1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
3.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
4.
Silver Spring, Maryland
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Silver Spring is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It had a population of 76,716 according to 2013 estimates by the United States Census Bureau, making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland, after Baltimore, Columbia, and Germantown. The urbanized, oldest, and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington. As of 2004, the Central Business District held 7,254,729 square feet of space,5216 dwelling units and 17.6 acres of parkland. The population density of this CBD area of Silver Spring was 15,600 per square mile all within 360 acres, the community has recently undergone a significant renaissance, with the addition of major retail, residential, and office developments. Silver Spring takes its name from a spring discovered there in 1840 by Francis Preston Blair. Acorn Park, tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the downtown area, is believed to be the site of the original spring. As an unincorporated area, Silver Springs boundaries are not officially defined and this definition is a 15% reduction from the 9.4 sq. mi. used in previous years. The United States Geological Survey locates the center of Silver Spring at 38°59′26″N 77°1′35″W, by another definition, Silver Spring is located at 39°0′15″N 77°1′8″W. Residents of a swath of South-Eastern Montgomery County have Silver Spring mailing addresses. This area extends roughly from the Washington, D. C, Prince Georges County, Maryland and Howard County, Maryland lines to the west, north and east, and Rock Creek Park and Plyers Mill Road to the west and north-west. These boundaries make Silver Spring larger in area than any city in Maryland except for Baltimore. Rock Creek Park passes along the west side of Silver Spring, and offers hiking trails, picnic grounds, and bicycling on weekends, Sligo Creek Park follows Sligo Creek through Silver Spring, it offers hiking trails, tennis courts, playgrounds and bicycling. The latter is facilitated on weekends, when parts of Sligo Creek Parkway are closed to automobiles, the bike trails are winding and slower than most in the region. Recently, rocks have been spread along either side of the road, providing a hazardous bike ride, acorn Park in the downtown area of Silver Spring is believed to be the site of the eponymous silver spring. The 14. 5-acre Jesup Blair Park was recently renovated and features a field, tennis courts, basketball courts. Brookside Gardens is a 50-acre park within Wheaton Regional Park, in greater Silver Spring and it is located on the original site of Stadler Nursery. Northwest Branch Park is a 700-acre park surrounding the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River, the park includes hiking, equestrian, and cycling trails on the Northwest Branch and Rachel Carson Greenway Trails
5.
Frederick, Maryland
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Frederick is a city and the county seat of Frederick County in the U. S. state of Maryland. It is part of the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area. C. and it is a part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of a greater Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area. The citys population was 65,239 people at the 2010 United States Census, located where Catoctin Mountain meets the rolling hills of the Piedmont region, the Frederick area became a crossroads even before European explorers and traders arrived. The earliest European settlement was north of Frederick in Monocacy. Daniel Dulany—a land speculator—laid out Frederick Town by 1745, three years earlier, All Saints Church had been founded on a hilltop near a warehouse/trading post. In 1742, Marylands General Assembly made Frederick the county seat of Frederick County, the current towns first house was built by a young German Reformed schoolmaster from the Rhineland Palatinate named Johann Thomas Schley, who led a party of immigrants to the Maryland colony. The Palatinate settlers bought land from Dulany on the banks of Carroll Creek, Schleys settlers also founded a German Reformed Church. Probably the oldest house standing in Frederick today is Schifferstadt, built in 1756 by German settler Joseph Brunner. Schleys group was among the many Pennsylvania Dutch who migrated south, another important route continued along the Potomac River from near Frederick, to Hagerstown, where it split. One branch crossed the Potomac River near Martinsburg, West Virginia, the other continued west to Cumberland, Maryland and ultimately crossed the Appalachian Mountains into the watershed of the Ohio River. Thus, British General Edward Braddock marched his troops west in 1755 through Frederick on the way to their fateful ambush near Fort Duquesne during the French, however, the British after the Proclamation of 1763 restricted that westward migration route until after the American Revolutionary War. Other German settlers in Frederick were Evangelical Lutherans, led by Rev. Henry Muhlenberg and they moved their mission church from Monocacy to what became a large complex a few blocks further down Church Street from the Anglicans and the German Reformed Church. Frederick also had a Catholic mission, to which Rev, jean DuBois was assigned in 1792, which became St. John the Evangelist Church. To control this crossroads during the American Revolution, the British garrisoned a German Hessian regiment in the town, afterward, many former Hessians stayed on and married into the towns families, strengthening the towns German identity. As the county seat for Western Maryland, Frederick not only was an important market town, although Montgomery County and Washington County were split off from Frederick County in 1776, Frederick remained the seat of the smaller county. Important lawyers who practiced in Frederick included John Hanson, Francis Scott Key, Frederick was also known during the nineteenth century for its religious pluralism, with one of its main thoroughfares, Church Street, hosting about a half dozen major churches. In 1793, All Saints Church hosted the first confirmation of an American citizen and that original colonial building was replaced in 1814 by a brick classical revival structure. It still stands today, although the principal worship space has become a larger brick gothic church joining it at the back
6.
Olney, Maryland
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Olney is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland. It is located in the central part of the county, twenty miles north of Washington. It was largely agricultural until the 1960s, when growth of the Washington suburbs led to its conversion into a residential area. As generally defined, Olney had a population of 33,844 in the 2010 U. S. Census. In 2013 it was ranked #22 Money magazines top-earning towns edition of Americas Best Places to Live, originally known as Mechanicsville, the village which became Olney was established in 1800. The area was farmland, but it soon began attracting artisans. Early residents Sarah Brooke and Dr. Charles Farquhar were devotees of the English poet William Cowper, the area was in turn named for their home, which still stands and is known as the Olney House. The Quaker community in Sandy Spring thrived just to Olneys east, the Sandy Spring Museum is a historical museum featuring educational programs and displays. St. Johns Episcopal Church was established in 1842 and survives to this day, after the siege of Washington by the British in 1814 during the War of 1812, President Madison and his family passed through Olney en route to taking refuge in the neighboring town of Brookeville. Both Union and Confederate forces made stops in Olney during the war, Union Generals George B. McClellan and Ambrose Burnside led soldiers through in the midst of the Maryland Campaign in 1862. During the Gettysburg Campaign in 1863, Confederate General J. E. B, stuart marched a 10,000 and 20,000 troops north through the village and raided it of supplies, including horses and crops from surrounding farms in which they bivouacked. As an unincorporated area, Olneys boundaries are not officially defined, the United States Census Bureau defines a census-designated place of Olney centered at 39°9 North and 77°5 West. It has an area of 13.0 square miles. Olneys town center sits at the intersection of state route 97, the town, larger than any other in the neighboring areas, lies south of Brookeville, west of Sandy Spring, east-northeast of Gaithersburg, north-northeast of Rockville, and north of Aspen Hill. At the 2010 U. S. Census, there were 33,844 people,11,606 households, the population density is 2,603.4 people per square mile. There are 11,879 housing units at a density of 913.8 per square mile. The ethnic makeup of the area is 75. 1% White,11. 9% African American,12. 0% Asian,8. 5% Hispanic or Latino,3. 1% of the population identifies with Some Other Race. There are 11,606 households, of which 81. 4% are family households, among all households,41. 7% have children under the age of 18 living with them
7.
Greenbelt, Maryland
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Greenbelt is a city in Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States. Contained within todays City of Greenbelt is the planned community now known locally as Old Greenbelt. Greenbelts population was 23,068 at the 2010 U. S. Census, Greenbelt is known widely as a public cooperative community founded in the New Deal Era. Greenbelt was one of three green towns planned in 1935 under the United States Resettlement Administration, along with Greendale, Wisconsin and Greenhills, Greenbelt is located at 39°0′2″N 76°53′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.34 square miles. Greenbelts ZIP codes are 20768,20770, and 20771, the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Goddard Space Flight Center is located in Greenbelt, as is Greenbelt Park, a unit of the National Park System. Two major highways pass through and have interchanges in Greenbelt, the Capital Beltway, Greenbelt Road is a portion of State Highway 193, which connects several suburban towns. Kenilworth Avenue traverses Greenbelt in a North-South direction, Washington Metro rapid transit rail service from Washington, D. C. serves Greenbelt Metro Station, the northern terminus of the systems Green Line. Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Berwyn Heights College Park Goddard Lanham New Carrollton Glenn Dale Old Greenbelt was settled in 1937 as a cooperative community in the New Deal Era. Construction of the new town would create jobs and thus help stimulate the national economic recovery following the Great Depression. Working alongside Tugwell was Charles W. Yost, the two other green towns are Greendale, Wisconsin and Greenhills, Ohio. A fourth green town, Roosevelt, New Jersey, was planned but was not fully developed on the large scale as Greenbelt. Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, helped Tugwell lay out the Maryland town on a site that had formerly consisted largely of tobacco fields. The architectural planning of Greenbelt was innovative, but no less so than the engineering involved in this federal government project. Applicants for residency were interviewed and screened based on income and occupation, African-Americans were initially excluded, but were later included by the Greenbelt Committee for Fair Housing founded in 1963, and came to number 41% of residents according to the 2000 census. Much of the community is now located within the Greenbelt Historic District, Greenbelt was the subject of the 1939 documentary film The City. As of the census of 2010, there were 23,068 people,9,747 households, the population density was 3,673.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,433 housing units at a density of 1,661.3 per square mile
8.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
9.
