1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
3.
Wall Street
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Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the markets of the United States as a whole. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, there are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named de Walstraat got its name. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal, among the first settlers that embarked on the ship Nieu Nederlandt in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word wal can be translated as rampart, however, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night, few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors. The space between the walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people. In the 1640s basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony, in 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week. The rampart was removed in 1699, the slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought, in the late 18th century there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other, in 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange. The idea of the agreement was to make the more structured and without the manipulative auctions. Persons signing the agreement agreed to each other a standard commission rate, persons not signing could still participate. In 1789 Wall Street was the scene of the United States first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30,1789 and this was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and architect of the early United States financial system, is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, in the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Droga5
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Droga5 is a New York City-based global advertising agency with an additional office in London. The agency works across all platforms including, broadcast, print, digital and social, experiential, some of Droga5’s most recognizable work includes campaigns for The New York Times, Marc Ecko, Newcastle Brown Ale, Android and Under Armour. Droga5 has been named Agency of the Year eleven times and has one of Advertising Age’s Agency A-list honorees for seven years running. It was ranked among Fast Company’s top ten advertising and marketing companies in 2017, Droga5 was one of Fast Company’s Most Innovative Companies in 2013 and, according to Crain’s New York Business, one of the 50 fastest growing companies in New York City. Droga5 won the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity’s Independent Agency of the Year award in 2015 and 2016, creative Chairman, David Droga, founded Droga5 in New York City in 2006. In a 2011 Forbes article by contributor Avi Dan, Droga said that he named his agency after the tag his mother used to sew into his clothes, in 2008, Droga5 opened a second office in David Droga’s homeland of Australia. In July 2013, William Morris Endeavor announced a significant minority investment in Droga5, Droga5’s New York office relocated to Wall Street in 2014. Droga described his views on advertising in an interview for CNN’s ICON and he said, “Advertising doesn’t have to be pollution
6.
National Urban League
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It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation. Its current President is Marc Morial, the Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes was founded in New York City on September 29,1910 by Ruth Standish Baldwin and Dr. George Edmund Haynes, among others. In 1918, Eugene K. Jones took the leadership of the organization, in 1920, the organization took the present name, the National Urban League. The mission of the Urban League movement, as stated by the National Urban League, is to enable African Americans to secure economic self-reliance, parity, power and civil rights. In 1941, Lester Granger was appointed Executive Secretary and led the NULs effort to support the March on Washington proposed by A, philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and A. J. Muste to protest racial discrimination in defense work and the military. During the Civil Rights Movement, Granger prevailed in his insistence that the NUL continue its strategy of education and persuasion, in 1961, Whitney Young became executive director amidst the expansion of activism in the civil rights movement, which provoked a change for the League. Young substantially expanded the Leagues fund-raising ability- and made the League a full partner in the civil rights movement, in 1963, the NUL hosted the planning meetings of A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil leaders for the March on Washington. Young also pushed for federal aid to cities, clarence M. Pendleton, Jr. was from 1975 to 1981, the head of the Urban League in San Diego, California. In 1981, U. S. President Ronald W. Reagan tapped Pendleton as the chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, Pendleton sought to steer the commission into the conservative direction in line with Reagans views on social and civil rights policies. In 1994, Hugh Price was appointed as president of the Urban League, in 2003, Marc Morial, former mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana, was appointed the leagues eighth President and Chief Executive Officer. He worked to reenergize the movements diverse constituencies by building on the legacy of the organization, today, the National Urban League has 93 affiliates serving 300 communities, providing direct services that impact and improve the lives of more than 2 million people nationwide. The National Urban League is a member of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence. In 1989, it was the beneficiary of all proceeds from the Stop the Violence Movement and their hip hop single, in February 2010 the Urban League of Essex County, New Jersey announced a partnership with the National Association of Professional Women to form a national Open Doorways project. It is designed to offer inner-city middle-school girls a chance to work with women as role models. The Presidents of the National Urban League have been,2015 State of Black America, Education, Jobs + Justice, EBook Chicago Urban League - affiliate Carle, defining the Struggle, National Racial Justice Organizing, 1880-1915. Focus on NAACP and also Urban League, the National Urban League and New Deal Programs. In JSTOR Parris, Guichard and Lester Brooks, blacks in the City, A History of the National Urban League
7.
