1.
Michigan National Guard
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The Michigan National Guard consists of the Michigan Army National Guard and the Michigan Air National Guard. Kellogg Airport Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Alpena Air National Guard Base The Michigan National Guard has two State Partnership Program relationships, one is with the Latvian National Armed Forces. The program began in October 2009, the other is with the Armed Forces of Liberia
2.
Field artillery
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Field artillery is a category of mobile artillery used to support armies in the field. These weapons are specialized for mobility, tactical proficiency, long range, short range and this was in contrast to horse artillery, whose emphasis on speed while supporting cavalry units necessitated lighter guns and crews riding on horseback. Modern artillery has also advanced to rapidly deployable wheeled and tracked vehicles, thus, their role was limited to such functions as breaking sieges. Following the beginning of the era, the first field artillery came into being as metallurgy allowed thinner cannon barrels to withstand the explosive forces without bursting. However, there was still a risk of the constant changes of the battlefield conspiring to leave behind slow-moving artillery units - either on the advance, or more dangerously. Artillery units were particularly vulnerable to assault by light cavalry, which were used in this role. Only with a number of inventions, did the concept of field artillery really take off. One of the earliest documented uses of field artillery is found in the 14th-century Ming Dynasty treatise Huolongjing, the text describes a Chinese cannon called a thousand ball thunder cannon, manufactured of bronze and fastened with wheels. The book also describes another mobile form of artillery called a barbarian attacking cannon consisting of an attached to a two-wheel carriage. Before World War I, field artillery batteries fired directly at visible targets measured in distances of meters. Today, modern field batteries measure targets in kilometers and miles, most field artillery situations require indirect fire due to weather, terrain, night-time conditions, distance or other obstacles. Modern field artillery has three sections, All batteries have a Fire Support Man, Fire Direction Control. The FOs are forward with the infantry where they can see the targets and they call the FDC on the radio and transmit a request for fire in the format of CFF. The FDC calculates the CFF and send a deflection and elevation to the gun line, the gun line cranks the specified elevation and deflection on the howitzers, punch the artillery shell followed by the bag. Depending on the CFF, the gunline will fire the round when they are ready or when the FO calls and tells them to fire, the FO spots the round and sends a correction back to the FDC and the process starts all over again until its done. The batteries are many kilometres behind the FLOT and they plan a location where they can be Fire Capability for some certain amount of time and do multiple fire missions before needing to displace. In normal operations the FOs locate targets and transmits the CFF to the FDCs and they can also calculate defensive fire tasks. Because the calculations have already been done, the fire can be called down very quickly when it is needed, the advance party consists of the battery commander, his driver, first sergeant, gunnery sergeant, FDC guide, gun guides, and communications representatives
3.
Michigan Army National Guard
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The Michigan Army National Guard is the Army component of the Michigan National Guard and a reserve component of the United States Army. During the Cold War only the 156th Signal Battalion was federalized on 1 October 1961 at its stations in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis. This marked the Michigan National Guards last call to duty for service outside the state for almost 30 years. From February 2002, the 46th Engineer Group of the Michigan Army National Guard, had reorganized and redesignated as the Engineer Brigade. Prior to the reorganization, the 46th Engineer Group consisted of a Group Headquarters, elements of the 107th Engineer Battalion and the 507th Engineer Battalions served with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Iraq from November 2004 to October 2005. These units also continued to serve in the US war in Afghanistan contributing combat engineer companies capable of Route Clearance patrols, in 2009 several soldiers of the 1431st Engineer Company were severely injured while in combat in east Afghanistan near the Khost-Gardez Pass. In 2012 a soldier of the 107th Engineer Battalion died in combat, the units that make up the Spartan Brigade have individual unit history dating back to the American Civil War. The 63rd Brigade designation itself dates from the 63rd Brigade of the 32nd Infantry Division, first formed during World War I. org, Michigan Army National Guard Michigan Army National Guard
4.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
5.
Lansing, Michigan
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Lansing /ˈlænsɪŋ/ is the capital of the US state of Michigan. It is mostly in Ingham County, although portions of the city extend west into Eaton County, the 2010 Census placed the citys population at 114,297, making it the fifth largest city in Michigan. The population of its Metropolitan Statistical Area was 464,036, while the even larger Combined Statistical Area population and it was named the new state capital of Michigan in 1847, ten years after Michigan became a state. The Lansing Metropolitan Area, colloquially referred to as Mid-Michigan, is an important center for educational, cultural, governmental, commercial, Lansing is the only U. S. state capital that is not also a county seat. The seat of government of Ingham County is Mason, but the county maintains some offices in Lansing, the first recorded person of European descent to spot the area that is now Lansing was explorer Hugh Heward in 1790 while canoeing the Grand River. The land that was to become Lansing was surveyed as Township 4 North Range 2 West in February 1827 in what was then dense forest and it was the last of the countys townships to be surveyed, and the land was not offered for sale until October 1830. There would be no roads to this area for decades to come, in the winter of 1835 and early 1836, two brothers from New York plotted the area now known as REO Town just south of downtown Lansing and named it Biddle City. This land lay in a floodplain and was underwater during the majority of the year, nevertheless, the brothers went back to Lansing, New York, to sell plots for the town that did not exist. They told the New Yorkers this new city had an area of 65 blocks, a church,16 men bought plots in the nonexistent city, and upon reaching the area later that year found they had been scammed. Many in the group too disappointed to stay ended up settling around what is now metropolitan Lansing and those who stayed quickly renamed the area Lansing Township in honor of their home village in New York. The United States had recaptured the city in 1813, but these led to the dire need to have the center of government relocate from hostile British territory. There was also concern with Detroits strong influence over Michigan politics, during the multi-day session to determine a new location for the state capital, many cities, including Ann Arbor, Marshall, and Jackson, lobbied hard to win this designation. Unable to publicly reach a consensus because of constant political wrangling, when announced, many present openly laughed that such an insignificant settlement was now Michigans capital. Two months later, Governor William L. Greenly signed into law the act of the legislature making Lansing Township the state capital, with the announcement that Lansing Township had been made the capital, the small village quickly transformed into the seat of state government. The legislature gave the settlement the name of the Town of Michigan. In April 1848, the legislature gave the settlement the name of Lansing. It was home to the first house built in Lansing in 1843 by pioneer James Seymour, Lower Town began to develop in 1847 with the completion of the Franklin Avenue covered bridge over the Grand River. Upper Village/Town, where present-day REO Town stands at the confluence of the Grand River and it began to take off in 1847 when the Main Street Bridge was constructed over the Grand River
6.
Port Huron, Michigan
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Port Huron is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of St. Clair County. The population was 30,184 at the 2010 census, the city is adjacent to Port Huron Township but is administratively autonomous. Located along the St. Clair River, it is connected to Point Edward, the city lies at the southern end of Lake Huron and is the easternmost point on land in Michigan. Port Huron is home to two mills, Mueller Brass, and many businesses related to tourism and the automotive industry. The city features a downtown area, boardwalk, marina, museum, lighthouse. In 1814 following the War of 1812, the United States established Fort Gratiot at the base of Lake Huron, French colonists had a temporary trading post and fort at this site in the 17th century, but this developed as the first settled European-American population in the area. Until 1836, an Ojibwa reservation occupied land in part of the area of Port Huron. They were removed to west of the Mississippi in Wisconsin and Minnesota, in 1857, Port Huron became incorporated. Its population grew rapidly after the 1850s due a high rate of immigration attracted by the successful shipbuilding, in 1859 the city had a total of 4.031 residents,1855 were of foreign birth or their children. By 1870, Port Hurons population exceeded that of surrounding villages, in 1871, the State Supreme Court designated Port Huron as the county seat. On October 8,1871, the city, as well as places north in Sanilac and Huron counties, a series of other fires leveled Holland and Manistee, Michigan, as well as Peshtigo, Wisconsin and Chicago on the same day. The Thumb Fire that occurred a decade later, also engulfed Port Huron, in 1895 the village of Fort Gratiot, in the vicinity of the former Fort Gratiot, was annexed by the city of Port Huron. The following historic sites have been recognized by the State of Michigan through its historic marker program, the fort was built in 1686 by the French explorer Duluth. This fort was the second European settlement in lower Michigan and this post guarded the upper end of the St. Clair River, the vital waterway joining Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Intended by the French to bar English traders from the upper lakes, in 1688 the French abandoned this fort. The site was incorporated into Fort Gratiot in 1814, a park has been established at the former site of the fort. The Fort Gratiot Lighthouse was built in 1829 to replace a tower destroyed by a storm, in the 1860s workers extended the tower to its present height of 84 feet. The light, automated in 1933, continues to guide shipping on Lake Huron into the narrow and it was the first lighthouse established in the State of Michigan
7.
