1.
NHS 111
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NHS111 is a free-to-call single non-emergency number medical helpline operating in England and Scotland. The service is part of each countrys National Health Service and has replaced the telephone triage and advice provided by NHS Direct, NHS24. The transition was completed in England during February 2014 with Scotland following during April 2014, NHS Direct Wales started a phased roll-out of a similar 111 service in late 2016. NHS Direct Wales has continued to operate via 08454647, the health service of Northern Ireland will be able to introduce its own similar service using the 111 number if it chooses to do so. Arrangements to identify and secure a suitable number for England began in July 2009. In late August 2010, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government proposed that 111 could replace the existing NHS Direct telephone helpline in England. The first trial, in County Durham and Darlington, started on 23 August 2010, with Nottingham starting on 18 November 2010, Lincolnshire on 22 November 2010, and Luton on 3 December 2010. In July 2015 NHS England decided that what was required was an urgent care access, treatment. Clinical Commissioning Groups were told to stop any procurement exercises until revised commissioning standards, in England, the service is accountable at a Clinical Commissioning Group level but was originally commissioned on a regional basis, with a number of service providers. The lack of clarity as to accountability was criticised in a Deloitte report into the launch failure by NHS Direct. As of December 2013 all NHS Direct contracts are being serviced by stability partner organisations such as ambulance trusts or GP co-operative organisations, the service operates 24 hours a day. When GP surgeries are closed normally between 6. 30pm and 8am, at weekends and at Bank Holidays the service will refer many patients to an out-of-hours service and this can also happen if practices are closed for training purposes. The service uses a decision support system which structures the response to a call. Calls are initially assessed by a handler and may be passed to a clinician. The service has been criticised for being too cautious and directing too many patients to A&E departments, gPs have complained that the service has not been inspected by the Care Quality Commission and that it may jeopardise the safety of out-of-hours services. Between 2010 and 2015 the service has handled 24 million calls with an average length of 14 minutes. 97% of calls made have been answered within 60 seconds, 10% of calls trigger the dispatch of an ambulance -93,000 in the 12 months from April 2014 to April 2015. NHS111 was launched in a number of regions in March 2013 ahead of a planned national launch in April 2013
2.
Emergency telephone number
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In many countries the public switched telephone network has a single emergency telephone number that allows a caller to contact local emergency services for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country, it is typically a number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services, see List of emergency telephone numbers. The emergency telephone number is a case in the countrys telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now mixed with ordinary telephone traffic. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to a telephone number. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers, an emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a telephone operator or an emergency service dispatcher. The nature of the emergency is then determined, if the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of services being needed on a call. Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to help in an appropriate manner. The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations, some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform first aid or CPR. In many parts of the world, a service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the company uses to bill calls. For an individual fixed landline telephone, the number can often be associated with the callers address. However, with phones and business telephones, the address may be a mailing address rather than the callers location. The latest enhanced systems, such as Enhanced 911, are able to provide the location of mobile telephones. This is often specifically mandated in a countrys legislation, when an emergency happened in the pre-dial telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer number, please
3.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
4.
Masterton
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Masterton is a large town and local government district in the Wellington Region of New Zealand. It is the largest town in the Wairarapa, a region separated from Wellington by the Rimutaka ranges and it is 100 kilometres north-east of Wellington,39.4 kilometres south of Eketahuna, on the Ruamahanga River. Masterton has an population of 21,200, and district population of 24,600. The Wairarapa Line railway allows access to Wellington, Lower Hutt, Masterton businesses include services for surrounding farmers. Three new industrial parks are being developed in Waingawa, Solway, the town is the headquarters of the annual Golden Shears sheep-shearing competition. The association was led by Joseph Masters – after whom the town was named – and aimed to settle working people in villages, at first Masterton grew slowly, but as its farming hinterland became more productive it began to prosper. In the 1870s it overtook Greytown as Wairarapa’s major town and it became a borough in 1877 and was reached by the railway line from Wellington in 1880. This cemented the position as the region’s main market and distribution centre. In the 20th century Masterton kept growing, but never enough to dominate the region, from the 1960s, people and businesses left for opportunities elsewhere. In the 1980s, with government deregulation and protective tariffs lifted, more businesses closed, in April 1965 one of the countrys worst industrial accidents occurred at the General Plastics Factory. It did not quite qualify to be a city by 1989 when the population requirement for that status was lifted from 20,000 to 50,000. At the 2013 census, Masterton District had a population of 23,352 and its population is ranked 40th in size out of the 67 districts in New Zealand. There were 9,600 occupied dwellings,1368 unoccupied dwellings, of the population,11,226 were male, and 12,123 female. The district had an age of 42.8 years,4.8 years above the national median age of 38 years. People aged 65 years and over made up 19. 1% of the population, compared to 14. 3% nationally, and people under 15 years made up 20. 0%, compared to 20. 4% nationally. Mastertons ethnicity was made up of,86. 6% European,18. 6% Maori,2. 4% Asian,3. 3% Pacific Islanders,0. 30% Middle Eastern/Latin American/African,2. 1% New Zealanders, and 0. 00% Other. Masterton had an unemployment rate of 7. 3% of people 15 years and over, the median annual income of all people 15 years and over was $23,500, compared to $28,500 nationally. Of those,39. 3% earned under $20,000, compared to 38. 2% nationally, while 19. 7% earned over $50,000, There has been job growth of 1. 9% since 2014 resulting in a net increase of 220 jobs
5.