Network For Teaching Entrepreneurship
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Through the organizations patented entrepreneurship education, NFTE helps young people build entrepreneurial creativity and skills. Since 1987, NFTE has reached more than 500,000 young people, there multiple versions designed for middle school, high school, and young adult students, with graduated levels of reading and complexity. Business plan competitions and regional competitions organized by NFTE and program partners, winning students receive a trip to the annual awards dinner in New York City and a grant to apply toward their business or college expenses. NFTE runs two-week, intensive summer programs for advanced students, age 13 to 18. The camp includes field trips, guest speakers and full day, five-days-a-week course work, at the end of the camp, students compete for cash awards to fund their businesses or college. Tim Perez,18, of San Leandro, CA founded his own custom website development business, T Perez Designs. “NFTE empowered me to start my own business and educated me on how to run it, how to build a plan, marketing, finances, you name it. “It literally built my fundamental understanding of business, without NFTE, I would still be trying to find myself. With NFTE, I’m able to buy my own clothes, help pay my college tuition, and support myself when I get to college. Not a lot of teenagers, especially from my neighborhood, can say that. ”Another NFTE graduate Amber Liggett, founder of Amber’s Amazing Animal Balloons, was named the 2011 Global Young Entrepreneur of the Year, an award is sponsored by the Goldman Sachs Foundation. She was also named Black Enterprise’s Teenpreneur of the Year and was featured on PBS’s award-winning television show,2013 graduates Jesus Fernandez and Toheeb Okenla of South Holland, IL, turned to their shared interest and greatest passion, soccer. From there T&J Soccer was born, Toheeb came to the United States from Nigeria with his family at age 8 and recently lost his father. Jesus came from Michoacán, Mexico in search of better opportunities
8.
UNCF
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The UNCF was incorporated on April 25,1944 by Frederick D. Patterson, Mary McLeod Bethune, and others. The UNCF is headquartered at 1805 7th Street, NW in Washington, in 2005, the UNCF supported approximately 65,000 students at over 900 colleges and universities with approximately $113 million in grants and scholarships. About 60% of these students are the first in their families to attend college, UNCF also administers over 450 named scholarships. The UNCFs president and chief officer is Michael Lomax. Past presidents of the UNCF included William H. Gray and Vernon Jordan and it provides scholarships to students attending its member colleges as well as to those going elsewhere. Graduates of UNCF scholarships have included blacks in the fields of business, politics, health care. The UNCF has received donations for its scholarship programs. One of the more high-profile donations made was by then-senator and future U. S. President John F. Kennedy who donated the money from the Pulitzer Prize for his book Profiles in Courage to the Fund. The largest ever single donation was made in 1990 by Walter Annenberg, beginning in 1980, singer Lou Rawls began the Lou Rawls Parade of Stars telethon to benefit the UNCF. The telethon featured comedy and musical performances from artists in support of the UNCFs. The event has raised over $200 million in 27 shows for the fund through 2006, in January 2004, Rawls was honored by the United Negro College Fund for his more than 25 years of charity work with the organization. Instead of Rawls hosting and performing, he was given the seat of honor and celebrated by his colleagues, including Stevie Wonder, The OJays, Gerald Levert, Ashanti. In addition to the telethon, there are a number of fundraising activities, including the Walk for Education held annually in Los Angeles, California. In Houston, Texas, the Cypresswood Golf Club hosts a golf tournament in April. In 2014, Koch Industries Inc. and the Charles Koch Foundation made a $25 million grant to UNCF. In protest of the Kochs, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, in 1972, the UNCF adopted as its motto the maxim A mind is a terrible thing to waste. This maxim has become one of the most widely recognized slogans in advertising history, the motto, which has been used in numerous award-winning UNCF ad campaigns, was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council. A lesser-known slogan the UNCF also uses, in reference to its beneficiaries, points out about them, not asking for a handout
9.