Alma, Michigan
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Alma is the largest city in Gratiot County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,383 at the 2010 census and it was incorporated as the Village of Alma in 1872 and became a city in 1905. Almas claims to include the annual Highland Festival which brings members of Scottish clans and interested onlookers together for a weekend of Highland dancing, bagpipes, kilts. The Highland Festival is held each year over Memorial Day weekend, Alma College, a small liberal-arts institution of approximately 1,300 students, is located in town and focuses on multidisciplinary learning in a residential setting. Alma is the birthplace of both the world-renowned modernist architect Ralph Rapson and writer/composer/lyricist Dan Goggin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.09 square miles. Alma was founded in 1853 by Ralph Ely, in 1953 Alma became the first place that high-octane gas,96 octane, was produced. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,383 people,3,468 households, the population density was 1,582.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,784 housing units at a density of 638.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 8% White,0. 9% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 8% Asian,2. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 1% of the population. 34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 21. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,21. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 1% were from 25 to 44,20. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 9% male and 53. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,275 people,3,220 households, and 2,022 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,729.7 per square mile, there were 3,476 housing units at an average density of 648.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 75% White,0. 53% African American,0. 52% Native American,0. 75% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,2. 57% from other races, and 1. 88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 21% of the population,30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 2.98
8.
Albion, Michigan
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Albion is a city in Calhoun County in the south central region of the Lower Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 8,616 at the 2010 census and is part of the Battle Creek Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Festival of the Forks has been held annually since 1967 to celebrate Albions ethnic heritage. The presence of major manufacturers since the 19th century has given Albion the reputation of a factory town. This has changed with the closure of several manufacturers, and Albions culture is changing to that of a town with a strong interest in technology. Albion College is a liberal arts college with a student population of about 1,750. Albion is a city with Noisy-le-Roi, France. The first European-American settler, Tenney Peabody, arrived in 1833 along with his brother-in-law Charles Blanchard, in 1835, the Albion Company, a land development company formed by Jesse Crowell, platted a village and Peabodys wife was asked to name the settlement. She considered the name Peabodyville, but Albion was selected instead, Crowell became the first postmaster in 1838. Albion incorporated as a village in 1855 and as a city in 1885, the first classes were held in Albion in 1843. The forks of the Kalamazoo River provided power for mills, a railroad line arrived in 1852, fostering the development of other industries. In 1973 Albion was named an All-America City by the National Civic League and it celebrated winning the award on May 15,1974 when the Governor of Michigan, William Milliken, and many dignitaries came to town. However, in 1975 the closure of a major factory cut the celebration short, key to the City Honor Bestowed,1964, Aunt Jemima visited Albion on January 25. 1960s, Ann Landers was presented with a key upon her visit to Starr Commonwealth for Boys, Albion has a Council-Manager form of government. City residents elect a Mayor and City Council members from six districts, the council in turn selects a City Manager to handle day-to-day affairs of the city. The mayor presides over and is a member of the council. Council members are elected to terms, staggered every two years. A mayor is elected every two years, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.51 square miles, of which 4.41 square miles is land and 0.10 square miles is water. Albion is positioned 42.24 degrees north of the equator and 84.75 degrees west of the prime meridian, amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides daily service to Albion, operating its Wolverine both directions between Chicago, Illinois and Pontiac, Michigan via Detroit
9.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
10.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
11.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
12.
Fort Knox
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Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. The 109,000 acre base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin and it currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command, United States Army Cadet Command and the United States Army Accessions Command. For 60 years, Fort Knox was the home of the U. S. Army Armor Center and the U. S. Army Armor School, and was used by both the Army and the Marine Corps to train crews on the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The history of the U. S. Armys Cavalry and Armored forces, the fort is best known as the site of the United States Bullion Depository, which is used to house a large portion of the United States official gold reserves. The United States Department of the Treasury has maintained the Bullion Depository on the post since 1937 and this facility is operated solely by the Treasury Department. Parts of the base in Hardin and Meade counties form a census-designated place, the George S. Patton Museum and Center of Leadership at Fort Knox includes an exhibit highlighting leadership issues that arose from the attacks of September 11,2001, which includes two firetrucks. One of them, designated Foam 161, was partially charred and melted in the attack upon the Pentagon. S. military to die in the attacks of September 11,2001. In 2012, the U. S. Army Armor School was relocated to The Maneuver Center of Excellence at FT Benning, fortifications were constructed near the site in 1861, during the Civil War when Fort Duffield was constructed. Fort Duffield was located on what was known as Muldraugh Hill on a point overlooking the confluence of the Salt and Ohio Rivers. The area was contested by both Union and Confederate forces, bands of organized guerrillas frequently raided the area during the war. John Hunt Morgan the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry for the Confederate Army raided the area before staging his famous raid on Indiana, after the war, the area now occupied by the Army was home to various small communities. In October 1903, military maneuvers for the Regular Army and the National Guards of several states were held at West Point, Kentucky, in April 1918, field artillery units from Camp Zachary Taylor arrived at West Point for training. 20,000 acres near the village of Stithton were leased to the government, the new camp was named after Henry Knox, the Continental Armys chief of artillery during the Revolutionary War and the countrys first Secretary of War. The camp was extended by the purchase of a further 40,000 acres in June 1918, the building program was reduced following the end of the war and reduced further following cuts to the army in 1921 after the National Defense Act of 1920. The camp was greatly reduced and became a semi-permanent training center for the 5th Corps Area for Reserve Officer training, the National Guard, for a short while, from 1925 to 1928, the area was designated as Camp Henry Knox National Forest. It was used by the Kentucky Air National Guard for several years after the war until they relocated to Standiford Field in Louisville, the airfield is still in use by the United States Army Aviation Branch. Hatfield ordered its release after the D-Day Landings on September 19,1944, in 1931 a small force of the mechanized cavalry was assigned to Camp Knox to use it as a training site. The camp was turned into a permanent garrison in January 1932, the 1st Cavalry Regiment arrived later in the month to become the 1st Cavalry Regiment
13.
