provinces, and had become a wealthy man. Borden was a Liberal until he broke with the party in 1891 over the issue of Reciprocity and he was elected to Parliament in the 1896 federal election as a Conservative and in 1901 was selected by the Conservative caucus to succeed Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative Party. He was defeated in his Halifax seat in the 1904 federal election, despite his efforts, his party lost the 1908 federal election to Wilfrid Lauriers Liberals. Borden was however elected again for Halifax and his partys fortunes turned around in the 1911 federal election, however, when the Conservatives successfully campaigned against Lauriers proposals for a Reciprocity agreement with the United States. Borden countered with a version of John A. Macdonalds National Policy and appeals of loyalty to the British Empire
3.
Unionist Party (Canada)
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The Unionist Party was a centre-right historical political party in Canada, composed primarily of former members of the Conservative party with some individual Liberal Members of Parliament. It was opposed by the remaining Liberal MPs, who sat as the official opposition, the Unionist Party continued to exist until 1922, at which time the Conservative elements re-formed the Conservative party. Laurier rejected this proposal because of the opposition of his Quebec MPs, public opinion in Quebec was heavily against conscription, influencing the Liberal opposition to it due to the large number of Liberal MPs from Quebec. As an alternative to a coalition with Laurier, on October 12,1917, Borden formed the Union government with a Cabinet of twelve Conservatives, nine Liberals and Independents, robertson, however, was a Tory and not a member of any Labour or socialist party. Supporters of the Borden government ran for parliament as Unionists, while some of the Liberals running as government supporters preferred to call themselves Liberal-Unionist, prime Minister Borden pledged himself during the 1917 campaign to equal suffrage for women. He introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women and this tactic split the Liberal Party, those who did not join the Unionist Party ran as Laurier Liberals. The election resulted in an election victory for Borden. The Unionists had never officially a single party, and therefore lacked the structure of an official party. In the 1921 general election, most of the Liberal-Unionist MPs did not join this party, only a handful ran again as Liberal-Unionists or joined Meighens renamed party. Prominent Liberal Unionists who stayed with the Conservatives include Hugh Guthrie, accordingly, they ran in the election under the name National Government party, but did not repeat the success of the Unionist party and failed to form government. Conservative Party of Canada Laurier Liberals List of political parties in Canada Union Government at The Canadian Encyclopedia
4.
Liberal Party of Canada
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The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
5.
Wilfrid Laurier
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Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier GCMG, PC, KC, known as Wilfrid Laurier, was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, in office from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911. Canadas first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the countrys greatest statesmen and he is well known for his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada. His vision for Canada was a land of liberty and decentralized federalism. He also argued for an English-French partnership in Canada, I have had before me as a pillar of fire, he said, a policy of true Canadianism, of moderation, of reconciliation. He passionately defended individual liberty, Canada is free and freedom is its nationality, a 2011 Macleans historical ranking of the Prime Ministers placed Laurier first. Laurier holds a number of records, he holds the record for the most consecutive federal elections won, in addition, his nearly 45 years of service in the House of Commons is a record for that house. At 31 years,8 months, Laurier was the leader of a major Canadian political party. Finally, he is the fourth-longest serving Prime Minister of Canada, behind King, John A. Macdonald, Lauriers portrait is displayed on the Canadian five-dollar bill. The second child of Carolus Laurier and Marcelle Martineau, Wilfrid Laurier was born in Saint-Lin, Canada East, Laurier was among the seventh generation of his family in Canada. His ancestor François Cottineau, dit Champlaurier, came to Canada from Saint-Claud and he grew up in a family where politics was a staple of talk and debate. His father, a man having liberal ideas, enjoyed a certain degree of prestige about town. In addition to being a farmer and surveyor, he also occupied such sought-after positions as mayor, justice of the peace, militia lieutenant, at the age of 11, Wilfrid left home to study in New Glasgow, a neighbouring village largely inhabited by immigrants from Scotland. Over the next two years, he familiarized himself with the mentality, language and culture of British people, Laurier attended the Collège de LAssomption and graduated in law from McGill University in 1864. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1874 election, chosen as leader of the federal Liberal Party in 1887, he gradually built up his partys strength through his personal following both in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. The growing alienation of French-Canadians from the Conservative Party due to its links with anti-French and these factors, combined with the collapse of the Conservative Party of Quebec, gave Laurier an opportunity to build a stronghold in French Canada and among Catholics across Canada. Catholic priests in Quebec repeatedly warned their parishioners not to vote for Liberals and their slogan was le ciel est bleu, lenfer est rouge. Laurier led Canada during a period of growth, industrialization and immigration. His long career straddles a period of political and economic change
6.
Daniel Duncan McKenzie
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Daniel Duncan McKenzie, PC, KC was a Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician. Born in Lake Ainslie, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, the son of Duncan and Jessie Mckenzie, McKenzie was educated at the Public Schools and he became a barrister and attorney-at-law, practicing in North Sydney, Nova Scotia. He served was Commissioner of Schools for Cape Breton and was elected ten times to the Municipal Council of North Sydney and he was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1900 as a Liberal, and again at the general elections of 1901. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons for the district of North Cape Breton. A Liberal, he resigned in 1906 when he was appointed a Judge of District No,7, County Court of Nova Scotia. He retired in 1908 and was re-elected in the 1908 federal election and he was re-elected in 1911,1917, and 1921. He became interim leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1919, McKenzie was also a candidate at that convention, placing fourth. He later served as Solicitor General during Kings first term in office, in 1923, he resigned his seat in the House of Commons after he was named a puisne judge in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. McKenzie served on the bench until his death at the age of 68 in Halifax, daniel Duncan McKenzie – Parliament of Canada biography
7.