Silverstein Properties
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Silverstein Properties, Inc. is New York Citys 5th largest commercial landlord, a privately held, full-service real estate development, investment and management firm based in New York City. Founded in 1957 by Chairman Larry Silverstein, the company specializes in developing, acquiring, and managing office, residential, hotel, retail, Silverstein Properties is currently headquartered at 7 World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City. Perhaps best known for developing and owning the World Trade Center complex, SPI has developed, owned, and managed more than 40 million SF of commercial, residential, and retail space. Prior to joining the firm, SPIs executives and professionals developed in excess of 100 million SF in the United States, SPIs portfolio includes 13.4 million square feet of office, residential and retail properties and $10 billion of current development
10.
Ely Jacques Kahn
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Ely Jacques Kahn was an American commercial architect who designed numerous skyscrapers in New York City in the twentieth century. In addition to buildings intended for use, Kahns designs ranged throughout the possibilities of architectural programs. Kahn is also known for his guidance to author Ayn Rand, Kahn was born in New York, the only son of a prosperous Austrian and French-American Jewish family. His sister Rena Rosenthal brought design wares from Europe to sell in New York, Ely Jacques Kahn traveled to Europe where he was aware of the work of architect Josef Hoffman. He attended Columbia University and later was a professor at Cornell University, Kahn was the father of noted New Yorker magazine writer Ely Jacques Kahn, Jr. and great-grandfather of Ely Jacques Kahn IV, former Director of Cybersecurity Policy at the White House. Kahns partnership with Albert Buchman lasted from 1917 until 1930, in what has become an iconic photograph, Kahn masqueraded as his own Squibb Building with other architects dressed as buildings for the Beaux Arts Ball of 1931. In 1940, he formed a partnership with Robert Allan Jacobs, an exemplary work of this period is the Universal Pictures Building of 1947 which was used by Reyner Banham to illustrate air conditioning. Another is 100 Park Avenue, and the firm later collaborated with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, for the New York Stock Exchange, Kahn & Jacobs created additional facilities in 1956 designed with their characteristic zig-zag of setbacks in the upper stories. Kahns work just after World War II had direct relevance to Judaism, in 1946, he began a renovation of Central Synagogue. In 1947, he wrote on the subject of principles for synagogues in an article entitled, Creating a Modern Synagogue Style. In 1948, with sculptor Jo Davidson, Kahn made the first public plan for a Holocaust memorial in the United States, the chosen site for this project in Riverside Park later bore other projects for memorials by Percival Goodman, and Erich Mendelsohn. Although Kahn retired some years earlier, the firm of Kahn & Jacobs lasted until 1973 and she is quoted by the editor of her posthumously published journal notes as later saying about Kahn, As a type, he was Guy Francon. He was so much the socially acceptable architect and he was abler than Francon, and he was modern—within careful limits. But his career was dominated by Francon methods. And he had that manner—very elegant and charming, although trained—like the fictional Francon—at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, Kahn rejected historicist styles in skyscraper design. When The Fountainhead was nearing publication, Rand suggested to Kahn that she specifically acknowledge him in an introductory statement, notes Ely Jacques Kahn papers, 1906-1986. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. Kahn & Jacobs architectural drawings and papers, circa 1893-1965, held in the Department of Drawings & Archives Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library Hohenems Genealogy Database
11.
Financial District, Manhattan
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The neighborhood roughly overlaps with the boundaries of the New Amsterdam settlement in the late 17th century. The Financial District has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, the Financial District encompasses roughly the area south of City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan but excludes Battery Park and Battery Park City. The former World Trade Center complex was located in the neighborhood until the September 11 attacks, the heart of the Financial District is often considered to be the corner of Wall Street and Broad Street, both of which are contained entirely within the district. Until the late 20th and early 21st century, the neighborhood was considered to be primarily a destination for daytime traders and office workers from around New York City, the Financial District is part of Manhattan Community Board 1, which also includes five other neighborhoods. The Financial District has a number of tourist attractions such as the adjacent South Street Seaport Historic District, the New York City Police Museum, bowling Green is the starting point of traditional ticker-tape parades on Broadway, where here it is also known as the Canyon of Heroes. The Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Skyscraper Museum are both in adjacent Battery Park City which is home to the World Financial Center
12.
