1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Field artillery
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Field artillery is a category of mobile artillery used to support armies in the field. These weapons are specialized for mobility, tactical proficiency, long range, short range and this was in contrast to horse artillery, whose emphasis on speed while supporting cavalry units necessitated lighter guns and crews riding on horseback. Modern artillery has also advanced to rapidly deployable wheeled and tracked vehicles, thus, their role was limited to such functions as breaking sieges. Following the beginning of the era, the first field artillery came into being as metallurgy allowed thinner cannon barrels to withstand the explosive forces without bursting. However, there was still a risk of the constant changes of the battlefield conspiring to leave behind slow-moving artillery units - either on the advance, or more dangerously. Artillery units were particularly vulnerable to assault by light cavalry, which were used in this role. Only with a number of inventions, did the concept of field artillery really take off. One of the earliest documented uses of field artillery is found in the 14th-century Ming Dynasty treatise Huolongjing, the text describes a Chinese cannon called a thousand ball thunder cannon, manufactured of bronze and fastened with wheels. The book also describes another mobile form of artillery called a barbarian attacking cannon consisting of an attached to a two-wheel carriage. Before World War I, field artillery batteries fired directly at visible targets measured in distances of meters. Today, modern field batteries measure targets in kilometers and miles, most field artillery situations require indirect fire due to weather, terrain, night-time conditions, distance or other obstacles. Modern field artillery has three sections, All batteries have a Fire Support Man, Fire Direction Control. The FOs are forward with the infantry where they can see the targets and they call the FDC on the radio and transmit a request for fire in the format of CFF. The FDC calculates the CFF and send a deflection and elevation to the gun line, the gun line cranks the specified elevation and deflection on the howitzers, punch the artillery shell followed by the bag. Depending on the CFF, the gunline will fire the round when they are ready or when the FO calls and tells them to fire, the FO spots the round and sends a correction back to the FDC and the process starts all over again until its done. The batteries are many kilometres behind the FLOT and they plan a location where they can be Fire Capability for some certain amount of time and do multiple fire missions before needing to displace. In normal operations the FOs locate targets and transmits the CFF to the FDCs and they can also calculate defensive fire tasks. Because the calculations have already been done, the fire can be called down very quickly when it is needed, the advance party consists of the battery commander, his driver, first sergeant, gunnery sergeant, FDC guide, gun guides, and communications representatives
3.
10th Field Artillery Regiment
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The 10th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916. Due to the inactivation of Fort Bennings 3rd Infantry Division, the 10th Field Artillery Regiment was inactivated December 2015, the 10th Field Artillery Regiment was formed at Camp Douglas in 1916. It served in France during World War I, specifically in the Champagne-Marne, St. Mihiel and it was bestowed its motto The Rocks Support due to its support of the 3rd Division at the Second Battle of the Marne. The organization was redesignated the 10th Field Artillery Battalion in 1940 and served in ten European campaigns of World War II, reorganized to the 1st Battalion 10th Field Artillery, it was assigned to 3rd Infantry Division Artillery. On a canton of the last a winged centaur courant holding a bent bow and arrow of the field, symbolism The shield is red for Artillery, the parent organization being shown by its crest placed on the canton. The 38th Infantry earned the sobriquet of “The Rock of the Marne”, background The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 16 April 1923. It was redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Battalion on 15 December 1942, the insignia was redesignated for the 10th Artillery Regiment on 22 January 1958. It was again redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 2 December 1971, blazon Shield, Gules, a rock Proper resting on two cannons in saltire Or. On a canton of the last a winged centaur courant holding a bent bow and arrow of the field, and for unofficial use pendant to escutcheon a French Croix de Guerre with gilt star Proper. Crest, On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules a dexter arm embowed habited in Olive Drab grasping a Red guidon on a broken staff all Proper. Symbolism Shield, The shield is red for Artillery, the parent organization being shown by its crest placed on the canton. The 38th Infantry earned the sobriquet of “The Rock of the Marne”, crest, The crest symbolizes the honorable loss and recapture of its guns. Background The coat of arms was approved for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 6 June 1921. It was amended to include history on 13 September 1923, the insignia was redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Battalion on 15 December 1942. It was again redesignated for the 10th Artillery Regiment on 22 January 1958, the coat of arms was redesignated for the 10th Field Artillery Regiment on 2 December 1971. S. Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 10th Field Artillery Regiment
4.
