1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
3.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
4.
Battle of Perryville
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Confederate Gen. Braxton Braggs Army of Mississippi initially won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buells Union Army of the Ohio. The battle is considered a strategic Union victory, sometimes called the Battle for Kentucky, the Union retained control of the critical border state of Kentucky for the remainder of the war. On October 7, Buells army, in pursuit of Bragg, Union forces first skirmished with Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general, on Peters Hill, when the Confederate infantry arrived. Both sides were desperate to get access to fresh water, the next day, at dawn, fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike, halting just before the Confederate line. After noon, a Confederate division struck the Union left flank—the I Corps of Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook—and forced it to fall back. When more Confederate divisions joined the fray, the Union line made a stand, counterattacked. Buell, several miles behind the action, was unaware that a battle was taking place. The Union troops on the flank, reinforced by two brigades, stabilized their line, and the Confederate attack sputtered to a halt. Later, three Confederate regiments assaulted the Union division on the Springfield Pike but were repulsed and fell back into Perryville, Union troops pursued, and skirmishing occurred in the streets until dark. By that time, Union reinforcements were threatening the Confederate left flank, Bragg, short of men and supplies, withdrew during the night, and continued the Confederate retreat by way of Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee. Considering the casualties relative to the strengths of the armies. It was the largest battle fought in the state of Kentucky, in September 1861, Kentucky-born President Abraham Lincoln wrote in a private letter, I think to lose Kentucky is nearly to lose the whole game. This neutrality was first violated on September 3,1861, when Confederate Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, two days later Union Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant seized Paducah. Henceforth, the proclaimed neutrality was a dead letter, while the state never seceded from the Union, Confederate sympathizers who were members of the legislature set up a temporary Confederate capital in Bowling Green in November 1861. It never wielded significant power inside the state, the Confederate States recognized Kentucky and added a star representing the state to the Confederate flag. The initiative to invade Kentucky came primarily from Confederate Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith and he believed the campaign would allow them to obtain supplies, enlist recruits, divert Union troops from Tennessee, and claim Kentucky for the Confederacy. In July 1862 Col. John Hunt Morgan carried out a cavalry raid in the state. The raid caused considerable consternation in Buells command and in Washington, during the raid, Morgan and his forces were cheered and supported by many residents
5.
Battle of Stones River
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Of the major battles of the Civil War, Stones River had the highest percentage of casualties on both sides. Union Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecranss Army of the Cumberland marched from Nashville, Tennessee, on December 26,1862, on December 31, each army commander planned to attack his opponents right flank, but Bragg struck first. A massive assault by the corps of Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee, followed by that of Leonidas Polk, repeated Confederate attacks were repulsed from this concentrated line, most notably in the cedar Round Forest salient against the brigade of Col. William B. Bragg attempted to continue the assault with the corps of Maj. Gen. John C, Breckinridge, but the troops were slow in arriving and their multiple piecemeal attacks failed. Fighting resumed on January 2,1863, when Bragg ordered Breckinridge to assault the well-fortified Union position on a hill to the east of the Stones River, faced with overwhelming artillery, the Confederates were repulsed with heavy losses. Falsely believing that Rosecrans was receiving reinforcements, Bragg chose to withdraw his army on January 3 to Tullahoma and this caused Bragg to lose the confidence of the Army of Tennessee. Although Braggs newly combined force was up to 38,000 veteran troops, Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, the Union commander at Perryville, was equally passive and refused to attack Bragg. His army, joined with Smiths Army of Kentucky and together renamed the Army of Tennessee as of November 20, the loss of Stevensons 7,500 men would be sorely felt in the coming battle. Bragg reorganized his army, and Kirby Smith left for East Tennessee, Bragg commanded two corps, under Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee and Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk (divisions of Maj. Gens. Benjamin F. Cheatham and Jones M. Withers, and a command under Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler. Davis refused to relieve either Bragg or the rebellious generals, on the Union side, President Abraham Lincoln had become frustrated with Buells passivity and replaced him with Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, victor of the recent battles of Iuka and Corinth. Rosecrans moved his XIV Corps to Nashville, Tennessee, and was warned by Washington that he too would be replaced if he did not move aggressively against Bragg, however, Rosecrans took ample time to reorganize and train his forces and resupply his army. He did not begin his march in pursuit of Bragg until December 26, the relatively small battle that followed Morgans surprise attack was an embarrassing Union defeat, resulting in many captured Union supplies and soldiers. The Union also engaged in a cavalry raid. On December 26, the day Rosecrans marched from Nashville, a force under Brig. Gen. Samuel P. Carter raided the upper Tennessee Valley from Manchester. Until January 5, Carters men destroyed railroad bridges and fought a few skirmishes, but none of the cavalry raids, Confederate or Union, had any significant effect on the Stones River Campaign. The left wing of 14,500 men under Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden took a route that was parallel to the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, passing through La Vergne and south of Smyrna. The right wing of 16,000 men under Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook marched south along the Nolensville Turnpike to Nolensville, south to Triune, the center wing of 13,500 men under Maj. Gen
6.