Battle of Long Island
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The Battle of Long Island is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights. It was fought on August 27,1776 and was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4,1776. It was a victory for the British Army and the beginning of a campaign that gave them control of the strategically important city of New York. In terms of troop deployment and fighting, it was the largest battle of the entire war, Washington understood that the citys harbor would provide an excellent base for the British Navy during the campaign, so he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack. After five days of waiting, the British attacked American defenses on the Guan Heights, unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after. The Americans panicked, resulting in twenty percent losses through casualties and captures, the remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights. The British dug in for a siege but, on the night of August 29–30, Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after several more defeats and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. In the first stage of the war, the British Army was trapped in the city of Boston and they abandoned it on March 17, setting sail to Halifax. Washington then began to transfer regiments to New York City which he believed the British would next attack because of its strategic importance. Washington left Boston on April 4, arrived at New York on April 13, Washington had sent his second in command Charles Lee ahead to New York the previous February to establish the citys defenses. Lee remained in New York City until March, when the Continental Congress sent him to South Carolina, troops were in limited supply, so Washington found the defenses incomplete, but Lee had concluded that it would be impossible to hold the city with the British commanding the sea. He reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict casualties upon the British if any move was made to take. Barricades and redoubts were established in and around the city, Lee also saw that the immediate area was cleared of Loyalists. Washington began moving troops to Brooklyn in early May, and there were several thousand of them there in a short time. Three more forts were under construction on the side of the East River to support Fort Stirling. These new fortifications were Fort Putnam, Fort Greene, and Fort Box and they lay from north to south, with Fort Putnam farthest to the north, Greene slightly to the southwest, and Box slightly farther southwest. Each of these structures was surrounded by a large ditch, all connected by a line of entrenchments. Fort Defiance was also being constructed at this time, located farther southwest, past Fort Box, hulks were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways
10.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
11.
Battle of Front Royal
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Front Royal demonstrated Jacksons use of Valley topography and mobility to unite his own forces while dividing those of his enemies. At a minimal cost, he forced the withdrawal of a large Union army by striking at its flank and threatening its rear. On May 21,1862, the Union army under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, numbering about 9,000 men, was concentrated in the vicinity of Strasburg, Virginia, with two companies of infantry at Buckton Depot. Col. John R. Kenly commanded 1,063 men, Confederate cavalry under Col. Turner Ashby confronted Banks near Strasburg, but then withdrew to join the main army, which crossed Massanutten Mountain via New Market Gap to reach Luray, Virginia. On May 22, Jacksons Army of the Valley advanced along the muddy Luray Road to within ten miles of Front Royal, Jacksons headquarters were at Cedar Point. Colonel Thomas T. Munfords cavalry regiment was sent east to close off Manassas Gap, on the morning of May 23, the vanguard of Jacksons army reached Spanglers Crossroads. Here the Confederate cavalry under colonels Ashby and Thomas Flournoy diverged west to cross the South Fork of the Shenandoah River at McCoys Ford, the infantry continued to Asbury Chapel and right onto a cross road to reach Gooney Manor Road. Following this road, they approached Front Royal from the south, after minor skirmishing the Federals withdrew. Jacksons leading brigade, under the leadership of Brig. Gen. Richard Taylor, deployed on Prospect Hill, the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA and Major Roberdeau Wheats Louisiana Tigers battalion were thrown out in advance, entering the town and clearing it of Union skirmishers. The battle is notable in that the 1st Maryland CSA was thrown into battle with their fellow Marylanders, the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. On the day of the battle Captain William Goldsborough of the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA captured his brother Charles Goldsborough of the 1st Maryland Infantry, USA, Col. John Reese Kenly, in command of the Union forces, established his headquarters in the Vanoort House. He withdrew his force to Camp Hill, supported by a section of artillery, the Union line extended in an arc from the South Fork to Happy Creek, defending the South Fork bridge. Kenlys artillery opened fire and slowed the Confederate advance, the Confederate infantry advanced through town, deploying into line of battle under an accurate artillery fire. A Confederate flanking column moved to the east, crossing Happy Creek in an attempt to force Union withdrawal without a frontal assault. After a long delay because of the roads, a battery of rifled artillery was deployed on or near Prospect Hill to counter the Union guns on Camp Hill. In the meantime, after crossing the South Fork at McCoys Ford, Ashbys and Lt. Col. Flournoys 6th Virginia Cavalry rode via Bells Mill, Ashby made a mounted assault, which cost him several of his best officers before the Union defenders surrendered. Ashby cut the lines, severing communication between the main Union army at Strasburg and the detached force at Front Royal. He then divided the cavalry, sending Flournoys regiment east toward Riverton to threaten Kenlys rear, Ashby remained at Buckton Depot astride the railroad to prevent reinforcements from being sent to Front Royal
12.
War on Terror
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The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is a metaphor of war referring to the international military campaign that started after the September 11th attacks on the United States. U. S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001 and it was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with Islamic terrorist organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, in 2017 Donald Trump assumed presidency of the United States and vowed that the fight against ISIL is his number one priority. Trump has also agreed to work together and carry joint operations with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the war on terror. The phrase War on Terror has been used to refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U. S. The conflict has also referred to by names other than the War on Terror. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e. g. of the Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again, on 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, Bush stated that ur war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, in April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller, in her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror. U. S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, in March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation. In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term, basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage. Administration officials also described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, the plant produced much of the regions antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban, next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport
13.
Bradley T. Johnson
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Bradley Tyler Johnson was an American lawyer, soldier, and writer. His home state of Maryland remained in the Union during the American Civil War by military force, Johnson served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army, leading efforts to raise a Maryland Line in the CSA, and rising to command the 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA. Johnson was born in Frederick City, Maryland, a son of Charles Worthington Johnson and he graduated from Princeton in 1849, read law with William Ross of Frederick, and finished his legal degree at Harvard. He was admitted to the bar in 1851, on June 23,1851, he married Jane Claudia Saunders of North Carolina. Their son, Bradley Saunders Johnson was born on February 14,1856, by early May 1861 around 500 Marylanders had begun to assemble at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, under Johnsons command, forming 8 companies of Maryland infantry. Johnson preferred not to join the newly forming Virginia regiments, arguing that Marylanders should fight under their own flag. On May 17,1862 the initial 12-month term of duty of C Company, 1st Maryland Regiment, expired, Johnson reluctantly agreed with the men, but he could not disband the entire regiment in mid-campaign, and discontent began to spread. By May 22, on the eve of the Battle of Front Royal, steuart and Johnson argued with the men to no avail, though news of the rebellion was kept secret from General Jackson. When given orders to engage the enemy, Johnson addressed his soldiers, You have heard the order, I will have to return it with the endorsement upon the back that the First Maryland refuses to meet the enemy, despite being given orders by General Jackson. Before this day I was proud to call myself a Marylander, Marylanders you call yourselves - profane not that hallowed name again, for it is not yours. What Marylander ever before threw down his arms and deserted his colors in the presence of the enemy, and those arms, never before has one single blot defaced her honored history. Could it be possible to conceive a more atrocious, an outrage more damnable. Go home and publish to the world your infamy, boast of it when you meet your fathers and mothers, brothers, sisters and sweethearts. Tell them it was you who, when brought face to face with the enemy, proved yourselves recreants and this is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B, mcClellan, away from Richmond and into a retreat down the Virginia Peninsula. Johnson was advanced to the rank of general of cavalry in 1864. As commander of the post at Salisbury, N. C. he used his influence to lessen the suffering among the prisoners of war, after the war, Johnson practiced law in Richmond until 1879, when he moved to Baltimore. After the death of his wife, he moved to Amelia, Virginia, where he died, reports of Chases Decisions on the Fourth Circuit Memoir of Joseph E. C
14.
Milton Reckord
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Milton Atchison Reckord was an important figure in the history of the National Guard of the United States. He also served as Adjutant General of the State of Maryland Reckord was born to John and Lydia Reckord at their home in Harford County and he commenced work at his fathers milling plant in 1896 upon his graduation from Bel Air High School. He was married to Bessie Payne Roe from 1910 until her death in 1943, Reckord expressed desire to serve in the military, but, at the request of his mother, delayed entry into service until he turned 21. In 1920, he was appointed Adjutant General of the Maryland National Guard and, in 1934, while serving as Marylands Adjutant General. During the years between the First and Second World War, Reckord was an advocate for increasing the role of the National Guard in the United States national defensive strategy. From 1923 to 1925, he served as president of the National Guard Association of the United States, in 1933, he authored legislation that permanently gave National Guard personnel status as both state and federal troops. Reckord was mobilized for World War II with the 29th Infantry Division in February 1941, deemed by the Army to be too old to command a division in combat, he was relieved of command and assigned as the commander of the III Corps Area. He later deployed overseas and was named Theater Provost Marshal, European Theater of Operations, after World War II, Reckord returned to his post as the Adjutant General of Maryland. He received a promotion to Lieutenant General from Governor J. Millard Tawes in 1961. The Reckord Trophy is a prize awarded annually to the Army National Guard battalion that achieves the highest standards of training, the Reckord Trophy is one of the highest peacetime awards given to National Guard units. Reckord Armory, a recreation and athletics building on the campus of the University of Maryland, there is also a National Guard facility in the town of Bel Air, in Harford County, Maryland known as Reckord Armory. It is now a recreational facility
15.