Fort Leonard Wood
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Fort Leonard Wood is a United States Army installation located in the Missouri Ozarks. The main gate is located on the boundary of St. Robert. The post was created in December 1940 and named in honor of General Leonard Wood in January 1941, originally intended to train infantry troops, in 1941 it became an engineer training post with the creation of the Engineer Replacement Training Center. During World War II Italian and German POWs were interned at the fort, in 1984, as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process, most of the U. S. Army Engineer Schools operations were consolidated at Fort Leonard Wood. Before that, officer training was conducted at Fort Belvoir Virginia, the current commanding general is Major General Kent D. Savre and the command sergeant major is Command Sergeant Major Roy Ward. However, after a time the change of name was successfully challenged by US legislators from Pennsylvania where George G. Meade hero of Gettysburg was from. This left the name Leonard Wood unused and available for when the current base was built in 1941, the installation has historically had a training role under TRADOC rather than a FORSCOM role dating back to its origins in World War II as an engineer replacement training post. During the Gulf War, the 5th Engineer Battalion from the fort saw action in the Middle East, the 4th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade was activated at the fort on 2 October 2008 and was inactivated June 17,2015. The Maneuver Support Center of Excellence offers Basic Combat Training for most non-combat arms soldiers and it also provides non-combat engineer MOS training, OSUT for combat engineers and bridging engineers, and AIT for military police. All training is gender integrated as is Fort Jackson, newly commissioned second lieutenants in the CBRN, Engineer, and Military Police branches attend the Basic Officer Leader Course Phase B at the Maneuver Support Center of Excellence. Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field serves the community with air service, even though it is on Fort Leonard Wood, it is jointly run by the cities of Waynesville and St. Robert, and is available for civilian use by private pilots and scheduled commercial passenger service. Names for U. S. Route 66 vary – at different places, it is called Teardrop Road, Highway Z, Old Route 66, Historic Route 66, state-posted signs mark most of the alignment of the road. Route 7 runs north from Interstate 44 exit 150 about three miles west of Buckhorn to Richland, then out of the county toward the Lake of the Ozarks region. Route 17 crosses Interstate 44 at exit 153 at Buckhorn, runs east through Waynesville, turns north to Crocker, Highway T runs north from Highway 17 at Waynesville to Swedeborg, where it meets and ends at Highway 133 about halfway between Richland and Crocker. Route 28 crosses Interstate 44 at exit 163 at the edge of St. Robert, runs north through Dixon. It was used as a Civil War hospital for Union troops who were garrisoned above the city in Fort Wayne, the Old Courthouse Museum in downtown Waynesville is near the Old Stagecoach Stop. The Elbow Inn is a bar that is a frequent stop on the original U. S. Route 66 alignment. Fort Leonard Wood also has its own post utility railway connecting to the railway system
14.
Desert Training Center
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It was a key training facility for units engaged in combat during the 1942–1943 North African campaign. It stretched from the outskirts of Pomona, California eastward to within 50 miles of Phoenix, Arizona, southward to the suburbs of Yuma, Arizona and this simulated theater of operation was the largest military training ground in the history of military maneuvers. A site near Shavers Summit between Indio and Desert Center, was selected as the headquarters of the DTC, the site, called Camp Young, was the worlds largest army post. Major General George S. Patton Jr. came to Camp Young as the first commanding general of the DTC, as a native of southern California, Patton knew the area well from his youth and from having participated in army maneuvers in the Mojave Desert in the 1930s. Patton and his advanced team designated various locations within the area where tent camps would be built, the camps were situated so that each unit could train individually without interfering with the other. Airfields, hospitals, supply depots and sites for other services were selected as was a corps maneuvering area. Upon completion of the exercise, the trained units would leave the DTC, and new units would arrive to begin their training. By March 1943, the North African campaign was in its final stages, by the middle of 1943, the troops who originally came for desert training maneuvers, were now deployed worldwide. Therefore, to reflect that change in mission, the name of the center was changed to the California-Arizona Maneuver Area, the CAMA was to serve as a theater of operations to train combat troops, service units and staffs under conditions similar to those which might be encountered overseas. The CAMA was enlarged to include both a communications zone and combat zone, approximately 350 miles wide and 250 miles long, activated 1 April 1942 Radio message Headquarters, War Department, Washington, D. C. In most cases the only things that remain at the sites are streets, sidewalks, building foundations, patterns of hand-laid rocks for various purposes. Monuments have been erected at some of the sites and there are areas within CAMA that are fenced off with danger signs warning of unexploded ordnance. The General George S. Patton Memorial Museum is located near the entrance of Camp Young. American Theater of World War II Military history of California Henley, the Land That God Forgot, The Saga of Gen. George Pattons Desert Training Camp. Fallon, NV, Western Military History Association, lynch, John S. Pattons Desert Training Center. Ft. Meyer, VA, Council on Americas Military Past. p.56, meller, Sidney L. Army Ground Forces, Washington, DC, Historical Section. History of the Army Ground Forces, the Desert Training Center and C-AMA. Ft. Belvoir, MD, Defense Technical Information Center, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list The Army Almanac, A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, U. S. Government Printing Office,1950 reproduced at CMH
15.
Camp Myles Standish
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Camp Myles Standish was a U. S. Army camp located in Taunton, Massachusetts. It functioned as an area for about a million U. S. and Allied soldiers. Immediately after, it was considered as a site for the United Nations Headquarters. The city of Taunton was notified in June 1942 by the War Department that 1,500 acres would be taken for use as a staging area. The design of the layout for the camp was made by the J. F. Worcester Company, the Matthew Cummings Company of Boston received the contract to construct the buildings. The camp opened on October 8,1942 and was named in honor of Myles Standish who was the first military commander in the Old Colony region, as such, a quartermaster was set up so an entire division could be prepared for deployment within a day. Often, divisions would go to Africa or Iceland and this made train traffic understandably chaotic, with trains regularly coming into town from Providence, Rhode Island, Springfield, Massachusetts and Boston. The yard itself, run by the New Haven Railroad, contained about ten miles of track, german soldiers who were captured during the war were detained at this camp. Also, Italian soldiers were detained there as well although they were considered co-belligerents because Italy had surrendered by the time the Italian soldiers arrived at Camp Myles Standish, the camp closed in January 1946 following World War II. The site of Camp Myles Standish was briefly considered as a site for the United Nations. There are several buildings that were part of Camp Myles Standish that still remain standing as of 2009. Massachusetts took it over from the government to create the Myles Standish State School for the Mentally Retarded. The patients of the institution were housed in the hospital area for the former army camp. Following the death of former Governor Paul A. Dever, the Myles Standish State School was dedicated in memory of Paul A. Dever, the City of Taunton acquired over 700 acres of the former army camp in 1973 for the purpose of constructing a modern industrial park. The Myles Standish Industrial Park has continued to expand and has one of the most successful industrial parks in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
16.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
17.
Camp Patrick Henry
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Camp Patrick Henry is a decommissioned United States Army base which was located in Warwick County, Virginia. The airport is known in times as Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport. The base served primarily as a staging ground during World War II under the control of the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation. The camp was founded in late 1942 and was an approximately 1, 700-acre complex, at its peak, Camp Patrick Henry had a capacity of hosting approximately 35,000 individuals at one time. These included American troops of every branch of the service, troops of other Allied armies. Although most of the military personnel processed through the Camp during the war were replacements, complete units processed in 1943 included the 45th Thunderbird, the 85th Custer, and the 88th Blue Devils Infantry Divisions. During 1944 the camp handled the 31st Dixie, the 91st Powder River, by January 31,1946, the total number of personnel to pass through the camp was 1,412,107. In the later stages of the war, the served as a demobilization point for many soldiers returning home. The Camp had its own post office, restaurant, movie theater, Camp Patrick Henry also served as a prisoner of war camp, housing over 5,000 German and prisoners of war between 1944 and 1945. The prisoners were assigned to alleviate the shortage of manpower in the area within the limits of the Geneva Convention. The first German prisoners of war assigned to the Port of Hampton Roads were members of the Afrika Korps who had been captured in the early part of 1943 in North Africa. A prisoner-of-war canteen was established within the compound where the prisoners, within existing regulations, after the war, the camp was deactivated and about 925 acres were ceded to the Peninsula Airport Commission to build a regional airport on the site. Patrick Henry Field, which later became Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport opened in 1949, the U. S. Army continued to operate a Nike Missile site, designated N-85, on the complex until the late 1970s, when the base was shut down permanently. A historical marker in front of the current terminal of Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport marks the site of the camp, the Marker has the following text on it, Title, Camp Patrick Henry Dec.1,1942 - Jan. 31,1945 Location, Newport News Williamsburg International Airport, Newport News VA Description, an Army base of 1,700 acres of Peninsula woodland became a World War II staging area of 35,000 personnel capacity with shuttle rail service to shipside. A key component of the vital Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation, almost a million and a half people were processed through this camp. After deactivation, the land was sold in 1949 for community development
18.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
19.
