1.
Indian general election, 1991
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General elections were held in India in 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha. The result of the election was no party could get a majority, so a minority government was formed, resulting in a stable government for the next 5 years. The 1991 Indian general election were held because the previous Lok Sabha had been dissolved just 16 months after government formation, the Mandir issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the National Front was falling apart, the Congress managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government. A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, the remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June. Voting was the lowest ever in parliamentary elections with just 53 per cent of the electorate exercising their right to vote, the congress party did poorly in the pre-assassination constituencies and swept the post-assassination constituencies. The end result was a minority Congress-led government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao, Congress was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were, Former Home, Chief Minister of Maharashtra Sharad Pawar. Former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh Arjun Singh, Former Finance, and Foreign minister N. D. Tiwari. Congress eventually formed the government with P. V. Narasimha Rao to become Prime Minister and he was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the Nehru-Gandhi family. He introduced Economic reforms in India, election Commission of India Indian general election,1989
2.
Lok Sabha
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The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indias bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population, a total of 131 seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership, term of the House The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001, the 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date. The Lok Sabha has its own channel, Lok Sabha TV. A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947, the Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India, although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, the Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form. The Lok Sabha was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 and he / She should not be less than 25 years of age. He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament, a seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances, When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns. When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, when the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament. A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law, a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha, each state is divided into territorial constituencies. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million, note, The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census of which relevant figure have been published. Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha, motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
3.
Parliament of India
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The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses and it is bicameral with two houses, the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President in his role as head of legislature has powers to summon. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and those elected or nominated to either house of Parliament are referred to as members of parliament. The Parliament meets at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, the Sansad Bhavan is located in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, who were responsible for planning, the construction of buildings took six years and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the then Governor-General of India, Irwin. The construction costs for the building were ₹8.3 million, the parliament is 560 feet in diameter and covers an area of 6 acres. The Central hall consists of the chambers of Lok sabha, Rajya Sabha, surrounding these three chambers is the four storied circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses Parliamentary committees, offices and the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. A new Parliament building may replace the existing complex, the new building is being considered on account of the stability concerns regarding the current complex. A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building has been set up by the Ex, the present building, an 85-year-old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues. The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag, the Indian Parliament consists of two houses called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with the President of India acting as their head. The President of India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament, the President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of five years. Lok Sabha or the house has 545 members. It has a term of five years, Rajya Sabha or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One third of the members every second year, and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years and its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members and it currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population, the minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years
4.
P. V. Narasimha Rao
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Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of India, from 1991–1996. His ascendancy to the prime ministership was politically significant in that he was the first holder of office from a non-Hindi-speaking region. He led an important administration, overseeing a major economic transformation, Rao, who held the Industries portfolio, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj, as this came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. He is often referred to as the Father of Indian Economic Reforms, future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies pioneered by Raos government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the License Raj, reversing the socialist policies of Rajiv Gandhis government and he employed Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister to embark on historic economic transition. Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to tough economic. According to Natwar Singh, Unlike Nehru, his knowledge of Sanskrit was profound, Nehru had a temper, PV a temperament. His roots were deep in the spiritual and religious soil of India and he did not need to Discover India. 11th President of India APJ Abdul Kalam described Rao as a statesman who believed that the nation is bigger than the political system. Kalam acknowledged that Rao in fact asked him to get ready for nuclear tests in 1996, the tests were later conducted by Vajpayee-led NDA government. In fact Rao briefed Vajpayee on nuclear plans, Raos term as Prime Minister was an eventful one in Indias history. Rao died in 2004 of an attack in New Delhi. He was a personality with interests in a variety of subjects such as literature. PV Narasimha Rao had humble social origins and his father, P. Sitarama Rao, and mother, Rukminiamma, hailed from agrarian families. He later went on to Hislop College, now under Nagpur University, Raos mother tongue was Telugu, and he had an excellent command of Marathi. In addition to eight other Indian languages, he spoke English, French, Arabic, Spanish, along with his distant cousin Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao, Ch. Raja Narendra and Devulapalli Damodar Rao, PV edited a Telugu weekly magazine called Kakatiya Patrika in the 1940s. Both PV and Sadasiva Rao contributed articles under the pen-name Jaya-Vijaya, Narasimha Rao had three sons and five daughters. Rangarao was a minister in Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddys cabinet and MLA from Hanamakonda Assembly Constituency
5.