D. John Markey
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David John Markey was an American politician, Army officer, businessman, and college football coach. He is probably most notable for an unsuccessful campaign for a United States Senate seat against former Maryland governor Herbert R. OConor in 1946. Markey was also the head coach for the Maryland Agricultural College football team from 1902 to 1904. Markey was born in Frederick, Maryland on October 7,1882 to parents John Hanshew, D. John Markey attended Frederick City High School. In 1898, he high school and volunteered to serve in the Spanish–American War in the United States Army as part of a company of the First Maryland Infantry Regiment raised in Frederick. One of his ancestors, Johann David Markey, immigrated to Frederick from the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1736, Johann David Markeys son of the same name served in the War of 1812 and with the 16th Regiment of the Maryland Militia. The Markey family was described as of Scotch-Irish origin and early settled in Frederick County. Markeys grandfather, also D. John Markey, was an owner of lumber yards and mills in the county. His father, John Hanshew Markey, was born in Frederick in 1834 and became a prominent resident of the city, long-time shoe merchant, in his youth, Markey played sandlot football for several years in his native Frederick. In 1900, he served as an assistant football coach at Western Maryland College, in 1902, the Maryland Agricultural College hired Markey as the first professional head coach of its football team with a salary of $300. Markey reinstated a physical training regimen, which had first been implemented by Grenville Lewis in 1896, Markey led Maryland to a 3–5–2 record in his first season and improved to 7–4 in 1903. In 1904, after the school refused him a salary increase, Markey commuted from Frederick twice a week to coach the team, while chemistry professor Buck Wharton was responsible for coaching duties the other four days. After the team posted a 2–4–2 record that season, Markey and the school ended their arrangement by mutual consent, during his tenure at Maryland from 1902 to 1904, Markey compiled a 12–13–4 record. He returned to Frederick to enter business selling hats and shoes, in 1905, at the rank of captain, he was responsible for standing up Company A of the Maryland National Guard. At this time, he held an independent political affiliation, served as the director of the Frederick Young Mens Christian Association, Markey was a member of the Reformed Church. On June 13,1907, he married Edna née Mullinix, in 1912, he became the first president of the newly established Frederick Chamber of Commerce. In 1916, at the rank of major, Markey commanded the 112th Machine Gun Battalion of the 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment and he eventually took command of the 115th Infantry Regiment. During the war, Markey rose to the rank of brigadier general, in 1923, Markey was serving as the Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee of the American Legion
16.
116th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 116th Infantry Regiment is an Infantry regiment in the Virginia Army National Guard. The regiment was formed as part of the Virginia Militia, units in the lineage of regiment included the famed Confederate States of America Stonewall Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment was formed under the designation of the 116th during World War I, the regiment fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive with the 29th Infantry Division and returned to the United States in 1919, where it was demobilized. The regiment was reformed in 1922 and called back into service before the American entry into World War II in March 1941. The regiment fought in the Normandy landings, fighting on Omaha Beach, the regiment continuously served with the 29th Division in its eastward advance until reaching the Elbe at the end of World War II in Europe. The regiment inactivated in 1946 and was reformed in 1948, the regiment reorganized as part of the Combat Arms Regimental System in 1959, during which it became a parent regiment. The regiments battalions became part of the 116th Infantry Brigade in 1975, units of the regiment have since been called into federal service for duty in Kosovo Force, for the Iraq War, and for the War in Afghanistan. The regiment traces its heritage back to the Augusta County Regiment of the Virginia Militia, organized on 3 November 1741 at Beverlys Mill Place, elements of the regiment were called up during the French and Indian War and Dunmores War. The regiment provided a company, organized on 18 March 1754 and commanded by Captain Andrew Lewis, organized between 11 and 25 August 1755, companies of the regiment led by William Preston, David Lewis, and John Smith became part of the Rangers. During the American Revolutionary War, elements of the regiment were called up for active service, Captain William Fontainess Company became part of the 2nd Virginia Regiment and was organized on 21 October 1775. Captain John Hayses Company became part of the 9th Virginia Regiment and was organized on 16 March 1776, Captain David Stephensons Company became part of the 8th Virginia Regiment. Captains David Laird and John Symes Companies were organized on 3 December, on 31 December 1792, the regiment was expanded to form the 32nd and 93rd Regiments. Elements of 32nd and 93rd were called up during the War of 1812, around 1839, the two regiments became the 32nd, 93rd, and 160th Regiments. Parts of the 32nd and 160th were called up during the Mexican–American War on 6 January 1847 as the Light Infantry Company of the 1st Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers at Richmond, the regiment mustered out at Fort Monroe on 27 July 1848. On 13 April 1861, volunteer companies of the 32nd, 93rd and they mustered into Confederate service on 1 July 1861 as the 5th Virginia Infantry, part of the Army of the Shenandoahs 1st Brigade, which later became the Stonewall Brigade. The remainder of the three became the 52nd Virginia Infantry after being mustered on 1 May 1862. The 5th and 52nd Virginia Infantry surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865, former troops of the 5th and 52nd Infantry became separate infantry companies in the Shenandoah between 1871 and 1881. These units were part of the Virginia Volunteers, on 2 May 1881, the companies became the 2nd Regiment of Infantry at Staunton
17.
29th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 29th Infantry Division, also known as the Blue and Gray, is an infantry division of the United States Army based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is a formation of the United States Army National Guard and contains units from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, formed in 1917, the division deployed to France as a part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. It supported a special Ranger unit tasked with clearing strong points at Omaha Beach, the rest of the 29th ID came ashore later then advanced to Saint-Lô, and eventually through France and into Germany itself. These actions have since been the subject of many motion pictures, following the end of World War II, the division saw frequent reorganizations and deactivations. Although the 29th did not see combat through most of the next 50 years, the 29th Division was first constituted on paper 18 July 1917, three months after the American entry into World War I, in the U. S. Army National Guard. Its artillery units were Marylands 110th Artillery Regiment, Virginias 111th Field Artillery Regiment, the division was actually organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp McClellan, Alabama. The division departed for the Western Front in June 1918 to join the American Expeditionary Force, the divisions advance detachment reached Brest, France on 8 June. In late September, the 29th received orders to join the U. S, First Armys Meuse-Argonne Offensive as part of the French XVII Corps. During its 21 days in combat, the 29th Division advanced seven kilometers, captured 2,148 prisoners, thirty percent of the division became casualties—170 officers and 5,691 enlisted men were killed or wounded. Shortly thereafter the Armistice with Germany was signed on November 11,1918, the division returned to the United States in May 1919. It demobilized on 30 May at Camp Dix, New Jersey, at the outbreak of World War II, the U. S. Army began buildup and reorganization of its fighting forces. The division was reactivated into active service on 3 February 1941, elements of the division were then sent to Fort Meade, Maryland for training. The 57th and 58th Brigades were inactivated as part of a removal of brigades from divisions. Instead, the division was based around three regiments, the 115th, the 116th, and 175th Infantry Regiments. The 29th Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Leonard Gerow, was sent to England on 5 October 1942 on RMS Queen Mary and it was based throughout England and Scotland, where it immediately began training for an invasion of northern Europe across the English Channel. In May 1943 the division moved to the Devon–Cornwall peninsula and started conducting simulated attacks against fortified positions, at this time the division was assigned to V Corps of the U. S. The cross-channel invasion of France finally came on June 6,1944, D-Day, otherwise known as Operation Overlord, the 29th Infantry Division sent the 116th Infantry to support the western flank of the veteran 1st Infantry Divisions 16th Infantry at Omaha Beach. The 116th Infantry was assigned four sectors of the beach, Easy Green, Dog Red, Dog White, most of the regiments tank support, launched from too far off-shore, foundered and sank in the channel
18.
116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)
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The 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team was formerly known as the 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. It is currently assigned to the Virginia Army National Guard, the brigade is headquartered in Staunton, Virginia, at the Thomas Howie Memorial Armory. 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division, was formed in 1963, in 1975 it was reformed as the 116th Infantry Brigade, and carried on under that name until 1986. In 1986 it became, once again, 1st Brigade, 29th Infantry Division, during the armys reorganization into Brigade Combat Teams, 1st Brigade, 29th Division again became 116th Brigade, this time as a Brigade Combat Team. On 1 November 2002, the 2nd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment was mobilized for deployment to Guantanamo Bay and this marked the first mobilization of a battalion of the 29th Infantry Division since World War II. The unit provided security of the base and Camp Delta, the detainee operations camp, on 1 March 2004, the 3rd Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment was mobilized for deployment to Afghanistan to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom. Members of the reported to armories around Virginia and began arriving at Bagram Air Field in Afghanistan on 15 July 2004. They were quickly engaged in operations, the battalion conducted combat operations in Ghazni and SECFOR operations at Bagram Airfield. Numerous slice elements were placed under the control of the battalion. The newly formed task force assumed the name of the beaches the regiment stormed more than 60 years prior – Normandy, during the deployment two 116th Infantry soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb, the first Virginia National Guard soldiers to die in combat since World War II. The battalion returned to the United States in July 2005, in August 2006, the 1st Battalion mobilized in support of KFOR as part of the 29th Infantry Division to provide stability operations in the Serbian province of Kosovo with NATO. They become known as Task Force Red Dragon for the duration of their deployment, in 2007, the Brigade Special Troops Battalion, 116th BCT of the Virginia Army National Guard replaced the 229th Engineer Battalion. In May 2007, the Brigade Headquarters Company mobilized in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Headquarters Company was stationed on the International Zone and did not suffer any casualties. A company 116th BSTB was stationed in Camp Cedar II, near the city of An Nāşirīyah, among many tasks, the combat engineer unit conducted route clearance throughout MSR route Tampa to clear convoys for safe travel. Companies A, B, and C of the 3d Battalion, the Purple Heart was awarded during the deployment for taking shrapnel from sniper fire, and the Iraq Campaign Medal was issued for those members serving in the Iraq theater of operations. In January 2010, the first battalion mobilized with the Louisiana National Guards 256th IBCT to Iraq, the battalion was commanded by LTC E. Scott Smith of Lynchburg, VA. The unit returned with no losses in September 2010, in May 2011, the Brigade Headquarters Company plus the UAV Platoon were mobilized in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Approximately 185 Soldiers were mobilized for this deployment and they served as the control element for Combined Team Zabul in Zabul Province, Afghanistan
19.