Battle of Hoover's Gap
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Following the Battle of Stones River, Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans, commanding the Union Army of the Cumberland, remained in the Murfreesboro, Tennessee, area for over five months. In an effort to block further Union progress, Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg, commander of the Army of Tennessee, on the Confederate right, infantry and artillery detachments guarded Liberty, Hoovers, and Bellbuckle Gaps through the Highland Rim. Rosecranss superiors, fearing that Bragg might detach large numbers of men to break the Siege of Vicksburg. On June 23,1863, Rosecrans deployed forces to feign an attack on Shelbyville while massing forces against Braggs right and his troops struck out toward the gaps. On June 24, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomass men, spearheaded by Colonel John T. Wilders Lightning Brigade, Wilders mounted infantry pushed ahead and reached the gap nearly 9 miles ahead of Thomass main body. Wilders men were armed with new Spencer repeating rifles and when attacked the Confederate 1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment. As Butlers unit fell back the entire 7 mile length of Hoovers Gap, Wilder entrenched on the hills south of the gap and determined to hold this extremely advanced position. Bates brigade counterattacked throughout the day but could not dislodge the Federals, Wilder received orders from Thomas to fall back through the gap. Wilder refused claiming he could hold his ground. Meanwhile, Brig. Gen. Bushrod Johnsons brigade arrived and now Bate and this attack was also repulsed and by 7,00 p. m. units from Lovell Rousseau and John M. Brannans divisions of Thomass corps arrived at the gap. Just before noon on June 26, Stewart sent a message to Johnson and Bate stating that he was pulling back, although slowed by rain, Rosecrans moved on, forcing Bragg to retreat from his defensive line and fall back to Tullahoma. After reaching Tullahoma, Rosecrans sent Wilders Lightning Brigade ahead to hit the railroad in Braggs rear, arriving too late to destroy the Elk River railroad bridge, the Federals destroyed railroad track around Decherd. Bragg evacuated his forces from Middle Tennessee and withdrew to the city of Chattanooga, Rosecrans followed and captured that city on September 8,1863. Maneuvering then continued in the Chickamauga Campaign, national Park Service battle description Kennedy, Frances H. ed. 2nd ed. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.1998, CWSAC report update West Point Atlas map of Tullahoma Campaign
7.
Battle of Chickamauga
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The Battle of Chickamauga, fought September 18–20,1863, marked the end of a Union offensive in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia called the Chickamauga Campaign. The battle was the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater of the American Civil War and it was the first major battle of the war that was fought in Georgia. After his successful Tullahoma Campaign, Rosecrans renewed the offensive, aiming to force the Confederates out of Chattanooga, in early September, Rosecrans consolidated his forces scattered in Tennessee and Georgia and forced Braggs army out of Chattanooga, heading south. The Union troops followed it and brushed with it at Daviss Cross Roads, Bragg was determined to reoccupy Chattanooga and decided to meet a part of Rosecranss army, defeat it, and then move back into the city. On September 17 he headed north, intending to attack the isolated XXI Corps, as Bragg marched north on September 18, his cavalry and infantry fought with Union cavalry and mounted infantry, which were armed with Spencer repeating rifles. Fighting began in earnest on the morning of September 19, Braggs men strongly assaulted but could not break the Union line. The next day, Bragg resumed his assault, in late morning, Rosecrans was misinformed that he had a gap in his line. Longstreets attack drove one-third of the Union army, including Rosecrans himself, Union units spontaneously rallied to create a defensive line on Horseshoe Ridge, forming a new right wing for the line of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, who assumed overall command of remaining forces. Although the Confederates launched costly and determined assaults, Thomas and his men held until twilight, Union forces then retired to Chattanooga while the Confederates occupied the surrounding heights, besieging the city. General-in-chief Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck and President Abraham Lincoln were insistent that Rosecrans move quickly to take Chattanooga, seizing the city would open the door for the Union to advance toward Atlanta and the heartland of the South. Chattanooga was a rail hub, and an important manufacturing center for the production of iron and coke. Situated between Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Raccoon Mountain, and Stringers Ridge, Chattanooga occupied an important, defensible position. Although Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee had about 52,000 men at the end of July, Buckner, into Braggs Department of Tennessee, which added 17,800 men to Braggs army, but also extended his command responsibilities northward to the Knoxville area. This brought a third subordinate into Braggs command who had little or no respect for him, Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk and Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee had already made their animosity well known. Buckners attitude was colored by Braggs unsuccessful invasion of Buckners native Kentucky in 1862, as well as by the loss of his command through the merger. A positive aspect for Bragg was Hardees request to be transferred to Mississippi in July, but he was replaced by Lt. Gen. D. H. Hill, a general who did not get along with Robert E. Lee in Virginia. The Confederate War Department asked Bragg in early August whether he could assume the offensive against Rosecrans if he were given reinforcements for Mississippi and he demurred, concerned about the daunting geographical obstacles and logistical challenges, preferring to wait for Rosecrans to solve those same problems and attack him. He was also concerned about a sizable Union force under Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside that was threatening Knoxville, Bragg withdrew his forces from advanced positions around Bridgeport, which left Rosecrans free to maneuver on the northern side of the Tennessee River
8.
Atlanta Campaign
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The Atlanta Campaign was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864. Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman invaded Georgia from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, beginning in May 1864, Johnstons Army of Tennessee withdrew toward Atlanta in the face of successive flanking maneuvers by Shermans group of armies. In July, the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, replaced Johnston with the more aggressive John Bell Hood, Hoods army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell on September 2, setting the stage for Shermans March to the Sea and hastening the end of the war. The Atlanta Campaign followed the Union victory in the Battles for Chattanooga in November 1863, Chattanooga was known as the Gateway to the South, grants strategy was to apply pressure against the Confederacy in several coordinated offensives. While he, George G. Meade, Benjamin Butler, Franz Sigel, George Crook, at the start of the campaign, Shermans Military Division of the Mississippi consisted of three armies, Maj. Gen. James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee, including the corps of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan, Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, when McPherson was killed at the Battle of Atlanta, Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard replaced him. Maj. Gen. John M. Schofields Army of the Ohio, consisting of Schofields XXIII Corps and a cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman. Maj. Gen. George H. Thomass Army of the Cumberland, including the corps of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, and Brig. Gen. Washington L. Elliott. After Howard took army command, David S. Stanley took over IV Corps, however, by June, a steady stream of reinforcements brought Shermans strength to 112,000. Opposing Sherman, the Army of Tennessee was commanded first by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the four corps in the 50, 000-man army were commanded by, Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee. When Polk was killed on June 14, Loring briefly took over as commander of the corps but was replaced by Alexander P. Stewart on June 23. But in Georgia, he faced the more aggressive Sherman. Johnstons army repeatedly took up strongly entrenched defensive positions in the campaign, Sherman prudently avoided suicidal frontal assaults against most of these positions, instead maneuvering in flanking marches around the defenses as he advanced from Chattanooga towards Atlanta. Whenever Sherman flanked the defensive lines, Johnston would retreat to another prepared position, both armies took advantage of the railroads as supply lines, with Johnston shortening his supply lines as he drew closer to Atlanta, and Sherman lengthening his own. Johnston had entrenched his army on the long, high mountain of Rocky Face Ridge, the two columns engaged the enemy at Buzzard Roost and at Dug Gap. In the meantime, the column, under McPherson, passed through Snake Creek Gap and on May 9 advanced to the outskirts of Resaca. Fearing defeat, McPherson pulled his column back to Snake Creek Gap, on May 10, Sherman decided to take most of his men and join McPherson to take Resaca. The next morning, as he discovered Shermans army withdrawing from their positions in front of Rocky Face Ridge, Union troops tested the Confederate lines around Resaca to pinpoint their whereabouts
9.