Lower Manhattan
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Lower Manhattan is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor. The Lower Manhattan business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street and it includes the Financial District and the World Trade Center site. At the islands southern tip is Battery Park, City Hall is just to the north of the Financial District, also south of Chambers Street are the planned community of Battery Park City and the South Street Seaport historic area. The neighborhood of TriBeCa straddles Chambers on the west side, at the streets east end is the giant Manhattan Municipal Building, North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street lies most of New Yorks oldest Chinatown neighborhood. Many court buildings and other government offices are located in this area. The Lower East Side neighborhood straddles Canal, North of Canal Street and south of 14th Street are the neighborhoods of SoHo, the Meatpacking District, the West Village, Greenwich Village, Little Italy, Nolita, and the East Village. Between 14th and 23rd streets are lower Chelsea, Union Square, the Flatiron District, Gramercy, the area that would eventually encompass modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami, European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam in 1626. The first fort was built at the Battery to protect New Netherland, soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers, they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English, early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kiefts War against the Native Americans, the Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch, the Dutch Republic sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29,1645. On May 27,1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, the colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. The first mayors of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year, in 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it New York after the Duke of York. At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500, during the mid 1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres where Washington Square Park later developed. The Dutch briefly regained the city in 1673, renaming the city New Orange, the new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy, by 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves, the 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America
13.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
14.
Deep foundation
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A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile is a structural element of a deep foundation. There are different terms used to different types of deep foundations including the pile, the pier, drilled shafts. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ, other foundations are typically put in place using excavation. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms, Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete. Prefabricated piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver, driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees, concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed, steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section. Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a cap to distribute loads which are larger than one pile can bear. A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to all the loads of a large above-surface structure. A transition piece is attached to the now deeply driven pile, an additional layer of even larger stone, up to 0.5 m diameter, is applied to the surface of the seabed for longer-term erosion protection. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method, Construction methods depend on the geology of the site, in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in dry ground conditions or through water-saturated strata - i. e. wet boring. Casing is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured, for end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a layer, or hardpan, or other dense. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the conditions, loading conditions. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation, under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of a cone and can only be formed in stable soils
15.
American Sugar Refining Company
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The American Sugar Refining Company was the largest American business unit in the sugar refining industry in the early 1900s. It had interests in Puerto Rico and other Caribbean locations, and operated one of the worlds largest sugar refineries located in Brooklyn, the ASR was incorporated in the state of New Jersey on January 10,1891 by Henry Osborne Havemeyer, with $50 million in capital. By 1907, it owned or controlled 98% of the processing capacity in the United States and was known as the Sugar Trust. The United States Supreme Court declared in United States v. E. C, knight Company that its purchase of the stock of competitors was not a combination in restraint of trade. By 1901, the company had $90 million in capital, the company became known as Domino Sugar in 1900. The company was investigated by the Industrial Commission in 1900 and by a congressional committee in 1911–1912. In 1910 the federal government began a suit for the companys dissolution and this was terminated by consent decree announced December 21,1921, when Domino Sugar stated that its effective control of refined sugar had dropped from 72% to 24%. After the Great Depression, the refining industry declined as alternatives to sugar. American Sugar Refining Company continued to dominate the industry in the United States through most of the 20th Century. Its brands included the dominant Domino Sugar, Franklin Sugar, Sunny Cane Sugar and it had major refineries in Brooklyn, Bunker Hill, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chalmette, Louisiana, and Spreckels, California. In the early 1970s, the company made major investments in high-fructose corn syrup production and it moved its headquarters from 120 Wall Street to 1251 Avenue of the Americas in mid-town Manhattan. With investments in food-picking and handling machinery companies in the Midwestern United States, how long this lasted is uncertain since American Sugar is now part of another group. The Domino brand name is associated with a company that also owns two of its former major competitors, C&H Sugar and Jack Frost. History of sugar American Sugar Refining Utah-Idaho Sugar Company
16.