Mekong
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The Mekong is a trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia. It is the worlds 12th-longest river and the 7th-longest in Asia and its estimated length is 4,350 km, and it drains an area of 795,000 km2, discharging 475 km3 of water annually. From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through Chinas Yunnan Province, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, in 1995, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam established the Mekong River Commission to assist in the management and coordinated use of the Mekongs resources. In 1996 China and Myanmar became dialogue partners of the MRC, the extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls in the Mekong make navigation difficult. Even so, the river is a trade route between western China and Southeast Asia. The English name Mekong derives from a form of Thai. In Thai and Lao, mae nam is used for any major river, as such, Thai and Lao locals often refer to it in English as the River Khong. In Khmer, Mékôngk is itself glossed as mother of water, from mé and taking kôngk as a form of kôngkea. The local names for the river include, Burmese, မဲခေါင်မြစ်, IPA, Chinese, 加果空桑贡玛曲, 扎那曲 and 扎曲 Zā Qū, upper reaches, 澜沧江, 瀾滄江 Láncāng Jiāng, middle and lower reaches, Khmer, មេគង្គ Mékôngk, ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tônlé Mékôngk, ទន្លេធំ Tônlé Thum. Tai of Sipsong Panna, น้ำแม่ของ, น้ำของ, the Mekong Basin has one of the worlds largest and most productive inland fisheries. An estimated two million tonnes of fish are landed a year, in addition to almost 500,000 tonnes of aquatic animals. Aquaculture yields about two tonnes of fish a year. Hence, the lower Mekong basin yields about 4.5 million tonnes of fish, the total economic value of the fishery is between US$3.9 and US$7 billion a year. Wild capture fisheries alone have been valued at US$2 billion a year and this value increases considerably when the multiplier effect is included, but estimates vary widely. An estimated 2.56 million tonnes of fish and other aquatic animals are consumed in the lower Mekong every year. Aquatic resources make up between 47 and 80 percent of protein in rural diets for people who live in the Lower Mekong Basin. Fish are the cheapest source of protein in the region and any decline in the fishery is likely to significantly impact nutrition. Fisheries contribute significantly to a diversified livelihood strategy for many people, particularly the poor and they provide a principal form of income for numerous people and act as a safety net and coping strategy in times of poor agricultural harvests or other difficulties
20.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
21.
Ambassador Bridge
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The Ambassador Bridge is a suspension bridge that connects Detroit, Michigan, United States, with Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is the busiest international crossing in North America in terms of trade volume. A2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region, the bridge is owned by Grosse Pointe billionaire Manuel Moroun through the Detroit International Bridge Company in the United States and the Canadian Transit Company in Canada. In 1979, when the owners of the bridge put it on the New York Stock Exchange and shares were traded, Moroun was able to buy shares. The bridge carries 60 to 70 percent of commercial traffic in the region. Moroun also owns the Ammex Detroit Duty Free Stores at both the bridge and the tunnel, a new bridge, the Gordie Howe International Bridge, proposed by the Detroit River International Crossing commission, has been approved for construction by the Canadian and United States governments. The new bridge further downriver between Detroit and Windsor will be owned and operated by the Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority, a Crown corporation owned by the Canadian federal government, after the American Civil War, Detroit–Windsor was a destination stop for railroads in the area. The Michigan Central and the Great Western railroads in addition to others operated on either side of the border connecting Chicago with the Atlantic Seaboard, to cross the Detroit River, these railroads operated ferries between docks on either side. Warehouses in Chicago were forced to store grain that could not be shipped to eastern markets, the net effect of these delays increased commodity prices in the country, and both merchants and farmers wanted a solution from the railroads. The Michigan Central proposed the construction of a tunnel under the river with the support of their counterparts at the Great Western Railway, construction started in 1871 and continued until ventilating equipment failed the next year, work was soon abandoned. Attention turned in 1873 to the alternative of building a bridge over the river. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers commissioned a study of a bridge over the Detroit River, representatives of the shipping industry on the Great Lakes opposed any bridge with piers in the river as a hazard to navigation. Discussions continued for the remainder of the decade to no avail, the U. S. Congress requested a new study for a bridge in 1889, but no bridge was approved. Finally, the Michigan Central built the Detroit River Tunnel in 1909–10 to carry trains under the river and this tunnel benefited the Michigan Central and Great Western railroads, but the Canada Southern Railway and other lines still preferred a bridge over the river. Plans for a bridge were revived in 1919 to commemorate the end of World War I and to honor the youth of Canada, the Ambassador Bridge opened November 15,1929, its total cost of $23.5 million reportedly 1% under the budget. A Canadian immigration inspector jumped to his death in April 1930, the bridge has been used by other suicide jumpers. After it opened, high divers considered it as a venue for a record, the bridge over the Detroit River had the longest suspended central span in the world when it was completed in 1929—1,850 feet. This was a record until the George Washington Bridge opened between New York and New Jersey in 1931, the bridges total length is 7,500 feet
22.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
23.
Blue Water Bridge
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The Blue Water Bridge is a twin-span international bridge across the St. Clair River that links Port Huron, Michigan, United States, and Point Edward, Ontario, Canada. The Blue Water Bridge connects Highway 402 in Ontario with both Interstate 69 and Interstate 94 in Michigan, the original span is a cantilever truss bridge with a total length of 6,178 feet and a main span of 871 feet. The second, newer span is a continuous tied-arch bridge with a length of 6,109 feet. Together, the two bridges are the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada, after the Ambassador Bridge at Detroit-Windsor and they are the fourth-busiest international crossing in Ontario in terms of total number of vehicles. Overall, in Canada, they are the third-busiest bridges after the Champlain Bridge, in Montreal, and they also provide one of the four shortest routes of land travel between the Northeastern United States and the central United States. S. A toll is charged to cross the bridges, which is used to pay for maintenance, the first bridge was fully opened to traffic on October 10,1938. The lead engineer was Polish-born Ralph Modjeski and this bridge originally had two lanes for vehicles as well as sidewalks, the latter were removed in the 1980s to make room for a third lane for automobiles. The third lane for each direction started from the apex of the bridge in order to accommodate long lineups entering each sides respective border crossings, in 1928, Maynard D. Smith hired a Pennsylvania-based company named Modjeski and Masters to build what would become the Blue Water Bridge. Ralph Modjeski, a Polish-born engineer who would become known as Americas greatest bridge builder, served as lead engineer for the project. In developing a design, Modjeski faced obstacles posed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, vertical clearance requirement for shipping, he opted instead for a cantilevered through-truss design. In 1935, the Michigan Legislature passed a law creating a State Bridge Commission to finance the design, the commission was approved by the United States Congress in August 1935. The law permitted the commission to sell bonds that would be repaid by the revenue from the tolls collected within 30 years. When the bridge and its bonds were paid off, Michigan Governor John Swainson used an executive order to cancel the $.25 toll that had been collected. Stoically, he cancelled his own fathers $6, 115-a-year toll-collectors job. In 1964, the terminus of I-94 was completed at the foot of the Blue Water Bridge on the American side. Traffic volumes steadily increased, spurred by the completion of Highway 402 in 1982 which provided a freeway link to Highway 401 on the Canadian side. In 1984, I-69 was completed to Port Huron which meant that three freeways converged on the three-lane bridge, as a precursor to the upcoming twinning project, the customs and toll collection booths on both sides were extensively reconfigured in the early 1990s. On the American side, the I-beam girder overpass crossing Pine Grove Avenue was replaced by a much wider embankment, which also added a four-story customs office building in the center
24.