William Lyon Mackenzie King
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William Lyon Mackenzie King OM, CMG, PC, also commonly known as Mackenzie King, was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s. He served as the tenth Prime Minister of Canada in 1921–1926, 1926–1930, a Liberal with 21 years and 154 days in office, he was the longest-serving prime minister in Canadian history. Trained in law and social work, he was interested in the human condition. King acceded to the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1919, taking the helm of a party bitterly torn apart during the First World War, he reconciled factions, unifying the Liberal Party and leading it to victory in the 1921 election. His party was out of office during the harshest days of the Great Depression in Canada, 1930–35 and he personally handled complex relations with the Prairie Provinces, while his top aides Ernest Lapointe and Louis St. Laurent skillfully met the demands of French Canadians. During the Second World War, he avoided the battles over conscription, patriotism. Though few major policy innovations took place during his premiership, he was able to synthesize, scholars attribute Kings long tenure as party leader to his wide range of skills that were appropriate to Canadas needs. He understood the workings of capital and labour, keenly sensitive to the nuances of public policy, he was a workaholic with a shrewd and penetrating intelligence and a profound understanding of the complexities of Canadian society. A modernizing technocrat who regarded managerial mediation as essential to an industrial society, King worked to bring compromise and harmony to many competing and feuding elements, using politics and government action as his instrument. He led his party for 29 years, and established Canadas international reputation as a middle power fully committed to world order, Kings biographers agree on the personal characteristics that made him distinctive. He lacked the charisma of such contemporaries as Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and he lacked a commanding presence or oratorical skill, his best writing was academic, and did not resonate with the electorate. Cold and tactless in human relations, he had allies but very few personal friends. He never married and lacked a hostess whose charm could substitute for his chill, a survey of scholars in 1997 by Macleans magazine ranked King first among all Canadas prime ministers, ahead of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. As historian Jack Granatstein notes, the scholars expressed little admiration for King the man but offered unbounded admiration for his political skills, on the other hand, political scientist Ian Stewart in 2007 found that even Liberal activists have but a dim memory of him. King was born in Berlin, Ontario, to John King and his maternal grandfather was William Lyon Mackenzie, first mayor of Toronto and leader of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. His father was a lawyer, and later a professor at Osgoode Hall Law School and he attended Berlin Central School and Berlin High School. Tutors were hired to teach him more politics, science, math, English and his father was a lawyer with a struggling practice in a small city, and never enjoyed financial security. King became a lifelong practising Presbyterian with a dedication to applying Christian virtues to social issues in the style of the Social Gospel and he obtained three degrees from the University of Toronto, B. A.1895, LL. B
8.
Canadian federal election, 1917
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The 1917 Canadian federal election was held on December 17,1917, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 13th Parliament of Canada. Described by historian Michael Bliss as the most bitter election in Canadian history, the election resulted in Prime Minister Sir Robert Bordens Unionist government elected with a strong majority and the largest percentage of the popular vote for any party in Canadian history. The previous election had held in 1911 and was won by Bordens Conservatives. Under the law, Canada should have had an election in 1916, however, citing the emergency of the First World War, the government postponed the election largely in hope that a coalition government could be formed, as existed in Britain. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, head of the Liberal Party of Canada, refused to join the coalition over the issue of conscription, Laurier worried that agreeing to Bordens coalition offer would cause that province to abandon the Liberals and perhaps even Canada. Borden proceeded to form a Unionist government, and the Liberal Party split over the issue, many English Canadian Liberal MPs and provincial Liberal parties in English Canada supported the new Unionist government. To ensure victory for conscription, Borden introduced two laws to skew the voting towards the government, the first, the Wartime Elections Act, disenfranchised conscientious objectors and Canadian citizens if they were born in enemy countries and had arrived after 1902. The law also gave female relatives of servicemen the vote, thus, the 1917 election was the first federal election in which some women were allowed to vote. That allowed government officials to guide the strongly pro-conscription soldiers into voting in those ridings where they would be more useful, servicemen were given a ballot with the simple choice of Government or Opposition. The divisive debate ended with the country divided on linguistic lines, the Liberals won 82 seats,62 in Quebec, with many other seats won in provinces such as Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Ontario in ridings with significant French Canadian populations. The three Unionist won seats in Quebec were all in mainly English-speaking ridings and that led to the Francœur Motion in January 1918. Notes, * Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election,1 % change for Government compared to Conservative Party in 1911 election, and for Opposition to Liberal Party. List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada 11th Canadian Parliament Argyle, turning Points, The Campaigns That Changed Canada -2011 and Before excerpt and text search ch 6 13th Canadian Parliament Conscription crisis of 1917 Khaki election
9.
13th Canadian Parliament
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The 13th Canadian Parliament was in session from March 18,1918, until October 4,1921. The membership was set by the 1917 federal election on December 17,1917, the Official Opposition was the Laurier Liberal Party, led first by Wilfrid Laurier, and then by Daniel McKenzie and William Lyon Mackenzie King consecutively. The Speaker was Edgar Nelson Rhodes, see also List of Canadian electoral districts 1914-1924 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. Electoral districts denoted by an asterisk indicates that district was represented by two members, guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation, members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament. Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons, archived from the original on 27 April 2006
10.
Cabinet of Canada
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The Cabinet of Canada is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current cabinet is the Trudeau Cabinet, which is part of the 29th Ministry, the interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, which has come to be the council in the phrase Queen-in-Council, the prime minister thereafter heads the Cabinet. The governor general appoints to the Cabinet persons chosen by the prime minister—John A, throughout the 20th century, Cabinets had been expanding in size until the Cabinet chaired by Brian Mulroney, with a population of 40 ministers. Cabinet itself—or full Cabinet—is further divided into committees, other Cabinet committees include, Operations, Social Affairs, Economic Growth and Long-Term Prosperity, Foreign Affairs and Security, Environment and Energy Security. Each committee is chaired by a minister whose own portfolio normally intersects with the mandate of the committee he or she is chairing. The most important minister, following the premier, is the Minister of Finance, while other high-profile ministries include foreign affairs, industry, justice, there are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the Queen. Public inquiries and Royal Commissions are also called through a Royal Warrant issued by the Queen or Governor-in-Council, all Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors and the minutes are kept confidential for thirty years, Cabinet members being forbidden from discussing what transpires. Decisions made must be unanimous, though this occurs at the prime ministers direction. However, the Cabinets collective influence has been seen to be eclipsed by that of the prime minister alone, savoie quoted an anonymous minister from the Liberal Party as saying Cabinet had become a kind of focus group for the Prime Minister, while Simpson called cabinet a mini-sounding board. Coyne wrote in 2015, Cabinet does not matter and it does not govern, that is the job of the prime minister, and of the group of political staff he has around him, and of the bureaucracy beyond them. John Robson criticised the use of the ministers name to identify the Cabinet. Each party in Her Majestys Loyal Opposition creates a shadow cabinet, with each member thereof observing and critiquing one or more actual Cabinet portfolios and offering alternative policies. Its members are often, but not always, appointed to a Cabinet post should the leader of their party be called to form a government, the Liberal Party of Canada won the federal election of October 19,2015 with a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The Cabinet was sworn-in on November 4, with Justin Trudeau appointed as prime minister, initially, five members of Cabinet were appointed by orders-in-council on November 4 as ministers of state, but styled without the traditional of state in their titles. These were the Ministers of Science, Small Business and Tourism, Sport and Persons with Disabilities, Status of Women, Ministers are listed according to the Canadian order of precedence, Notes Reference to current cabinet ministers Cabinet Minister responsibilities
11.