New York Life Insurance Company
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In 2007, NYLIC achieved the best possible ratings by the four independent rating companies. Other New York Life affiliates provide an array of products and services, as well as institutional. The company was founded in 1845 as the Nautilus Insurance Company in New York City and it was renamed the New York Life Insurance Company in 1849. Its first headquarters were at 58 Wall Street from 1845 until 1846 at which time they were moved to 29 Wall Street, subsequent addresses included 68 Wall Street,106 Broadway, and 112-114 Broadway. The first president was James DePeyster Ogden, who served from 1845 until 1847, the current New York Life headquarters was designed by architect Cass Gilbert and completed in 1928. The New York Life Building, at 51 Madison Avenue, was constructed during the presidency of Darwin P. Kingsley. As with other insurance companies in the U. S. in its early years, at the behest of its Southern agents. These policies were discontinued at the direction of the Trustees on April 19,1848, the total claims paid on slaves lives totaled $1,050. Nautilus sold 485 slaveholder life insurance policies during a period in the 1840s. Their trustees voted to end the sale of such policies 15 years before the Emancipation Proclamation. It was also the first American life insurance company to pay a dividend to policyholders. Anthony was one of their first female policy holders, and her father worked for NYLIC, CEO Sy Sternberg himself argued strongly in favor of the bill, which was ultimately defeated. The NYLIC board of directors subsequently reaffirmed its commitment to remaining a mutual, by August 2007, the credit market problems we had feared were front page news, the Report notes. In November 2008, the company announced it would not participate in the Troubled Asset Relief Program, theodore Ted Mathas, president and CEO in 2008, said at the time of the financial crisis that New York Life is built for times like these. This phrase became the title for the 2008 report to policyholders, Ted Mathas becomes the company chairman on June 1,2009. New York Life maintains superior financial ratings from A. M, best, Fitch, Moodys and Standard and Poors, all of which have reaffirmed the ratings during the financial crisis of autumn 2008. It was reported in September 2013 that Dexia had entered talks with New York Life Investment Management to sell Dexia Asset Management. In February 2014 Dexia Asset Management renamed itself Candriam Investors Group to help re-establish its identity after being offloaded by Dexia
17.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
18.
AFS Intercultural Programs
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AFS Intercultural Programs is an international youth exchange organization. In 2007, almost 13,000 participants traveled abroad on AFS cultural exchanges between 65 countries, as supported by 44,000 active volunteers. The U. S. -based partner, AFS-USA, sends more than 1,100 U. S. students abroad and places international students with more than 2,300 U. S. families each year. More than 424,000 people have gone abroad with AFS, the American Ambulance of 1914 took over the premises of the unfinished Lycée Pasteur in the suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine—and was run by the nearby American Hospital of Paris. The volunteer drivers of 1914 found themselves behind the wheels of motorized, not horse-driven, vehicles, Model-Ts, French army policy prohibited foreign nationals from traveling into battle zones. In March 1915, Andrew met with Captain Aime Doumenc, head of the French Army Automobile Service and pleaded his case for the American volunteers. They desired above all, he said, to pick up the wounded from the front lines…, to look squarely in the face, in a word, to mingle with the soldiers of France. Doumenc agreed to give Andrew a trial, the success of Section Z was immediate and overwhelming, and by April 15,1915, the French created American Ambulance Field Service operating under French Army command. This marked the beginning of American Ambulance Field Service, three units of which made their mark during battles in northern France, the Champagne, Verdun. Edmund L. Gros, was the Field Service’s in-house physician, before the AFS was absorbed into the much larger, federalized U. S. Army Ambulance Service, it had numbered more than 2500 volunteers, including some 800 drivers of French military transport trucks. It had actively recruited its drivers from the campuses of American colleges and universities, other volunteer ambulance corps served the French Army as “foreign sanitary sections” during World War I. The first was Henry Harjes’ “Formation” units under the American Red Cross, followed by Richard Norton’s American Volunteer Motor-Ambulance Corps, later, both would merge —under the American Red Cross—as the “Norton-Harjes”. Once the Americans entered the war, many drivers joined combat units, both French and American, serving as officers in a variety of assignments, notably in air force and artillery units. The young AFS drivers came from prominent families in the States, also represented were a smaller group from Americas professional class, doctors, lawyers, architects, painters, brokers, businessmen, poets and writers. This literate group produced many letters, diaries, journals, the AFS collected many of these writings into Friends of France, published in 1916. The Service used this volume to recruit volunteers to the gloriously exciting. Also published in 1916, Ambulance Number 10, by Leslie Buswell, was composed of the letters back to the States. Buswell went on to assist Henry Sleeper in the AFSs recruiting and fundraising offices in Boston, other literary ambulanciers brought their letters and journals and memoirs to American publishers in the coming years
19.