Indian general election, 1996
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General elections were held in India in 1996 to elect the members of the 11th Lok Sabha contested by the Congress Party and Bharatiya Janata Party. The result of the election was a parliament with neither top two leading securing a mandate. The Bharatiya Janata Party formed a short lived government, United Front, consisting of non Congress, non BJP was created and secured support from 332 members out of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha, resulting in H. D. Deve Gowda from the Janata Dal being the 11th Prime Minister of India, the 11th Lok Sabha produced three Prime Ministers in two years and forced the country back to the polls in 1998. The Indian National Congress government of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao came into the election on the back of several government scandals, seven cabinet members had resigned during the previous term, and Rao himself faced charges of corruption. In particular, the high profile May 1995 defection of Arjun Singh, the government was further weakened by a series of major scandals breaking less than 12 months from the election. In July 1995 it was found a former Congress youth leader had murdered his wife, government credibility fell further still when in late 1995 when violence significantly worsened in the Kashmir region, and sporadic fighting and ethnic tensions boiled over in Punjab province. As a result of the scandals, the Rao government went into the 1996 election at a low of ebb of public support, yet it did join with several strong regional partners - Shiv Sena, Haryana Vikas Party, and the Samata Party. The so-called Third Force during the 1996 elections was the National Front, after its collapse in 1990, the coalition had chopped and changed before reuniting in the run up to the 1996 election. Three main parties grouped together in September 1995 in hopes of presenting a viable political choice - the Left Front, Janata Dal. A split in the Uttar Pradesh government in December 1995 divided the front further, finally, lacking a strong leader or common set of principles, the main three parties joined with the Samajwadi Party in a common goal of simply denying power to either the Congress or BJP. Thus a characteristic of the 1996 elections was a number of strong regional. In January only a few months before the election, a scandal erupted. Jain, an industrialist in the steel and power sectors, was revealed to have given US$33 million in bribes to politicians from all major parties in return for favours. Further shocking the public, Jain had also channelled money to Kashmiri Muslim militants, almost 115 names would eventually be released, and numerous candidates and ministers were forced to resign in the aftermath. Most significantly was the resignation of L. K. Advani, with Atal Bihari Vajpayee taking over as leader of the BJP, the BJP ran a campaign centred around a four-point plan which aimed for probity of public life, self-reliance in the economy, social harmony and greater security. It strongly advocated a plan which would significantly scale back government intervention and encourage capital investment
6.
Shivraj Patil
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Shivraj Vishwanath Patil is an Indian politician who has been Governor of the state of Punjab and Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh since 2010. Previously, he was the Speaker of the 11th Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996 and he also served in the Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi cabinets as Minister of Defence during the 1980s. Patil was born in 1935 in the village of Chakur in the Latur district of the princely state of Hyderabad, now Maharashtra. He attended Osmania University, Hyderabad, earning a degree in Science, during 1967–69, he was involved in local government. Keshavrao Sonawane and Manikrao Sonawane helped Shivaraj Patil to get his first break to stand from Latur Constituency, Patil belongs to the Lingayat community. He married Vijaya Patil in June 1963, in 1980, he was elected to the 7th Lok Sabha from Latur constituency. By 1999, he had won seven successive Lok Sabha elections in 1980,1984,1989,1991,1996,1998 and 1999, in 2004 Lok Sabha election, he lost to Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Rupatai Patil Nilangekar. During 1983–86, he was Vice-President of CSIR India and he also served on various committees including those on Defence, External Affairs, Finance, Salaries and Allowances of members of parliament. In the Rajiv Gandhi government, he was Minister for Personnel, Defence production and later held independent charge of Civil Aviation and he has also held a number of important positions in the party ever since Sonia Gandhi took over the presidency of the party. He is largely known for introducing the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award, India in 1992 and he was the chairman of the manifesto committee of the party during the 1999 Lok Sabha election. Between 1991–1995, he was a member/leader of Indian parliamentary delegations to various international parliamentary conferences and he became Home Minister in 2004. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in July 2004, united States Ambassador David Mulford in an embassy cable described his removal after the Mumbai terrorist attack as inevitable and called him inept and asleep on the watch. Patils name was considered a candidate in 2007 presidential election. However, after the Left opposed his candidacy, Sonia Gandhi proposed Pratibha Patil, Governor of Rajasthan, shivraj Patil was later considered a possible candidate for the post of Vice-President of India. His extensive parliamentary experience and his reputation for fairness were said to be the advantages on his side. Shivraj Patil is referred as nero of India and he was reported to have been changing clothes for public appearances while the country was under a terror attack. His actions are compared to Nero who played his fiddle while the city burned as Patil focused on changing his clothes while the country was witnessing a terror attack and he is also criticized to have omitted this episode from his autobiography
7.
Indian National Congress
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The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. Congress was founded in 1885 during the British Raj, its founders include Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, there have been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru, and the most recent Manmohan Singh. The partys social liberal platform is considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics. From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance, a coalition of regional parties. As of March 2017, the party is in power in five states, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, in Bihar, it is a part of the ruling coalition. The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, in the 2014 general election, the Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance, winning only 44 seats of the 543-member house. The party primarily endorses social liberalism—seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice, the Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, including Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. It has been suggested that the idea was conceived in a meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in Madras in December 1884. Hume took the initiative, and in March 1885 the first notice convening the first Indian National Union to meet in Poona the following December was issued. Its objective was to obtain a share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Poona, Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Congress, the first session was held from 28–31 December 1885, representing each province of India, the Partys delegates comprised 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims, the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds. It also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammed Ali Jinnah—later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan. The Congress was transformed into a movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905. Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915, in 1923 following the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the agitation. In protest, a number of leaders, Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, the Khilafat movement collapsed and the Congress was split. Although its members were predominantly Hindu, it had members from other religions, economic classes, at the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj was declared as the partys goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Diwas, Independence Day. The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, the British government allowed provincial elections in India in the winter of 1936–37 under the Government of India Act 1935
8.
Bharatiya Janata Party
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The Bharatiya Janata Party is one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress. As of 2016, it is the countrys largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament and state assemblies. The BJP is a party, with close ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The BJPs origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee, after the State of Emergency in 1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party, it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP. Although initially unsuccessful, winning two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a term in office. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Since that election, Modi leads the NDA government as Prime Minister and as of March 2017, the official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism, first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party expresses a commitment to Hindutva, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions, the BJP advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. Its key issues have included the abrogation of the status to Jammu and Kashmir, the building of a Ram temple in Ayodhya. However, the 1998–2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues and it instead focused on a largely neoliberal economic policy prioritising globalisation and economic growth over social welfare. The BJPs origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh and it was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952 and it maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967. The Jana Sanghs first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the integration of Jammu. Mookerjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir and he died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail
9.