Battle of Resaca
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The Battle of Resaca was part of the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. The battle was waged in both Gordon and Whitfield counties, Georgia, May 13–15,1864 and it ended inconclusively with the Confederate Army retreating. The engagement was fought between the Military Division of the Mississippi on the side of the Union and the Army of Tennessee for the Confederates, in early May 1864, the Confederate government granted Johnstons request for reinforcements to his camps around Dalton, Georgia. During the remainder of May 7 and the day of May 8 Canteys brigade had time to entrench, on May 9, the Army of the Tennessee under the command of James B. McPherson moved out of Snake Creek Gap and immediately ran into a Confederate cavalry brigade ordered to scout the area the day before under the command of Colonel Warren Grigsby. After a fierce battle, Brig. Gen. Thomas W. Sweeny formed a line and drove the Confederates back to Resaca. He devoted the Army of the Tennessee for this, while the Army of the Cumberland, george H. Thomas and John M. Schofield, respectively, would feign attacks in the Confederatess front. In the evening, McPherson sent his cavalry, the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry. Meanwhile, skirmishers in Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Gen. Daniel H. Reynolds, Johnston had withdrawn his forces from Rocky Face Ridge to the hills around Resaca. On May 13, the Union troops tested the Confederate lines to pinpoint their whereabouts, the next day full-scale fighting occurred, and the Union troops were generally repulsed except on the Confederate right flank where Sherman did not fully exploit his advantage. Unable to halt this Union turning movement, Johnston was forced to retire, after the Union repaired the bridges and transported more men over, they continued in the pursuit of the Confederates, leading to the Battle of Adairsville on May 17. There were 6,100 combined casualties,3,500 for the Union and 2,600 for the Confederacy, the battlefield is preserved as the Resaca Battlefield State Historic Site. Ambrose Bierces short story Killed at Resaca focuses on a cohort of men who fight and die bravely at Resaca, Resaca Confederate Cemetery Guernsey, Alfred H. Alden, Henry M. Harpers Pictoral History of the Civil War. National Park Service battle description Summary about pre-battle period Basic summary of battle Secrist, the Battle of Resaca, Atlanta Campaign,1864. Macon, GA, Mercer University Press,1998, nothing but Victory, The Army of the Tennessee, 1861–1865. New York, Alfred A. Knopf,2005, friends of Resaca The Battle of Resaca, Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news The Civil War in Georgia as told by its Historic Markers - Battle of Resaca Battle of Resaca
10.
Battle of New Hope Church
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The battle was a result of an attempt by Sherman to outmaneuver Johnston. Johnston anticipated Shermans move and shifted his army into Shermans path, Sherman mistakenly surmised that Johnston had a token force and ordered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hookers XX Corps to attack. Advancing with his three divisions in parallel routes, Hooker pushed the Confederate skirmishers back for three miles, before coming to Johnstons main line, difficult terrain prevented Hooker from coordinating his corps attacks effectively, causing his men to suffer severe casualties, especially from canister and shrapnel. On May 26, both sides entrenched, and skirmishing continued throughout the day, at the end of the battle, Confederate Captain Samuel T. Foster reported that 703 Union soldiers had been killed, as well as 350 taken prisoner. The next day, the Union troops concentrated their efforts in the area towards the end of the Confederate line. The New Hope Church battlefield is privately owned and is located at the intersection of Bobo Road. John Wadsworth Vodrey, son of noted American potter Jabez Vodrey, was killed in the battle while serving with the 46th Pennsylvania Infantry, national Park Service battle description Hope Church Community Kennedy, Frances H. ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co
11.
Battle of Dallas
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The Battle of Dallas was a series of engagements during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. They occurred between May 26 and June 4,1864, in and around Dallas, Georgia, between Lt. General William J. Hardees Confederate corps and the Union defense line, held by the XV Corps under Maj. General John A. Logan of the Army of the Tennessee, the Battle of New Hope Church and the Battle of Picketts Mill are often subgrouped as part of the overall engagement at Dallas. After a series of engagements, Johnstons army fell back from the vicinity of Cassville-Kingston, first to Allatoona Pass and then to the Dallas area, shermans army tested the Rebel line while entrenching themselves. The Battle of Dallas occurred on May 28 when Hardees Corps probed the Union defensive line, held by Logans Army of the Tennessee corps, fighting ensued at two different points, but the Rebels were repulsed, suffering high casualties. Sherman continued looking for a way around Johnstons line, and, on June 1, his cavalry occupied Allatoona Pass, sherman abandoned his lines at Dallas on June 5 and moved toward the rail-head at Allatoona Pass, forcing Johnston to follow soon afterwards. Among the thousands of casualties was Archibald L. McDougall, a brigade commander in the Union Army of the Potomac. The site of the battle is now Paulding County High School, the Confederate trenches lay along the southern edge of the campus, as marked by a Civil War Marker sign along Highway 61. Dallas Union order of battle Bodart, Gaston, national Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey, Individual Battlefield Profiles
12.
