1.
Parliament of Canada
–
The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
2.
Prime Minister of Canada
–
Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
3.
Wilfrid Laurier
–
Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier GCMG, PC, KC, known as Wilfrid Laurier, was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, in office from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911. Canadas first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the countrys greatest statesmen and he is well known for his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada. His vision for Canada was a land of liberty and decentralized federalism. He also argued for an English-French partnership in Canada, I have had before me as a pillar of fire, he said, a policy of true Canadianism, of moderation, of reconciliation. He passionately defended individual liberty, Canada is free and freedom is its nationality, a 2011 Macleans historical ranking of the Prime Ministers placed Laurier first. Laurier holds a number of records, he holds the record for the most consecutive federal elections won, in addition, his nearly 45 years of service in the House of Commons is a record for that house. At 31 years,8 months, Laurier was the leader of a major Canadian political party. Finally, he is the fourth-longest serving Prime Minister of Canada, behind King, John A. Macdonald, Lauriers portrait is displayed on the Canadian five-dollar bill. The second child of Carolus Laurier and Marcelle Martineau, Wilfrid Laurier was born in Saint-Lin, Canada East, Laurier was among the seventh generation of his family in Canada. His ancestor François Cottineau, dit Champlaurier, came to Canada from Saint-Claud and he grew up in a family where politics was a staple of talk and debate. His father, a man having liberal ideas, enjoyed a certain degree of prestige about town. In addition to being a farmer and surveyor, he also occupied such sought-after positions as mayor, justice of the peace, militia lieutenant, at the age of 11, Wilfrid left home to study in New Glasgow, a neighbouring village largely inhabited by immigrants from Scotland. Over the next two years, he familiarized himself with the mentality, language and culture of British people, Laurier attended the Collège de LAssomption and graduated in law from McGill University in 1864. He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1874 election, chosen as leader of the federal Liberal Party in 1887, he gradually built up his partys strength through his personal following both in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. The growing alienation of French-Canadians from the Conservative Party due to its links with anti-French and these factors, combined with the collapse of the Conservative Party of Quebec, gave Laurier an opportunity to build a stronghold in French Canada and among Catholics across Canada. Catholic priests in Quebec repeatedly warned their parishioners not to vote for Liberals and their slogan was le ciel est bleu, lenfer est rouge. Laurier led Canada during a period of growth, industrialization and immigration. His long career straddles a period of political and economic change
4.
Robert Borden
–
Sir Robert Laird Borden, GCMG PC KC was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10,1911, to July 10,1920, after retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queens University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 notes produced since 1976 but in late 2016 the government announced Bordens image would be removed during the next redesign, also arriving in this group was a great great grandfather, Robert Denison, who had come from Connecticut at about the same time. Perry had accompanied his father, Samuel Borden, the chief surveyor chosen by the government of Massachusetts to survey the former Acadian land, Robert Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister born before Confederation. His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician, from 1868 to 1874, he worked as a teacher in Grand-Pré and Matawan, New Jersey. Seeing no future in teaching, he returned to Nova Scotia in 1874, despite having no formal university education, he went to article for four years at a Halifax law firm. In August 1878, he was called to the Nova Scotia Bar, Borden went to Kentville, Nova Scotia, as the junior partner of the Conservative lawyer John P. Chipman. In 1880, he was inducted into the Freemasons – St Andrews lodge #1, in 1882, he was asked by Wallace Graham to move to Halifax and join the Conservative law firm headed by Graham and Charles Hibbert Tupper. In the Autumn of 1889, when he was only 35, Borden became the senior partner following the departure of Graham and Tupper for the bench and politics, respectively. His financial future guaranteed, on September 25,1889, he married Laura Bond, in 1894, he bought a large property and home on the south side of Quinpool Road, which the couple called Pinehurst. In 1893, Borden successfully argued the first of two cases which he took to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He represented many of the important Halifax businesses, and sat on the boards of Nova Scotian companies including the Bank of Nova Scotia and the Crown Life Insurance Company. In 1896, he became President of the Nova Scotia Barristers Society, by the time he was prevailed upon to enter politics, Borden had what some judged to be the largest legal practice in the Maritime Provinces, and had become a wealthy man. Borden was a Liberal until he broke with the party in 1891 over the issue of Reciprocity and he was elected to Parliament in the 1896 federal election as a Conservative and in 1901 was selected by the Conservative caucus to succeed Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative Party. He was defeated in his Halifax seat in the 1904 federal election, despite his efforts, his party lost the 1908 federal election to Wilfrid Lauriers Liberals. Borden was however elected again for Halifax and his partys fortunes turned around in the 1911 federal election, however, when the Conservatives successfully campaigned against Lauriers proposals for a Reciprocity agreement with the United States. Borden countered with a version of John A. Macdonalds National Policy and appeals of loyalty to the British Empire
5.
Government of Canada
–
The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
6.
Liberal Party of Canada
–
The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
7.