Janata Dal
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Singh lost a parliamentary vote of confidence on November 7,1990. In the Indian general election,1991 the Janata Dal lost power, Janata Dal-led United Front formed the government after the Indian general election,1996 with the outside support of the Indian National Congress. But after this the Janata Dal gradually disintegated into various regional parties Biju Janata Dal, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal. It first came to power in 1989, after allegations of corruption, known as the Bofors scandal, caused Rajiv Gandhis Congress to lose the elections. The National Front coalition that was formed consisted of the Janata Dal and a few parties in the government, and had outside support from the Left Front. V. P. Singh was the Prime Minister, Singh, to form the Samajwadi Janata Party, with a total of just sixty Lok Sabha members. Even though his rump party accounted for only one-ninth of the members of the Lok Sabha, Chandra Shekhar succeeded in forming a new minority Government, however, Chandra Shekhars government fell less than four months later, after the Congress withdrew its support. The Congress withdrew their support in less than a year, hoping to gain power with the support of various United Front constituent groups and his government too fell in a few months, and in February 1998, the Janata Dal-led coalition lost power to the Bharatiya Janata Party
10.
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
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The Communist Party of India is a communist party in India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964, the CPI was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964. The strength of CPI is concentrated in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, as of 2016, CPI is leading the state governments in Tripura and Kerala. It also leads the West Bengal Left Front, as of 2014, CPI claimed to have 10,48,678 members. The highest body of the party is the Politburo, CPI emerged from a division within the Communist Party of India. The undivided CPI had experienced a period of upsurge during the following the Second World War. The CPI led armed rebellions in Telangana, Tripura, and Kerala, however, it soon abandoned the strategy of armed revolution in favour of working within the parliamentary framework. In 1950 B. T. Ranadive, the CPI general secretary, under the government of the Indian National Congress party of Jawaharlal Nehru, independent India developed close relations and a strategic partnership with the Soviet Union. The Soviet government consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian state, moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to impose Presidents Rule in Kerala, simultaneously, the relations between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China soured. In the early 1960s the Communist Party of China began criticising the CPSU of turning revisionist, Sino-Indian relations also deteriorated, as border disputes between the two countries erupted into the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The basis of difference in opinion between the two factions in CPI was ideological – about the assessment of Indian scenario and the development of a party programme. This difference in opinion was also a reflection of a difference at international level on ideology between the Soviet and Chinese parties. The alleged right wing inside the party followed the Soviet path, whereas the faction of CPI which later became CPI referred to this as a revisionist approach of class collaboration. It was this ideological difference which later intensified, coupled with the Soviet-Chinese split at the international level, hundreds of CPI leaders, accused of being pro-Chinese, were imprisoned. Thousands of Communists were detained without trial and those targeted by the state accused the pro-Soviet leadership of the CPI of conspiring with the Congress government to ensure their own hegemony over the control of the party. In 1962 Ajoy Ghosh, the secretary of the CPI. After his death, S. A. Dange was installed as the party chairman and this was an attempt to achieve a compromise
11.
Communist Party of India
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The Communist Party of India is a communist party in India. In the Indian Communist movement, there are different views on exactly when the Communist Party of India was founded, but the date maintained as the foundation day by the CPI is 26 December 1925. However, the Communist Party of India, which separated from the CPI, has a different version that it was founded in 1920, the Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was formed on 25 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur. The founding members of the party were M. N, Roy, Evelyn Trent Roy, Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingof, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Rafiq Ahmed of Bhopal and M. P. B. T. Aacharya, and Sultan Ahmed Khan Tarin of North-West Frontier Province, the CPI says that there were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world and the Tashkent group was only one of. Contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal, small communist groups were formed in Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United Provinces and Punjab and Sindh. However, only Usmani became a CPI party member, during the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult, between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement, First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial, however, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. Roy, S. A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain, sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness, Roy was in Germany and R. C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested, Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment and this case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience. Dange was released from prison in 1927, on 25 December 1925 a communist conference was organised in Kanpur. Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference, the conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a National communism and against subordination under Comintern, being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left both the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name Communist Party of India, groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan dissolved into the unified CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was substituted by the organisation now operating inside India
12.