175th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 175th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Maryland Army National Guard. Mordecai Gist, a young Baltimore merchant, organized a company on 3 December 1774. The unit is the seventh oldest regiment in the United States, by 1774 the people of Maryland had become thoroughly aroused over the troubles around Boston, especially the blockading of the port as the consequence of the Boston Tea Party. Their reaction to the British actions in October 1774 was to burn tea, hostilities having begun, an assembly of delegates from the various counties met in Annapolis in November to discuss measures for armed resistance and to adopt resolutions for defense. In this tense atmosphere, Mordecai Gist of Baltimore organized a company of militia, and so was organized the first uniformed military company in Maryland, the parent from which the Fifth Regiment sprung in the early days of the war just two years later. The battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill were fought in Massachusetts during the spring of 1775, on 1 January 1776, the Maryland Assembly voted to organize and send its first regiment of soldiers to the Continental Army. This consisted of nine companies, the eighth of which was Gist’s Independent Cadets, Gist became Major in the new regiment and the command of the company passed to Samuel Smith, later to become major general, Mayor of Baltimore, and United States Senator from Maryland. Thus organized, Smallwood’s Regiment, so-called after its commander Colonel William Smallwood and it marched to Philadelphia, and from there was promptly dispatched by John Hancock, President of the Congress, to the Flying Camp of the army before New York. On 27 August 1776 the Continentals fought a large British Army force, Smallwood’s men, led by Major Gist, lost nearly half of their number at the Battle of Long Island in an attempt to halt the British advance. The British, under General Howe, flanked the American positions, in order to allow the army to escape capture, Smallwood’s men were ordered to attack the British forces and hold them long enough to give the American army time to withdraw across Long Island Sound. During the following weeks, the regiment fought at Harlem Heights, Fort Washington, several times during these engagements the Marylanders performed missions at the particular direction of General Washington. At this time, on 1 December 1776, enlistments, which the Congress had authorized only to that date, expired throughout the army. Although practically all of the Maryland troops re-enlisted, the losses from the battles around New York, combined with the expired enlistments, made necessary a reorganization of the army. In doing so, General Washington organized all of the Maryland troops into seven regiments of the line in the Maryland Brigade, in proportion to their number, no body of men suffered more severely. They seldom shrank from the encounter, at Long Island, a fragment of the battalion shook, with repeated charges, a whole brigade of British regulars. At White Plains, they held the advancing columns at bay, at Harlem Heights they drove the enemy from the ground. And at Guilford, and at Camden, though victory did not settle on their banners, they fought with a courage which won the admiration, everywhere they used the bayonet with terrible effect. Entering into the war with two battalions, they were soon reduced to a single company
20.
Maryland Army National Guard
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The Maryland Army National Guard is the United States Army component of the American state of Maryland. Description, On a black disc 2 3⁄4 inches in diameter within a 1/8 inch gold border, background, The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment on 1949-03-08. It was redesignated with description amended for Headquarters, State Area Command, Maryland Army National Guard on 1983-12-30, above the shield an earls coronet. Supporters, Dexter, a plowman Proper, holding a spade in dexter hand, sinister, a fisherman Proper, holding a fish in sinister hand. Motto Scroll, A scroll folded in four undulating sections and inscribed FATTI MASCHII PAROLE FEMINE all gold. The earls coronet above the shield indicates that although Calvert was only a baron in England, background, The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment and non-color bearing units of the Maryland Army National Guard on 1971-04-09. It was amended to correct the spelling of the motto on 1971-06-08, the insignia was redesignated effective 1982-10-01 for Headquarters, State Area Command, Maryland Army National Guard. The distinctive unit insignia was amended to correct the spelling of the motto on 2001-12-07, description, That for regiments and separate battalions of the Maryland Army National Guard, From a wreath of colors, a cross bottony per cross quarterly Gules and Argent. Symbolism, The crest and canton are from the arms of Lord Baltimore, background, The crest was approved for color bearing organizations of the State of Maryland on 1924-01-11. Note, This Crest is applied to the top of all Maryland National Guard Distinctive Unit Insignias to form the Unit Coat Of Arms, the MSCs report to the Assistant Adjutant General for Army, who in turn reports to the Adjutant General. Both officers are appointed by the governor, Marys City in later St. Marys County. It has a long and illustrious history, during the American Revolution, members of the Maryland Line repeatedly charged a vastly superior British force at the Battle of Long Island, buying time for the Continental Army to escape. It is from this incident that Maryland draws one of its official nicknames and this was the first time the American Army had used the bayonet in combat. During the War of 1812, the Maryland militia held the line at the Battle of North Point in 1814, there, they held up the British attack for two hours, long enough for the defense of Baltimore to be shored up. Not all the militia regiments performed with equal distinction, the 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire. However, the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy. The 175th Infantry, derived from the 5th Regiment, is one of only nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812, from 1841 to 1861 the senior militia general was Major General George H. Steuart, commander of the First Light Division. Until the Civil War he would be the commander of the Maryland Volunteers
21.
Chestertown, Maryland
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Chestertown is a town in Kent County, Maryland, United States. The population was 5,252 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Kent County. Founded in 1706, Chestertown rose in stature when it was named one of the English colony of Marylands six Royal Ports of Entry, the shipping boom that followed this designation made the town at the navigable head of the Chester River wealthy. In the mid-eighteenth century, Chestertown trailed only Annapolis and was considered Marylands second leading port, a burgeoning merchant class infused riches into the town, reflected in the many brick mansions and townhouses that sprung up along the waterfront. Another area in which Chestertown is second only to Annapolis is in its number of existing eighteenth century homes, as of the 1790 census, Chestertown was the geographical center of population of the United States. Chestertown was incorporated in 1805, and was named for the Chester River. Airy Hill, the Bernice J.25, Grand Army of the Republic, Thornton, Washington College, Middle, East and West Halls, Chestertown is located at 39°13′10″N 76°4′6″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 2.91 square miles. As of the first US Census in 1790, Chestertown was the center of the nations population. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and cool, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chestertown has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,252 people,1,971 households, the population density was 2,020.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,361 housing units at a density of 908.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 74. 2% White,20. 4% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 8% Asian,1. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 2% of the population. 42. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.65. The median age in the town was 34.9 years. 12. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,28. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,16. 4% were from 25 to 44,19. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 23. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 43. 1% male and 56. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,746 people,1,891 households, and 945 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,818.1 people per square mile, there were 2,164 housing units at an average density of 829.0 per square mile
22.
Glen Burnie, Maryland
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Glen Burnie is a census-designated place in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a suburb of Baltimore, the population of Glen Burnie was 67,639 at the 2010 census. In 1812, Elias Glenn, an attorney, established a county seat near what is currently known as Brooklyn Park. The name was changed to Glennsbourne Farm, and eventually Glenburnie, records also show the name as Traceys Station and Myrtle, after local postmaster Samuel Sewell Tracey and one of Traceys boarders, before the final decision was made. In 1854, William Wilkins Glenn, Elias Glenns grandson, incorporated the Curtis Creek Mining, Furnace, the business flourished during the 19th century, and with it came several thousand acres of land in northern Anne Arundel County. Upon the death of William Wilkins Glenn, his son, brother and nephew began to manage the business affairs. The Glenn family contracted George T. Melvin and Henry S. Mancha to lay out and it would not be until 1930 that postmaster Louis J. DeAlba decided two words were better than one, and gave the town a final name change to the current Glen Burnie. Among the earliest Glen Burnie schools was First Avenue Elementary, built in 1899, the oldest area church is St. Albans Episcopal, which was built in 1904, with many of its bricks dating back to Marley Chapel, an early Maryland parish from the 1730s. Crain Highway, one of Glen Burnies main thoroughfares, opened in 1927, Ritchie Highway carried nearly all Baltimore-area traffic headed for Annapolis and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge until an alternate bypass road, Interstate 97, opened in the 1980s. North Glen Burnie is now served by the Baltimore Light Rail systems Cromwell/Glen Burnie station, schools and churches were built in the ensuing decades, and construction was completed on Harundale Mall, the first enclosed shopping center east of the Mississippi River, in 1958. It was one of the first shopping centers to be called a mall and was developed by James W. Rouse of the Rouse Company, the mall was developed in a joint effort with a local real estate developer, Charles Steffey. The original planned location was not on Ritchie Highway but on Crain Highway, charlie Steffey and Jim Rouse negotiated unsuccessfully with the city fathers of Glen Burnie, offering to regenerate the center of town with their revolutionary concept. The city fathers decided that the advantage of having the mall there was overshadowed by the cost of fixing the water situation. As a result, Glen Burnie Mall followed in 1962, Marley Station, another large shopping center, opened in February 1987. The Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration office building employs many people in town, Glen Burnie is a suburb of Baltimore. It is located at 39°9′36″N 76°36′38″W, the intersection of Central Avenue and Crain Highway forms the boundaries of the NW, SW, NE & SE postal quadrants in the communitys center. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 18.0 square miles, of which 17.3 square miles is land and 0.69 square miles. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Glen Burnie has a subtropical climate
23.
Queen Anne, Maryland
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The population was 222 at the 2010 census. Queen Anne is located at 38°55′09″N 75°57′10″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.13 square miles, all land. Tuckahoe Creek passes by the town, the likely birthplace of Frederick Douglass is 2–3 miles south, near the banks of the Tuckahoe. Maryland Route 404 passes to the north of town, Tuckahoe State Park is a short ride north of MD404. The border between Talbot County and Queen Annes County runs through the middle of town, according to the Maryland Municipal League, In the 1850s, the area that is now the town of Queen Anne, was part of a 225-acre farm owned by Jacob Morgan. At that time, the Pennsylvania Railroad had been laid as far south as Greensboro and, a little later, to Ridgely and Hillsboro and thence across Tuckahoe Creek. In 1878, the purchased a site for a station across the creek in Queen Anne’s County. As of the census of 2010, there were 222 people,83 households, the population density was 1,707.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 89 housing units at a density of 684.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 6% White,2. 3% African American,1. 8% Asian,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the family size was 3.28. The median age in the town was 34.8 years. 27% of residents were under the age of 18, 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 27% were from 25 to 44,26. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48. 2% male and 51. 8% female
24.