Pacifica Foundation
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Its national headquarters adjoins station KPFA in Berkley, California. Pacifica Foundation also operates the Pacifica Network, a service supplying over 180 affiliated stations with various programs, primarily news. It was the first public network in the United States. Programs such as Democracy Now. and Free Speech Radio News have been some of its most popular productions, the archive includes original recordings of interviews with John Coltrane, James Baldwin, Lorraine Hansberry, and Langston Hughes, among many others. The Pacifica Radio Archives feature in their own 30-minute slot on BBC Radio 5 Lives Up All Night programme, Pacifica was founded in 1946 by pacifists E. John Lewis and Lewis Hill. During World War II, Hill, as well as Lewis, after the war, Lewis, Hill and a small group of former conscientious objectors created the Pacifica Foundation in Pacifica California. KPFA in Berkeley commenced broadcast activities in 1949, for most of its history, Pacifica gave each of its stations independent control of programming. During the 1990s, a controversy arose over rumors that the Pacifica National Board and national staff were attempting to centralize control of content. There were also accusations that the Board was considering selling both KPFA and WBAI in New York City, which operate on commercial-band FM frequencies worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Many listeners to the individual stations—especially KPFA and WBAI—objected to what they saw as an attempt to tone down the overtly left-leaning political content on Pacifica stations, the controversy included highly publicized ideologically-charged disputes between listener organizations and Mary Frances Berry, a former chairwoman of the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, who chaired the board at the time. These local boards in turn elect the board of directors. Aside from some minor changes, the same 2003 bylaws remain in effect today, recently. with a 60-day deadline for recommending the liquidation of WBAI in New York and WPFW in Washington DC. is explained in John Ervis article. The years of legal battles and financial mismanagement had taken a toll. In 2005, Coughlin resigned, the network was still largely disorganized, in January 2006, Pacifica hired Greg Guma as the next executive director of the Pacifica Foundation. Pacifica also produced Informed Dissent, a series for the 2006 mid-term elections that drew from talent across the network. Guma left his post in September 2007, the National Board unanimously chose former KPFA general manager Nicole Sawaya as the next executive director. Sawaya was among the staff members fired by the board in 1999 amidst Pacificas internal crisis
20.
WBAI
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WBAI, a part of the Pacifica Radio Network, is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station, broadcasting at 99.5 FM in New York City. The station began as WABF, which first went on the air in 1941 as W75NY, of Metropolitan Television, Inc. in 1955, after two years off the air, it was reborn as WBAI. WBAI was purchased by eccentric philanthropist Louis Schweitzer, who donated it to the Pacifica Foundation in 1960, the station, which had been a commercial enterprise, became non-commercial and listener-supported under Pacifica ownership. The history of WBAI is iconoclastic and contentious, during the 1960s the station hosted innumerable anti-establishment causes, including anti-war activists, feminists, kids lib, early Firesign Theater comedy, and complete-album music overnight. WBAI played a role in the evolution and development of the counterculture in the 1960s. The station covered the 1968 seizure of the Columbia University campus live and uninterrupted, with its signal reaching nearly 70 miles beyond New York City, its reach and influence, both direct and indirect, were significant. Among the stations weekly commentators in the 1960s were author Ayn Rand, British politician/playwright Sir Stephen King-Hall, interviews with prominent figures in literature and the arts, as well as original dramatic productions and radio adaptations were also regular program offerings. In 1970, Kathy Dobkin, Milton Hoffman, and Francie Camper produced an unprecedented, the epic novel was read cover to cover by more than 200 people—including a large number of international celebrities from various fields. Newsweek called this broadcast one of the more mind-blowing firsts in the history of the media, the complete reading was the first Pacifica program to be selected for inclusion in the permanent collection of the Museum of Broadcasting in NYC. In 1973, the