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is an Indian political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. It is currently in power in Tamil Nadu and is the third largest party in the Indian Parliament and it is a Dravidian party and was founded by M. G. Ramachandran on 17 October 1972 as a breakaway faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. From 1989 to 2016, AIADMK was led by Late J. Jayalalithaa, the party has won majorities in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly seven times, making it the most successful political outfit in the states history. The party headquarters is located in Royapettah, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, following the death of Jayalalithaa on December 5,2016, V. K. Sasikala was chosen unanimously as the Party General Secretary of AIADMK on December 29,2016. Ms. Sasikala attempted to be sworn in as CM without facing election, Mr O. Paneerselvam and his supporting MLAs and MPs started claiming party leadership. On 23 March 2017, the commission of India gave separate party symbols to the two factions, consisting of Mr O. Paneerselvam and V. K. Mr O. Paneerselvams faction is AIADMK, while V. K, later, MGR prefixed the All India tag to the partys name. Since its inception, the relationship between the AIADMK and DMK has been marked by mutual contempt, MGR used his fan network for building the party cadre, and estimates claim his party recruited more than a million members from the first two months of creation. The party tasted victory for the first time by winning the Dindigul parliamentary by-election in 1973, as of 2 April 1973, AIADMK emerged as the third largest political party represented by 11 MLAs in the Assembly. By 31 January 1976, AIADMK emerged as the second largest political party represented by 16 MLAs in the Assembly, AIADMK grew close to the Congress by supporting the Emergency which occurred between 1975 and 1977. The DMK-led government was dismissed by a Central promulgation of corruption charges in 1976, the AIADMK swept to power in 1977, trouncing DMK in the assembly elections. MGR was sworn in as the 7th Chief Minister of the state on 30 June 1977, MGR remained in power till his death in December 1987, winning three consecutive assembly elections held in 1977,1980 and 1984. Relations between the Congress and the AIADMK slowly became strained, in the mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980, the Congress aligned with the DMK and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 parliamentary seats in the state, the AIADMK won just two seats. After returning to power, the new minister, Indira Gandhi, dismissed a number of state governments belonging to the opposition parties. Elections to the assembly were held in late May 1980 with the opposition DMK continuing the electoral alliance with the Congress. In 1984, even with MGRs failing health and subsequent hospitalisation abroad, MGR continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure, which ended with his demise on 24 December 1987. The assembly elections in 1989 saw the DMK regaining power after 12 years in the opposition with Karunanidhi returning as the Chief Minister for the third time. AIADMK, due to its split, suffered heavily in the elections, with the Janaki and Jayalalithaa factions winning only 2 and 27 seats, following AIADMKs rout in the elections, the factions led by Jayalalithaa and Janaki merged under the formers leadership
13.
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
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Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, translation, Jharkhand Liberation Front) is a state political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It has two seats in the 15th Lok Sabha, Shibu Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also a political party in the neighbouring Indian states of Odisha. The party was created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th century tribal warrior of Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Mundas birthday in 2000, 100% of their MPs who contested in 2009 elections were candidates with pending criminal cases in their name. For almost six decades the movement for formation of Jharkhand from Bihar had been changing colour, the Jharkhand Party grew politically stronger but the commissions examining the demands for a separate Jharkhand State rejected these demands every time. Despite the reports of these commissions deciding against them, the Jharkhand Party never lost sight of its ultimate target, till 1962 Jharkhand Party won between 23-32 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly. Post 1962 the Jharkhand Party aligned with Indin National Congress and Jaipal Singh became a minister in Vinodanand Jhas government in Bihar, with this, the demand for the Tribal Homeland was put on hold for nearly a decade. At the 4th General Election held in 1967 the party had a poor showing with only eight Assembly seats. The party soon split into splinter groups each claiming to be the genuine Jharkhand Party. These were - the Jharkhand Party led by N. E, santhal leader Shri Shibu Soren founded the ‘Sonat Santhali Samaj’ in 1969. The party was created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th century tribal warrior of Jharkhand. On 4th Feb,1973 Shri Binod Bihari Mahto became president, the prominent party leaders at that time were, Comrade A. K. Roy, late Martin Nirmal Mahto, late Tek Lal Mahto among others. However Sorens association with the late congress M. P. Gyanranjan brought him close to the then Prime Minister of India and he won the Dumka Lok Sabha seat in 1972. Irked by Sorens association with the Indian National Congress, a few of the members of the JMM banded together in Jamshedpur. This did not affect the growth of the JMM in the Indian general election,1991 where the JMM won six seats, ram Dayal Munda reignited the movement for Jharkhand by unifying splinter groups among the tribals. Under his guidance the Jharkhand Coordination Committee was constituted in June 1987, comprising 48 organisations, the JMM/AJSU and JPP successfully orchestrated so-called bandhs, economic blockades in 1988–89. It is the 28th state of India, at the 2005 Jharkhand state assembly elections, the JMM took second place and received 17 of the 81 seats
14.
Telugu Desam Party
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Telugu Desam Party, abbreviated as TDP, is a regional political party active in the Southern States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The party was founded by N. T. Rama Rao on 29 March 1982, since 1995, the party is headed by Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the incumbent Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The partys headquarters is located at NTR Bhavan in Hyderabad, N. T. Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983 within nine months of the partys formation, thus forming the first non-Congress government in Andhra Pradesh. TDP also achieved the distinction of being the first regional party to become the main opposition party in Lok Sabha from 1984 to 1989. It was founded as an alternative to the Congress hegemony, by emphasizing on the Telugu regional pride, since the 1990s, it has followed an economically liberal policy that has been seen as pro-business and pro-development at the cost of the rural areas. The TDP uses yellow as the colour for the flag with a hut, wheel. A bicycle is used as the party symbol. The total number of Lok Sabha seats in Andhra Pradesh was 42, balayogi as the 12th Speaker of the Lok Sabha. N. T. Rama Rao First term, Nara Chandrababu Naidu First term. 31% of votes, thus achieving the distinction of becoming the first regional party to become a national opposition party. List of political parties in India National Democratic Alliance Official website
15.
Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
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Revolutionary Socialist Party is a political party in India. The party was founded on 19 March 1940 and has its roots in the Bengali liberation movement Anushilan Samiti, the party got around 0. 4% of the votes and three seats in the Lok Sabha elections in 1999 and 2004. It is part of the government in Tripura. A major section of the Anushilan movement had attracted to Marxism during the 1930s. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the Communist Consolidation, the majority of the Anushilan Marxists did however, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, feel hesitant over joining the Communist Party. The Anushilanites distrusted the political lines formulated by the Communist International and they criticised the line adopted at the 6th Comintern congress of 1928 as ultra-left sectarian. Moreover, when Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, moreover, the Anushilan Marxists opposed the notion of Socialism in One Country. However, although sharing some critiques against the leadership of Joseph Stalin and the Comintern, buddhadeva Bhattacharya writes in Origins of the RSP that the rejection of Stalinism did not automatically mean for them acceptance of Trotskyism. S. S. R. Anushilan Marxists adhered to the Marxist–Leninist theory of Permanent or Continuous Revolution, by the close of 1936 the Anushilan Marxists at the Deoli Detention Jail in Rajputana drafted a document formulating their political line. This document was distributed amongst the Anushilan Marxists at other jails throughout the country. At this point the Anushilan Marxists, recently released from long jail sentences, either they would continue as a separate political entity or they would join an existing political platform. They felt that they lacked the resources to build a political party. Joining the CPI was out of the question, due to differences in political analysis. Neither could they reconcile their differences with the Royists, in the end, the Congress Socialist Party, appeared to be the sole platform acceptable for the Anushilan Marxists. During the summer of 1938 a meeting place between Jayaprakash Narayan, Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, Tridib Chaudhuri and Keshav Prasad Sharma. The Anushilan Marxists then discussed the issue with Acharya Narendra Deva, the Anushilan Marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party. The great majority of the Anushilan Samiti had joined the CSP, the non-Marxists, although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the HSRA joined the CSP and this group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji
16.
Janata Party
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In the general election held after the end of the state of emergency in 1977, the Janata party defeated Congress to form the first non-Congress government in the history of the Republic of India. Raj Narain, a socialist leader, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971, on 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her 1971 election victory over Narain in the Rae Bareli constituency. She was barred from contesting any election for the six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to protests against the Congress government. The rationale was that of preserving national security, however, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Jivatram Kripalani, Biju Patnaik and Morarji Desai were imprisoned, Narain defeated Gandhi at Rae Bareli in those elections. The new Janata-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened investigations into Emergency-era abuses. By mid-1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai was forced to resign, popular disenchantment with the political in-fighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new Congress party, which won the general election called in 1980. Although the original Janata Party fragmented and dissolved, modern political parties continue to invoke its legacy, in August 2013, the party was merged with the Bharatiya Janata Party. Having led the Indian independence movement, the Indian National Congress became the most popular party in independent India. However, the Indian National Congress bifurcated in 1967 over the issue of the leadership of Indira Gandhi, supporters of Indira Gandhi claimed to be the real Congress party, adopting the name Indian National Congress – where R stood for Requisition. Congress politicians who opposed Indira identified themselves as the Indian National Congress – where O stood for Organisation or Old, however, Indiras subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity. The frequent invoking of Presidents rule to state governments led by opposition political parties was seen as authoritarian. Political leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Kripalani and Congress chief Morarji Desai condemned Indiras government as dictatorial, Narayan and Desai founded the Janata Morcha, the predecessor of what would become the Janata party. The Janata Morcha won the elections for the Vidhan Sabha of the state of Gujarat on 11 June 1975, on 12 June 1975 in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, the Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years. Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government, on 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in Delhi, calling for a Satyagraha – a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to force the government to resign. On 25 June 1975, the President of India, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, accepted prime minister Indira Gandhis recommendation to declare a state of national emergency, Indira argued that the political and civil disorder constituted a threat to national security. A state of emergency enabled the government to issue executive decrees without requiring the consent of Parliament
17.
Shiv Sena
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Shiv Sena, also known by the name Sena, is an Indian far-right regional political party. Its ideology is based on ideology and Hindu nationalism, founded on 19 June 1966 by political cartoonist Bal Thackeray. The party originally emerged from a movement in Mumbai demanding preferential treatment for Maharashtrians over migrants to the city and it is currently headed by Thackerays son, Uddhav Thackeray. Members of Shiv Sena are referred to as Shivsainiks, although the partys primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda. The party started taking part in Mumbai Municipal elections since its inception and it has been a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance since 1998, including the Vajpayee Government during 1998–2004 and the present Narendra Modi Government. The party has a hold over the Bollywood film industry. It has been referred to as an extremist, chauvinist, as well as a fascist party, Shiv Sena founder, Bal Thackeray, has taken comparisons with fascism as compliments as well as openly stated that he didnt believe in democracy. Shiv Sena and its supporters have been known to resort to violence with impunity, Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot and violence in the 1992-1993 Bombay riots. 80% of Shiv Sena MPs in the 15th Lok Sabha face criminal charges, after the Independence of India in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the Bombay Presidency, a popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states - Gujarat and Maharashtra, moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra. Mumbai, in ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry, on the other hand, there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white-collar jobs. In 1960 Bal Thackeray, a Mumbai-based cartoonist, began publishing the cartoon weekly Marmik. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments, on 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation. The Shiv Sena especially attracted a number of unemployed Marathi youth. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants
18.