Abu Ghraib prison
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The Baghdad Central Prison, formerly known as Abu Ghraib prison was a prison complex in Abu Ghraib, an Iraqi city 32 km west of Baghdad. The prison was built by British contractors in the 1950s, the prison held as many as 15,000 inmates in 2001. In 2002, Saddam Husseins government began a project to add six new cellblocks to the prison. In October 2002, he gave amnesty to most prisoners in Iraq, after the prisoners were released and the prison was left empty, it was vandalized and looted. Almost all of the documents relating to prisoners were piled and burnt inside of prison offices and cells, known mass-graves related to Abu Ghraib include, Khan Dhari, west of Baghdad - Mass grave with the bodies of political prisoners from Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad. Fifteen victims were executed on 26 December 1998 and buried by prison authorities under the cover of darkness, al-Zahedi, on the western outskirts of Baghdad - Secret graves near a civilian cemetery contain the remains of nearly 1,000 political prisoners. According to an eyewitness,10 to 15 bodies arrived at a time from the Abu Ghraib prison and were buried by local civilians, an execution on 10 December 1999 in Abu Ghraib claimed the lives of 101 people in one day. On 9 March 2000,58 prisoners were killed at a time, the last corpse interred was number 993. Until August 2006, the known as the Abu Ghraib prison was used for detention purposes by both the U. S. -led coalition occupying Iraq and the Iraqi government. The Iraqi government has controlled the area of the facility known as The Hard Site, the prison was used to house only convicted criminals. Suspected criminals, insurgents or those arrested and awaiting trial were held at other facilities, the U. S. housed all its detainees at Camp Redemption, which is divided into five security levels. This camp built in the summer of 2004 replaced the three-level setup of Camp Ganci, Camp Vigilant, the remainder of the facility was occupied by the U. S. military. Abu Ghraib served as both a FOB and a detention facility, when the U. S. military was using the Abu Ghraib prison as a detention facility, it housed approximately 7,490 prisoners there in March 2004. The U. S. military initially held all persons of interest in Camp Redemption, some were suspected rebels, and some suspected criminals. Those convicted by trial in Iraqi court are transferred to the Iraqi-run Hard Site, the story included photographs depicting the abuse of prisoners. The events created a political scandal within the U. S. On April 20,2004, insurgents fired 40 mortar rounds into the prison, killing 24 detainees, commentators thought the attack was either an attempt to incite a riot or retribution for detainees cooperating with the United States. In May 2004, the U. S. -led coalition embarked on a policy to reduce numbers to fewer than 2,000
25.
Battle of Abu Ghraib
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The U. S. Militarys munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand-to-hand fighting. NOT TRUE I PERSONALLY WAS DRIVING A HUMVEE GOING TOWER TO TOWER PLENTY OF AMMO WATER, meanwhile, a second smaller attack on the other side of the base was used as a feint to distract from the main attack. Inside the detention facility, the 306th Military Police Battalion scrambled to maintain effective security, SPC McClellan was joined by members of the Initial Reaction Force within 5 minutes of engaging the detainees at the fence breach. SPC McClellan was later awarded the Army Commendation Medal with a V device for valor, units patrolling the surrounding area were also under attack. M1A1 Abrams tanks from Charlie Company 1st of the 256 Armor Battalion, Louisiana National Guard, were under fire on Route Cardinals intersecting Swords, two tanks, C-24 and C-22, were diverted from supporting the prison by a fake improvised explosive device set on a checkpoint by insurgents. Once the tanks received confirmation that Abu Ghraib Prison and the area was under attack. On the way they were engaged by numerous IEDS and rocket propelled grenades, supporting tank platoons in nearby sectors were hit by vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices and disabled during their push to support C-22 and C-24. None of the Charlie Company tanks were cleared to use their 120 mm main guns during the fight, the heaviest action occurred during a 2½ hour period. The insurgents were suppressed and forced to retreat by the arrival of two Army AH-64 Apache attack helicopters at approximately 9,45 p. m. Baghdad time, however, sporadic lighter attacks occurred during the remainder of the night and these were repelled. The following day, a third VBIED disguised as a farm tractor detonated near the walls. Two of these bodies were placed next to the tractor and rigged with 120 mm mortar cartridge, Iraqi National Police waved off US military personal from the tractor before moving the bodies. More than 100 mortars and rockets and tens of thousands of rounds of ammunition were fired at the U. S. personnel in FOB Abu Ghraib, damage to the facility was minor. Approximately 44 U. S. personnel were injured during the fighting, an estimated 70 insurgents were believed killed in the engagement. Remains of the Tower 4 VBIED driver were recovered inside the FOB walls, other remains were confirmed by the tankers that were hit by VBIEDs as well. Soldiers from the 128th Medical Company attached to the 115th Field Hospital assisted in the evacuation, several soldiers involved received medals for valor during the attack. This includes five members of the 102nd Field Artillery, al-Qaida in Iraq claimed responsibility for the attack, saying their motivation was the Muslims held at the prison. They also stated that they were hoping to one of Zarqawis commanders that was held there. They also intended to intimidate the Americans by demonstrating that no place in Iraq was safe and they publicly posted a video of the attacks and the preparations
26.
Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"
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The 28 Rules of Ranging are a series of rules and guidelines originally created by Major Robert Rogers in 1757, during the French and Indian War. The rules were written at Rogers Island in the Hudson River near Fort Edward. They were intended to serve as a manual on guerrilla warfare for Rogers Ranger company, the rules were the result of Rogers blend of Native American tactics and his own innovative combat techniques, ideas that were considered revolutionary by military standards of the time. They also form the basis of the Standing Orders taught to U. S. Army Rangers today, the version immediately below is the one used by the 75th Ranger Regiment and has been provided to US soldiers attending Ranger School from the 1950s to present day. Some time before you come to the place you would reconnoitre, make a stand, if you are obliged to receive the enemys fire, fall, or squat down, till it is over, then rise and discharge at them. When you encamp at night, fix your sentries in such a manner as not to be relieved from the body till morning, profound secrecy. At the first dawn of day, awake your whole detachment, before you leave your encampment, send out small parties to scout round it, to see if there be any appearance or track of an enemy that might have been near you during the night. If, in return, you have to cross rivers, avoid the usual fords as much as possible, lest the enemy should have discovered. If you have to pass by lakes, keep at distance from the edge of the water, lest, in case of an ambuscade or an attack from the enemy. If the enemy pursue your rear, take a circle till you come to your own tracks, and there form an ambush to receive them, the following rules are the edited and simplified version of the original set. All Rangers are subject to the rules of war, in a small group, march in single file with enough space between so that one shot cant pass through one man and kill a second. Marching over soft ground should be done abreast, making tracking difficult, at night, keep half your force awake while half sleeps. Before reaching your destination, send one or two men forward to scout the area and avoid traps, if prisoners are taken, keep them separate and question them individually. Marching in groups of three or four hundred should be done in three columns, within support distance, with a point and rear guard. When attacked, fall or squat down to fire and rise to deliver. Keep your flanks as strong as the flanking force, and if retreat is necessary. When chasing an enemy, keep your flanks strong, and prevent them from gaining high ground where they could turn, when retreating, the rank facing the enemy must fire and retreat through the second rank, thus causing the enemy to advance into constant fire. If the enemy is far superior, the squad must disperse
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Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
28.