Catonsville, Maryland
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Catonsville is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 41,567 at the 2010 census, the community lies to the west of Baltimore along the citys border. Catonsville contains the majority of University of Maryland, Baltimore County, europeans were the second group to settle the area now known as Catonsville. It is generally believed by historians that native tribes, known as the Piscataway and this tribe occupied the land between the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay and up the Patapsco River. Catonsville was located along the Piscataway Trail, the colonists and the tribes got along until the mid-17th century, when the English government ended the practices of Catholic missionaries in the area. It is believed that the tribes were driven from their villages, as happened in many areas of early colonial America, diseases unknown to the tribes were spread by the colonists. Eventually, the tribes moved north under the protection of the Iroquois, with most of the natives scattered, the colonists expanded across Maryland. Present-day Catonsville was settled in the 18th century, Catonsville as we know it today was settled along this route by Richard Caton, under the authority of his father-in-law Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Travelers along the turnpike rested and conducted business in the area, the large Victorian and Colonial homes located in Catonsville were built by wealthy Baltimoreans. Originally, these communities were used as residences to escape the heat in Baltimore. Eventually, as in communities with the introduction of the automobile and electric trolley. Baltimore attempted over the years to annex Catonsville, the last attempt in 1918, the community remains an unincorporated town in Baltimore County. It is home to Spring Grove Hospital Center, the second oldest continuously operating psychiatric hospital. Catonsville was briefly made quite famous during the 1968 protest by the Catonsville Nine, in 2007 Money magazine ranked Catonsville the 49th best place to live in the USA, third best in Maryland and Virginia. Catonsville is located at 39°16′26″N 76°44′17″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.0 square miles, all of it land. It is centered along Frederick Road, formerly the main road from Baltimore leading to points west, johnnycake Road and Academy Road form the northern and northeastern borders of Catonsville. Catonsville is bordered by Woodlawn to the north, Baltimore to the east, by Arbutus to the southeast, by Ilchester to the southwest, the main north-south roads in the area are Rolling Road, Ingleside Avenue and Bloomsbury Avenue. Catonsville is a terminus of the Trolley Line Number 9 Trail, Academy Heights, a residential community surrounding Mount de Sales Academy
25.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
26.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
27.
1st Maryland Regiment
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The 1st Maryland Regiment originated with the authorization of a Maryland Battalion of the Maryland State Troops on 14 January 1776. On 6 July 1776, the Maryland Battalion was assigned to the main Continental Army, on 12 August 1776, it was assigned to Stirlings Brigade and five days later adopted into the main Continental Army. On 31 August, the Maryland Battalion was reassigned from Stirlings Brigade to McDougalls Brigade, on 19 September 1776 the Maryland Independent Companies were assigned to the Maryland Battalion. This element was relieved from McDougalls Brigade on 10 November 1776, from 10 December 1776 to January 1777, the element was assigned to Mercers Brigade. On 12 May 1779, the regiment was re-organized to nine companies, on 5 April 1780, the 1st Maryland Brigade was reassigned to the Southern Department. On 1 January 1781, it was reassigned to the Maryland Brigade of the Southern Department, the regiment was furloughed 27 July 1783 at Baltimore and disbanded on 15 November 1783. Thereafter, General George Washington relied heavily upon the Marylanders as one of the few reliable fighting units in the early Continental Army, for this reason, Maryland is sometimes known as The Old Line State. The lineage of this unit is perpetuated by the 175th Infantry Regiment, the Maryland Regiment had joined the Continental Army barely two weeks before the Battle of Long Island. The Marylanders were put under Lord Stirlings brigade, in fierce fighting, the Marylanders charged the British forces six times to give their comrades time to make their way to safety with the rest of Washingtons army in the Heights. Only Major Mordecai Gist and nine others managed to reach the American lines, of the others,256 lay dead in front of the Old Stone House and more than 100 were wounded/and or captured. The bravery of the Maryland Regiment earned them the name immortals, the dead were buried in a mass grave consisting of six trenches in a farm field. The gravesite is located on what is now Third Avenue between 7th and 8th Streets, the result of the brief battle was stunning for the Americans. More than a thousand men were killed, captured, or missing, generals Stirling and Sullivan were in the enemys hands. The battalion had lost more than 250 of their number, most of the Marylanders casualties occurred in the retreat and desperate covering action at the Cortelyou House. Ultimately, of the original Maryland 400 muster,96 returned, historian, Thomas Field, writing in 1869, The Battle of Long Island, called the stand of the Marylanders an hour more precious to liberty than any other in history. Over time, the became the site of a Red Devil paint factory. The paint factory gave way to a repair shop and the courtyard was roofed over. Today the heroes whom Washington himself lamented lie under the floor of the building that had housed the repair shop
28.
Maryland 400
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This action is commemorated in Marylands nickname, the Old Line State. A monument in Brooklyn and multiple plaques were put up in the memory of this regiment, the 115th Infantry claims lineage back to the earliest militia units formed to protect the frontier of western Maryland. The birthdate of the unit,14 June 1775, is also the birthdate of the United States Army and they left Frederick in August and marched 551 miles in 21 days to report to General Washington in September to support Washingtons efforts to drive the British out of Boston. Later, Maryland militia companies, armed with older, surplus British muskets and bayonets, were formed, at the Battle of Long Island, the 1st Maryland Regiment was under the command of Colonel William Smallwood. This unit anchored the right against British General Grants diversionary attack, stirling ordered all of his troops, except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Major Mordecai Gist, to cross the creek. This group of Maryland troops became known to history as the Maryland 400 although they numbered about 260-270 men, stirling and Gist led the troops in a rear-guard action against the overwhelming numbers of British troops which surpassed 2,000 troops supported by two cannon. Stirling and Gist led the Marylanders in two attacks against the British who were in fixed positions in and in front of the Vecthe-Cortelyou House, after the last assault the remaining troops retreated across the Gowanus Creek. Some of the men who tried to cross the marsh were bogged down in the mud under musket fire, stirling was surrounded and, unwilling to surrender to the British, broke through the British lines to von Heisters Hessians and surrendered to them. More than 100 men were captured and 256 killed, practically wiping the regiment out in the assaults in front of the Old Stone House, fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines. Washington, watching from a redoubt on nearby Cobble Hill, was to have said, Good God, the 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunts land on the outskirts of the marsh. This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest corner of what is today 3rd Ave. between 7th and 9th Streets, in 6 trenches, the military burial ditches had a North/South orientation so that the bodies would be facing east. In the 1890s, the site was covered by 12 feet of fill. Construction was done over the site and it became a coal yard, a limited archeological dig by Columbia University archaeology graduate students turned up no remains. A determination was made at the time to not preserve the site, again in 2008, Third Avenue between Seventh and Eighth Street was visited by archaeologist Dr. Joan E. Geismar in conjunction with the NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission. No remains were found but she did find a commemorative slab. The current location is now believed to be underneath an auto repair shop parking lot in Park Slope, a group of historians are currently seeking to purchase the property to again mount a search of the site for the graves. The Maryland 400 represented the cream of the Maryland Line, which had a reputation of being among the best of the Continental Army, prior to the reorganization into the 58th Brigade Combat Team, the 1–115th was part of the Third Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. In 2006, the 115th was consolidated with the 175th Infantry Regiment, as a result of this consolidation, it no longer exists as a separate regiment
29.
1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry
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The 1st Regiment Maryland Volunteer Infantry was infantry regiment from in Union service during the American Civil War. The 1st Maryland was organized at Baltimore, Maryland and 4 companies were mustered into Union service on May 16,1861, the regiment moved to Relay House on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad where additional companies were mustered between May 25 and May 27. The regiments first commanding officer was Colonel John Reese Kenly, a Baltimore attorney who had served in Mexican-American War as a major of volunteers, in March 1862 the 1st Maryland was assigned to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks forces operating in the Shenandoah Valley. The regiment was station at Front Royal on May 23,1862 when it was attacked by Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jacksons Army of the Valley, surprised and outnumbered, the 1st Maryland put up a stubborn rearguard action during which Col. Kenly was wounded. Union casualties were 83 killed and wounded, and 691 captured, the prisoners were paroled in September 1862. The battle is notable in that the Union 1st Maryland had been attacked by their fellow Marylanders and this is the only time in United States military history that two regiments of the same numerical designation and from the same state have engaged each other in battle. After hours of fighting the Southerners emerged victorious. When the prisoners were taken, many men recognized former friends, according to J. J. Abel G. Cadwallader Rank and organization, Corporal, Company H, 1st Maryland Infantry. Place and date, At Hatchers Run and Dabneys Mills, Va.6 February 1865, entered service at, Birth, Baltimore Md. Date of issue,5 January 1897, citation, Gallantly planted the colors on the enemys works in advance of the arrival of his regiment. Joseph Stewart Rank and organization, Private, Company G, 1st Maryland Infantry, at Five Forks, Va.1 April 1865. Date of issue,27 April 1865, the 1st Maryland lost 8 officers and 110 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 148 enlisted men to disease during its service
30.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
31.
Commanding officer
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The commanding officer or, if the incumbent is a general officer, commanding general, is the officer in command of a military unit. Typically, the officer has ultimate authority over the unit. In this respect, commanding officers have significant responsibilities, duties, in some countries, commanding officers may be of any commissioned rank. The commanding officer is assisted by an executive officer or second-in-command, who handles personnel and day-to-day matters. Larger units may also have staff officers responsible for various responsibilities, in the British Army, Royal Marines, and many other Commonwealth military and paramilitary organisations, the commanding officer of a unit is appointed. Thus the office of CO is an appointment, the appointment commanding officer is exclusive to commanders of major units. It is customary for an officer to hold the rank of lieutenant colonel, and he or she is usually referred to within the unit simply as the Colonel or, more commonly. The Colonel is usually an appointment of a senior officer who oversees the non-operational affairs of a regiment. However, the rank of the appointment holder and the appointment are separate. That is, not all lieutenant colonels are COs, and although most COs are lieutenant colonels, sub-units, that is, company, squadron and battery, and formations do not have a commanding officer. The officer in command of a sub unit holds the appointment officer commanding or OC, higher formations have commanders or a General Officer Commanding. In some cases, independent units smaller than a sub-unit, e. g. a platoon of Military Police that reports directly to a such as a brigade. In these cases, the officer commanding can be a captain or even a lieutenant, appointments such as CO and OC may have specific powers associated with them. For example, they may have powers to promote soldiers or to deal with certain disciplinary offences. The CO of a unit may have the power to sentence an offender to 28 days detention, units smaller than sub-units, i. e. platoons, troops and sections are not specific appointments and officers or NCOs who fill those positions are simply referred to as the commanders/leader. E. g. Platoon Commander, Troop Leader, Section Commander/Leader, in the Royal Air Force, the title of commanding officer is reserved for Station Commanders or commanders of independent units. As with the British Army, the post of a commander of a unit such as an administrative wing. In the Royal Navy, commanding officer is the title of the commander of any ship
32.