Battle of Marietta
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The Battle of Marietta was a series of military operations from June 9 through July 3,1864, in Cobb County, Georgia, between Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The Union forces, led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, encountered the Confederate Army of Tennessee, led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, entrenched near Marietta, Georgia. Several engagements were fought during this period, including the battles of Pine Mountain, Gilgal Church, Kolbs Farm. Sherman forced Johnston to withdraw partially on June 18 to protect his supply lines, the artillery fire was initiated when Sherman spotted a cluster of Confederate officers—Polk, Hardee, Johnston, and their staffs—in an exposed area. He pointed them out to Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, commander of the IV Corps, the 5th Indiana Battery, commanded by Capt. Peter Simonson, obeyed the order within minutes. The first round came close and an even closer, causing the men to disperse. The third shell struck Polks left arm, went through the chest, archived from the original on 5 February 2007. CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey, Individual Battlefield Profiles
13.
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
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The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27,1864, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Strategically, however, the failed to deliver the result that the Confederacy desperately needed—namely a halt to Shermans advance on Atlanta. McPherson feinted against the end of Kennesaw Mountain, while his corps under Maj. Gen. John A. Logan assaulted Pigeon Hill on its southwest corner. At the same time, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas launched strong attacks against Cheatham Hill at the center of the Confederate line, both attacks were repulsed with heavy losses, but a demonstration by Maj. Gen. John M. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and he devised a strategy of multiple, simultaneous offensives against the Confederacy, hoping to prevent any of the rebel armies from reinforcing the others over interior lines. This was a strategy that President Abraham Lincoln had emphasized throughout the war, as their campaigns progressed, however, the political importance of the cities of Richmond and Atlanta began to dominate their strategy. By 1864, Atlanta was a critical target, the city of 20,000 was founded at the intersection of four important railroad lines that supplied the Confederacy and was a military manufacturing arsenal in its own right. Atlantas nickname of Gate City of the South was apt—its capture would open virtually the entire Deep South to Union conquest, Shermans force of about 100,000 men was composed of three subordinate armies, the Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson, the Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, and the relatively small Army of the Ohio under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield. Their principal opponent was the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the 50, 000-man army consisted of the infantry corps of Lt. Gens. William J. Hardee, John Bell Hood, and Leonidas Polk, Shermans campaign began on May 7,1864, as his three armies departed from the vicinity of Chattanooga. As Sherman swung his entire army in the direction of Resaca, full scale fighting erupted in the Battle of Resaca on May 14–15 but there was no conclusive result and Sherman flanked Johnston for a second time by crossing the Oostanaula River. As Johnston withdrew again, skirmishing erupted at Adairsville on May 17, Johnston planned to defeat part of Shermans force as it approached on multiple routes, but Hood became uncharacteristically cautious and feared encirclement, failing to attack as ordered. Encouraged by Hood and Polk, Johnston ordered another withdrawal, this time across the Etowah River, Johnston was forced to move from his strong position and meet Shermans army in the open. Fierce but inconclusive fighting occurred on May 25 at New Hope Church, May 27 at Picketts Mill, by June 1, heavy rains turned the roads to quagmires and Sherman was forced to return to the railroad to supply his men. Johnstons new line was established by June 4 northwest of Marietta, along Lost Mountain, Pine Mountain, on June 14, following eleven days of steady rain, Sherman was ready to move again. While on a reconnaissance, he spotted a group of Confederate officers on Pine Mountain. Lt. Gen. Hoods corps attempted an attack at Peter Kolbs farm south of Little Kennesaw Mountain on June 22
14.
Kenner Garrard
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Kenner Garrard was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He developed a reputation for bravery and was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Nashville as an infantry division commander. Garrard was born at his grandfathers home in Bourbon County, Kentucky. His grandfather, James Garrard, was the second Governor of Kentucky and he was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, and received a private education. He was the brother of fellow future Civil War generals Jeptha Garrard, a first cousin, Theophilus T. Garrard, also became a Union general. Kenner Garrard briefly attended Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and he graduated eighth in the Class of 1851 and was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the 4th U. S. Artillery. He soon transferred to the 1st U. S. Dragoons, in 1855, Garrard was transferred to the 2nd U. S. Cavalry as an adjutant to Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston and Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee, both future generals in the Confederate States Army. He was stationed in a variety of posts in the Southwest frontier, when the Civil War erupted in 1861, Garrard, by then a captain, was on duty in an outpost in Texas. As a loyal Unionist, he was imprisoned by Confederate authorities following the surrender of U. S. troops by Maj. Gen. David E. Twiggs and he was allowed to travel back to the North. He made his way to Washington, D. C. bringing with him $20,000 of Federal funds he had secreted from Texas, in December 1861, he was appointed as Commandant of the U. S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, weed in the command of the 3rd Brigade of Maj. Gen. George Sykess division. In December 1863 he was nominated for promotion to brigadier general with a date of July 23,1863. He was appointed as the major of the 3rd U. S. Cavalry in the army in November 1863. Garrard took part in Shermans Atlanta Campaign as a division commander. Returning to the infantry, he participated in the Battle of Nashville, Army commander Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas cited Garrard for gallant conduct at Nashville. As a result, he was appointed a major general of volunteers. He also received the rank of major general in the regular army as of March 13,1865. He ended the war in Alabama and was instrumental in the capture of Montgomery, Garrard remained in the regular army after the war ended as commander of the District of Mobile, but resigned on November 9,1866
15.