Prime Minister of Canada
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Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
12.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
13.
Charles Ballantyne
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Charles Colquhoun Ballantyne, PC was a Canadian politician. A millionaire and one-time owner of Sherwin Williams Paints in Montreal, Ballantyne was president of the Canadian Manufacturers Association and he also raised and commanded the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards. He was appointed to Sir Robert Bordens World War I Union government and he held no parliamentary seat when Borden appointed him minister of public works, minister of marine and fisheries and minister of the naval service in October 1917. He became a Cabinet minister prior to being elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the December 1917 federal election, Ballantyne was one of a handful of Unionist Members of Parliament elected from Quebec during the Conscription Crisis of 1917. Even before the inquiry into the Halifax disaster had completed its proceedings on 4 February 1918, as a result of the commissions findings, Prime Minister Borden invoked the War Measures Act in mid-March. Subsequently, the government took control over the port of Halifax until the end of the war, in 1932, Conservative Prime Minister R. B. Bennett appointed Ballantyne to the Canadian Senate. Ballantyne was appointed Leader of the Opposition in the Canadian Senate in 1942, charles Ballantyne – Parliament of Canada biography
14.
Martin Burrell
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Martin Burrell, PC was a Canadian politician. Born in Faringdon, Berkshire, Burrell emigrated to Canada as a young man and his farm was the largest apple tree nursery in the province. He was elected mayor of Grand Forks, British Columbia in 1903 and he first ran unsuccessfully for the Canadian House of Commons as the Conservative candidate in the 1904 federal election for the constituency of Yale—Cariboo. He was elected in the 1908 federal election and re-elected in 1911, in 1917 he was re-elected as a Unionist. Burrell served as the Minister of Agriculture in the Borden government from 1911 to 1917, from 1919 to 1920, he was the Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue. A fire damaged the Parliament Buildings in 1917, and Burrell was badly injured in it, from that time he filled the position of librarian for the Library of Parliament. After leaving politics, he remained in Ottawa and kept the position of Parliamentary Librarian until his death in 1938 and he is buried in Beechwood Cemetery. Burrell Creek near Grand Forks, British Columbia, is named in his honour, serving Agriculture, Canadas Ministers of Agriculture Martin Burrell – Parliament of Canada biography Burrell Creek
15.
James Alexander Calder
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James Alexander Calder, PC was a Canadian politician. Born in Oxford County, Ontario, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Manitoba in 1888 and he was a teacher and principal, before being elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for the riding of South Regina in the 1905 provincial election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in a 1908 by-election and in the 1912 election, from 1905 to 1912, he was the Minister of Education, Provincial Treasurer, and Minister of Railways. The rural village of Calder, SK was named after him when it was incorporated in 1911, from 1916 to 1917, he was the President of the Executive Council, Minister of Railways, and Minister of Highways. He was elected as an Unionist candidate to the Canadian House of Commons for the riding of Moose Jaw in the 1917 federal election, in 1921, he was called to the Canadian Senate, appointed on the advice of The Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen, representing the division of Moose Jaw. A Conservative, he died in office in 1956, outside politics, Calder was a noted philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1947. References Sources James Alexander Calder – Parliament of Canada biography Historical Members of the Legislative Assembly, offices Held by Members of the Executive Council. Saskatchewan Election Results By Electoral District
16.
Frank Broadstreet Carvell
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Frank Broadstreet Carvell, PC was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. Carvell was born in Woodstock, New Brunswick and his father was a farmer descended from United Empire Loyalists and his mother was an Ulster Protestant. He was educated locally and worked as a teacher, in 1890 he earned his law degree from Boston University and returned to Woodstock to practice law. He was elected to the county council and became involved in business with stock in the Woodstock Power Company and he purchased the Carleton Sentinel, a Liberal newspaper and was also the main shareholder for a time of the Carleton Observer. He won the seat on his attempt and was the Liberal member of the Canadian House of Commons for the New Brunswick riding from 1904 until 1917. Carvell was offered a seat on the Supreme Court of New Brunswick in 1909, the Liberal government was defeated in the 1911 federal election and Carvell moved to the Opposition bench where he became prominent as a critic of Sam Hughes, Bordens Militia Minister. He also became active in politics, joining party organizers Peter Veniot. The New Brunswick Liberal Association offered Carvell the leadership of the provincial party and he was re-elected in the 1917 federal election as a Liberal-Unionist MP for Victoria—Carleton by acclamation. Following the war Carvell wished to rejoin the Liberals but was rejected by his former party, instead, he retired from politics in 1919 upon being appointed Chairman of the Board of Railway Commissioners. Arthur T. Doyle, Front Benches and Back Rooms, A story of corruption, muckraking, raw partisanship and political intrigue in New Brunswick, Toronto, frank Broadstreet Carvell – Parliament of Canada biography
17.
Francis Cochrane
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Francis Cochrane, PC was a Canadian politician. Cochrane and McVittie also ventured into prospecting, developing the Frood Extension property in 1908, Cochrane first ran for provincial office in 1902 as the Conservative Party candidate in Nipissing West in the 1902 election, but was defeated by Joseph Michaud. He did not run in the 1905 election, although Premier James P. Whitney nonetheless announced an intention to him a cabinet portfolio. Cochrane was then acclaimed into office in a by-election in Nipissing East and he was reelected in the 1908 election in the new electoral district of Sudbury. Cochrane served in Nipissing until 1917, and was Minister of Railways, in 1917, he ran as the Unionist-Conservative candidate in the new district of Timiskaming. He was re-elected, and served as Minister without Portfolio until his death in 1919, the town of Cochrane, Ontario was named for him. Francis Cochrane – Parliament of Canada biography Ontario Legislative Assembly Parliamentarian History
18.