Lawyer
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A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
33.
1st Maryland Infantry, CSA
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The 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA was a regiment of the Confederate army, formed shortly after the commencement of the American Civil War in April 1861. The unit was made up of volunteers from Maryland who, despite their home state remaining in the Union during the war, the regiment saw action at the First Battle of Manassas, in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, and in the Peninsular Campaign. It was mustered out of service in August 1862, its term of duty having expired. Many of its members, unable or unwilling to return to Union-occupied Maryland, went on to join a new regiment, the 2nd Maryland Infantry, CSA, which was formed in its place. After the bombardment of Fort Sumter on April 12–14,1861, on April 19, Southern sympathizers in Baltimore attacked Union troops passing through by rail, causing what were arguably the first casualties of the Civil War. Major General George H. Steuart, commander of the Maryland State Militia and he ordered the militia to turn out, armed and uniformed, to repel Federal soldiers. Perhaps knowing of these sympathies, and that opinion in Baltimore was divided. During the early summer of 1861, several thousand Marylanders crossed the Potomac river to join the Confederate Army, most of the men enlisted into regiments from Virginia or the Carolinas, but six companies of Marylanders formed at Harpers Ferry into the Maryland Battalion. Among them were members of the volunteer militia unit, the Maryland Guard Battalion. When the regiment was organised the first commander was Colonel Francis J. Thomas and his choice as commander was vocally objected by several company commanders, and on June 8 he was relieved of command. It was agreed that Arnold Elzey, a career officer from Maryland. His executive officer was the Marylander George H. Steuart, who would later be known as Maryland Steuart to distinguish him from his famous cavalry colleague JEB Stuart. The 1st Maryland Infantry Regiment was officially formed on June 16,1861 and its initial term of duty was for twelve months. In June 1861 General Johnston evacuated Harpers Ferry, and the 1st Maryland was ordered to assist in destroying its arsenal of weaponry, smiths men were late in arriving at the battle and approached the Confederate left near Chinn Ridge. The battle got off to a bad start when Elzey was forced to temporary command of the brigade, as General Smith was shot from his horse. However, Elzey was able to bring his men into line facing the flank of the Federal army and his men advanced to the edge of a wood without being detected by the Union army and opened fire, after which they charged over open ground into the Union position. Soon they were joined by Colonel Jubal A, early on the Confederate left flank and shortly afterwards Howards line began to disintegrate. As the federal forces fled, General Beauregard congratulated Elzey, commending him as the Blucher of the day, after the battle Elzey was promoted to Brigade Commander, and Colonel George H. Steuart was given command of the 1st Maryland Regiment
34.
Hagerstown, Maryland
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Hagerstown /ˈheɪɡərztaʊn/ is a city in Washington County, Maryland. It is the county seat of Washington County, and the largest city in a known as Western Maryland. The population of Hagerstown city proper at the 2010 census was 39,662, Hagerstown ranks as Marylands sixth largest incorporated city. Hagerstown has a distinct topography, formed by stone ridges running from northeast to southwest through the center of town and these ridges consist of upper Stonehenge limestone. Many of the buildings were built from this stone, which is easily quarried and dressed onsite. It whitens in weathering and the conglomerate and wavy laminae become distinctly visible, giving a handsome. Brick and concrete eventually displaced this native stone in the construction process, the population of the metropolitan area in 2010 was 269,140. Greater Hagerstown is the metropolitan area in the state of Maryland. Despite its semi-rural Western Maryland setting, Hagerstown is a center of transit, interstates 81 and 70, CSX, Norfolk Southern, and the Winchester and Western railroads, and Hagerstown Regional Airport form an extensive transportation network for the city. Hagerstown has often referred to as, and is nicknamed. A person born in Hagerstown is officially called a Hagerstonian, in 1762, Hager officially founded the town of Elizabethtown which he named after his wife, Elizabeth Kershner. In 1794 government forces arrested 150 citizens during a riot which was staged by protesters in response to the Whiskey Rebellion. Hagerstowns strategic location at the border between the North and the South made the city a primary staging area and supply center for four major campaigns during the Civil War, in 1861, General Robert Pattersons troops used Hagerstown as a base to attack Virginia troops in the Shenandoah Valley. In the Maryland Campaign of 1862, General James Longstreets command occupied the town en route to the Battle of South Mountain. In 1863, the city was the site of military incursions. In 1864, Hagerstown was invaded by the Confederate army under Lt. Gen. Jubal Early, on Wednesday, July 6, Early sent 1,500 cavalry, commanded by Brig. Gen. John McCausland, into Hagerstown. The Confederates levied a ransom of $20,000 and an amount of clothing, in retribution for U. S. destruction of farms, feed. The spread of smallpox by returning soldiers to families and friends was a problem during the war
35.
Eagle Pass, Texas
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Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County in the US state of Texas. The population was 26,255 as of the 2010 census Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, the Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area is one of six binational metropolitan areas along the United States-Mexican border. As of January 2008, according to the US census, the Eagle Pass Metropolitan Areas population was 48,401 people, Eagle Pass was the first American settlement on the Rio Grande. Originally known as Camp Eagle Pass, it served as a temporary outpost for the Texas militia, Eagle pass is so named because the contour of the hills through which the Rio Grande flows bore a fancied resemblance to the outstretched wings of an eagle. General William Leslie Cazneau founded the Eagle Pass townsite in the 1840s, in 1850, Rick Pawless opened a trading post called Eagle Pass. In 1871, Maverick County was established, and Eagle Pass was named the county seat, during the remainder of the 19th century, schools and churches opened, the mercantile and ranching industries grew, and a railway was built. The United States Army established the presumably permanent Fort Duncan on March 27,1849, captain Sidney Burbank supervised the construction of Fort Duncan, which was named after Colonel James Duncan, who had fought in the Mexican War. After the Mexican-American War, trade flourished under the protection of the fort, the fort was near the trail of westward immigration to California. It also served as an outpost against hostile Apache and it was abandoned and reopened several times. In March 1860, it served as the base of operations against the border assaults arranged by Juan N. Cortina, Fort Duncan was held by the Confederacy during the American Civil War. After several decades of deactivation, Fort Duncan was activated as a camp during World War I. In 1938, the City of Eagle Pass acquired the fort and still operates a museum, the rancher and gunfighter King Fisher lived in Eagle Pass until his ambush and murder in San Antonio in 1884. During World War I Camp Eagle Pass was established as a post of the U. S. Army, the 3rd Infantry Regiment was assigned there and patrolled the Mexican Border. The City of Eagle Pass was sued by the US government in 2008 to gain access to the land, Eagle Pass and Maverick County have been the subject of several state and federal criminal investigations which have gained state and national media attention. He was also ordered to pay a maximum of $56,003.88 in restitution to Maverick County, in some instances, defendants charged individuals a reduced rate for fuel purchased using the city’s credit card and then pocketed the cash. Chavez admitted to having given false information in 2015, still free on bond pending sentencing, Chavez could receive up to five years imprisonment. The city and surrounding area is home to a variety of businesses in retail, import, food manufacturing, the Eagle Pass Industrial Park hosts a number of larger companies including the O. F. Mossberg & Sons firearms manufacturing plant, which employs around 450 persons, Eagle Pass is a major entry point for the Los Zetas cartels drug smuggling operations
36.
Sea Girt, New Jersey
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Sea Girt is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Sea Girt was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 29,1917, from portions of Wall Township, the borough was named for the estate of Comm. Robert F. Stockton, who had purchased a property in the area in 1853, in the Forbes magazine 2012 rankings of Americas Most Expensive ZIP Codes, the borough was ranked 197th, with a median price of $1,135,184. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 1.450 square miles. Wreck Pond is a pond located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by Wall Township. The Wreck Pond watershed covers about 12.8 square miles in eastern Monmouth County, the borough borders the Monmouth County municipalities of Manasquan, Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights and Wall Township. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,828 people,823 households, the population density was 1,729.6 per square mile. There were 1,291 housing units at a density of 1,221.5 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 64% of the population,30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the family size was 2.77. In the borough, the population was out with 19. 2% under the age of 18,3. 8% from 18 to 24,11. 4% from 25 to 44,35. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 53.5 years, for every 100 females there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 81.0 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $96,652 and the median family income was $150,179. Males had an income of $118,958 versus $51,953 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $63,422, about 0. 9% of families and 4. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 0% of those under age 18 and 5. 1% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,148 people,942 households, the population density was 2,026.9 people per square mile. There were 1,285 housing units at a density of 1,212.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 99. 12% White,0. 09% African American,0. 28% Asian,0. 05% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 40% of the population
37.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
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It was fought from 26 September 1918, until the Armistice of 11 November 1918, a total of 47 days. American losses were exacerbated by the inexperience of many of the troops, the Meuse-Argonne was the principal engagement of the AEF during World War I. The logistical prelude to the Meuse attack was planned by then-Colonel George Marshall who managed to move American units to the front after the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, on 26 September, the Americans began their strike towards Sedan in the south. The next day British and Belgian divisions drove towards Ghent, and then British, the Meuse-Argonne offensive, shared by the U. S. forces with the French Fourth Army on the left, was the biggest operation and victory of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. The bulk of the AEF had not gone into action until 1918, the Meuse-Argonne battle was the largest frontline commitment of troops by the U. S. Army in World War I, and also its deadliest. Command was coordinated, with some U. S. troops attached, the main U. S. effort of the Meuse-Argonne offensive took place in the Verdun Sector, immediately north and northwest of the town of Verdun, between 26 September and 11 November 1918. However, far to the north, U. S. Quentin Canal, the American forces initially consisted of fifteen divisions of the U. S. First Army commanded by then-General John J. Pershing until October 16, the logistics were planned and directed by then-Colonel George C. Marshall. The French forces next to them consisted of 31 divisions including the Fourth Army, the U. S. S. and French contributions in troops were considerable. Most of the equipment was provided by the European Allies. For the Meuse-Argonne front alone, this represented 2,780 artillery pieces,380 tanks and 840 planes, as the battle progressed, both the Americans and the French brought in reinforcements. Eventually,22 American divisions would participate in the battle at one time or another, other French forces involved included the 2nd Colonial Corps, under Henri Claudel, which had also fought alongside the AEF at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel earlier in September 1918. The opposing forces were wholly German, during this period of the war, German divisions procured only 50 percent or less of their initial strength. The 117th Division, which opposed the U. S. 79th Division during the offensives first phase, had only 3,300 men in its ranks. For example, divisions that served on the Eastern front would have high morale, while conversely divisions that had been on the Western front had poor morale. Resistance grew to approximately 200, 000–450,000 German troops from the Fifth Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz, the Americans estimated that they opposed parts of 44 German divisions overall, though many fewer at any one time. The objective was the capture of the hub at Sedan which would break the railway network supporting the German Army in France. During the three hours preceding H hour, the Allies expended more ammunition than both sides managed to fire throughout the four years of the Civil War, the cost was later calculated to have been $180 million, or $1 million per minute
38.