12th Field Artillery Regiment
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The 12th Field Artillery Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. The regiment had its baptism of fire near Verdun, the arms of which have one fleur-de-lis crowned all gold, the crown on these arms is for Verdun. The canton carried the Aztec banner from the crest of the parent organization, the distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment on 17 April 1923. It was re-designated for the 12th Field Artillery Battalion on 14 February 1941 and it was re-designated for the 12th Artillery Regiment on 10 February 1958. The insignia was re-designated effective 1 September 1971, for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment, the shield is a Gules, a fleur-de-lis Argent crowned Or, on a canton of the like an Aztec banner Vert garnished of the second. The crest is on a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules, the regiment had its baptism of fire near Verdun, the arms of which have one fleur-de-lis crowned all gold. The crown on these arms is for Verdun, the canton carried the Aztec banner from the crest of the parent organization, the 3rd Field Artillery. The crest of the 12th Field Artillery is self-explanatory, the coat of arms was originally approved for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment on 24 June 1921. It was amended to include the motto on 16 August 1921 and it was re-designated for the 12th Field Artillery Battalion on 13 February 1941. It was re-designated for the 12th Artillery Regiment on 10 February 1958, the insignia was re-designated effective 1 September 1971, for the 12th Field Artillery Regiment. The 1st Battalion, 12th Field Artillery was constituted on 3 June 1916 as an element of the 2nd Division, the 12th Regiment arrived in France and fought bravely in four offenses in World War I. Following the armistice, the 12th joined the U. S. Army of Occupation, stationed in the Colenz area, then returned to Fort Sam Houston, Texas. On 1 May 1939, the regiment was reactivated as a 155mm howitzer battalion, the 12th joined the armies staging in England for the invasion of France. On D-Day plus three, the 12th landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy and participated in the breakout from the beachhead. Later, the 12th was in the thick of the fighting of the Battle of the Bulge and it joined in the race across Germany and on VE Day was in Pilson, the 12th returned to Fort Lewis, Washington where it remained until it was inactivated. When the Korean War broke out, the 12th was reactivated and in July 1950, later it face the Red Chinese at the Chong-chon river. The unit became Battery A, 12th field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 2nd Infantry Division. A year later, the battalion endured some of the bloodiest fighting of the Korean War at T-bone Mountain, the Battle of Old Baldy, White Horse Mountain, and the Battle of Pork Chop Hill
5.
Field Artillery Branch (United States)
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The Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army was founded on 17 November 1775 by the Continental Congress, which unanimously elected Henry Knox Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776, Artillery of all types was part of the Artillery Corps until 1901, when the Corps was split into battery-sized units, called companies at the time, of Field Artillery and Coast Artillery. In 1907 the Artillery Corps was reorganized into the Field Artillery, although presently Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery are separate branches, both inherit the traditions of the Artillery branch. The mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, the Field Artillery is one of the Armys combat arms, traditionally one of the three major branches. It refers to units that use artillery weapons systems to deliver surface-to-surface long range indirect fire. Indirect fire means that the projectile does not follow the line of sight to the target, mortars are not field artillery weapons, they are organic to infantry units and are manned by infantry personnel. The term field artillery is to distinguish from the Air Defense Artillery, and historically, from the U. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps, a branch which existed from 1901–1950. In 1950, the two branches were unified and called simply Artillery, until Air Defense Artillery was made into a branch in 1968. The insignia of the Field Artillery branch is a pair of crossed field guns in gold, the officially stated mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, or disrupt the enemy with integrated fires to enable maneuver commanders to dominate in unified land operations. The home of the Field Artillery and the Field Artillery School are at Fort Sill, Field artillery is called the King of Battle. Conflicts in the 20th century saw artillery become exponentially more effective as indirect fire methods were introduced prior to World War I. During World War I and World War II, field artillery was the single highest casualty-producing weapons system on any battlefield, members of the Field Artillery are referred to as redlegs because during the American Civil War they were distinguished by scarlet stripes down the legs of their uniform pants. The use of colors to distinguish branches of the United States Army dates to 1851, Branch colors are found on the shoulder straps of officers wearing the blue dress uniform and on branch of service scarves authorized for wear with a variety of uniforms. The professional journal of the Field Artillery is published at Fort Sill, known as the Field Artillery Journal in 1911, it went through many name changes through Field Artillery in 1987. The journal merged with Air Defense Artillery in 2007 to become Fires, the United States Marine Corps is currently transitioning from the M198 howitzer to the M777. In 1789 after the Revolution there was one battalion of four companies of artillery. In 1794 a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers was organized, which included the four companies of artillery then in service and had sixteen companies in four battalions, in 1802 there was a reduction of the army. The Artillery were separated from the Engineers and the former formed into one regiment of 20 companies, in 1808 a regiment of ten companies called the Light Artillery was formed
6.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty
7.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
8.