Thomas Crerar
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Thomas Alexander Crerar, PC CC was a western Canadian politician and a leader of the short-lived Progressive Party of Canada. He was born in Molesworth, Ontario, and moved to Manitoba at a young age, Crerar rose to prominence as leader of the Manitoba Grain Growers Association in the 1910s. He was easily elected to the Canadian House of Commons for Marquette in the election of 1917, on June 6,1919, Crerar resigned from his position in protest against the high tariff policies of the Conservative-dominated government. He was strongly in favor of trade with the United States. In 1920, he was selected as leader of the Progressive Party, in the 1921 election, he led the party to a landslide victory in western Canada, giving them 65 seats in the House of Commons. Crerar failed to hold the party together, however and he resigned as leader in 1922, and the party collapsed shortly thereafter. Crerar spent some time in the sector before returning to politics in 1929. Although once again not holding a seat in parliament, he was appointed Minister of Railways and Canals on December 30,1929, Kings government was defeated in the general election that followed, however, and Crerar was personally defeated in his riding. He returned to parliament in the 1935 election, as the member for the northern Manitoba riding of Churchill, on December 1,1936, he was removed from most of his responsibilities and became simply Minister of Mines and Resources, holding the position until April 17,1945. Crerar was appointed to the Canadian Senate on April 18,1945, in 1973, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. Thomas Crerar – Parliament of Canada biography Office of the Governor General of Canada
19.
Thomas Wilson Crothers
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Thomas Wilson Crothers, PC was a Canadian politician. Born in Northport, Canada West, he was a lawyer and teacher before being elected to the Canadian House of Commons for the Ontario riding of Elgin West in the 1908 federal election, a Conservative, he was re-elected in 1911 and as a Unionist in 1917. From 1911 to 1918, he was the Minister of Labour, in October 1921, he was called to the Canadian Senate representing the senatorial division of Ontario. He died in office just two later in December 1921. Thomas Wilson Crothers – Parliament of Canada biography
20.
Charles Doherty
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Charles Joseph Doherty, PC, PC, KC was a Canadian politician and jurist. Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Marcus Doherty, in 1885 he served as a Lieutenant with the 65th Battalion, Mount Royal Rifles in the Northwest Rebellion. He was created a Kings Counsel in 1887, Doherty was a lawyer and also taught civil and International law at McGill University prior to being appointed a judge on the Quebec Superior Court from 1891 until 1906. He was a candidate for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for the electoral district of Montreal West in the 1881 election. He was elected as the Conservative candidate to the Canadian House of Commons for the district of St. Anne in the 1908 federal election. When the Tories won the 1911 election, the new Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden, brought Doherty into the Canadian Cabinet as Minister of Justice. At the end of World War I, Doherty was one of the Canadian delegates to the Versailles Peace Conference, Doherty remained Minister of Justice in the government of Arthur Meighen until its defeat in 1921. Doherty also played a role in the creation of the Canadian Bar Association in 1912. He was appointed to the Imperial Privy Council in the 1920 New Year Honours for his service at Versailles, guelph Raid Charles Doherty – Parliament of Canada biography Charles Joseph Doherty at The Canadian Encyclopedia
21.
Henry Lumley Drayton
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Sir Henry Lumley Drayton, PC, KC was a Canadian lawyer and politician. Born in Kingston, Ontario, the son of Philip Henry Drayton, who came to Canada with the 16th Rifles of England and he was called to the Ontario Bar in 1891 and was created a Kings Counsel in 1908. He married Edith Mary Cawthra and had three daughters, from 1893 to 1900, he was an Assistant City Solicitor for Toronto. In 1900, he formed a partnership with Charles J. Holman, in 1902, he was appointed Counsel to the Railway Committee of the Ontario Legislature. From 1904 to 1909, he was a County Crown Attorney for the County of York, in 1910, he was appointed Counsel for the Corporation of the City of Toronto. In 1911, he was appointed to the Toronto Power Commission, in 1912, he was appointed Chief Commissioner of the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons from Kingston in a 1919 by-election as a Conservative Party candidate and he served as Minister of Finance under both Sir Robert Borden and Arthur Meighen until the Conservative Partys defeat in the 1921 general election. Drayton kept his seat in that election, in 1927, he was a candidate the leadership of the Conservative Party, but finished in last place. Drayton retired from politics in 1928 to become chairman of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario and he attempted to return to Parliament in the 1945 election from a seat in Victoria, British Columbia, but lost narrowly to the Liberal candidate. Henry Lumley Drayton – Parliament of Canada biography
22.