Carterton, New Zealand
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Carterton is a small town in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and the seat of the Carterton District. It lies in a area of the Wairarapa in New Zealands North Island. It is located 14 kilometres southwest of Masterton and 80 kilometres northeast of Wellington, the town has a population of 5,130, out of a total district population of 8,900. Originally known as Three Mile Bush, it served as housing for workers building the road between Wellington and Masterton and it was later renamed after Charles Carter, who was in charge of the building of the Black Bridge over the Waiohine River south of the town. The town describes itself as New Zealands daffodil capital, holding a Daffodil Festival each year on the second Sunday in September, Carterton claimed to be the first place in the world with a transsexual mayor, Georgina Beyer. Beyer went on to become the MP for Wairarapa, on 7 January 2012, a hot air balloon crashed just north of the town, killing eleven people and making headlines around the world. The balloon came into contact with a power line supplying the town, resulting in the balloon catching fire. Cartertons town clock is located on High Street next to the post office, the existing tower was put into operation in September 1962, replacing the original clock tower atop the post office that was damaged in the 24 June 1942 Wairarapa earthquake. The Bank of New South Wales, showing confidence in Carterton, built a beautifully ornate bank building on the corner of Park Road and this building is listed in the historic buildings list found in the Wairarapa Combined District Plan. After an unfavourable engineers assessment the bank shifted out of the building approximately 150 metres south in High Street North, the building requires extensive earthquake strengthening in the near future. Historic Carterton Railway Station is located west of the town centre off Belvedere Road, the station building at the station is original, having been built when the railway opened in 1880, and has accepted passenger services ever since. It is currently leased from KiwiRail Network by the Wairarapa Railway Restoration Society, the Carterton District library on Holloway Street is New Zealands oldest purpose-built library that is still in use as a library today. The Carterton Events Centre is also on Holloway Street, opened in October 2011, this state-of-the-art, multi-purpose community facility is available for community and commercial use. Centrally located in the Wairarapa region, the Centre provides modern, flexible, spaces for all manner of events, shows, exhibitions, meetings, interconnection of spaces throughout the Centre allows for separation and opening up of spaces to cater for different needs. The Events Centre belongs to the Carterton community, through the Carterton District Council, Cartertons Memorial Square is on the corner of High Street and Park Road and holds Cartertons World War One memorial, positioned centrally. The red granite pillar, apparently broken off at the top, the memorial was unveiled on 13 February 1921 by Minister of Internal Affairs George Anderson. Since the 1930s Memorial Square has been administered under an act of parliament – the Carterton, on Sundays from 22 February 2015, the Square began to host Carterton Farmers Market. This weekly produce and craft event was born of the 2014 Place Making Carterton project, initiated by the Carterton District Business group and Carterton District Council
6.
Telephone exchange
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A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises. In historical perspective, telecommunication terms have been used with different semantics over time, the term telephone exchange is often used synonymously with central office, a Bell System term. Often, an office is defined as a building used to house the inside plant equipment of potentially several telephone exchanges. Such an area has also referred to as the exchange. Central office locations may also be identified in North America as wire centers, All central offices within a larger region, typically aggregated by state, were assigned a common numbering plan area code. For corporate or enterprise use, a telephone exchange is often referred to as a private branch exchange. Smaller installations might deploy a PBX or key telephone system in the office of a receptionist and this made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephony an available and comfortable communication tool for everyday use, one of the first to propose a telephone exchange was Hungarian Tivadar Puskás in 1877 while he was working for Thomas Edison. The first experimental telephone exchange was based on the ideas of Puskás, the worlds first commercial telephone exchange opened on November 12,1877 in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin. George W. Coy designed and built the first commercial US telephone exchange opened in New Haven. The switchboard was built from carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire, Charles Glidden is also credited with establishing an exchange in Lowell, MA. with 50 subscribers in 1878. In Europe other early telephone exchanges were based in London and Manchester, Belgium had its first International Bell exchange a year later. In 1887 Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard, later exchanges consisted of one to several hundred plug boards staffed by switchboard operators. Each operator sat in front of a panel containing banks of ¼-inch tip-ring-sleeve jacks. In front of the jack panel lay a horizontal panel containing two rows of patch cords, each connected to a cord circuit. When a calling party lifted the receiver, the loop current lit a signal lamp near the jack. The operator responded by inserting the rear cord into the jack and switched her headset into the circuit to ask, Number. For a local call, the operator inserted the front cord of the pair into the partys local jack
7.