Bahujan Samaj Party
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The Bahujan Samaj Party was the third largest national political party in India. The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and it was founded by Kanshi Ram in 1984, who named his protégée Mayawati as his successor in 2001. The BSP was the third most voted-for party in the 2014 general election, the BSP has its main base in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It has an elephant as its election symbol, the Pali word Bahujan is popularly found in the literature of Buddhist texts. Gautama Buddha used this word to guide his disciples to work for the Bahujan Hitay Bahujan Sukhay, the BSP used this slogan extensively to campaign in her political rallies. The Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on the anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar by Kanshi Ram, who named former schoolteacher Mayawati as his successor in 2001, the stories are narrated in such a manner that the Dalits imagine the story of the making of this nation in which they played a significant role. The partys power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the Lok Sabha, in 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party President Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister. Since this event, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals, Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called after a period of Presidents Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not hungry for power and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, in 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term. The results of the May 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a majority party. Most importantly, the majority achieved in part was due to the partys ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party. The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012 as against 206 in 2007 assembly elections, BSP government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term. On 11 July 2012, the party in a major revamp, the 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of India in terms of vote percentage, having 4. 2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats. On 9 August 2009, Mayawati declared that she had chosen a successor from the Dalit community who is 18–20 years her junior and she has penned down his name in a sealed packet left in the safe custody of two of her close confidantes. The name of the successor will be disclosed on her death, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election,2017 Dalit Buddhist movement Dalit Nationalism Official website
19.
All India Forward Bloc
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The All India Forward Bloc is a left-wing nationalist political party in India. It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939, the party re-established as an independent political party after the independence of India. It has its stronghold in West Bengal. The partys current Secretary-General is Debabrata Biswas, veteran Indian politicians Sarat Chandra Bose and Chitta Basu had been the stalwarts of the party in independent India. The formation of the Forward Bloc was announced to the public at a rally in Calcutta, Bose said that who all were joining, they had to never turn their back to the British and must fill the pledge form by cutting their finger and signing it with their blood. First of all, seventeen young girls came up and signed the pledge form, initially the aim of the Forward Bloc was to rally all the leftwing sections within the Congress and develop an alternative leadership inside the Congress. Bose became the president of the Forward Bloc and S. S. Cavesheer its vice-president, a Forward Bloc Conference was held in Bombay in the end of June. At that conference the constitution and programme of the Forward Bloc were approved, in July 1939 Subhas Chandra Bose announced the Committee of the Forward Bloc. Other prominent members were Annapurniah from Andhra Pradesh, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamnath from Bombay, muthuramalingam Thevar from Tamil Nadu and Sheel Bhadra Yajee from Bihar. Satya Ranjan Bakshi, was appointed as the secretary of the Bengal Provincial Forward Bloc, in August the same year Bose began publishing a newspaper titled Forward Bloc. He travelled around the country, rallying support for his new political project, the following year, on 20–22 June 1940, the Forward Bloc held its first All India Conference in Nagpur. The conference declared the Forward Bloc to be a socialist political party, the conference passed a resolution titled All Power to the Indian People, urging militant action for struggle against British colonial rule. Subhas Chandra Bose was elected as the president of the party, soon thereafter, on 2 July, Bose was arrested and detained in Presidency Jail, Calcutta. In January 1941 he escaped from house arrest, and clandestinely went into exile and he travelled to the Soviet Union via Afghanistan, seeking Soviet support for the Indian independence struggle. Stalin declined Boses request, and he travelled to Germany. In Berlin he set up the Free India Centre, and rallied the Indian Legion, in August 1942 the British authorities banned the Forward Bloc. Its offices around the country were ransacked, in 1943 Bose was transported to Asia, where he took over the leadership of the Indian National Army. During the final phase of the war the INA fought alongside the Japanese against the British army, inside India, local activists of the Forward Bloc continued the anti-British activities without central co-ordination
20.
Indian Union Muslim League
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The Indian Union Muslim League is a political party in India. It is recognized by the Election Commission of India as a State Party in Kerala, IUML has a MLA in Tamilnadu also. And it has an organisational structure in Tamilnadu. The Indian Union Muslim League was formed in Madras on 10 March 1948 and it had presence in the Parliament right from 1952 to present day. In Kerala, it has led the cabinet once under the late C. H. Mohammed Koya, in alliance with Indian National Congress and other parties, Muslim League has been an active member of the United Democratic Front. During the beginning of seventies, IUML had Ministers in West Bengal leading a contingent of seven MLAs in the state assembly, late A. K. A. Hassanussaman was the league representative during the ministry of Ajoy Mukherjee. As a constituent of United Progressive Alliance, IUML assisted UPA to muster the support of the minorities, E. Ahamed, who became the president of IUML following the demise of G. M. Banatwala, was the Minister of State for External Affairs during 2004-2009. From April 2009 to January 2011, he was Minister of State for Railways and he assumed charge again as Minister of State of External Affairs on January 24,2011. Ahamed also held the charge of the Ministry of Human Resource Development from July 2011 to October 2012. The party participated in the ouster of the first Communist Party of India government in Kerala in 1959, in 1960, the party took part in the formation of a coalition government in the state, consisting of the Indian National Congress, Praja Socialist Party and IUML. In the elections in Kerala in 1967, the party entered a united front coalition led by the Communist Party of India, the other members of the front were Communist Party of India, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Karshaka Thozhilali Party, Kerala Socialist Party and Samyukta Socialist Party. Muslim League had two ministers in the government of that front. After the 1970 elections, Achutha Menon became elected Chief Minister for the second time, members of the governing coalition were Indian National Congress, IUML, RSP and PSP. The Menon government lasted until the downfall of the Indira Gandhi regime in 1977, in the chaos that followed, the IUML leader C. H. Mohammed Koya held the post of Chief Minister from 12 October 1979 to 1 December 1979. While the two fronts, United Democratic Front and Left Democratic Front took shape ahead of the 1980 elections. A break-away faction, the All India Muslim League joined LDF, the two groups reunited in 1985 under the name IUML and as member of UDF. In 1987 IUML left UDF for a period only to reunite later, Muslim League is among the few Muslim organizations that maintains consistent presence in the Indian Parliament. The youth wing of IUML is called Muslim Youth League and their students wing is called Muslim Students Federation, the party has a womens political wing too – it is called Muslim Womens League
21.