Geography of Michigan
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Michigan consists of two peninsulas that lie between east longitude, and are separated by the Straits of Mackinac, and some nearby islands. Lawrence watershed and is the state with the majority of its land thus drained. Michigan encompasses 58,110 square miles of land,38,575 square miles of Great Lakes waters and 1,305 square miles of inland waters, only Alaska has more territorial water. At a total of 97,990 square miles, Michigan is the largest state east of the Mississippi River, Michigan has a total area of 96,716.11 sq mi, making it the eleventh largest state. Michigan forestland covers nearly 52% of the area of Michigan at 30,156 square miles. The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, because of the lakes, Michigan has more lighthouses than any other state. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land, in Southeastern Michigan there is a water boundary with Canada along the entire lengths of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River. The southeastern boundary ends in the end of Lake Erie with a three-way convergence of Michigan. The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west, the surface on either side of this range is rugged. The states highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet, the peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. The geographic orientation of Michigans peninsulas makes for a distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 highway miles from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsulas southeastern corner, the geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigans political and population centers makes the U. P. culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U. P. residents have called for secession from Michigan, the Lower Peninsula, shaped like a mitten, is 277 miles long from north to south and 195 miles from east to west and occupies more than two-thirds of the states land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and it is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this, the highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet, or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet, a feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay, the geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state, the Leelanau Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region
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Government of Michigan
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The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. Michigans elected executive officers are, For elected single person executives, since 1966, the Lieutenant Governor is elected with the Governor on the same ticket. The Lieutenant Governor is the President of the Michigan Senate and acts as the governor when the Governor is unable to execute the office, the Governor is the principal executive officer with the power of veto, appointment, reorganize executive government, budget proposal and other powers. The two other elected constitutional executives of the state are the secretary of state and attorney general, both are elected for separately four year terms concurrently with the governor/lieutenant governor slate. The elected officeholders are second and third in the line of succession respectively, the attorney general is the state’s chief law enforcement officer, executive agencies legal counsel and leads the Department of the Attorney General. The secretary of state and its department handles automobile-related licensing, elections, the 1963 Constitution requires that all permanent agencies or commissions, except universities, be assigned to one of a maximum of twenty principal departments. Regulations are published in the Michigan Register and codified in the Michigan Administrative Code, the state board of Education is a statewide elected board that head the Michigan Department of Education which oversees all education except that of the state universities. Some degree of control is exercised as the legislature approves appropriations for the schools. Furthermore, the governor appoints the board of control of most state universities with the advice, only the board members of the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University are chosen in general elections. The Michigan Legislature is the legislature of the U. S. state of Michigan. It is organized as an institution consisting of the Senate, the upper house, and the House of Representatives. Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963, defines the role of the legislature, legislative acts are published in the official Acts of the Legislature and codified in the Michigan Compiled Laws. The Michigan Legislature meets in the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, the Supreme Court administers all the courts. Michigan is largely divided in the way as many other U. S. states. Michigan ranks 13th among the fifty states in terms of the number of governmental entities. The state is divided into 83 counties, and further divided into 1,240 townships,276 cities, additionally, the state consists of 553 school districts,57 intermediate school districts,14 planning and development regions, and over 300 special districts and authorities. Politics of Michigan Elections in Michigan Law of Michigan Official website Media related to Government of Michigan at Wikimedia Commons
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Michigan State Trunkline Highway System
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The State Trunkline Highway System consists of all the state highways in Michigan, including those designated as Interstate, United States Numbered, or State Trunkline highways. In their abbreviated format, these classifications are applied to numbers with an I-, US, or M- prefix. The longest highway is nearly 400 miles long, while the shortest is about three-quarters of a mile, predecessors to todays modern highways include the foot trails used by Native Americans in the time before European settlement. Shortly after the creation of the Michigan Territory in 1805, the new government established the first road districts, the federal government aided in the construction of roads to connect population centers in the territory. At the time, road construction was under the control of the township, the state government was briefly involved in roads until prohibited by a new constitution in 1850. Private companies constructed plank roads and charged tolls, local township roads were financed and constructed through a statute labor system that required landowners to make improvements in lieu of taxes. Countywide coordination of planning, construction and maintenance was enacted in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, the prohibition on state involvement in roads was removed. The Michigan State Highway Department was created in 1905, and the department paid counties, on May 13,1913, the State Reward Trunk Line Highways Act was passed, creating the State Trunkline Highway System. The MSHD assigned internal highway numbers to roads in the system, and in 1919, the US Highway System was created in 1926, and highways in Michigan were renumbered to account for the new designations. Legislation in the 1930s consolidated control of the state trunklines in the highway department. During the 1940s, the first freeways were built in Michigan, with the introduction of the Interstate Highway system in the 1950s, the state aborted an effort to build the Michigan Turnpike, a tolled freeway in the southeast corner of the LP. Construction on Michigans Interstates started in the part of that decade. During that period, several freeways were canceled in the 1960s and 1970s, since 1992, few additional freeways have been built, and in the early years of the 21st century, projects are underway to bypass cities with new highways. The letter M in the highway numbers is an integral part of the designation. The states highways are referred to using an M-n syntax as opposed to Route n or Highway n and this usage dates from 1919, when Michigans state trunklines were first signed along the roadways, and continues to this day in official and unofficial contexts. Michigan is one of two states following this syntax, the other one being Kansas. Although M-n outside of Michigan could conceivably refer to state, provincial, local, or national highways
31.
History of Michigan
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The history of human activity in Michigan, a US state in the Midwest, began with settlement of the western Great Lakes region by Native Americans perhaps as early as 11,000 BCE. The first European to explore Michigan, Étienne Brûlé, came in about 1620, the area was part of Canada from 1668 to 1763. In 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, when New France was defeated in the French and Indian War, it ceded the region to Britain in 1763. After the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War, the Treaty of Paris expanded the United States boundaries to include all land east of the Mississippi River. Michigan was then part of the Old Northwest, from 1787 to 1800, it was part of the Northwest Territory. In 1800, the Indiana Territory was created, and most of the current state Michigan lay within it, with only the easternmost parts of the state remaining in the Northwest Territory. In 1802, when Ohio was admitted to the Union, the whole of Michigan was attached to the Territory of Indiana, and so remained until 1805, congress awarded the Toledo Strip to Ohio. Michigan received the part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession. When iron and copper were discovered in the Upper Peninsula, impetus was created for the construction of the Soo Locks, along with mining, agriculture and logging became important industries. In 1899 Henry Ford built his first automobile factory in Highland Park, General Motors was founded in Flint in 1908. Automobile assembly and associated manufacturing soon dominated Detroit, and the economy of Michigan, the Great Depression of the 1930s affected Michigan more severely than many other places because of its industrial base. However, the state recovered in the post World War II years, the Mackinac Bridge connecting the Upper and Lower Peninsulas was completed and opened in 1957. By the 1960s, racial tensions produced unrest through the nation, by the 1980s, the state saw a decline in automobile sales and unemployment climbed. Michigan continues to diversify its economy away from its dependence on the automobile industry, thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans, eight indigenous tribes lived in what is today the state of Michigan. It is estimated that the population in 1500 was about 15,000. Eventually, the became part of Canada, one of the large colonial provinces of New France. The first permanent European settlement in Michigan was founded in 1668 at Sault Ste, marie by Jacques Marquette, a French missionary. The French built several trading posts, forts, and villages in Michigan during the late 17th century, among them, the most important was Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit in 1701, it became the city of Detroit
32.