station broadcast comedian George Carlins infamous Filthy Words routine uncensored, WBAIs broadcast of Filthy Words became a landmark moment in the history of free speech. In 1974 WBAI program director Marnie Mueller asked Charles Ruas to become director of arts programming, thus the station, already at the forefront of the counterculture and anti-war protest, also became a platform for New York’s avant-garde in theater, music, performance, art, and poetry. Ruas initiated a series on Marguerite Young’s epic novel Miss McIntosh. These readings were transformed into performances by Rob Wynne, who scored them with a collage of sound effects, music. When William Burroughs returned to the United States from Tangier, Ruas invited him to present a retrospective of all his works. The series consisted of four programs, beginning with Junkie and followed by The Yage Letters, read by Burroughs and Allen Ginsburg, The Last Words of Dutch Schultz, and, finally, Naked Lunch. Bill Kortum oversaw this series as well as retrospectives of the works of Jerzy Kosinski and Donald Barthelme, co-produced with Judith Sherman, the day the Vietnam War ended, poet Muriel Rukeyser came to the station to read her poem on peace. In drama, the station defended Tennessee Williams against his critics during his last years by covering his Memoirs, other dramatists whose works were featured included Jean-Claude van Itallie, Richard Scheckner, Andrei Serban, and Elizabeth Swados. Ruas initiated interview programs featuring nonfiction writers discussing their fields of expertise—Buckminster Fuller, Thor Heyerdahl, Ed Sanders, Jonathan Kozol, each of the arts had weekly coverage
21.
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
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JDRF is a major charitable 501 organization dedicated to funding type 1 diabetes research. JDRF’s stated vision is a world without type 1 diabetes, JDRF was formerly the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Its name is no longer an acronym, the organization was founded in the New York area in 1970 as the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. A second chapter was founded thereafter in Miami, Florida, followed by chapters in northern New Jersey and Washington. The fledgling organization was defined by its commitment to research funding, the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation later changed its name to the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation to emphasize the need for research. In 2012, it renamed itself again as JDRF, because type 1 diabetes is as much a disease of adults as juveniles, since its inception, JDRF has evolved to become a worldwide leader in the fight against T1D. JDRF now has chapters and branches in most U. S. states, JDRF is currently sponsoring $530 million in scientific research in 17 countries. In 2012, JDRF provided more than $110 million to T1D research, JDRF identifies its research goals as being either “near- to mid-term” or “long-term”. The majority of JDRF-funded research falls into one of the three categories. JDRF funded $8.2 million in prevention therapies research, JDRF also funded an additional $1 million in general research projects not falling under any of the above categories. The Artificial Pancreas Project is an initiative to help accelerate the availability of artificial pancreas technology to people with T1D. The Artificial Pancreas Consortium is a network of scientists and engineers dedicated to creating technology that would support a “closed-loop” system connecting CGM’s. This research is currently being conducted at sites, including several universities and institutes across the U. S. In 2012, the FDA approved guidance for further development of artificial pancreas technology, JDRF helped influence that approval by providing the FDA with recommendations from its own panel of expert clinicians, almost all of JDRF’s recommendations were adopted in the approved guidance. The JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Clinical Trials Connection is an online customized clinical trials listing service, the “opt-in” portal helps people find information about and register for the latest type 1 diabetes human clinical trials throughout the U. S. In accordance with the IDDP partnership stipulations, partnering companies receiving funding must provide their own project funding equal to or greater in value to JDRF’s contribution. JDRF has two national fundraising events in the U. S. that are open to participation, The Walk to Cure Diabetes. JDRF Walks are held at over 200 locations across the country and are managed by local JDRF chapters, participants can walk as individuals, or join a team
22.