Official Opposition (Canada)
–
This is usually the second-largest party in a legislative house, although, in certain unusual circumstances, it may be a third or fourth party or even the largest party. The Official Opposition is viewed as the caucus tasked with keeping the government in check and it is also generally viewed as the alternative government or government in waiting. The spokesperson for each portfolio is known as an opposition critic, thus, in the event the government loses the confidence of the House or the Official Opposition party wins a general election, the party is ready to become the government. The Official Opposition is styled as Loyal Opposition to demonstrate that, although the group may be against the government, it remains loyal to the Crown. The Leader of the Opposition has a residence in Ottawa known as Stornoway. Additionally, the Leader and other cabinet members have the privilege of meeting with visiting foreign dignitaries. The Official Opposition party has advantages over other parties in the House. They are assigned to speak first after the government, and receive time in question period than other opposition parties. It also gets more space, funding for research. The third-place Conservative Party, led by Arthur Meighen, thus became the Official Opposition, as a result of the 1925 election, the Official Opposition was actually the largest party in the House of Commons, the Conservatives. The Ontario Liberal Party, the second largest party, governed from 1985 to 1987 with supply provided by the Ontario New Democratic Party, in 1993, the Reform Party challenged whether the Quebec sovereigntist Bloc Québécois could hold the position of official opposition. The Speaker ruled in favour of the Bloc, as they held two more seats than Reform, during the Blocs time as the official opposition, Quebec issues on national unity dominated Question Period, often to the irritation of the other opposition parties. However, Reform was considered to be opposition to the Liberals on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. In 1987, the Liberals won every seat in the 51st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, to ensure the proper functioning of the parliamentary system, Premier Frank McKenna named several members of his own caucus, led by Camille Thériault, to serve as the Official Opposition. Since November 2015 the Official Opposition is the Conservative Party, there is also an Official Opposition in the Canadian Senate. This is the largest party in the Senate that is not in government, as the governing party is determined in the House of Commons, the Official Opposition in the Senate may actually be larger than the government party in the Senate. It is customary, however, for the Senate to pass legislation approved in the House of Commons even if the government has a minority in the Senate, although the Senate nominally has the power to block most legislation, this power is rarely exercised in practice. The party that forms Official Opposition in the Senate is not necessarily the same party as in the House of Commons and this is because the BQ, and Reform Party had no Senators
8.
Conservative Party of Canada
–
The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum, the partys leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015. The Conservative Party is the successor to multiple right-wing parties which have existed in Canada for over a century, until 1942, one of the partys predecessors was known as the Conservative Party of Canada, and participated in numerous governments. Before 1942, the predecessors to the Conservatives had multiple names, but by 1942, in 1957, John Diefenbaker became the first Prime Minister from the Progressive Conservative Party, and remained in office until 1963. Another Progressive Conservative government was elected after the results of the 1979 federal election, Clark served from 1979 to 1980, when he was defeated by the Liberal Party after the 1980 federal election. In 1984, the Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney becoming Prime Minister, Mulroney was Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993, and his government was marked by free trade agreements and economic liberalization. A similar result occurred in 1997, and in 2000, when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, in 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. The party is currently being led by interim leader Rona Ambrose as it is undergoing a leadership election, which will take place in 2017. John Lynch-Staunton served as leader of the newly created Conservative Party of Canada from 8 December 2003 until 20 March 2004. On 19 January 2016, the party announced that a permanent leader will be elected on 27 May 2017, the National Council is the partys national governing body that is elected by the Conservative Party membership at its bi-annual meetings. A National Councillor is elected for a term and cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms. The party president is elected by National Council following their election, since 2016, the President of the Conservative Party has been Scott Lamb, a councillor representing British Columbia. The party President is the conduit between the Party Leader and the National Council, don Plett interim until 2005 John Walsh Scott Lamb The Executive Director answers to the party President, and is responsible for the day-to-day management and operations of the party. From February 2009 to October 2013, the Executive Director was Dan Hilton, from October to December 2013, the Acting Executive Director was Dave Forestell. Dimitri Soudas was named the new Executive Director in December 2013, on 30 March 2014, Soudas was told to resign or be fired from the position after allegedly interfering with the nomination contest taking place in his fiancees riding. On 30 March 2014, Simon Thompson was named as interim Executive Director, Thompson was previously the partys Chief Information Officer. In July 2014, Dustin Van Vugt was brought in as the Deputy Executive Director – a position created specifically for him, in October 2014, Van Vugts position was unanimously ratified by the partys National Council, and Thompson became the Chief Operations Officer. The Director of Political Operations reports to the Executive Director, and is one of the most important positions within the party
9.
Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)
–
The Speakers role in presiding over Canadas House of Commons is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system. The current Speaker is Geoff Regan, the Speaker with the longest tenure is Peter Milliken who served four consecutive parliaments in 10 years,124 days. In Canada it is the Speakers responsibility to manage the House of Commons and it is also the Speakers duty to act as a liaison with the Senate and the Crown. He is to rule over the house and have the government answer questions during the period as well as keep decorum with the house. The term Speaker originates from the British parliamentary tradition, by convention, Speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as Mister Speaker, for a male, and Madame Speaker, for a female. While the Constitution requires that the Speaker be elected by the House of Commons, however, in 1986 this was changed and they are now selected by secret ballot. The Speaker remains a sitting MP, but only votes on matters in the case of a tie, all MPs except for Cabinet ministers and party leaders are eligible to run for the Speakership. Any MP who does not wish to put his or her name forward must issue a letter withdrawing from the ballot by the day before the vote. The election is presided over by the Dean of the House, currently Louis Plamondon, all candidates who receive less than 5% of the vote are removed from the ballot. If no candidate received less than 5% of the then the MP with the fewest vote drops off. This continues, with a break between ballots, until one candidate receives more than 50% of the vote. In the event of a tie on the ballot, the ballot is taken again. This happened once, in 1993, when Gilbert Parent won over Jean-Robert Gauthier, the winner is escorted to the Speakers chair by the Prime Minister and Leader of the Official Opposition. Scheer was the youngest Speaker in Canadian history, on December 2,2015, Geoff Regan was elected Speaker in a secret ballot by members of the 42nd Parliament over Liberal candidates Denis Paradis, Yasmin Ratansi and Conservative Bruce Stanton. Regan won on the first ballot and is the first speaker from Atlantic Canada in over a hundred years, the Speaker usually comes from among MPs of the governing party. In the 39th Parliament, three members, Peter Milliken, Diane Marleau and Marcel Proulx, ran for Speaker. So far, every Speaker from a party has been a Liberal. The Speaker is required to perform his or her office impartially, Speaker Lucien Lamoureux decided to follow the custom of the Speaker of the British House of Commons and ran in the 1968 election as an independent
10.
Charles Marcil
–
Charles Marcil, PC was a longtime member of the Canadian House of Commons and served as Speaker of the House from 1909 -1911. Marcil was born to a French-Canadian father and Irish mother and his fathers family settled in New France around 1665. Growing up in the Ottawa-Hull area, he served as a House of Commons page, then went on to work as a journalist for the Montreal Gazette and several other newspapers. Marcil ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Quebec Liberal Party in the 1897 provincial election winning a seat in the federal parliament in 1900. He worked hard to obtain projects for his community including the construction of bridges, lighthouses, Marcil was nominated for the position of Speaker by Wilfrid Laurier following the 1908 election. Despite initial opposition by Ontario Tories, he was elected to the position. He was a popular Speaker and might have continued through a second Parliament had the Liberals not been defeated in the 1911 election and he returned to the backbenches, and concurrently was elected to sit on Montreals city council as an alderman in 1918 while remaining an MP. From 1921 to 1931, he served as Chairman of the Liberal caucus in Ottawa and he was Dean of the House from 1930 to his death in 1937. Charles Marcil was not the member of his family to be involved in politics. In the late 19th Century, his uncle Doctor David Marsil was mayor of Saint-Eustache, Quebec from 1871 to 1875, Charles Marcils brother Georges was the last mayor of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, before the city was annexed to Montreal in 1910. Georges granddaughter Susie Marcil was married to Daniel Johnson, Premier of Quebec in 1994, Charles Marcil – Parliament of Canada biography History of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce with reference to Charles Marcils brother Georges Biography of Charles Marcils uncle David Marsil
11.
Speaker of the Senate of Canada
–
The Speaker of the Senate of Canada is the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada. The Speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of procedure and parliamentary privilege. The current Speaker is George Furey who assumed office upon nomination by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on December 3,2015, replace Leo Housakos. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, on behalf of the Canadian Monarch, by convention, however, this advice is generally expressed exclusively by the Prime Minister of Canada. The role of the Speaker in the Senate was originally based on that of the Lord Chancellor in the United Kingdom, the Speaker of the Senate was also similar to the Lord Chancellor in being considered equal to other Senators. Decisions of the chair were not binding on the Senate unless the Speakers decision was also the pleasure of a majority of Senators, also similar to the practice of the Lords was that the Speaker would not intervene unless another Senator brought the matter to the attention of the Speaker. Decisions from the chair remain subject to appeals from the Senate, Canada has more recently departed from the traditions of the House of Lords, notably since 1991, when new rules for the Senate were adopted. The new Standing Orders have made it clear that the Speaker of the Senate could intervene without being called to do so by the Senate. The new Guidelines move the Senate further from the model of the practices of the House of Lords. The position was preceded by the Speaker of the Speaker of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada, the Speaker of the Senate is historically responsible for deciding on points of order, only once risen by another Senator. Therefore, the Speaker is, broadly speaking, responsible for the maintenance of order and they are expected to represent Canada internationally, and sometimes visit other nations on behalf of the Government of Canada. While the Speaker is an officer of the Senate, the Speaker as Senator also remains a representative of the Province from which he or she was appointed. Unlike the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, the Speaker of the Senate of Canada has the right to participate in debates on behalf of the citizens of their Province or Territory. The Speaker has the right and power to cast an original vote, the Speaker of the Senate holds no similar role, as the Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets, and Administration is chaired by another Senator. In the absence of the Speaker in the Red Chamber, his duties are carried by the Speaker pro tempore, should both chair officers be absent, any Senator can be called upon to take the chair. Irrespective of who is in the chair, their decisions hold the force as that of the Speaker of the Senate of Canada. The Speaker of the Senate performs the Senate Speakers Parade to mark the opening of a sitting in the Senate with the help of the Black Rod, key, Hays, Kinsella and Housakos are the only current living former Speakers of the Senate
12.
Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)
–
The representative is appointed by the Prime Minister of Canada. The position replaces the Leader of the Government in the Senate, the old position had almost always been held by a cabinet minister, except briefly in 1926, from 1958–63 and since 2013. The situation has created uncertainty about how the Senate will function. Retired civil servant Peter Harder was named to the position on March 18,2016, the government leaders counterpart on the Opposition benches is the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who continues to be a member of the opposition political party. Early Canadian cabinets included several senators who would be answerable to the Senate for government actions, in the nineteenth century, it was not considered unusual for a senator to be Prime Minister. Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell served as minister from the Senate. Abbott and Bowell both found it difficult to lead the government from the Senate, however, and over time, today, it is rare for senators to occupy prominent positions in cabinet. From 1935 on, it was typical for a cabinet to have only one senator who would have the position of minister without portfolio alongside the position of leader of the government in the Senate. In 1968, the position of leader of the government in the Senate became a cabinet position in its own right with the appointment of Paul Martin. From July 2013, under prime minister Stephen Harper, the government leader in the Senate was again a non-cabinet minister, the government side in the Senate is the party that forms the government in the Canadian House of Commons. This means that the government party in the Senate may have fewer seats than the opposition, key, Notes Parliament of Canada biography of current Leader of the Government in the Senate Leader of the Opposition in the Senate
13.
Richard John Cartwright
–
Sir Richard John Cartwright GCMG PC was a Canadian businessman and politician. Cartwright was one of Canadas most distinguished federal politicians during the late 19th and he was a cabinet minister in five Liberal governments. He served in the Canadian Parliament for 43 years and 5 months, prior to Confederation, he had served 4 years,1 month and 15 days in the Legislative Assembly of the old Province of Canada. Thus, he was a legislator for more than 47 and a half years and he was a vigorous and trenchant orator, and was known as the Rupert of debate. In particular, his debates with his Conservative counterpart, Sir George Eulas Foster, are the stuff of Canadian Parliamentary legend and he was born and raised in Kingston, Ontario in a United Empire Loyalist family, the son of Harriet Dobbs Cartwright and the grandson of Richard Cartwright. He was a landowner in the area, and became prominent in Kingstons financial community as president of the Commercial Bank of Canada. He suffered a blow when his bank failed in 1867. Cartwright entered politics when he was elected as a Conservative Party member and supporter of John A. Macdonald in the Province of Canadas legislative assembly in 1863, in 1867, the Province of Canada became part of the new Canadian Confederation. Cartwright was elected to the newly formed Canadian House of Commons, in the year 1869, he broke with the Conservatives over Macdonalds appointment of Sir Francis Hincks as Minister of Finance, and crossed the floor to join the Liberal Party of Canada. With the Liberal partys victory in the 1874 election, Cartwright was appointed Minister of Finance by Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie and he supported free trade, but sought limited tariffs as a means of generating government revenue. Cartwright returned to the bench when the Liberals were defeated in the 1878 election. In recognition of his service, he was awarded a knighthood in 1879, from the 1887 election, he represented the riding of Oxford South. In the 1890s, the Liberals moved away from support for unrestricted reciprocity with the United States, with the victory of Wilfrid Lauriers Liberals in the 1896 election, Cartwright returned to Cabinet. Laurier denied Cartwright the finance ministry as a way of assuring Canadas business community that the government was not going to free trade. Instead, he appointed Cartwright Minister of Trade and Commerce, Cartwright also served as a Canadian member of the Anglo-American Joint High Commission to resolve diplomatic problems between Canada and the United States in 1898. Cartwright was appointed to the Imperial Privy Council in 1902, in 1904, he was elevated to the Canadian Senate, but remained Trade and Commerce minister until the fall of the Laurier government in the 1911 election. In this position he introduced, in 1908, a system of old age annuities. Additionally, he served as Leader of the Government in the Senate from 1909 until 1911, in the Kingston, Ontario, area, Cartwright Street and Cartwright Point are named for him and his family, in recognition of their longstanding contributions to the region
14.
Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)
–
In Canada, the Leader of the Official Opposition in the Senate is the leader of the largest party in the Senate not in government. Thus, the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate may lead more Senators than the Leader of the Government in the Senate. Since, normally senators have longer tenure than MPs, this is often the case following a change in government. The Leader of the Opposition in the Senate is not necessarily from the party as the opposition in the House of Commons. From 1993 until 2003 the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate was a Progressive Conservative despite the fact the Progressive Conservatives were not the Official Opposition in the House of Commons, the Official Opposition in the Commons, did not have Senate representation. There are no set rules governing the manner in which the position is filled from within caucuses, Senator Jacques Flynn was unopposed in 1967 after being encouraged to seek the position by the then national leader Robert Stanfield. However, Senators John Lynch Staunton in 1993 and Noël Kinsella in 2004 were elected by their colleagues over other contenders, in a November 10,2015 Canadian Press story, Senator Claude Carignan referenced his election to the position of Senate Opposition Leader. The traditional practice of the Liberal party in opposition had been for their leader to select their leader in the Senate. When the Senate met in the afternoon, the first order of business was a discussion of that status of the Liberal Senators, accordingly, I will continue to serve as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. Senator Fraser was similarly elected to serve as deputy leader, Senator Munson as our caucus whip, as well, Senator Mitchell will continue as chair of our caucus. parl. gc. ca/About/Senate/Factsheets/leadership-e. htm
15.