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
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AIMIM has held the Lok Sabha seat for the Hyderabad constituency since 1984. In the 2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly elections, the AIMIM won seven seats, the party president and member of parliament Asaduddin Owaisi received the Sansad Ratna Award for 2014. The party has long seen as a political representation of Muslims in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The party has roots back to the days of the princely State of Hyderabad, then it was only Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen and the first meeting was held in the house of Nawab Mahmood Nawaz Khan on November 12,1927. The MIM advocated the set up of a Muslim dominion rather than integration with India, in 1938, Bahadur Yar Jung was elected president of the MIM which had a cultural and religious manifesto. It soon acquired political complexion and, alongside the Muslim League, were collaborators of British-occupied India forces, after the death of Bahadur Yar Jang in 1944, Qasim Rizvi was elected as the leader. The Razakars, led by Kasim Razvi, were a violent, anti-Hindu Islamist paramilitary organization of self-styled volunteers formed, ostensibly, the Razakars operated as storm troopers for the MIM. After the Indian annexation of Hyderabad State, the MIM was banned in 1948, Qasim Rizvi was jailed from 1948 to 1957, and was released on the condition that he would go to Pakistan where he was granted an asylum. Before leaving, Qasim Rizvi handed over the responsibility of whatever remained of the Ittehadul Muslimeen, to Abdul Wahid Owaisi, Abdul Wahed Owaisi restructured the Party and Organised it into All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen. After Abdul Wahed Owaisi, his son Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi took control of AIMIM in 1975 and was referred to as Salar E Millat. The AIMIM as a political party purports to protect and advance the rights of Muslims, Dalits, BCs, minorities and it bears true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India. It purports to believe in the nation’s secular democracy and that it strives to protect, in 1960, AIMIM won the Mallepally ward of Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. In 1962, Salahuddin won from Patharghatti assembly seat as an Independent candidate, in 1972, he won from Yakutpura and later in 1978, again from Charminar. In 1984 AIMIM emerged victorious in the Hyderabad Lok Sabha Seat, since then, Salahuddins elder son Asaduddin Owaisi represents the seat of Hyderabad. Mohammad Majid Hussain of the AIMIM was unanimously elected as the Mayor of Greater Hyderabad on January 2,2012, AIMIM was once reduced to one Assembly seat in Andhra Pradesh in 1994. On 12 November 2012, Asaduddin Owaisi announced the withdrawal of support to the UPA government citing communal policies of the current congress led government, All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen was then supporting Congress, both at Centre and at state level in Andhra Pradesh. Party president Asaduddin Owaisi won the Sansad Ratna award for his performance in lok Sabha. AIMIM made its entry into Maharashtra state by winning 13 seats in Nanded-Waghala city municipal council polls held on October 2012, AIMIM made its entry into Karnataka state by winning 6 seats in Karnataka local body elections held in March 2013
22.
Asom Gana Parishad
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Asom Gana Parishad is a state political party in Assam, India. The AGP was formed after the historic Assam Accord of 1985 when Prafulla Kumar Mahanta was elected as the youngest chief minister of the state, the AGP has formed government twice from 1985 to 1989 and from 1996 to 2001. The party split, with former Chief Minister, Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, forming the Asom Gana Parishad, the party won 14 seats out of 126 in the 2016 Legislative Assembly Elections, a historic win for the party. Further it is set to power with the Bodoland Peoples Front. Currently it is a part of North-East Regional Political Front consisting of parties of the northeast which has supported the National Democratic Alliance. AGP was a result of a six-year-long Assam Agitation against illegal infiltration of foreigners from Bangladesh into Assam and this movement continued for years, and the Assembly Election was held in 1983 in this hostile environment, which was protested by the agitating people. The movement, known as Assam Agitation has come to be remembered as one of the longest peaceful movements in the world after the freedom movement of India. Following this, the State Assembly was dissolved and the Congress government headed by Hiteswar Saikia, Asom Jatiyabadi Dal and the Purbanchaliya Loka Parishad also merged with AGP. Members from other organisations also joined the party, the party again formed the government in Assam after winning the elections in 1996. Party leader Prafulla Kumar Mahanta served as the Chief Minister of Assam for two terms, first from 1985 to 1990 and then again from 1996 to 2001, Asom Gana Parishad was a part of the National Front government from December 1989 to November 1990. Its Member of Parliament Dinesh Goswami was the Union Minister of Law, the party was again a part of the United Front governments headed by H. D. Deve Gowda and Inder Kumar Gujral. The party has been marginalized in the politics of Assam, once a formidable force, it has been sidelined by the Bodoland Peoples Front and the AIUDF of Badruddin Ajmal. Currently, the party has only 10 M. L. A in the Legislative Assembly of Assam and this fraction came back to the party fold in 1992. In 2000, former Assam PWD minister and senior party leader Atul Bora moved away along with Pulakesh Barua and these led to his demotion from being President of the party and later he was expelled from the party on July 3,2005 after being accused of anti-party activities. Mahanta then formed his own party, Asom Gana Parishad, finally on 14 October 2008 all breakaway groups reconciled in one umbrella at the historic town Golaghat. Prafulla Mahanta merged his AGP with it, Atul Bora and Pulakesh Barua merged their TGP with the AGP and farmer leader and former legislator of Patacharkuchi, Pabindra Deka too merged the Purbanchaliya Loka Parishad with it. The AGP was born out the illegal foreigners issue after the six-year-long Assam agitation,855 people laid down their lives in the agitation, however, the party has failed to honour the sacrifice of the martyrs by deviating from its principles. But I have no grievances against the dedicated grassroot-level workers and he was immediately appointed a member of the BJP National Executive and then later on State Spokesperson of the state BJP unit, prior to his current assignment to head the state as the new president
23.