Wilson's Raid
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Wilsons Raid was a cavalry operation through Alabama and Georgia in March–April 1865, late in the American Civil War. Thomas ordered Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson to lead a raid to destroy the arsenal at Selma, Alabama, Selma was strategically important as one of the few Confederate military bases remaining in Southern hands. The town contained an arsenal, a foundry, gun factories, a powder mill, military warehouses. Wilson led approximately 13,500 men in three divisions, commanded by Brig, Edward M. McCook, Eli Long, and Emory Upton. Each cavalryman was armed with the formidable 7-shot Spencer repeating rifle, James R. Chalmers and William H. Jackson, two partial brigades under Brig. Gen. Philip D. Roddey and Colonel Edward Crossland, and a few local militia. Wilson was delayed in crossing the rain-swollen Tennessee River, but he got underway on March 22,1865, departing from Gravelly Springs in Lauderdale County, Alabama. He sent his forces in three columns to mask his intentions and confuse the enemy, Forrest learned very late in the raid that Selma was the primary target. Minor skirmishes occurred at Houston and Black Warrior River, and Wilsons columns rejoined at Jasper on March 27, on March 28, at Elyton, near present-day Birmingham, another skirmish occurred and the Union troopers destroyed the Oxmoor and Irondale iron furnaces. A detachment of General Emory Uptons division destroyed the C. B. Churchill and Company foundry in Columbiana and they then burned the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, the site of a prominent military school, on April 4. This movement diverted Chalmers division away from Forrests main force, on March 31, Forrest was routed by the larger, better-armed Union force at Montevallo. The cavalrymen under Chalmers had not arrived to reinforce Forrest, during the action, Forrests headquarters were overrun and documents captured that gave valuable intelligence concerning his plans. Wilson dispatched McCook to link up with Croxtons brigade at Trion, Forrest made a stand on April 1 at Plantersville, near Ebenezer Church, and was routed once again at the Battle of Ebenezer Church. The Confederates raced toward Selma and deployed into a three-mile, semicircular defensive line anchored at both ends by the Alabama River, the Battle of Selma took place on April 2. The divisions of Long and Upton assaulted Forrests hastily constructed works, General Wilson personally led a mounted charge of the 4th U. S. Cavalry against an unfinished portion of the line. General Long was severely wounded in the head during the assault, Forrest, who was also wounded, and whose tiny corps was severely damaged, regrouped at Marion, where he finally rejoined Chalmers. Wilsons men worked for over a week at destroying military facilities, from there, Wilsons forces moved toward Montgomery, which they occupied on April 12. Before Wilson could do just that, there were several key bridges over the Chattahoochee River that needed taking, one such bridge led into the town of West Point. To avoid any delay in the raid, Wilson separated his force sending a 3, thus, the Battle of West Point, Georgia, was fought on Easter Sunday, April 16, when Colonel Oscar Hugh La Granges brigade attacked an earthwork defensive position named Fort Tyler
16.
Battle of Selma
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The Battle of Selma was a military engagement near the end of the American Civil War. It was fought in Selma, Alabama, on April 2,1865, Union Army forces under Major General James H. Wilson defeated a Confederate Army force under Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest. On March 22,1865, Wilson led three divisions of Union cavalry, totaling 13,500 men, on a raid from Gravelly Springs and he was opposed by Confederate General Forrest, whose soldiers numbered 2,000, and many of these were old men and boys. Wilson met and defeated Forrest in a battle on April 1,1865, at the Battle of Ebenezer Church. Continuing towards Selma, Wilson divided his command into three columns, although Selmas defenses were strong, there were not enough Confederates to man them effectively. Wilsons columns broke through the defenses at separate points, forcing the Confederates to surrender the city, many of the officers and men, including Forrest and Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, escaped before the surrender. Selma demonstrated that even Forrest, who had been considered almost invincible, on March 30,1865, General Wilson detached Brig. Gen. John T. Croxtons brigade to destroy all Confederate property at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. This effectively cut off Forrest from reinforcement and it also began a running fight that did not end until after the fall of Selma. On the afternoon of April 1, following skirmishing in the morning, Wilsons advance guard ran into Forrests line of battle at Ebenezer Church, Forrest had hoped to bring his entire force to bear on Wilson. The outnumbered Confederates fought bravely for over an hour, as Wilson deployed more Union cavalry and artillery on the field, Forrest himself was wounded by a saber-wielding Union captain, whom he killed with his revolver. Finally, a Union cavalry charge broke the Confederate militia, causing Forrest to be flanked on his right and he was forced to retreat under severe pressure. The battle failed to delay or damage Wilsons force. Early the next morning Forrest arrived at Selma, horse and rider covered in blood and he advised Gen. Richard Taylor, departmental commander, to leave the city. Taylor did so after giving Forrest command of the defense, Selma was protected by three miles of fortifications, which ran in a semicircle around the city. They were anchored on the north and south by the Alabama River, the works had been built two years earlier and, while neglected since then, they were still formidable. The defenses were from 8 to 12 feet high,15 feet thick at the base, before this was a picket fence of heavy posts planted in the ground,5 feet high, and sharpened at the top. At prominent positions, earthen forts were built with artillery in position to cover the ground over which an assault would have to be made, adams state reserves, and citizens of Selma who volunteered to man the defenses. The total force numbered less than 4,000, barely half of whom were soldiers, Selmas fortifications had been designed to be defended by 20,000 men, and Forrests outnumbered defenders had to stand 10 to 12 feet apart to cover their sectors
17.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty
18.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
19.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
20.