Campaign streamer
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Campaign streamers are decorations attached to military flags to recognize particular achievements or events of a military unit or service. They often are physical manifestations of battle honours, though this does not mean all streamers are battle honours and they should not be confused with a tassel, which is usually purely decorative in nature. The armed forces of Germany, the United States and others have engaged in awarding streamers, historically Prussia, Austria-Hungary and the Soviet Union have also used streamers in this manner. The United States Army established campaign streamers in 1920, the United States Marine Corps in 1939, the United States Coast Guard adopted battle streamers in 1968, with the United States Navy following suit in 1971. Many of the relative to streamers and their display are similar among the services. There are, however, differences, particularly regarding the number of streamers, the Army carries a separate streamer for each important action in all wars in which that service has participated, each embroidered with the name of the action commemorated. Currently, the Army allows 187 streamers, and the Air Force, employing the Army system, unlike the Army-Air Force practice, the Marines and Navy use one ribbon for each war, campaign, or theater of operations. Specific actions or battles are highlighted by bronze and silver stars embroidered on the ribbon, the Marine Corps shows more than 40 streamers, the Navy 32, and the Coast Guard uses 43, unadorned by either stars or lettering. The Navy applies stars to appropriate ribbons throughout its history, whereas the Marine Corps uses stars to commemorate service starting from 1900, generally, streamers are 3 feet long and 2.75 inches wide. Where a medal has been awarded for a war or service. Conflicts and operations for which no medal was issued have ribbons specially designed for use as streamers, campaigns Additionally, units that have been awarded citation or decoration may carry the associated streamer. Foreign awards are last in precedence, current US Army policy allows the display of fourrageres and lanyards during ceremonial occasions on the flagstaff of those units authorized. A foreign unit award medal may also be pinned to the applicable foreign award streamer during ceremonial occasions
39.
Alsace
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Alsace is a cultural and historical region in eastern France now located in the administrative region of Grand Est. Alsace is located on Frances eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany, from 1982 until January 2016, Alsace was the smallest of 22 administrative regions in metropolitan France, consisting of the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments. Territorial reform passed by the French legislature in 2014 resulted in the merger of the Alsace administrative region with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine to form Grand Est. The predominant historical language of Alsace is Alsatian, a Germanic dialect also spoken across the Rhine, but today most Alsatians primarily speak French, the political status of Alsace has been heavily influenced by historical decisions, wars, and strategic politics. The economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg, the city is the seat of several international organizations and bodies. The name Alsace can be traced to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, an alternative explanation is from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning seated on the Ill, a river in Alsace. In prehistoric times, Alsace was inhabited by nomadic hunters, by 1500 BC, Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. It should be noted that Alsace is a surrounded by the Vosges mountains. It creates Foehn winds which, along with irrigation, contributes to the fertility of the soil. In a world of agriculture, Alsace has always been a region which explains why it suffered so many invasions and annexations in its history. By 58 BC, the Romans had invaded and established Alsace as a center of viticulture, to protect this highly valued industry, the Romans built fortifications and military camps that evolved into various communities which have been inhabited continuously to the present day. While part of the Roman Empire, Alsace was part of Germania Superior, with the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine, Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized, Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the eldest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts, the part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothars son. The rest was shared between Lothars brothers Charles the Bald and Louis the German, the Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the duchy of Swabia. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors, Frederick I set up Alsace as a province to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants
40.
Fort George G. Meade
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It is named for George G. Meade, a general from the U. S. Civil War, who served as commander of the Army of the Potomac. The forts smaller census-designated place includes support facilities such as schools, housing, initially called Camp Annapolis Junction, the post was opened as Camp Admiral in 1917 on 29.7 sq mi acquired for a training camp. Renamed to Fort Leonard Wood, the forts Experimental Motorized Forces in the summer and fall of 1928 tested vehicles, in 1929, the forts 1st Tank Regiment encamped on the Gettysburg Battlefield. S. The Second U. S. Army Headquarters transferred to the post on June 15,1947, and in the 1950s, from the 1950s until the 1970s, the Fort Meade radar station had various radar equipment and control systems for air defense. Fort Meade also had the first Nike Ajax surface-to-air missiles in December 1953, in 1977, a merger organized the forts U. S. Army Intelligence Agency as part of the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command. On 1 October 1991, a wing of the Air Force Intelligence Command transferred to Fort Meade, in the early 1990s,12.7 sq mi was transferred from the post to the Patuxent Research Refuge. A planned closure of the post in the 1990s was not implemented, the 311th Signal Command headquarters was at Fort Meade from 1996 – September 2006. After an August 27,2007, U. S, advancements in information technology and recent base realignment and closure initiatives have contributed to the evolution of the school. The result is a single school proud of its roots and dedicated to serving the diverse requirements for public affairs, broadcasting. Alleged gunman Hong Young was arrested in connection with shootings at five places in Maryland, including an NSA building, theaters. No motive has been established but his estranged wife attributed his behavior to mental issues, on March 30,2015, National Security Agency police officers shot and killed a person who attempted to drive an SUV through a restricted entrance to the NSA campus in Fort Meade, Maryland. A passenger in the SUV was injured, as was an officer, president Obama was briefed but the FBI determined we do not believe it is related to terrorism. Fort Meade is bordered by the Baltimore–Washington Parkway on the west and is about 5 miles east of Interstate 95 and it is located between Washington, DC and Baltimore. It is located in proximity to Columbia, Jessup, Laurel, Severn, Hanover, the Fort George G. Meade Museum exhibits the Posts historical artifacts, including uniforms, insignia and equipment
41.
Fort A.P. Hill
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Fort A. P. Hill is a training and maneuver center belonging to the United States Army located near the town of Bowling Green, Virginia. The center focuses on training and is used by all branches of the US Armed Forces. It is named for Virginia native and Confederate Lieutenant General A. P. Hill, in July 1940, a movement began to locate an area of approximately 60,000 acres, independent of any post, and lying somewhere between the Potomac River and the upper Chesapeake Bay. He enthusiastically recommended that the War Department procure the Caroline County site, the result was a maneuver area that contained 77,332 acres and billeting space for 74 officers and 858 enlisted personnel. Fort A. P. Hill was established as a training facility on June 11,1941. In its first year, the installation was used as an area for the II Corps. During the early years of World War II, the post continued to be a site for corps. Commencing in 1944, field training for Officer Candidate School and enlisted replacements from nearby Forts Lee, Eustis, the fort was the major center for Engineer Officer Candidate School training during the Vietnam War. Construction of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal training center was completed in July 2011 with the first day of class being October 17,2011 and it is named after Captain Jason McMahon, who died in Afghanistan in 2010. The center provides explosive ordnance disposal advanced technical training and tactical skills education for both officer and enlisted, the US Army Asymmetric Warfare Group officially opened its $90.1 million Asymmetric Warfare Training Center on January 242014. This center focuses on providing joint and combined arms training, the installation hosted the Boy Scouts of America National Jamboree in 1981,1985,1989,1993,1997,2001,2005, and 2010. The number of each time included approximately 35,000 Boy Scouts. In 2013, the Boy Scouts moved the National Jamboree to its new permanent home at The Summit, Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve high-adventure camp in Fayette County, West Virginia. Wealthy in Heart, Oral History of Life Before Fort A. P. Hill History of Fort A. P. Hill page Condensed history of U. S. Army Garrison Fort A. P. Hill
42.