Police
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A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the use of force. Law enforcement, however, constitutes part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, in some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree, the police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes. Alternative names for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police department, police service, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. As police are often interacting with individuals, slang terms are numerous, many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymology. One of the oldest, cop, has largely lost its slang connotations and this is derived from πόλις, city. Law enforcement in ancient China was carried out by prefects for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period, in Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. Under each prefect were subprefects who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area, some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. The concept of the system spread to other cultures such as Korea. In ancient Greece, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police, in Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves, in the Roman empire, the army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to some extra security. Magistrates such as fiscal and quaestors investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The vigiles were supported by the Urban Cohorts who acted as a heavy-duty anti-riot force, in medieval Spain, Santa Hermandades, or holy brotherhoods, peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in Castile. These organizations were intended to be temporary, but became a fixture of Spain
8.
Ambulance
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The word is often associated with road going emergency ambulances which form part of an emergency medical service, administering emergency care to those with acute medical problems. The term ambulance does, however, extend to a range of vehicles other than those with flashing warning lights. The term ambulance comes from the Latin word ambulare as meaning to walk or move about which is a reference to medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances were first used for transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the siege of Málaga by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the American Civil War vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons, there are other types of ambulance, with the most common being the patient transport ambulance. These vehicles are not usually equipped with equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Their purpose is simply to transport patients to, from or between places of treatment, in most countries, these are not equipped with flashing lights or sirens. In some jurisdictions there is a form of the ambulance used, that only carries one member of ambulance crew to the scene to provide care. In these cases a patient who requires transportation to hospital will require an ambulance to attend in addition to the first responder. The history of the ambulance begins in ancient times, with the use of carts to transport incurable patients by force, Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to the modern self-powered ambulances, Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfil more than one function, Emergency ambulance – The most common type of ambulance, which provide care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft or even converted vehicles such as golf carts. Patient transport ambulance – A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to and these can be vans, buses or other vehicles. Response units may be backed up by an ambulance which can transport the patient, or may deal with the problem on scene. These can be a variety of vehicles, from standard cars, to modified vans, motorcycles, pedal cycles. These units can function as a vehicle for officers or supervisors, Fire & Rescue services in North America often staff EMTs or Paramedics to their apparatuses to provide medical care without the need to wait for an ambulance
9.
Fire department
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Other life safety services, such as technical rescue, hazardous materials, and emergency medical services may also be provided by the agency. In the United States a fire brigade is the private firefighting organization of a company or enterprise, a fire department usually contains one or more fire stations within its boundaries, and may be staffed by career firefighters, volunteer firefighters, or a combination thereof. A fire department may provide fire protection or fire prevention services, whereby firefighters visit homes and give fire safety advice. In many countries fire protection or prevention is seen as an important role for the service, as preventing a fire from occurring in the first place can save lives. Fire departments are organized in a system of administration, services, training, and operations, for example, Administration is responsible for supervision, budgets, policy, Service offers protection, safety, and education to the public. Training prepares skilled people with the knowledge to perform their duties, operations performs the tasks to successfully save the public from harm. Larger departments have branches within themselves to increase efficiency, composed of volunteers, support, volunteers give advantages to the department in a state of emergency. Support organizing the resources within and outside of the department, research is to give advantages in new technologies for the department. A fire departments jurisdiction is organized by the body that controls the department. This comes from a municipality, county, prefecture, state, province, the most common type of government control is at the municipality level. The jurisdiction size and organisation would be set up by a department or the government in charge of these duties and this deals with the placement of fire stations, equipment, and personnel within the area of control. Fire departments periodically survey their areas and use the data for redeploying proper coverage. This data comes from time, range from station, and/or a population survey. This brings equal service to the community and gives the department efficient places to launch operations. The earliest known firefighting service was formed in Ancient Rome by Egnatius Rufus who used his slaves to provide a fire service. These men fought fires using bucket chains and also patrolled the streets with the authority to impose corporal punishment upon those who violated fire-prevention codes, the Emperor Augustus established a public fire department in 24 BCE, composed of 600 slaves distributed amongst seven fire stations in Rome. Fire departments were formed by property insurance companies beginning in the 17th century after the Great Fire of London in 1666. The first insurance brigades were established the following year, each company had its own fire mark, a durable plaque that would be affixed to the building exterior