Mattoon, Illinois
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Mattoon is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 18,555 as of the 2010 census, one of the main factors determining the settlement of Mattoon and Coles County in general was the topography. Coles County straddled a timberline in the half and prairie in the north. The forested areas were primarily fed by two rivers, the Embarras River in the east and the Kaskaskia in the west. The prairie, known as the Grand Prairie, was generally wet, an early historian described the geography, Away from the timber to the north, the face of the country is generally quite level, broken only by long undulations. It is almost entirely prairie land in part, and was allowed to remain uncultivated until after the opening of the railroads. Groves could be scattered throughout the area. Early settlers to the area started homesteads in the timberline, which provided building materials, since the vast majority of early settlers came from wooded areas of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, the forests also provided a sense of familiarity. In 1826, Kentucky émigré Charles Sawyer became the first white man known to settle in the Mattoon area, levi Doty build Sawyers cabin while the latter returned to Kentucky to retrieve the rest of his family. Within a year, a few families very quickly settled around Sawyer in the area of Paradise Township, including Dr. John Epperson, settlers built log cabins using pegs. The luxuries of life were not seen the first years of the settlement. Corn was planted and remained a staple crop, gardens of potatoes and other vegetables were maintained. Hogs, which ran wild in the woods, provided pork, while deer, bears, wild turkeys, wolves proved troublesome to domesticated animals. The first school was established in 1827-28 in the Paradise Township, taking place in a makeshift cabin, the costs were $2. 50-3.00 per student. School was maintained in this location until 1844-45, when the first real schoolhouse was built in what would become Mattoon and that year, the Illinois State Legislature passed its first school laws, making Mattoon a forerunner for early education in the state. As the population grew, demand for a local government increased, on Christmas Day,1830, Coles County was established. The county was named after Edward Coles, the governor in Illinois who served in 1822. Settlers in the Mattoon area remained poor and humble, but their community remained close knit, in 1836, Old State Road, which runs along the southern end of town, became one of the first trails to be established in the Mattoon area
21.
Coles County, Illinois
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Coles County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 53,873 and its county seat is Charleston, which is also the home of Eastern Illinois University. Coles County is part of the Charleston-Mattoon, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, Coles County was organized on December 25,1830 out of Clark and Edgar counties. It was named after Edward Coles, the governor of Illinois. Coles County is home to several legends and folktales, including the Mad Gasser of Mattoon. Michael Kleen has documented many of these tales, including the grave of St. Omer Cemetery and story of Rag Doll Cemetery, in his book Tales of Coles County. The legend of Rag Doll Cemetery formed the basis of the independent film Rag Doll, additionally, the novel A Family Possessed by L. W. Stevenson is based on poltergeist activity experienced by a rural family living in Coles County in the 1980s. Ashmore Estates has long been a part of local folklore, originally the almshouse at the Coles County Poor Farm, it is now a haunted attraction and a place of interest for paranormal investigators. Thomas Lincoln, father of future President Abraham Lincoln, moved to Coles County in 1831 and died there in 1851. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 510 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.20 inches in January to 4.65 inches in July, the population density was 106.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 23,425 housing units at a density of 46.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 9% white,3. 8% black or African American,1. 0% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 6% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2. 1% of the population, in terms of ancestry,25. 6% were German,16. 4% were Irish,11. 1% were American, and 10. 0% were English. The average household size was 2.30 and the family size was 2.87. The median age was 31.6 years, the median income for a household in the county was $36,457 and the median income for a family was $54,170. Males had an income of $38,915 versus $28,781 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,601
22.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
23.
7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
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The 7th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 7th Illinois Infantry was mustered at Cairo, Illinois on April 25,1861 from the personnel of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The regiment saw service at the Battle of Fort Donelson, the Battle of Shiloh, the Battle of Allatoona, the March to the Sea, the regiment mustered out of service on July 9,1865. The regiment suffered 8 officers and 81 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 3 officers and 174 enlisted men who died of disease, colonel John Cook - Promoted to brigadier general March 21,1862. Colonel Andrew J. Babcock - resigned February 1865, colonel Richard Rowett - mustered out with regiment List of Illinois Civil War Units Illinois in the American Civil War The Civil War Archive
24.
Cumberland County, Illinois
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Cumberland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,048, cumberland County is part of the Charleston–Mattoon, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. Cumberland County was created on March 2,1843, from parts of Coles County and it is named for the National Road, which was projected to run through it. There is no Great Lakes beer here, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 347 square miles, of which 346 square miles is land and 1.0 square mile is water. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.03 inches in January to 4.21 inches in June, the population density was 31.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,874 housing units at a density of 14.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 3% white,0. 3% black or African American,0. 2% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 2% from other races, and 0. 8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 7% of the population, in terms of ancestry,30. 6% were German,17. 4% were American,11. 7% were Irish, and 11. 4% were English. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 2.95. The median age was 40.9 years, the median income for a household in the county was $42,101 and the median income for a family was $51,729. Males had an income of $42,157 versus $29,142 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,262, about 8. 1% of families and 12. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 4% of those under age 18 and 8. 2% of those age 65 or over. United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States Board on Geographic Names United States National Atlas
25.
Clark County, Illinois
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Clark County is a county located in the southeastern part of U. S. state of Illinois, along the Indiana state line. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,335, the county was named for George Rogers Clark, an officer who served in the American Revolution. Clark County was formed in 1819 out of Crawford County, at the time of its formation, Clark County included about a third of Illinois, and extended as far north as the present state of Wisconsin. In 1821 the northern part of Clark County became part of the newly created Pike County on January 31, edgar County was created from the northern part of Clark County on January 3,1823. The creation of Coles County occupied additional land from western Clark County, the boundaries of Clark County have been unchanged since. Clark County was named for George Rogers Clark, an officer of the army of Virginia that captured the Northwest Territory from the British during the Revolutionary War, the county seat was located in Darwin Township in 1823. A county-wide election was held In 1839 to determine whether Auburn or Marshall would be designated as the new seat, Marshall won the election and has remained the county seat since then. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 505 square miles. Part of the eastern border is defined by the Wabash River. The North Fork of the Embarras River and Hurricane Creek are the streams in western Clark County. Other than the Wabash River, Big Creek is the stream in the eastern part of the county. S. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.23 inches in January to 4.43 inches in July, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,335 people,6,782 households, and 4,593 families residing in the county. The population density was 32.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 7,772 housing units at an average density of 15.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 1% white,0. 3% black or African American,0. 3% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 3% from other races, and 0. 7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1. 1% of the population, in terms of ancestry,27. 4% were German,14. 2% were Irish,14. 2% were English, and 10. 8% were American. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.87. The median age was 42.3 years, the median income for a household in the county was $43,597 and the median income for a family was $52,689. Males had an income of $39,385 versus $27,426 for females
26.