Lambda Legal
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That decision was overturned in 1973 by the New York Court of Appeals, which is the highest court of New York State. The original incorporators, in addition to Bill Thom, were E. Carrington Boggan, at their first meeting on November 10,1973, they elected to the newly constituted Board of Directors Rodney L. Eubanks, Shepherd Raimi and D. Nicholas Russo. Because of the scarcity of openly gay lawyers in 1973, Lambda Legal formed a Board of Advisors of eminent New Yorkers sympathetic to the cause of gay rights. Also on the Board of Advisors were two lawyers who later became New York State Supreme Court Justices, Phyllis Gangel-Jacob and Shirley Fingerhood, from its inception, Lambda Legal sought diversity on its Board of Directors. Initially it could find no lesbian lawyers who were willing or able to be associated with a gay activist organization. Nathalie Rockhill, a figure in the early post-Stonewall days of Gay Liberation, was the first woman elected to the Board in 1974. She was soon followed by law students and, in time. By the 1980s, men and women were represented on Lambdas board. Lambdas growth paralleled the growth of the gay movement, by the 1980s, with the advent of AIDS, gay awareness and activism had grown significantly. Mayor Ed Koch, who signed the bill enacting it into law said, in 1993, Stoddard and other national gay leaders met with president Bill Clinton, the first such delegation to meet inside the Oval Office. In 2013 Lambda Legal - Midwest Regional Office was inducted into the Chicago Gay and its national headquarters remain in New York City, but today it has regional offices in Atlanta, Georgia, Chicago, Illinois, Dallas, Texas, and Los Angeles, California. The current CEO is Rachel B, Lambda Legals staff of attorneys works on a wide range of cases, with their docket averaging more than 50 cases at any given time. In 1990, it declined to represent the plaintiffs in the challenge to Hawaiis denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. It filed a brief in that case at a later stage and another in Dean v. District of Columbia. Lambda Legal publishes the Little Black Book, which information regarding the possible consequences of gay men cruising for sex in public places. If you feel unsafe, you should leave, the Little Black Book goes on to advise as follows, If you’re cruising for sex and an undercover cop hits on you, what you do can still be a crime. In July 2012, Lambda founder Bill Thom was interviewed at his home in Manhattan. LGBT rights in the United States List of LGBT rights organizations Diaz v. Brewer Henkle v
23.
Setback (architecture)
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A setback, sometimes called step-back, is a step-like recession in a wall. Setbacks were initially used for reasons, but now are often mandated by land use codes. In densely built-up areas, setbacks also help get more daylight, setbacks were used by ancient builders to increase the height of masonry structures by distributing gravity loads produced by the building material such as clay, stone, or brick. This was achieved by reducing the footprint of each level located successively farther from the ground. Setbacks also allowed the natural erosion to occur without compromising the integrity of the building. The most graphic example of a technique is the step pyramids of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. For centuries, setbacks were a necessity for virtually all multi-level load-bearing masonry buildings. As architects learned how to turn setbacks into a feature, most setbacks were however less pronounced than in step pyramids. The introduction of a steel structural system in the late 19th century eliminated the need for structural setbacks. The use of a frame building technology combined with such as elevators and motorized water pumps influenced the physical growth. Driven by the desire to maximize the usable floor area, some developers avoided the use of setbacks, creating in many instances a range of fire safety and it resulted in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which gave New York Citys skyscrapers their typical setbacks and soaring designs. Today many jurisdictions rely on urban planning regulations, such as zoning ordinances, for example, in high density districts, such as Manhattan in New York, front walls of buildings at the street line may be limited to a specified height or number of stories. Above that height, the buildings are required to set back behind a theoretical inclined plane, called sky exposure plane, in many cities, building setbacks add value to the interior real estate adjacent to the setback by creating usable exterior spaces. These setback terraces are prized for the access they provide to fresh air, skyline views, in addition, setbacks promote fire safety by spacing buildings and their protruding parts away from each other and allow for passage of firefighting apparatus between buildings. In the United States, setback requirements vary among municipalities, the New York City Zoning Ordinance also provided another kind of setback guideline, one that was intended to increase the amount of public space in the city. This was achieved by increasing the minimum setback at street level, creating in each instance an open space, often referred to as plaza, in front of the building
24.
Limestone
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate, about 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778, like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts and these organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or siliceous skeletal fragment, some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i. e. travertine. Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters and this produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone, which can be recognized by its granular appearance, the primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs, below about 3,000 meters, water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly, so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters. Limestones may also form in lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments, calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors, including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits a characteristic called retrograde solubility, in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Impurities will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces, Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock, when conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together, or it can fill fractures. Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly there are waterfalls. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls, coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells. During regional metamorphism that occurs during the building process, limestone recrystallizes into marble
25.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