James Alexander Lougheed
–
Sir James Alexander Lougheed, PC KCMG KC was a businessman and politician from Alberta, Canada. Lougheed was born in Brampton, Canada West, to Irish Protestant parents, the family moved to Weston when Lougheed was a child, and he attended King Street Public School and Weston High School. He attended the University of Toronto and he studied law at the Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and was sworn in as a solicitor in 1881, in 1887 he formed a law practice with Peter McCarthy and two years later in 1889 He became a QC. In 1882 Lougheed moved with his brother to Winnipeg, Manitoba, one year later he moved to Calgary, then at the end of the CPR line. He started a practice in Calgary in the fields of real estate and transportation law. He also invested heavily in real estate and opened a brokerage firm and his Lougheed Building in downtown Calgary still stands, it included the GRAND theatre which was saved from demolition in 2004 by the Company Theatre Junction The Grand. In 1891 he and his wife, the former Belle Hardisty, Beaulieu became the centre of Calgarys social scene, as the Lougheeds welcomed oil millionaires, politicians, royalty, and entertainment stars to their home. He and Belle had six children, four boys and two girls, Lougheed had been a member of the federal Conservative Party since his days in Toronto, and had campaigned for Sir John A. Macdonald. Even so, his appointment to the Senate on 10 December 1889 came as a surprise to many, however, he gained the respect of both his fellow senators and his fellow Westerners due to his staunch support of Western interests and his political abilities. Lougheed spent the next 30 years living both in Ottawa and in Calgary, in order to protect his legal interests, he brought a young lawyer from New Brunswick named R. B. Bennett to Calgary. Bennett and Lougheed worked together for over 20 years until a dispute between the senator and the future prime minister caused each to go his own way. In the 1890s Lougheed emerged as the Wests strongest voice in the Senate and he was constantly in the position of having to remind members of the Upper Chamber of the realities of life in the western provinces and territories. In 1906, he became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, the Conservatives were in opposition for many of Lougheeds early years as a senator. He was knighted by George V in 1916, becoming the only Albertan ever to receive the honour, when the Conservatives took power following the 1911 election, he became Leader of the Government in the Senate and minister without portfolio in the government of Sir Robert Borden. He was made Chairman of the Military Hospitals Commission in 1915, after Borden formed his wartime Union government, he appointed Lougheed as Minister of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment in 1918. With the Liberals in power, Lougheed resumed his position as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate until his death in 1925, Lougheed was a strict conservative in many ways. His relationship to the First Nations people could be both patriarchal and supportive, however, when Indian Affairs officials refused to allow the six Nations to participate in the first Calgary Stampede in 1912, Lougheed with R. B. Bennett fought that decision. Lougheed was also a businessman through his real estate, newspapers
16.
Monarchy of Canada
–
The Monarchy of Canada is at the very core of both Canadas federal structure and Westminster-style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive, legislature, and judiciary in the federal, the Canadian sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and, as a matter of constitutional law, is Canada. The current Canadian monarch, since 6 February 1952, is Queen Elizabeth II, as such, Elizabeths son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent. Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 15 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each countrys monarchy is separate. However, the Queen is the member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. While some powers are only by the sovereign, most of the monarchs operational and ceremonial duties are exercised by his or her representative. In each of Canadas provinces, the monarch is represented by a lieutenant governor, as the territories are not sovereign, they do not have a viceroy. As all executive authority is vested in the sovereign, their assent is required to allow for bills to become law and for letters patent, Canada is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world. The emergence of this arrangement paralleled the fruition of Canadian nationalism following the end of the First World War and culminated in the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony, hence arises the phrase The King is dead. It is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the governor general on behalf of the Privy Council. Following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual. This is because, in law, the Crown never dies. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the rules of succession to their respective crowns requires the consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701, in 1936, King Edward VIII abdicated and any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession. As the Statute of Westminster 1931 disallowed the UK from legislating for Canada, including in relation to succession, the latter was deemed by the Cabinet in 1947 to be part of Canadian law, as is the Bill of Rights 1689, according to the Supreme Court of Canada. The Department of External Affairs included all succession-related laws in its list of acts within Canadian law, certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts
17.
Edward VII
–
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
18.
George V
–
George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
19.