Timeline of Michigan history
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13000 BC to 12000 BC The most recent of four major glaciers started to recede leaving a tundra like environment. 1653 The Iroquois Wars virtually emptied the lower peninsula of Native Americans and cut off the Ottawa River route,1659 Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers ventured to western Lake Superior with an envoy of fur trading Native Americans returning from Montreal. 1661 Father René Menard retraced the route of Radisson and Groseilliers to find the Wyandot, wintered in LAnse,1665 Claude-Jean Allouez and six Voyageurs retraced Menards route to find him and the Wyandot, they reported copper deposits in the Keweenaw Peninsula area. 1668 Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste, marie, Michigan, the first European settlement in Michigan. 1669 Jean Talon sent Adrien Jolliet and Jean Peré on a mission to investigate the Allouez copper reports, Peré appears to have abandoned the explore in favor of fur trading. An Iroquois warrior guided Jolliets return trip along eastern shoreline of the Lower Peninsula and down the St. Clair River and this may have been the first visit of a European to the Lower Peninsula. 1671 June 14 - The Pageant of the Sault at Sault Ste and their wives join them and are claimed to be the first European women in Michigan. 1710 Cadillac is removed from Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit and replaced by Charles Regnault, before leaving, Cadillac invites the Fox to live around the fort. 1712 The Fox are not welcomed by the tribes living around Detroit and Dubuisson orders them to leave, they refuse, Lawrence River supply and communication conduits into Michigan. 1763 Odawa leader Pontiac led a revolt of Native Americans against the British. However, the U. S. did not take control of the territory until 1796,1796 Detroit and other posts in Michigan were turned over to the United States under terms of the Jay Treaty. Wayne County was established as a division of the Northwest Territory. 1805 Michigan Territory was created, with Detroit designated as the seat of government,1817 The University of Michigan is established in Detroit, the first public university in the state. 1818 The British cede control of the Upper Peninsula and the St. Clair River islands to the U. S. after the Treaty of Ghent and border negotiations are concluded. 1819 In the Treaty of Saginaw, the Ojibwe, Ottawa,1821 With the Treaty of Chicago, the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi ceded all the lands south of the Grand River to the United States. The Council was expanded to thirteen members in 1825 and made a body in 1827. 1824 The Chicago Road is surveyed between Fort Dearborn in Chicago and Detroit and it will become a major avenue for settlement and trade besides its original military purpose. 1828 The British turn over their fort on Drummond Island to the United States 1828 Lewis Cass,1832 Territorial Capitol built in Detroit at a cost of $24,500
33.
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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The Upper Peninsula is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U. S. state of Michigan. It may also be referred to as the UP or Upper Michigan, the peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin. The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the area of Michigan. Residents are frequently called Yoopers and have a regional identity. Large numbers of French Canadian, Finnish, Swedish, Cornish, the peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. Ordered by size, the peninsulas largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste, Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain. The land and climate are not very suitable for agriculture because of the harsh winters. The economy has been based on logging, mining, and tourism, most mines have closed since the golden age from 1890 to 1920. The land is forested and logging remains a major industry. The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages and they arrived roughly around A. D.800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki, Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East. French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions, following the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan, American Indian tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples, in 1763, tribes united in Pontiacs Rebellion to try to drive the British from the area. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British which resulted in temporary peace, although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade, john Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808, however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted. When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula, in 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. When Michigan was preparing for statehood in the 1830s, the boundaries proposed corresponded to the territorial boundaries
34.
Copper Country
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The area is so named as copper mining was prevalent there from 1845 until the late 1960s, with one mine continuing through 1995. In its heyday, the area was the worlds greatest producer of copper, Native Americans mined copper from small pits as early as 3000 B. C. The Michigan State Geologist Douglass Houghton reported on the deposits in 1841. The first successful copper mine, the Cliff mine, began operations in 1845, mining of the most productive deposit, the Calumet conglomerate, began in 1865. Mining took place along a belt that stretched about 100 miles southwest to northeast, while mining continues on a small scale, tourism and logging are now the areas major industries. Popular tourist destinations include the cities of Copper Harbor and Houghton, snowmobiling is very popular in the winter, and snowmobile trails are found in most areas. Large numbers of Finns, Swedes, Danes, Sami and Norwegians emigrated to the Upper Peninsula, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, and they stayed on and prospered even after the copper mines closed. Ethnic groups that inhabited the area included, Chinese, Cornish, Croatians, Finns, French Canadians, Germans, Irish, Italians, Native Americans, Poles, the Copper Country is largely rural, and much of it has been designated as state parks or similar designations. These include McLain State Park, Porcupine Mountains State Park, the Keweenaw National Historical Park includes several important sites relating to the areas copper-mining history. Finlandia University is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Michigan Tech was founded in response to the needs of the copper mines. The Copper Country averages more snowfall than any part of the USA east of the Mississippi River, the Lake Superior Copper Country, National Magazine, December,1905 Harrison, Jim. Thurner, Arthur W. Strangers and Sojourners - A History of Michigans Keweenaw Peninsula ISBN 0-8143-2396-0
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Gogebic Range
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The Gogebic Range is an elongated area of iron ore deposits in northern Michigan and Wisconsin. It extends west from Lake Namakagon in Wisconsin to Lake Gogebic in Michigan or almost 80 miles, though long, it is only about a half mile wide and forms a crescent concave to the southeast. The Gogebic Range includes the communities of Ironwood in Michigan, plus Mellen, the name Gogebic is Ojibwa for where trout rising to the surface make rings in the water. Range is the commonly used for such iron ore areas around Lake Superior. The Gogebic Range experienced a speculative boom in the mid-1880s. The iron comes from the Huronian Ironwood formation and it consists of alternating beds of ferruginous oolitic chert and fine-textured cherty carbonates. Iron minerals make up one third of the content, the rest being quartz. The formation was discovered in 1848 by Dr. A. Randall during the Fourth principal meridian survey near Upson, ore was first produced in 1883 from the Colby Mine in Michigan. The initial boom in the Gogebic Range came between 1884 and 1886, while it lasted, fortunes were made and lost within a month or even overnight. On September 16,1886, the Chicago Tribune reported, “Hundreds of people are arriving daily from all parts of the country, the forests have given way to mining camps and towns, and a most bewildering transformation has taken place. In the palmy days of mining on the Pacific slope there is no record of anything so wonderful as the Gogebic. ”For decades in the late 19th century and into the 1920s. Iron from the Gogebic helped to fuel the industrial boom in the Upper Midwest during these years, by 1930 mining was winding down in the area. The mines began closing in amid a national economy suffering from the Great Depression, the result was widespread economic devastation in the Gogebic Range. Some mines continued to operate into the 1960s, but the volume never reached the levels as in the earlier boom years. A defining event was the last shipment of ore in August 1967 to Granite City Steel in Illinois. Today the area has recovered from the scars left behind by the iron-mining boom days. The Gogebic Range has developed a tourism industry featuring ski resorts, the region includes vast areas of government-owned land, including the Ottawa National Forest and the Gogebic County Forest, which are managed for recreation and timber. Recreational activities include fishing in rivers and lakes, hiking and snowmobiling, Gogebic County and neighboring Iron County across the state line in Wisconsin are heavily promoted during the ski season as Big Snow Country
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Keweenaw Peninsula
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The Keweenaw Peninsula is the northernmost part of Michigans Upper Peninsula. It projects into Lake Superior and was the site of the first copper boom in the United States, as of the 2000 census, its population was roughly 43,200. Its major industries are now logging and tourism, as well as related to Michigan Technological University. The ancient lava flows of the Keweenaw Peninsula were produced during the Mesoproterozoic Era as a part of the Midcontinent Rift and this volcanic activity produced the only strata on Earth where large-scale economically recoverable 97 percent pure native copper is found. Much of the native copper found in the Keweenaw comes in either the form of cavity fillings on lava flow surfaces which has a consistency, or as float copper. Copper ore may occur within conglomerate or breccia as void or interclast fillings, the conglomerate layers occur as interbedded units within the volcanic pile. The Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royale, formed by the Midcontinent Rift System, are the sites in the country with evidence of prehistoric aboriginal mining of copper. Artifacts made from copper by these ancient Indians were traded as far south as present day Alabama. These areas are also the location where Chlorastrolite, the state gem of Michigan, can be found. The northern end of the peninsula is referred to as Copper Island. A Keweenaw Water Trail has been established around Copper Island, the Water Trail stretches approximately 125 miles and can be paddled in five to ten days, depending on weather and water conditions. The Keweenaw Fault runs fairly lengthwise through both Keweenaw and neighboring Houghton counties and this ancient geological slip has given rise to cliffs along U. S. Highway 41 and Brockway Mountain Drive north of Calumet. Lake Superior significantly controls the climate of the Keweenaw Peninsula, keeping winters milder than those in surrounding areas, spring is cool and brief, transitioning into a summer with highs near 70 °F. Fall begins in September, with winter beginning in mid-November, the peninsula receives copious amounts of lake-effect snow from Lake Superior. Official records are maintained close to the base of the peninsula in Hancock, Michigan, farther north, in a community called Delaware, an unofficial average of about 240 inches is maintained. At Delaware, the record snowfall for one season was 390 inches in 1979, averages over 250 inches certainly occur in the higher elevations closer to the tip of the peninsula. Beginning as early as seven years ago and apparently peaking around 3000 B. C. Native Americans dug copper from the shore of Lake Superior
37.