2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery
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The 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment is the field artillery battalion assigned to the 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division. The present 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery traces its lineage to Battery B, the 11th FA was originally organized as a horse-drawn heavy artillery regiment equipped with the 4.7 inch howitzer. Each battery was authorized four howitzers, after training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, the 11th FA arrived in France on 2 August 1918. Upon arrival, the regiment was issued French 155mm Schneider Howitzers with a rapid fire capability, after intensive training at a French artillery post near the Swiss border, the 11th FA was attached to the 58th Field Artillery Brigade supporting the 89th Division on 25 October 1918. On 21 October 1918, the 58th FA BDE, including the 11th FA, was transferred north by train to the Argonne Forest area. At 0330 hours 1 November 1918, the massive Allied assault against German positions began with rolling artillery barrages, the artillery fires were so effective in destroying German positions that by 3 November 1918 the infantry had advanced beyond the range of the artillery. On the morning of 11 November 1918, word was passed to the regiment that a fire would go into effect at 11,00.59.59. The crew for the howitzer named Calamity Jane was chosen to fire the round, the regimental motto On Time alludes to this action. On 14 December 1918, the 11th FA rejoined the 6th Division at Dijon, on 3 June 1919, the 11th FA left France for the United States, arriving at its new duty station, Camp Grant, Rockford, Illinois, on 19 June 1919. There it was relieved from assignment to the 6th Division on 12 November 1920, in 1921, the Hawaiian Division was activated at Schofield Barracks, Territory of Hawaii. The 11th FA was assigned to the Hawaiian Divisions 11th FA BDE on 1 March 1921, in addition to the two direct support, 75mm field gun regiments in the 11th FA BDE, the 11th FA was organized with two general support, 155mm howitzer battalions. During the 1930s, both Battery B and Battery A received the Knox Trophy, awarded annually to the best field artillery battery in the US Army. In addition to its mission, between 1935 and 1940 the 11th FA was given a secondary mission of reinforcing the island of Oahus coast artillery defenses. For this mission the regiment was additionally issued 155 millimeter guns, on 1 October 1941 the units of the Hawaiian Division formed the 24th Infantry Division and the 25th Infantry Division. The 11th FA was redesignated as the 11th Field Artillery Battalion and assigned to the newly activated 24th Infantry Division, on 7 December 1941, the 11th FAB came under enemy fire as the Japanese aircraft that had bombed Wheeler Army Airfield strafed Schofield Barracks inflicting minor casualties and damage. Hardest hit were the Artillery quadrangles with the 11th sustaining several wounded, the 11th FAB claims to have shot down one of the twenty-nine Japanese planes downed during the attack on Pearl Harbor. After the attack, the 24th ID executed well-rehearsed operational plans designed to repel an assault on Oahu. As part of plan, the 11th FAB moved to its pre-designated defensive firing positions on the north shore of Oahu
9.