10th Canadian Parliament
–
The 10th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 11,1905, until September 17,1908. The membership was set by the 1904 federal election on November 3,1904 and it was dissolved prior to the 1908 election. It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Robert Borden. The Speaker was Robert Franklin Sutherland, see also List of Canadian electoral districts 1903-1907 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. There were four sessions of the 10th Parliament, Following is a full list of members of the tenth Parliament listed first by province, electoral districts denoted by an asterisk indicates that district was represented by two members. Alberta and Saskatchewan were established as Canadian provinces on 1 September 1905 from parts of what had formerly been the Northwest Territories, the old NWT electoral districts were not formally abolished until the 1907 redistribution, which took the provincial boundary into account. In the meantime, three by-elections were held in districts which straddled the new border, the regions of the Northwest Territories represented in Parliament became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan on 1 September 1905. Except in cases where the members resigned, NWT MPs continued to represent constituencies using the 1903 boundaries until the dissolution of the 10th Parliament, guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament, leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006
20.
12th Canadian Parliament
–
The 12th Canadian Parliament was in session from 15 November 1911 until 6 October 1917. The membership was set by the 1911 federal election on 21 September 1911, at 5 years,10 months and 22 days, it was the longest parliament in Canadian history. The parliament was extended beyond the limit of five years by the British North America Act,1916 as a result of World War I. It was controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden, the Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier. The last year of the parliament was dominated by the Conscription Crisis of 1917. At the end of the parliament, a new ministry, the Union Government, was formed by Borden as a coalition government including Liberals. Laurier refused to join and those Liberals who supported Borden took the name Liberal Unionists, the Union Government went on to win the 1917 federal election. The Speaker was first Thomas Simpson Sproule, and later Albert Sévigny, see also List of Canadian electoral districts 1907-1914 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. There were seven sessions of the 12th Parliament, Following is a full list of members of the twelfth Parliament listed first by province, electoral districts denoted by an asterisk indicates that district was represented by two members. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation, members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament. Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons, archived from the original on 27 April 2006
21.
Canadian federal election, 1908
–
The Canadian federal election of 1908 was held on October 26 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 11th Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Lauriers Liberal Party of Canada was re-elected for a consecutive term in government with a majority government. The Liberals lost four seats and a share of the popular vote. Sir Robert Bordens Conservatives and Liberal-Conservatives won ten additional seats and this was the first election in which Alberta and Saskatchewan voted as provinces. The remainder of the Northwest Territories that previously had Parliamentary representation lost it - a seat would not be created for the NWT again until 1949, List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada 11th Canadian Parliament
22.
Canadian federal election, 1911
–
The Canadian federal election of 1911 was held on September 21 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 12th Parliament of Canada. The central issue was Liberal support for a treaty with the US to lower tariffs. The Conservatives denounced it because it threatened to weaken ties with Britain and submerge the Canadian economy, the Conservatives won, and Robert Borden became prime minister. The idea of a Canadian Navy was also an issue, the election ended 15 years of government by the Liberal Party of Wilfrid Laurier. The Liberal government was caught up in a debate over the arms race between the British Empire and Germany. Many English Canadians in British Columbia and the Maritimes felt that Laurier was abandoning Canadas traditional links to their mother country, Great Britain. On the other side, Quebec nationalist Henri Bourassa, having quit the Liberal Party over what he considered the governments pro-British policies. Ironically, Bourassas attacks on Laurier in Quebec aided in the election of the Conservatives, in mid-1910, Laurier had attempted to kill the Naval issue that was settling Anglo-Canadians against French-Canadians by opening talks for a reciprocity treaty with the United States. As such, the reciprocity agreement had to be ratified by both houses of the US Congress rather just the Senate, which Laurier would later regret, the base of Liberal support shifted to Western Canada, seeking markets for its agricultural products. It had long been a proponent of trade with the United States. The protected manufacturing businesses of Central Canada were strongly against it, allen argues that two speeches by American politicians gave the Conservatives the ammunition needed to arouse anti-American, pro-British sentiments, which provided the winning votes. The people of Canada are of our blood and language, remarks about the absorption of one country by another grate harshly on the ears of the smaller. Taft rejected the proposal and asked the committee to take a vote on the resolution, Clarks speech had already provoked massive outrage in Canada. Bennetts resolution was taken by many Canadians as more proof that the Conservative were right that the reciprocity agreement would result in American annexation of Canada. The Montreal Daily Star, English Canadas most widely read newspaper and had supported the Liberals and reciprocity, now did a volte-face and turned against the reciprocity agreement. In an editorial, it wrote, None of us realized the meaning of the shrewdly framed offer of the long headed American government when we first saw it. It was as cunning a trap as ever laid, the master bargainers of Washington have not lost their skill. Contemporary accounts mentioned in the aftermath of Clarks speech that anti-Americanism was at a high in Canada
23.
Alberta
–
Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
24.
Maitland Stewart McCarthy
–
Maitland Stewart McCarthy was a politician, lawyer and judge from western Canada. Born in Orangeville, Ontario, he was the son of Thomas Anthony Maitland McCarthy, a county court judge and he studied at Trinity College School in Port Hope and Trinity University, receiving a LLB in 1896. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1897 and set up practice in Sarnia, in 1900, he married Eva Florence Watson. McCarthy moved to Calgary, then part of the Northwest Territories and he was admitted to the bar and set up practice in Calgary with William L. Walsh. Maitland was elected Calgarys first direct member of the Canadian House of Commons after the prior to the 1904 federal election gave Calgary its first direct seat. He was re-elected to a term in the 1908 Canadian federal election. After leaving politics, he returned to the practice of law, McCarthy was named Kings Counsel in 1913 and, in 1914, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Alberta. In 1926, he retired from the due to health problems. McCarthy died while on vacation in Montreal in 1930, aged 58, Maitland Stewart McCarthy – Parliament of Canada biography Maitland Stewart McCarthy
25.