Crawford County, Illinois
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Crawford County is a county located in the U. S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,817, Crawford County was formed in Illinois Territory on December 31,1816 out of Edwards County. At the time of its formation, it encompassed about one third of the State and it was named in honor of William H. Crawford, from Georgia, who was serving as Secretary of War and Secretary of the Treasury at the time. Crawford County was home to several battles between the settlers and Indians, and also the location of the only woman hanged in Illinois. In 1818, the town of Palestine was designated as the county seat, after elections in 1843, a new site was chosen, which would become the town of Robinson. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 446 square miles. Some of the eastern border is defined by the Wabash River. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.45 inches in January to 4.67 inches in May, the population density was 44.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 8,661 housing units at a density of 19.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 8% white,4. 7% black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 8% from other races, and 0. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1. 8% of the population, in terms of ancestry,25. 0% were German,14. 4% were American,12. 4% were Irish, and 9. 9% were English. The average household size was 2.36 and the family size was 2.88. The median age was 41.7 years, the median income for a household in the county was $41,434 and the median income for a family was $51,218. Males had an income of $40,050 versus $30,870 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,545, about 11. 1% of families and 16. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 0% of those under age 18 and 8. 2% of those age 65 or over. History of Crawford and Clark Counties, Illinois Chicago, Illinois, specific General United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States Board on Geographic Names United States National Atlas Crawford County, Illinois History and Genealogy
27.
Ulysses S. Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
28.
21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
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The 21st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was a militia infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 21st Illinois Infantry was organized at Mattoon, Illinois and mustered into Federal service on June 28,1861, the regiment was mustered out on December 16,1865. The regiment suffered 1 officer and 51 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 127 enlisted men who died of disease, colonel Ulysses S. Grant - promoted brigadier general on August 7,1861. Colonel John W. S. Alexander - killed in action September 20,1863, list of Illinois Civil War Units Illinois in the American Civil War The Civil War Archive
29.
Charleston, Illinois
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Charleston is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States and is also the county seat. The population was 21,838, as of the 2010 census, the city is home to Eastern Illinois University and has close ties with its neighbor, Mattoon, Illinois. Both are principal cities of the Charleston–Mattoon Micropolitan Statistical Area, Native Americans lived in the Charleston area for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Indians may have set the wildfires which maintained the local mosaic of prairie. Streams with names like Indian Creek and Kickapoo Creek mark the sites of former Native settlements, one village is said to have been located south of Fox Ridge State Park near a deposit of flint. The early history of European settlement in the area was marked by uneasy co-existence between Native Americans and European settlers, some settlers lived peacefully with the natives. Two pitched battles occurred just south of Charleston along the hills of the Embarrass and these conflicts did not slow European settlement. Native American history in Coles County effectively ended when all natives were expelled by law from Illinois after the 1832 Black Hawk War, with the grudging exception of Indian wives, the last natives were driven out by the 1840s. First settled by Benjamin Parker in 1826, it was named for Charles Morton, the city was established in 1831, but not incorporated until 1865. When Abraham Lincolns father moved to a farm on Goosenest Prairie south of Charleston in 1831, Lincoln helped him move, then left to start his own homestead at New Salem in Sangamon County. Lincoln was a frequent visitor to the Charleston area, though he spent more time at the Coles County courthouse than at the home of his father and stepmother. One of the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates was held in Charleston on September 18,1858, and is now the site of the Coles County fairgrounds, Lincolns last visit was in 1859, when the future President visited his stepmother and his fathers grave. Although Illinois was a solidly pro-Union, anti-slavery state, Coles County was settled by many Southerners with pro-slavery sentiments, in 1847, the county was divided when prominent local citizens offered refuge to a family of escaped slaves brought from Kentucky by Gen. Robert Matson. Abe Lincoln, by then a railroad lawyer, appeared in the Coles County courthouse to argue for the return of the escaped slaves under the Fugitive Slave Act in a case known as Matson v. Ashmore. As in the rest of the nation, this long-simmering debate finally broke out into violence during the American Civil War, newspaper accounts at the time said the Copperheads stated intention was to burn the town and cut out the hearts of the abolitionists. Even the county sheriff is alleged to have fired on the soldiers, by the time the Charleston Riot had ended, nine were dead and twelve had been wounded, mostly Copperheads. In 1895, the Eastern Illinois State Normal School was established in Charleston and this led to lasting resentment in nearby Mattoon, which had originally led the campaign to locate the proposed teaching school in Coles County. A Mattoon newspaper printed a special edition announcing the decision with the derisive headline Catfish Town Gets It, thomas Lincolns log cabin has been restored and is open to the public as the Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site,8 mi. south of Charleston
30.
Louisville, Kentucky
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Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 30th-most populous city in the United States. It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class, the other being the states second-largest city of Lexington, Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County. Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Sited beside the Falls of the Ohio, the major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico, the settlement first grew as a portage site. It was the city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Its main airport is also the site of United Parcel Services worldwide air hub, since 2003, Louisvilles borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County because of a city-county merger. The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, the citys total consolidated population as of the 2014 census estimate was 760,026. However, the total of 612,780 excludes other incorporated places and semiautonomous towns within the county and is the population listed in most sources. As of 2014, the MSA had a population of 1,269,702, the history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the areas geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, the first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him, two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s. In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The citys early growth was influenced by the fact river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000, the city grew rapidly in its formative years. Louisville was a shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, during the Civil War, Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting, and transportation for numerous campaigns, by the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby
31.