Camp Blanding
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The installation is located in Clay County, Florida near the city of Starke. The site measures approximately 73,000 acres and includes Kingsley Lake and it also hosts other Reserve, Army National Guard, Air National Guard, and some Active Component training for the U. S. Additionally, Camp Blanding serves as a center for many ROTC units. Jacksonville University and University of South Florida NROTC Battalions continue to conduct their week-long orientation at Camp Blanding each August before the semester starts. Camp Blanding is the training site for most of the Florida National Guards military units and the main combat arms brigade. It is also home to the headquarters and support companies of the 3-20th Special Forces Group, the 211th Infantry Regiment, and the 2-111th Airfield Operations Battalion Aviation Regiment. The base is also a location for several counter-drug units and law enforcement agencies in Florida. The Military Operations in Urban Terrain Collective Training Facility consists of 16 Buildings, in 2008 Camp Blanding became host to the Armys latest Air Assault course in response to the growing need for Air Assault trained individuals for the continuing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. There is also a bombing and strafing target for aircraft, primarily used by the Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force. On base billeting facilities can accommodate 3000 personnel, i. e. one standard Army Brigade consisting of four Battalion Areas, each Battalion area has company dining facilities, orderly rooms, Officer/Enlisted barracks, a supply building, and a Battalion HQ building. Camp Blanding is also home to the Combating Transnational Organized Crime Center of Excellence, the CTOC COE provides unique, tuition-free CTOC training in support of Department of Defense strategies. The CTOC COE has campuses on Camp Blanding, at St. Petersburg College in St. Petersburg, Florida, the site that would eventually become Naval Air Station Jacksonville was already the location of the Florida National Guards Camp Foster and negotiations were started for a land-swap. In mid-1939, the transaction was accomplished and the armory board chose as compensation a tract of 30,000 acres in Clay County as a National Guard camp. The National Guard Officers Association of Florida recommended the new camp be named in honor of Lieutenant General Albert H. Blanding, the War Department agreed and Camp Blandings history began. Blanding graduated from the East Florida Seminary in 1894 and entered military service and he commanded the 2nd Florida Infantry during the Mexican Border Service in 1916 and 1917. In 1940, Camp Blanding was leased to the United States Army as an active duty training center, the post was originally used by New England and Southern troops preparing for deployment overseas. At the height of the war, the Army leased acreage from local landowners, from 1940 to 1945, more than 800,000 soldiers received all or part of their training here. At one point during the war, the contained the population of the fourth largest city in Florida
43.
Camp Kilmer
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Camp Kilmer, New Jersey is a former United States Army camp that was activated in June 1942 as a staging area and part of an installation of the New York Port of Embarkation. The camp was organized as part of the Army Service Forces Transportation Corps, troops were quartered at Camp Kilmer in preparation for transport to the European Theater of Operations in World War II. Eventually, it became the largest processing center for troops heading overseas and returning from World War II, the camp was named for Joyce Kilmer, a poet killed in World War I while serving with 69th Infantry Regiment. His home was in nearby New Brunswick, New Jersey, the site was selected in 1941 by the War Department as the best site to serve the New York Port of Embarkation. Located in Piscataway Township, New Jersey and Edison Township, New Jersey at 40°31′00″N 74°26′45″W, plainfield was located four miles north of the camp. New York City, about 22 miles to the northeast, could be reached by the mainline of the Pennsylvania Railroad, a flyover loop crossing the four-track mainline allowed movements into the large train loading yards without interference with mainline traffic. Many troop embarkations would be at the New Jersey locations of Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne, the camp was also served by the Port Reading branch of the Reading Railroad and the Amboy branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. The post was activated in June 1942 and the first unit to arrive at Camp Kilmer was the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment, the unit arrived July 22,1942 on three separate trains from Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. The buildings were constructed of wood and were painted bright contrasting colors for a camouflage effect and this was similar to the dazzle camouflage used for ships in World War I. The camp primarily consisted of ten Disposition Areas, or sets of barracks in which units, at Camp Kilmer troops sent personal effects home, received medical injections and the supplies needed before loading onto transport ships for travel to the European Theater of Operations. After V-E Day, the post was used to deprocess troops returning from Europe, prior to sending them on to their local Personnel Center, the camp remained active until the fall of 1949 when it was no longer needed. In the fall of 1950, with hostilities in Korea, the camp was reactivated and it was placed on inactive status again in June 1955. In November 1956 it served as a place for housing for refugees from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution until June 1957. In March 1958, Camp Kilmer became Headquarters for the U. S. Army II Corps, Camp Kilmer also housed a maintenance and repair facility supporting the Nike/Hercules missile sites in the greater New York metropolitan area. This facility included large, armored rooms with heavy blast doors where missile engines, during the Cold War after the failed 1956 Hungarian Revolution 30,000 refugees were resettled at Camp Kilmer. Many settled in New Brunswick, which had a thriving Hungarian American community in its Fifth Ward, in 1963, most of the 1600 acres was auctioned and sold to local governments, and Rutgers University. The Livingston College campus currently sits on 540-acres acquired by Rutgers in 1964. Camp Kilmer By the 1960s much of the Camps properties and land were dispersed. The 78th Division, nicknamed the Lightning Division or Jersey Lightning, is the descendant of the 78th Division of World War I
44.
New York Port of Embarkation
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The New York Port of Embarkation was a United States Army command responsible for the movement of troops and supplies from the United States to overseas commands. The command had facilities in New York, New Jersey, roughly covering the extent of todays Port of New York and New Jersey, the sub-ports were at Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia and the Canadian ports of Halifax, Montreal and St. Johns. The World War I port of embarkation was disestablished, seized and requisitioned facilities returned or sold, between the wars reduced operations continued the core concepts of a port of embarkation and as the home port of Atlantic army ships. With war in Europe the army revived the formal New York Port of Embarkation command with the New York port, originally it had the army facilities in Charleston, South Carolina as a sub-port until it was elevated to the Charleston Port of Embarkation as a separate command. The cargo sub-port at Philadelphia remained under the command of NYPOE throughout the war, as the first and by far the largest POE in World War I NYPOE served as the model for general POE concepts and continued its role as the largest of the ports throughout World War II. When war broke out in Europe in 1939 only New York was operating as a port of embarkation on the Atlantic seaboard, an Army Port of Embarkation is not simply some Army shipping terminal. An Army POE was a structure and interconnected land transportation, supply. The scope of the World War II POE is summarized in Army Regulations, AR 55-75 and he will be responsible for the furnishing of necessary instructions to individuals and organizations embarked or debarked at the port. He will be responsible for taking the necessary measures to insure the smooth and orderly flow of troops, any primary POE could have sub-ports and cargo ports even in other cities or temporarily assigned for movements between the United States to one of the overseas commands it normally served. In World War I port facilities in Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, troops embarked aboard all vessels except U. S. Naval transports remained under overall command of the port commander until disembarked overseas. That command was exercised by the Transport Commander whose responsibilities extended to all passengers and cargo, on large troop ships the transport command included a permanent staff of administration, commissary, medical and chaplain personnel. The cargo security officers were representatives of the port commander aboard ships only transporting Army cargo. The Hoboken Port of Embarkation, with New York Port of Embarkation also in use by the close of the war, was established on 27 July 1917 with a port commander having been assigned on 7 July. Previous War Department planning had envisaged ports of embarkation under single commanders, the first headquarters was established at Hoboken, New Jersey using facilities and piers seized from the German owned North German Lloyd and Hamburg-American steamship lines on the Hudson River. The first commander was Brigadier General William M. Wright serving from 1 July to 1 August 1917, on 1 August 1917 Major General David C. Shanks assumed command as the ports of embarkation came under the Embarkation Service until 27 September 1918 when ports were made coordinate agencies directly under the General Staff. The port was briefly under command of two Brigadier Generals, William V. Judson and George H. McManus from 9 September 1918 until General Shanks resumed command on 5 December 1918, by wars end the NYPOE, again under Major General David C. The command included four embarkation hospitals and five hospitals, one general hospital
45.
RMS Queen Mary
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RMS Queen Mary is a retired ocean liner that sailed primarily on the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967 for the Cunard Line. The two ships were a British response to the built by German and French companies in the late 1920s. Queen Mary was the flagship of the Cunard Line from May 1936 until October 1946 when she was replaced in that role by Queen Elizabeth, with the outbreak of the Second World War, she was converted into a troopship and ferried Allied soldiers for the duration of the war. Following the war, Queen Mary was refitted for passenger service, the two ships dominated the transatlantic passenger transportation market until the dawn of the jet age in the late 1950s. By the mid-1960s, Queen Mary was ageing and, though still among the most popular transatlantic liners, was operating at a loss, after several years of decreased profits for Cunard Line, Queen Mary was officially retired from service in 1967. She left Southampton for the last time on 31 October 1967 and sailed to the port of Long Beach, California, United States, where she remains permanently moored. Much of the machinery, including one of the two rooms, three of the four propellers, and all of the boilers, were removed. The ship serves as a tourist attraction featuring restaurants, a museum, the ship is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Trust for Historic Preservation has accepted the Queen Mary as part of the Historic Hotels of America, with Germany launching Bremen and Europa into service, Britain did not want to be left behind in the shipbuilding race. White Star Line began construction on their 80, 000-ton Oceanic in 1928, while Cunard planned a 75, 000-ton unnamed ship of their own. Construction on the ship, then only as Hull Number 534. Work was halted in December 1931 due to the Great Depression, the loan was granted, with enough money to complete Queen Mary and to build a sister ship, Hull No. Both lines agreed and the merger was completed on 10 May 1934, work on Queen Mary resumed immediately and she was launched on 26 September 1934. Completion ultimately took 3 1⁄2 years and cost 3.5 million pounds sterling, much of the ships interior was designed and constructed by the Bromsgrove Guild. The ship was named after Queen Mary, consort of King George V, until her launch, the name she was to be given was kept a closely guarded secret. And so, the legend goes, the delegation had of course no other choice and this story was denied by company officials, and traditionally the names of sovereigns have only been used for capital ships of the Royal Navy. Some support for the story was provided by Washington Post editor Felix Morley, in his 1979 autobiography, For the Record, Morley wrote that he was placed at table with Sir Percy Bates, chairman of the Cunard Line. Bates told him the story of the naming of the ship on condition you wont print it during my lifetime
United States
Officers from the 115th Regimental Combat Team of the 29th Infantry Division (Photo Taken September 1944). From Left to Right; Lt Col John P. Cooper (110th Field Artillery); Capt William Bruning; Lt Col Louis Smith; Major Glover Johns (VMI class of 1931); Major Anthony Miller, Jr.; Major Harold Perkins; Major Randolph Millholland; Major William Bratton.