Frank Oliver (politician)
–
Francis Frank Oliver PC was a politician and journalist from old Northwest Territories, and later Alberta, Canada. Born in Peel County, Canada West, Oliver learned Journalism in Toronto, in 1880 he moved west and founded the Edmonton Bulletin with his wife Harriet Dunlop. When the first issue was printed on December 6,1880, it became the first newspaper in what is now known as the province of Alberta and his other contributions to the Canadian Northwest includes the creation of the territories first public school system. Oliver served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories for Edmonton from 1883 to 1896, Oliver resigned from the legislature in 1896 to run for a seat in the House of Commons for the Liberal Party of Canada. He was elected representing the Alberta, and later Edmonton and Edmonton West, from 1905 until 1911 he was appointed and served as the Minister of the Interior and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs. As Minister, Oliver pushed for the recently discovered hot springs and contiguous area be given to the people of Canada, thereby creating Banff National Park, Oliver was assigned by Wilfrid Laurier to draw up the electoral boundaries used in the 1905 Alberta general election. The boundaries were said to favour the Edmonton region where the Alberta Liberal Party enjoyed the most support and he used his political weight to make certain that Edmonton, and not Calgary, would become the provincial capital. By 1911, Olivers Immigration Policy called for tighter controls on immigration, Oliver was staunchly British, and his policies favoured nationality over occupation. By 1911, he was able to assert that his policy was more restrictive, exclusive and selective than his predecessors. Frank Oliver was born Francis Bowsfield, due to some disagreement in the family he dropped the name of Bowsfield and adopted the name of his grandmother, Nancy Oliver Lundy. Frank Oliver died in 1933 in Ottawa
26.
Macleod (electoral district)
–
Macleod was a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1908 to 1968 and from 1988 to 2015. It was a rural riding in southwest Alberta, however it extended as far north as the outer suburbs of Calgary. It covered the Municipal District of Foothills No,31, Municipal District of Willow Creek No. 26, Municipal District of Pincher Creek No,9, Municipal District of Ranchland No. 66, Vulcan County, the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass, and it also included the towns of Okotoks, Cochrane, and High River. It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Rocky Mountain, Palliser Crowfoot, Lethbridge and it was re-created in 1987 from Bow River, Lethbridge—Foothills, Medicine Hat and Wild Rose ridings. Due to the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution the riding will be abolished prior to the next election, most of the riding will be transferred to the new riding of Foothills. Small parts will also be transferred to Bow River, Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner, Banff—Airdrie, Calgary Midnapore, note, Conservative vote is compared to the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance vote in 2000. Note, Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997, note, NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election. Note, Progressive Conservative vote is compared to National Government vote in 1940 election, note, National Government vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election. Note, George Gibson Cootes CCF vote is compared to his UFA vote in 1930 election, note, UFA vote is compared to Progressive vote in 1925 election. Note, Conservative vote is compared to Unionist vote in 1917 election, note, Unionist vote is compared to Liberal-Conservative vote in 1911 election. List of Canadian federal electoral districts Alberta federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts Census Profile
27.
John Herron (Alberta politician)
–
John Herron was a politician from Western Canada. Herron would run in the new Macleod electoral district after the creation of the province of Alberta in the 1908 Canadian federal election and he retained his seat in parliament to win a second term. In the 1911 Canadian federal election he was defeated by David Warnock from the Liberal Party of Canada, Herron tried to regain his seat again in 1925 Canadian federal election. He ran in a contested three way race against George Coote and former Alberta MLA Thomas Milnes. Herron finished a close second behind Coote. A year later when Parliament was dissolved Herron tried again to regain a seat in the 1926 federal election, john Herron – Parliament of Canada biography
28.
Charles Alexander Magrath
–
Charles Alexander Magrath conducted foundation surveys of the Northwest Territories from 1878 until 1885. He was also the first mayor of Lethbridge, Alberta, which has a street named after him. Magrath was a member of the Northwest Territories Legislature from 1891–1898 and he was appointed as a cabinet minister in the Frederick Haultain administration in 1897. In the 1891 and 1894 general elections and an 1897 by-election, Magrath ran as a Member of Parliament representing the Medicine Hat constituency. He was fuel Controller during the Great War and chairman of Ontario Hydro and he also served on the Newfoundland Royal Commission of 1933. He married Margaret Holmes White Mair in 1887, after giving birth to a son, Charles Bolton, in 1888, she died in June 1892 of complications following the birth of a daughter. In 1899, he married Mabel Lillian Galt, a daughter of Sir Alexander and half-sister of Elliot Galt, two daughters were born of this union, Amy and Laura. Magrath has been called The Father of Irrigation in Southern Alberta, however, during his lifetime he was quick to acknowledge the contributions of Charles Ora Card, the LDS Church, and Elliot Galt to the development of irrigation in the Lethbridge region. The community of Magrath is named in his honour, montague Aldous Works by or about Charles Alexander Magrath at Internet Archive Charles Alexander Magrath – Parliament of Canada biography
29.