Lower Peninsula of Michigan
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The Lower Peninsula of Michigan is the southern of the two major landmasses of the U. S. state of Michigan, the other being the Upper Peninsula. It is surrounded by water on all sides except its southern border, although the Upper Peninsula is commonly referred to as the U. P. it is fairly uncommon for the Lower Peninsula to be called the L. P. Because of its shape, the Lower Peninsula is nicknamed the mitten. This has led to several folkloric creation myths for the area, one being that it is a print of Paul Bunyan. When asked where they live, Lower Peninsula residents may hold up their right palm, the peninsula is sometimes divided into the Northern Lower Peninsula—which is more sparsely populated and largely forested—and the Southern Lower Peninsula—which is largely urban or farmland. The Lower Peninsula dominates Michigan politics, and maps of it without the Upper Peninsula are sometimes presented as Michigan, Yoopers jokingly refer to residents of the Lower Peninsula as flat-landers or trolls. The Lower Peninsula is bounded on the south by the states of Indiana and it is bounded by the west by Lake Michigan and on the northeast by Lake Huron, which connect at the Straits of Mackinac. In the southeast, the waterway of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, at its widest points, the Lower Peninsula is 277 miles long from north to south and 195 miles from east to west. It contains nearly two-thirds of Michigans total land area, the surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. The western coast features extensive sandy beaches and dunes and it is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this, the highest point in the Lower Peninsula is not definitely established but is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet, or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet, the American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society have designated several locations as internationally Important Bird Areas. The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a geological basin known as the Michigan Basin and that feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are 16,000 feet deep, around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around 4,000 feet down. This 4, 000-foot contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and it crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron. Highways include, US10 US12 US23 US24 US31 US127 US131 US223 The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes. Michigans Lower Peninsula can be divided into four regions based on geological, soil, and vegetation differences, amount of urban areas or rural areas, minority populations. The four principal regions listed below can further be separated into sub-regions, united States Coast Guard Historians Office
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Central Michigan
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Mid Michigan, occasionally called Central Michigan, is a region in the Lower Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. As its name implies, it is the area of the Lower Peninsula. The region contains cities of moderate size including Flint, Saginaw, for the most part Central Michigan and Mid Michigan are synonymous with each other, representing generally the same geographic area of Michigan. However, some definitions of Central Michigan and Mid Michigan can vary significantly, the Greater Lansing area, sometimes called the Capitol Region, includes the area surrounding the state capitol of Lansing and nearby East Lansing. The Flint area is included in Mid Michigan, and can also be considered a part of Metro Detroit, the Thumb of Michigan is a peninsula that surrounded by Lake Huron in the east-central area of the state. Central or Mid Michigan can also include areas that are referred to as Southern Michigan and this is loosely defined and can refer to a region in the south-central portion of the state characterized by the Irish Hills. The region includes the Adrian, Jackson, and Hillsdale areas which are considered a part of Southeast Michigan. Portions of Central or Mid Michigan can overlap with portions of Western Michigan, Also, some areas may overlap with what is known as Northern Michigan. These areas, such as Clare, Gladwin, and Arenac County are along the border of the two regions and can be considered parts of both, depending on frame of reference. See also, List of Michigan state parks and geography of Michigan, the region includes many rivers including the Grand River, Red Cedar River, Saginaw River, Tittabawassee River, Shiawassee River and Flint River. A drainage divide occurs in Central Michigan, causing the Grand River to flow west into Lake Michigan, the terrain has rolling hills and plains with fertile soil. Agriculture dominates in the areas, where corn, soybeans, sugar beets. The region has mostly small towns with a few cities of notable size, most of the area is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing or Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw. It is the fifth largest city in the state, the Lansing-East Lansing metropolitan area is the third largest metro area in Michigan. Flint is the sixth largest city in the state and an important center for Michigans automotive industry, the Tri-Cities area includes Midland, Bay City, and Saginaw. The Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area is the fifth largest metro area in Michigan, the Mid-Michigan area was predominately Ojibwe territory prior to colonization. One of the first European settlements in the region was the French Fort St. Joseph in present-day Port Huron in 1686, the area that became Michigan opened up to European settlement following the French and Indian war. Later in the 1800s Lewis Cass would negotiate the Treaty of Saginaw, the opening of the Erie Canal brought vast numbers of settlers to the region, as population started growing northward from Ohio
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Metro Detroit
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The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in Southeast Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. There are several definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, and sports. The area includes a variety of landscapes, parks, and beaches. It is one of the nations largest metropolitan economies, with seventeen Fortune 500 companies and this urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne. These counties are referred to as the Detroit Tri-County Area and had a population of 3,862,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of 1,967.1 square miles. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 4,296,250 with an area of 3,913 square miles. It had a population of 5,318,744 as of the 2010 census, lenawee County was removed from the CSA in 2000, but added back in 2013. With the adjacent city of Windsor, Ontario and its suburbs, when the nearby Toledo metropolitan area and its commuters are taken into account, the region constitutes a much larger population center. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile radius of Detroit proper, Metro Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. Detroit and the region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade, most notably as home to Americas Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford. Detroits six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of about 4.3 million, in May 2012, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroits unemployment rate at 9. 9%. The Detroit MSA had a Gross Metropolitan Product of $197.7 billion in 2010, firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. Metro Detroit is one of the health care economies in the U. S. according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components. Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest US city to offer casino resort hotels, caesars Windsor, Canadas largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Greektown Casino in the city. The casino hotels contribute significant tax revenue along with thousands of jobs for residents, gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth largest gambling market in the United States for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroits gambling market ranks either third or fourth, there are about four thousand factories in the area. The domestic auto industry is headquartered in Metro Detroit. The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities, a 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit–Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the citys international border crossing