25th Infantry Division (United States)
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The 25th Infantry Division is a U. S. Army division based in Hawaii. The division, which was activated on 1 October 1941 in Hawaii and its present deployment is composed of Stryker, light infantry, airborne, and aviation units. The 25th Division was formed from the 27th and 35th Infantry regiments of the original Hawaiian Division− a pre–Second World War square division composed of two brigades with four infantry regiments, the remaining units of the Hawaiian Division were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Division. These steps, part of the Triangular division organization, were undertaken to provide more flexibility with direct control of three regiments. Sources, Constituted 26 August 1941 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters, 25th Infantry Division, following intensive training, the 25th began moving to Guadalcanal,25 November 1942, to relieve Marines near Henderson Field. The threat of enemy attacks caused a temporary withdrawal, but Division elements under XIV Corps control relieved the 147th Infantry. The junction of these elements with Americal Division forces near the cape,5 February 1943, a period of garrison duty followed, ending 21 July, On that date, advance elements debarked on Munda, New Georgia. The 25th Infantry, under the Northern Landing Force, took part in the capture of Vella Lavella,15 August to 15 September 1943. Meanwhile, other elements landed on New Georgia, took Zieta, marched through jungle mud for 19 days, elements cleared Arundel Island,24 September 1943, and Kolombangara island with its important Vila Airport,6 October. Organized resistance on New Georgia ended,25 August, and the moved to New Zealand for rest and training. The 25th was transferred to New Caledonia,3 February-14 March 1944 and it drove across the Luzon Central Plain, meeting the enemy at Binalonan,17 January. Moving through the rice paddies, the 25th occupied Umingan, Lupao, on 21 February, the division began operations in the Caraballo Mountains. It fought its way along Highway No,5, taking Digdig, Putlan, and Kapintalan against fierce enemy counterattacks and took Balete Pass,13 May, and opened the gateway to the Cagayan Valley,27 May, with the capture of Santa Fe. Until 30 June, when the division was relieved, it carried out mopping-up activities, on 1 July, the division moved to Tarlac for training, leaving for Japan,20 September. It remained on duty in Japan for the next five years. Open warfare once again flared in Asia, now the primary area of concern. The North Korean military crossed the 38th parallel on that day in an attack on South Korea, acting under United Nations orders, the Tropic Lightning Division moved from its base in Japan to Korea between 5–18 July 1950. The division, then under the command of Major General William B, kean, successfully completed its first mission by blocking the approaches to the port city Pusan
10.
Douglas, Arizona
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Douglas is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States that lies in the north-west to south-east running San Bernardino Valley within which runs the Rio San Bernardino. Douglas has a crossing with Mexico at Agua Prieta and a history of mining. The population was 17,378 at the 2010 census, the Douglas area was first settled by the Spanish in the 18th century. Presidio de San Bernardino was established in 1776 and abandoned in 1780 and it was located a few miles east of present-day Douglas. The United States Army established Camp San Bernardino in the half of the 19th century near the presidio. Douglas was founded as an American smelter town, to treat the ores of nearby Bisbee. The town is named after mining pioneer Dr. James Douglas and was incorporated in 1905, two copper smelters operated at the site. The Calumet and Arizona Company Smelter was built in 1902, the Copper Queen operated in Douglas from 1904 until 1931, when the Phelps Dodge Corporation purchased the Calumet and Arizona Company and took over their smelter. The Calumet and Arizona smelter then became the Douglas Reduction Works, Douglas was the site of the Phelps-Dodge Corporation Douglas Reduction Works until its closure in 1987. The smoke stacks of the smelter were not taken down until January 13,1991, the town was a site of the Arizona Copper Mine Strike of 1983. The Cowboys Home Saloon was the location of the shooting of bar owner Lorenzo Lon Bass. The accused was Arizona Ranger William W. Webb, the date was February 8,1903. In 1916, the Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa threatened to attack Douglas, on June 23,1926, missing evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson was found collapsed near a road at the adjacent Mexican town of Agua Prieta. She was driven into Douglas and told a story of kidnap, torture, there, large crowds gathered, anxious to see the famous Canadian-American celebrity minister. She had earlier disappeared from a beach near Los Angeles and was believed drowned, for a period of several weeks, Douglas enjoyed a brisk tourist boom as police, reporters and others visited the town and the nearby desert to investigate her story. The Los Angeles Times wrote, Mrs. McPherson put Douglas square on the map, Douglas is located near the southeastern corner of Arizona on the U. S. -Mexico border, across from the city of Agua Prieta, Sonora. U. S. Route 191 leads north from Douglas 69 miles to Interstate 10 near Willcox, Arizona State Route 80 leads west 26 miles to Bisbee and northeast 80 miles to Interstate 10 in New Mexico. Douglas has a steppe climate, which is cooler and wetter than a typical arid climate classification
United States
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document "11th Field Artillery Regiment".