George Eulas Foster
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Sir George Eulas Foster, GCMG, PC, PC was a Canadian politician and academic. He coined the phrase splendid isolation to praise British foreign policy in the late 19th century, Foster was a Member of Parliament and a Senator in the Canadian Parliament for a total of 45 years,5 months and 24 days. He enjoys the distinction of having served in the cabinets of seven Canadian Prime Ministers, Macdonald, Abbott, Thompson, Bowell, Tupper. Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick, Foster received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1868 and he taught in various high schools and seminaries until 1870 when he was appointed Professor of Classics and Ancient Literature in the University of New Brunswick. He shortly afterwards studied in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Heidelberg, Germany and he resigned in 1879 and became a noted temperance lecturer. Foster entered politics with his election to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1882 federal election as a Conservative MP representing New Brunswick. He joined the Cabinet of Sir John A. Macdonald as Minister of Marine and Fisheries in 1885, Foster retained this position after Macdonalds death and through the successive governments of Prime Ministers Abbott, Thompson, Bowell and Tupper. He led a group of seven cabinet ministers who resigned temporarily in January 1896 to force the retirement of Bowell, fosters debates with Sir Richard Cartwright, the former Liberal Minister of Finance under Prime Minister Mackenzie, are the stuff of Canadian Parliamentary legend. With the defeat of the Tories in the 1896 election, Foster retained his seat and he was a prominent supporter of Canadas involvement in the Anglo-Boer War from 1899 to 1901. He lost his seat in the 1900 election but returned to parliament in 1904 and he remained an Opposition MP until his party returned to government in the 1911 federal election under Sir Robert Borden and he continued in the government under Arthur Meighen. He served as a Canadian delegate to the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference and he was acting Prime Minister in 1920, when Borden was absent due to ill health. From 1920 to 1921, he was chairman of the Canadian delegation to the first assembly of the League of Nations, in 1921, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate in which he served until his death. Foster is best known today for coining the term splendid isolation in January 1896 in praising Great Britains foreign policy of isolation from European affairs, goschen heard about it from a London newspaper where it appeared in a headline in The Times, on 22 January 1896. The headline was paraphrasing a comment by Foster to the Parliament of Canada on 16 January 1896, the ultimate origin of splendid isolation is suggested by Robert Hamilton. Never did the Empress Island appear so magnificently grand, – she stood by herself and his first wife was the ex-spouse of Daniel Black Chisholm, a former Liberal-Conservative Ontario MP, and his second wife was a daughter of Sir William Allan, a former British MP for Gateshead. Foster and his first wife are buried in Ottawas Beechwood Cemetery, George Eulas Foster – Parliament of Canada biography The Canadian Parliament, biographical sketches and photo-engravures of the senators and members of the House of Commons of Canada. Being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3,1904, Sir George Foster – The Quebec History Encyclopedia Library and Archives Canada – image of Lady Adeline Foster and Sir George Eulas Foster Sir George Foster Dies -- Canadas Grand Old Man. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Newspapers. com
23.
Hugh Guthrie
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Hugh Guthrie, PC, KC was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister in the governments of Sir Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen and R. B. He was born in Guelph, Ontario, the son of Donald Guthrie, Guthrie was named a Kings Counsel in 1902. He married Maude Henrietta, the daughter of Guelph businessman Thomas H. Scarff, Guthrie was first elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal in 1900 from the riding of Wellington South. He sat in Wilfrid Lauriers caucus for 17 years, but crossed the floor to join the Unionist government of Robert Borden as a result of the Conscription Crisis of 1917, the former Liberal backbencher became a leading light in his new party, serving as Solicitor General under Borden. With the end of World War I, most Liberal-Unionists either rejoined the Liberal Party or joined the new Progressive Party, Guthrie, however, stayed with the Conservatives, becoming Minister of Defence and running for re-election as a Conservative in the 1921 election. After the election, he joined the Tories on the Opposition benches, as a result of the 1926 King-Byng Affair, Meighens Conservatives formed a government in which Guthrie served as Minister of Justice and Minister of National Defence. This second stint in Cabinet ended with the defeat of the Meighen government in that falls election, Meighen lost his seat, and Guthrie served as Leader of the Opposition and interim leader of the Conservative Party for a full year. Guthie sought the party leadership at the convention that the party held in 1927. Bennett led the Tories to victory in the 1930 election, and Guthrie was appointed Minister of Justice, in 1931, he led the Canadian delegation to the League of Nations. In 1933, he introduced legislation making it illegal to carry a weapon without authorization. In 1935, he clashed with opposition Member of Parliament Agnes Macphail who demanded an inquiry into conditions in Canadas prisons such as the whipping of prisoners. As the Great Depression worsened and millions were unemployed, the government became concerned about political instability. Guthries department was responsible for the persecution of the Communist Party of Canada, in 1933, Tim Buck was shot at by soldiers in an apparent assassination attempt while he was in his cell during a prison riot. Guthrie was forced to admit that the attack was deliberate, but claimed the intent was only to him, however. In 1935, unemployed workers in British Columbias deserted the remote relief camps established by the Bennett government, thousands of unemployed workers hopped on freight trains heading east intending to converge in Ottawa and press their demands on the government. Bennetts cabinet saw this as a movement and panicked. In the House of Commons, Guthrie charged that the protesters were a menace to the peace, order. As the protesters entered Saskatchewan, Guthrie had the Trek banned and he and Bennett ordered the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to use tear gas and revolvers to break up the Trek when it entered Regina
24.
Albert Edward Kemp
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Sir Albert Edward Kemp KCMG PC was a Canadian businessman and politician. Kemp was a Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence and Minister of Overseas Military Forces during World War I, a Conservative and Unionist, Kemp was elected five times to the Canadian House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for electoral district of Toronto East. He was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen in 1921, Edward Kemp was born in Saint-Georges-de-Clarenceville, Quebec in what was then Canada East. Kemps father was a farmer and country merchant who was an immigrant from Yorkshire, England and he was raised near the village of Clarenceville, where he attended Clarenceville Academy, and later studied at the academy in Lacolle, excelling in mathematics, but he did not finish. Leaving home at 16, Kemp headed to Montreal and eventually gaining employment as a bookkeeper at a hardware store, at the age of 20, Kemp became engaged to Cecilia Wilson. Soon afterwards, he and an opened an manufacturing and retailing shop on St Catherine Street in Montreal. He and Cecilia moved to Toronto in 1885, where he entered partnership with Thomas McDonald, owner of the struggling Dominion Tin. In 1888 Kemp bought out McDonald and formed the Kemp Manufacturing Company with his brother, William Arthur. Kemp served as president of the Canadian Manufacturers Association in 1895 and 1896, the brothers expanded their operations and opened plants in Montreal and Winnipeg, eventually reorganizing their business as the Sheet Metal Products Company of Canada Limited in 1911. Kemp was elected five times to the Canadian House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for the Ontario electoral district of Toronto East and he was first elected in the Canadian federal election of 1900, and was re-elected in 1904. Out of office, Kemp threw his efforts into rebuilding the Conservative machine in Ontario as well as paying off its debts, through Kemps efforts, he regained his seat in 1911 and helped Robert Borden defeat Laurier to become Prime Minister. Borden rewarded Kemp by appointing him minister without portfolio in his first Cabinet, during World War I Kemp sat as a Unionist in the coalition government formed under Robert Borden. Kemp played an important part in the government of Canada during the war years. In 1918 he was a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, for his service during World War I, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1917. On November 4,1921, Kemp was appointed to the Canadian Senate on the recommendation of Prime Minister Arthur Meighen and he represented the senatorial division of Toronto, Ontario until his death. Kemp married Cecilia Amanda Wilson in 1879 and had three daughters, Alice Irene Kemp Waldie, Hazel Beatrice Kemp Stephens, and Florence Evelyn Kemp Proctor. Hazel married Captain F. Chattan Stephens of Montreal, who was a son of liberal politician George Washington Stephens and half-brother to Saar president George Washington Stephens and their only son, John H. C. Stephens, and F. Chattans mother, Frances McIntosh Stephens, after the death of his first wife Kemp remarried to Virginia Norton Copping on March 3,1925
25.