Red Deer (electoral district)
–
Red Deer was a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1908 to 2015. This riding was created in 1907 from Calgary and Strathcona ridings, at the time this was an overwhelmingly rural riding taking in much of Central Alberta between the two major cities of Calgary and Edmonton. The only major centre was Red Deer, then a small town. The constituency has consistently reduced in geographic size over the years due to Red Deers continued growth. In 2003, about 20% of the district was transferred to the Wetaskiwin riding, the riding was represented by centre-right MPs from 1935 onward. Like most other Alberta ridings outside Calgary and Edmonton, the major right-wing party of the day usually wins by blowout margins, from 1972 to 2011, a non-conservative party has only won 20 percent of the vote once. The riding was split almost in half for the 2015 election, the southern portion became Red Deer-Mountain View, while the northern portion was merged with Wetaskiwin to form Red Deer-Lacombe. This riding elected the following Members of Parliament, Its Member of Parliament is Earl Dreeshen, a farmer and he was first elected in 2008. He is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, note, Conservative vote is compared to the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance vote in 2000. Note, Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997, note, NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election. Note, Progressive Conservative vote is compared to National Government vote in 1940 election, note, National Government vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election. Note, Conservative vote is compared to Unionist vote in 1917 election, note, Unionist vote is compared to Liberal-Conservative vote in 1911 election. List of Canadian federal electoral districts Alberta federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts Census Profile, riding history for Red Deer from the Library of Parliament Expenditures -2008 Expenditures -2004 Expenditures -2000 Expenditures -1997 Elections Canada Website of the Parliament of Canada
30.
James McCrie Douglas
–
James McCrie Douglas was a politician in Alberta, Canada, a mayor of Edmonton, and a member of the Canadian House of Commons. Douglas was born February 5,1867 in Middleville, Lanark County, Ontario, the son of Rev James Douglas and he was educated in Winnipeg, and came to Strathcona, Alberta in 1894, where he opened a mercantile business with his brother R. B. Douglas. On November 1,1894 he married Mary Cameron Bickerton, James Douglas was elected as an alderman to the Strathcona city council. He entered federal politics in 1909 when Wilbert McIntyre, the recently elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Strathcona, Douglas, running as a Liberal, was the only candidate in the ensuing by-election, and was acclaimed to the Canadian House of Commons. He was re-elected as a Liberal in the 1911 election, Douglas was one of many MPs to leave Wilfrid Lauriers Liberal caucus and join this new alliance party, and was re-elected as a government candidate in the 1917 election. Once the war ended, he was one of a handful of former Liberals to join Arthur Meighens new National Liberal and he was defeated running under this banner in the 1921 election by Progressive candidate Daniel Webster Warner. Douglas returned to politics, running for Edmonton City Council as an alderman in the 1923 election. He was elected to a term, finishing fourth of fourteen candidates. Towards the end of this term he made a foray into federal politics. He was defeated by Liberal Charles Stewart, defeated again federally, this time for good, Douglas sought and won re-election as an alderman in Edmontons 1925 election, finishing first of eleven candidates. However, he resigned less than a year into his term to run for mayor in the 1926 election, thereafter, he stayed out of politics until 1929, when he was elected mayor. He was acclaimed in 1930 to a term, but was unseated in the 1931 election by Daniel Kennedy Knott. Douglas took a hiatus from politics to serve as a stipendary magistrate in the Northwest Territories. Douglas returned to Edmonton to run for mayor in the 1936 election and he left politics once again after this defeat, but returned to the position of alderman in the 1941 election, finishing second of fourteen candidates. He was re-elected in 1943,1945, and 1947 before retiring for good in 1949, James Douglas was a director of the Edmonton Exhibition Association, a member of the Kiwanis Club, a member of the Zoning Appeals Board, and a Presbyterian. He died of a seizure March 16,1950 and he endowed two academic scholarships at the University of Alberta, one in his own name for science students and one in his wifes name for arts students
31.
British Columbia
–
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
32.
William Templeman
–
William Templeman, PC was a Canadian newspaper editor and politician. He was defeated in the election, in an 1896 by-election and he was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1897 representing the senatorial division of New Westminster, British Columbia. From 1902 to 1906, he was a Minister without Portfolio in the cabinet of Wilfrid Laurier and he resigned from the Senate in 1906 to run in the riding of Victoria City when the current MP, George Riley, resigned to allow him to run. He was elected in the resulting by-election but was defeated in the 1908 federal election, in 1909, the current MP for the riding of Comox—Atlin, William Sloan, resigned to allow Templeman to be acclaimed as the MP in the resulting by-election. He was defeated again in the 1911 federal election in the riding of Victoria City, from 1906 to 1911, he was the Minister of Inland Revenue. From 1907 to 1911, he was the Minister of Mines, William Templeman – Parliament of Canada biography
.jpg)