Kerala Congress
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The Kerala Congress is a regional political party in the state of Kerala, India. The mass base of the party consists of Christians from Kottayam. Presently, the Kerala Congress is the third largest party after the Congress and IUML, the party has 9 MLAs in the current Kerala Legislative Assembly, and one Member of Parliament each, in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The party has its roots in the erstwhile Travancore region and is dominated by the farmers. The Kerala Congress has suffered severe divisions and several factions have emerged, factions included the parent under P. J. Joseph, Kerala Congress under K. M. Mani, Kerala Congress under R. Balakrishna Pillai, and Kerala Congress under Johnny Nellore. The group that had retained the official recognition by the Election Commission of India to the name Kerala Congress was the one led by P. J. Joseph until 2010, Kerala Congress grew under K. M. George. R. Balakrishna Pillai was another founding leader of the party, besides these two leaders Karingozhakkal Mani Mani, popularly called K. M. Mani and P. J. Joseph, the youth front leader rose as prominent leaders of the party, after the death of K. M. George in 1976, there was tussle for control over the party between Balakrishna Pillai and K. Pillai felt, as the senior most leader, he would be the de facto leader of the party, however Mani and Joseph had more followers. In the year 1977, just before the Assemble elections, R. Balakrishna Pillai announced a split from the parent Kerala Congress and this group came to be known as Kerala Congress with R. Balakrishna Pillai as the Chairman. In the Assembly elections of 1977 Kerala Congress stayed with U. D. F. and secured 20 seats where as Pillai group secured 2 seats with L. D. F. Kerala Congress was again split in the year 1979, when veteran Indian politician, Mani, announced a split from the parent Kerala Congress, owing to difference of opinions with P. J. Joseph. This group came to be known as Kerala Congress with K. M. Mani as the Chairman, in the 1979 Panchayat elections Kerala Congress stayed with U. D. F. and Kerala Congress under P. J. Joseph stayed with L. D. F. In 1980 Assembly elections both factions switched the sides, Kerala Congress moved over to L. D. F. along with Congress Leader A. K. Antony and Kerala Congress under P. J. Joseph moved over to U. D. F. Later Kerala Congress returned to the U. D. F, all three factions represented the U. D. F. in 1982 Assembly lections as separate entities. In the 1982 U. D. F government, K, M Mani, P. J. Joseph, R. Balakrishna Pilai, T. M. Jacob became ministers. In 1985 the Kerala Congress and Kerala Congress merged with its parent Kerala Congress under P. J. Joseph while the two realized that the splits are indeed weakening the party. The merged Kerala Congress had 25 MLAs and 4 Ministers and this became a huge controversy and Pillai was forced to resign from the Cabinet and his portfolio was given to K
24.
Andhra Pradesh
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Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 162,968 km2, as per 2011 Census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants. On 2 June 2014, the portion of the state was bifurcated to form a new state of Telangana. In accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act,2014, Hyderabad will remain the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of not exceeding 10 years. The new riverfront proposed capital in Guntur district is Amaravati, which is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA, the Gross State Domestic Product of the state in the 2016–2017 financial year at current prices stood at ₹6,800.3 billion. The state has a coastline of 974 km with jurisdiction over nearly 15,000 km2 territorial waters, the second longest among all the states of India after Gujarat. It is bordered by Telangana in the north-west, Chhattisgarh in the north, Odisha in the north-east, Karnataka in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south and the water body of Bay of Bengal in the east. A small enclave of 30 km2 of Yanam, a district of Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh is composed of two regions, Coastal Andhra, located along the Bay of Bengal, and Rayalaseema, in the inland southwestern part of the state. These two regions comprise 13 districts, with 9 in Coastal Andhra and 4 in Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the worlds most visited religious sites, a tribe named Andhra has been mentioned in the Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana. According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India, archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of emperor Ashoka, the Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE, the Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jatiya and Andhra-bhrtya in the Puranic literature, Dharanikota along with Amaravathi was the capital of the later Satavahanas. Amaravathi became a trade and pilgrimage centre during the Satavahana rule. According to the Buddhist tradition, Nagarjuna lived here, possibly in second, Andhra Ikshvakus were one of the earliest recorded ruling dynasties of the Guntur-Krishna regions of Andhra Pradesh. They ruled the eastern Andhra country along the Krishna river during the half of the second century CE. Puranas called Andhra Ikshvakus Shri Parvatiya Andhras, archaeological evidence has suggested that the Andhra Ikshvakus immediately succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna river valley