James Alexander Lougheed
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Sir James Alexander Lougheed, PC KCMG KC was a businessman and politician from Alberta, Canada. Lougheed was born in Brampton, Canada West, to Irish Protestant parents, the family moved to Weston when Lougheed was a child, and he attended King Street Public School and Weston High School. He attended the University of Toronto and he studied law at the Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and was sworn in as a solicitor in 1881, in 1887 he formed a law practice with Peter McCarthy and two years later in 1889 He became a QC. In 1882 Lougheed moved with his brother to Winnipeg, Manitoba, one year later he moved to Calgary, then at the end of the CPR line. He started a practice in Calgary in the fields of real estate and transportation law. He also invested heavily in real estate and opened a brokerage firm and his Lougheed Building in downtown Calgary still stands, it included the GRAND theatre which was saved from demolition in 2004 by the Company Theatre Junction The Grand. In 1891 he and his wife, the former Belle Hardisty, Beaulieu became the centre of Calgarys social scene, as the Lougheeds welcomed oil millionaires, politicians, royalty, and entertainment stars to their home. He and Belle had six children, four boys and two girls, Lougheed had been a member of the federal Conservative Party since his days in Toronto, and had campaigned for Sir John A. Macdonald. Even so, his appointment to the Senate on 10 December 1889 came as a surprise to many, however, he gained the respect of both his fellow senators and his fellow Westerners due to his staunch support of Western interests and his political abilities. Lougheed spent the next 30 years living both in Ottawa and in Calgary, in order to protect his legal interests, he brought a young lawyer from New Brunswick named R. B. Bennett to Calgary. Bennett and Lougheed worked together for over 20 years until a dispute between the senator and the future prime minister caused each to go his own way. In the 1890s Lougheed emerged as the Wests strongest voice in the Senate and he was constantly in the position of having to remind members of the Upper Chamber of the realities of life in the western provinces and territories. In 1906, he became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, the Conservatives were in opposition for many of Lougheeds early years as a senator. He was knighted by George V in 1916, becoming the only Albertan ever to receive the honour, when the Conservatives took power following the 1911 election, he became Leader of the Government in the Senate and minister without portfolio in the government of Sir Robert Borden. He was made Chairman of the Military Hospitals Commission in 1915, after Borden formed his wartime Union government, he appointed Lougheed as Minister of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment in 1918. With the Liberals in power, Lougheed resumed his position as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate until his death in 1925, Lougheed was a strict conservative in many ways. His relationship to the First Nations people could be both patriarchal and supportive, however, when Indian Affairs officials refused to allow the six Nations to participate in the first Calgary Stampede in 1912, Lougheed with R. B. Bennett fought that decision. Lougheed was also a businessman through his real estate, newspapers
26.
Alexander Kenneth Maclean
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Alexander Kenneth Maclean, PC was a Canadian politician and judge. Born in Upper North Sydney, Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia, Maclean was educated at Pictou Academy, a lawyer, practising in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Maclean first ran unsuccessfully for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1900 federal election for the electoral district of Lunenburg. In 1901, he was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for Lunenburg, a Nova Scotia Liberal, he served until 1904 when he was elected to the House of Commons representing Lunenburg. He resigned as an MP in 1909, when he was re-elected to the House of Assembly and was appointed Attorney General and he served until 1911, when he was elected again to the House of Commons for the electoral district of Halifax. He left the government in 1920 and was re-elected as a Liberal in the 1921 general election and he resigned his seat in 1923 to become President of the Exchequer Court of Canada, holding that position until his death. He also acted as an ad hoc judge at the Supreme Court of Canada and his most significant decision is considered to be the one he wrote in R. v. Eastern Terminal Elevator Co. which was affirmed by the Supreme Court. Macleans decision is considered to be highly competent, where the issue was well thought out and analyzed. Alexander Kenneth Maclean – Parliament of Canada biography The Canadian Parliament, being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3,1904 Ian Bushnell. The Federal Court of Canada, A History, 1875-1992
27.
Arthur Meighen
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Arthur Meighen PC, QC was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served two terms as the ninth Prime Minister of Canada, from 10 July 1920 to 29 December 1921 and he was the first Prime Minister born after Confederation, and the only one to represent a riding in Manitoba. Meighen later served for a decade in the Senate of Canada, Arthur Meighen was born on a farm near Anderson, Perth County, Ontario, to Joseph Meighen and Mary Jane Bell. He attended primary school at Blanshard public school in Anderson, where, in addition to being the grandson of the villages first schoolmaster and he took first class honours in mathematics, English, and Latin. He then attended University College at the University of Toronto, where he earned a B. A. in mathematics in 1896, with first-class standing. While there, he met and became a rival of William Lyon Mackenzie King, Meighen then graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School. In 1904 he married Isabel J. Cox, with whom he had two sons and one daughter and he moved to Manitoba shortly after finishing law school. In public, Meighen was a debater, said to have honed his oratory by delivering lectures to empty desks after class. He was renowned for his sharp wit, Meighen was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1908, at the age of 34, defeating incumbent John Crawford when he captured the Manitoba riding of Portage la Prairie. In 1911, Meighen won re-election, this time as a member of the new governing party and he won election again in 1913, after being appointed to Prime Minister Robert Bordens Cabinet as Solicitor General. Meighens fiery, sarcastic, and partisan speeches gained him a following on the Conservative party backbench, who saw him as logical, informed and he gained a following among those in the party who felt Bordens government was aimless. Meighen served as Solicitor General from 26 June 1913 until 25 August 1917, in 1917, he was mainly responsible for implementing mandatory military service as a result of the Conscription Crisis of 1917. Noteworthy was the decision to give votes to conscription supporters. Meighens portfolios were again shifted on 12 October 1917, this time to the positions of Minister of the Interior and he was re-elected in the December 1917 federal election, in which Bordens Unionist government defeated the opposition Laurier Liberals over the conscription issue. In 1919, as acting Minister of Justice and senior Manitoban in the government of Sir Robert Borden, Meighen helped to subdue the Winnipeg General Strike, shortly after the strike ended, he enacted the Section 98 amendments to the Criminal Code to ban association with organizations deemed seditious. It took the return to Ottawa in late July 1919 of Charles Doherty, Minister of Justice, Meighen was re-appointed Minister of Mines on the last day of 1920. During this first term, he was Prime Minister for about a year, Meighen fought the 1921 election under the banner of the National Liberal and Conservative Party in an attempt to keep the allegiance of Liberals who had supported the wartime Unionist government. However, his actions in implementing conscription hurt his partys support in Quebec, while the Winnipeg General Strike and farm tariffs made him unpopular among labour
28.
John Dowsley Reid
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John Dowsley Reid, PC was a Canadian businessman, physician, and parliamentarian. A Conservative, he was a long-standing Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons for the Ontario Electoral district of Grenville South and he was first elected in the Canadian federal election of 1891 and was re-elected seven more times. He represented the division of Grenville, Ontario until his death. John Dowsley Reid – Parliament of Canada biography
29.
Gideon Robertson
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Gideon Decker Robertson, PC was a Canadian Senator and Canadian Cabinet minister. Robertson was a telegrapher by profession and had links with conservatives in the labour movement, in January 1917, he was appointed to the Senate as a Conservative as a means of bringing in labour representation during the First World War. On November 8,1918, Robertson became Minister of Labour and he held this portfolio in 1919 during the Winnipeg General Strike. He refused to meet the Central Strike Committee to hear their demands, Robertson ordered federal government employees to return to work or lose their jobs. On June 17, he ordered the arrest of the twelve principal strike leaders, Robertson also supported the governments decision to send in the Royal Northwest Mounted Police to crush the strike in an action that became known as Bloody Saturday. Robertson retained his position as minister when Arthur Meighen became Prime Minister of Canada until the governments defeat in the 1921 federal election. Robertson returned to government when R. B, bennetts Conservatives won the 1930 election, and again became Minister of Labour, but remained unpopular with his constituents. When visiting Winnipeg in 1932, six thousand workers met him at the station with the slogan. He stepped down as Labour minister in February and died the next year, gideon Robertson – Parliament of Canada biography
30.
Newton Rowell
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Newton Wesley Rowell, PC, KC was a Canadian lawyer and politician and leading lay figure in the Methodist church. Rowell led the Ontario Liberal Party from 1911 to 1917 and put forward a platform advocating temperance, rowells Liberals failed to oppose the Whitney governments passage of Regulation 17 which restricted the teaching of the French language in schools alienating the provinces French-Canadian minority. He was born in London Township, Ontario, Rowell ran for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1900 federal election but was defeated in York East. Returning to his law practice, he was made Kings Counsel in 1902 and became partner in his law firm, Rowell, Reid. He returned to politics in 1911 and he was elected to the legislature in the 1911 provincial election representing Oxford North and became Leader of the Opposition. He went on to win a seat in the House of Commons as the Unionist MP for Durham in the December 1917 federal election, Rowell attended meetings of the Imperial War Cabinet in London, England, along with other senior Canadian ministers. In 1919, he was given added responsibilities as Canadas first Minister of Health, Rowell declined to join the government of Bordens successor, Arthur Meighen, in 1920, and did not run for re-election to parliament in 1921. After the war, Rowell served as a Canadian delegate to the League of Nations and he also helped lead the Methodists into a merger with Presbyterians to form the United Church of Canada. In 1903, he had founded the firm that is now known as McMillan LLP, in 1929, he argued and won the Persons case, concerning whether women were eligible for appointment to the Senate of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada said they were not, but Rowell took the case to the Privy Council in London and won and it was a foundation case for female equality in Canada. He served as President of the Ontario Bar Association from 1927 to 1930, in 1936, he was appointed Chief Justice of Ontario. He is also noted for being the first chair of the 1937 Rowell–Sirois Commission into Dominion-Provincial economic relations, asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest it had ow as in now, row-ELL. Rowell was the grandfather of former Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Hal Jackman. His daughter Mary wed Harry Jackman in 1930, Newton Rowell – Parliament of Canada biography Members parliamentary history for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Entry from the Canadian Encyclopedia Newton Rowell
31.
Arthur Sifton
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Arthur Lewis Watkins Sifton, PC, PC, KC, was a Canadian politician who served as the second Premier of Alberta from 1910 until 1917. He became a minister in the Government of Canada thereafter, born in Ontario, he grew up there and in Winnipeg, where he became a lawyer. He subsequently practised law with his brother Clifford Sifton in Brandon, Manitoba and he moved west to Prince Albert in 1885 and to Calgary in 1889. There he was elected to the 4th and 5th North-West Legislative Assemblies, in 1903, the federal government, at the instigation of his brother who was now one of its ministers, made Arthur Sifton the Chief Justice of the Northwest Territories. When Alberta was created out of a portion of the Northwest Territories in 1905, in 1910, the government of Alberta Premier Alexander Cameron Rutherford was embroiled in the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal. The Liberal Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta, George Bulyea, determined that for the sake of the Liberal Party of Alberta, when other prominent Liberals declined it, the position was offered to Sifton. As Premier, he smoothed over the divisions in the party that had caused and he made attempts to break with the Rutherford railway policy, when these were rebuffed by the courts, he adopted a course similar to Rutherfords. He unsuccessfully pursued the transfer of rights over Albertas natural resources from the federal government, while Sifton was Premier, the United Farmers of Alberta rose as a political force. Outside of agriculture, the UFA was instrumental in the Sifton governments implementation of direct democracy measures. During the conscription crisis of 1917, Sifton supported the Conservative Prime Minister, Robert Borden and he backed the creation of a Union government composed of Conservatives and pro-conscription Liberals. In 1917 he left politics and became a minister in this government. Over the next three and a half years he served briefly in four different ministries and was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and he died in Ottawa in January 1921 after a brief illness. Arthur Sifton was born October 26,1858, in Arva, Ontario, to John Wright Sifton and he was the older brother of politician Clifford Sifton. He attended public schools across southern Ontario, culminating with a school in Dundas. His father was a devout Methodist and a staunch Reformer and, later and these allegiances permeated his home life, the Sifton household was often visited by clergy, laity, businessmen, lawyers, and politicians. In 1874 or 1875, John Sifton won contracts for construction work on the Canadian Pacific Railway and moved the family to Winnipeg. Following his graduation, he and Clifford attended Victoria College, then located in Cobourg, in 1880, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. Upon graduation, Arthur Sifton returned to Winnipeg to article with Albert Monkman until 1881, on September 20,1882, he married Mary Deering of Cobourg, the pair would have two children, Nellie Louise Sifton and Lewis Raymond St Clair Sifton
32.
Simon Fraser Tolmie
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Simon Fraser Tolmie, PC was a veterinarian, farmer, politician, and the 21st Premier of the Province of British Columbia, Canada. Tolmie had an impeccable pioneer lineage, which aided him in his political aspirations and his mother, Jane, was the daughter of John Work, a prominent Victoria resident, Hudsons Bay Company Chief Factor, and member of the former colonys assembly. Janes mother was Josette Legace, a daughter of a Spokane mother, born in Victoria, Tolmie spent his early life on his familys vast farm, Cloverdale. He graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1891 and later became the Dominion Inspector of Livestock, Tolmie entered federal politics in the election of 1917, becoming Unionist MP for Victoria City. He was returned in the subsequent four elections as a Conservative, Tolmie served as Minister of Agriculture in the governments of Sir Robert Borden and Arthur Meighen from 1919–1921, and in 1926. The Conservatives were victorious that year, taking 32 of the legislatures 48 seats, including every seat in Vancouver, Tolmie thus became Premier of the province, also serving as Minister of Railways. By 1931, unemployment reached 28% - the highest in Canada - and Tolmie was finally forced to act, Tolmie acceded to the request from the business community that a royal commission be established to propose solutions to the provinces increasingly dire financial situation. The Kidd Report, issued in 1932, recommended such sharp cuts to services that mainstream British Columbians were enraged. They had come to more from their provincial government than its traditional functions of maintaining law and order, providing physical infrastructure. The strained situation took its toll on the party, which became so wracked by internal discord that the executive decided to run no candidates in the 1933 election. Rather, each riding association acted on its own. Some candidates ran as independents, some as Independent Conservatives and those supporting Tolmie, ran as Unionists, and those grouped around William John Bowser, a former premier, ran as Non-Partisans. Tolmie returned to three years later, returning to his old federal seat of Victoria in a 1936 by-election. He died in Victoria a little over a year later, Tolmie led the last Conservative provincial government in British Columbia. Simon Fraser Tolmie – Parliament of Canada biography
33.
William Thomas White
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Sir William Thomas White, GCMG, PC, PC, was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. White worked as a reporter for the Toronto Evening Telegram in 1890 and he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1895, and a law degree from Osgoode Law School in 1899. White did not practice law after his graduation, but instead worked as a Managing Director for the National Trust Company, National Trust was incorporated in 1898 by Senator George Albertus Cox and Edward Rogers Wood. National Trust Company, Ltd. became part of Bank of Nova Scotia as Scotia Trust in 1997, White was initially a Liberal party member, but his views diverged from the partys policies on some key matters. He was a supporter of British imperialism, and joined Clifford Sifton, although he had few allies in the Conservative Party, White was respected by party leader Robert Borden, who recognized that Whites presence would bring some disaffected Liberals to the party. After winning the election of 1911, Borden appointed White as his Minister of Finance. White did not hold a seat in the Canadian House of Commons at the time, nevertheless, he was elected by acclamation in a by-election in the eastern Ontario riding of Leeds, after another Conservative Member of Parliament was convinced to resign. White was responsible for managing Canadas finances during World War I and his approach was conservative, and he was reluctant to interfere with private enterprise or even to raise taxes in the early period of the war. Although he eventually made some interventions, he continued to reject fundamental changes in the nations finances, in 1919, he approved the use of naval warships to suppress post-war labour radicalism in British Columbia. White served as Finance Minister until August 1,1919, from November 1918 to May 1919, he also served as Acting Prime Minister while Borden was in Europe. Several members of Bordens Unionist government called on White to replace Borden as Prime Minister in 1920, but he declined. In the 1920 New Year Honours, as a reward for his service as Acting Prime Minister, White was appointed to the Imperial Privy Council and he remained a Member of Parliament until the 1921 election when he retired from politics. Later in the year, he published a pamphlet entitled The Story of Canadas War Finances, White did not consider himself as a career politician. His tenure as Finance Minister was very stressful, and he seems to have welcomed the opportunity to leave political life after the wars end, there is no indication that he entertained a return to politics in later years. In 1933 he served as a member of the Royal Commission on Banking, opposing the creation of Bank of Canada. William Thomas White – Parliament of Canada biography
34.
1st Canadian Ministry
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The First Canadian Ministry was the first cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. It governed Canada from 1 July 1867 to 5 November 1873, the government was formed by the Liberal-Conservative Party in coalition with the old Conservative Party of Canada. Macdonald was also Prime Minister in the Third Canadian Ministry, Prime Minister 1 July 1867 –5 November 1873, Sir John A. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation
35.
2nd Canadian Ministry
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The Second Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie. It governed Canada from 7 November 1873 to 8 October 1878, the government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation
36.
3rd Canadian Ministry
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The Third Canadian Ministry was the second cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. It governed Canada from 17 October 1878 to 6 June 1891, including the 4th, 5th, the government was formed by the Liberal-Conservative Party in coalition with the old Conservative Party of Canada. Macdonald was also Prime Minister in the First Canadian Ministry, Prime Minister 17 October 1878 –6 June 1891, Sir John A. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation
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