William "Bull" Nelson
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William Bull Nelson was a United States naval officer who became a Union general in the Civil War. His 4th Division bore the brunt of fighting at Shiloh and took part in the Siege of Corinth. Wounded at the Battle of Richmond, Nelson was forced to retreat to Louisville and it was here that General Jefferson C. Davis, still officially on leave, reported to Nelson, who was dissatisfied with his performance. A few days later, Davis demanded an apology, but the two came to blows, and Davis mortally wounded Nelson with a pistol. The incident has overshadowed Nelsons contribution to the Union cause, William Nelson was the third and youngest son of Dr. Thomas W. Nelson and Frances Doniphan of Maysville, Kentucky. He attended Maysville Academy and was enrolled in Norwich University at age thirteen, two years later, Nelsons preparatory training at the Vermont military school concluded when Congressman Garrett Davis secured an appointment for him to become a midshipman in the United States Navy. In the spring of 1840, Nelson reported for training aboard the USS Delaware, for the next five years he sailed the South Pacific under the leadership of harsh, overbearing, and insensitive brutes. Nelson then joined the first class to attend the newly established Naval Academy at Annapolis, on July 11,1846 Nelson became a passed midshipman and the following October, he reported for duty aboard the USS Raritan, the flagship for the Home Squadron in the Gulf of Mexico. At the Siege of Veracruz, he served with Naval Battery No,5, and on the second Tabasco Expedition, Nelson was a member of the Second Artillery Division. In February 1848, he became acting master of the USS Scourge, at the conclusion of his service, Nelson received a sword for heroism and proficiency as an artillerist. In December, Nelson became an escort for the Magyars famous tour of the United States, on September 19,1854 he was promoted to sailing master and the following April 18,1855 achieved the rank of lieutenant. In September 1858, Nelson joined the USS Niagara for the mission of returning captured slaves to Monrovia, Liberia, two years later, he was at the Washington Navy Yard as an ordnance officer. This imposing personality had served at sea for years and six months. He performed shore and other duty for four years, and was nearly five years unemployed. A striking figure who carried his weight lightly, he was endowed with a strong intellect, Nelson was a fluent and captivating talker, and when he wished to please, no man could be more congenial and companionable. Conversely, when irritated or opposed this veteran of the Old Navy could become disgustingly dictatorial and it was apparent to the President he had found the right man. July 1,1861, Nelson was detached from the Navy with instructions to organize a force of 10,000 troops for an expedition into East Tennessee, two weeks later, Nelson spoke with Union leaders from southeastern Kentucky at Lancaster and Crab Orchard
32.
Braxton Bragg
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Bragg, a native of North Carolina, was educated at West Point and became an artillery officer. He served in Florida and then received three brevet promotions for distinguished service in the Mexican-American War, most notably the Battle of Buena Vista. After a series of posts in the Indian Territory, he resigned from the U. S. Army in 1856 to become a plantation owner in Louisiana. During the Civil War, Bragg trained soldiers in the Gulf Coast region and he was a corps commander at the Battle of Shiloh and subsequently was named to command the Army of Mississippi. He and Edmund Kirby Smith attempted an invasion of Kentucky in 1862, in December, he fought another inconclusive battle at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the Battle of Stones River, but once again withdrew his army. In 1863, he fought a series of battles against Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, in June, he was outmaneuvered in the Tullahoma Campaign and retreated into Chattanooga. In November, Braggs army was routed in turn by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Battles for Chattanooga. The defeat at Chattanooga was the last straw, and Bragg was recalled in early 1864 to Richmond, near the end of the war, he defended Wilmington, North Carolina, and served as a corps commander in the Carolinas Campaign. After the war Bragg worked as the superintendent of the New Orleans waterworks, a supervisor of improvements at Mobile, Alabama. Bragg is generally considered among the worst generals of the Civil War, although his commands often outnumbered those he fought against, most of the battles in which he engaged ended in defeats. The only exception was Chickamauga, which was due to the timely arrival of Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps. Most historians fault Bragg for impatience and poor treatment of others, Braxton Bragg was born in Warrenton, North Carolina, one of the six sons of Thomas and Margaret Crosland Bragg. One of his brothers was future Confederate Attorney General Thomas Bragg. He was often ridiculed as a child because of rumors about his mothers prison sentence for murdering an African American freeman. Grady McWhiney, the biographer of Braggs early life and career, states that despite these rumors. He was descended from Thomas Bragg, who was born in England, in the thousands of letters that Bragg wrote during his lifetime, he spoke fondly of his father, but never mentioned his mother. When Bragg was only ten old, his father decided on a military career for him. Eventually the oldest Bragg son, John, recently elected as a state legislator, senator Willie P. Mangum and West Point admitted Braxton at the age of 16
33.
Don Carlos Buell
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Don Carlos Buell was a United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole War, the Mexican-American War, and the American Civil War. Buell led Union armies in two great Civil War battles—Shiloh and Perryville, the nation was angry at his failure to defeat the outnumbered Confederates after Perryville, or to secure East Tennessee. Historians concur that he was brave and industrious, and a master of logistics, Buell was relieved of field command in late 1862 and made no more significant military contributions. Don Carlos Buell was born in Lowell, Ohio and he was a first cousin of George P. Buell, also a Union general. He lived in Indiana for a time before the American Civil War, Military Academy in 1841 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U. S. In the Mexican-American War, he served under both Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott and he was brevetted three times for bravery and was wounded at Churubusco. Between the wars he served in the U. S. Army Adjutant Generals office and as an adjutant in California, at the start of the American Civil War, Buell was an early organizer of the Army of the Potomac and briefly commanded one of its divisions. He was promoted to general, with seniority dating from May 17,1861. In November 1861, he succeeded Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman in command at Louisville, Buells command was designated the Department of the Ohio and his troops the Army of the Ohio. Buells superiors wanted him to operate in eastern Tennessee, an area with Union sympathies, however, Buell essentially disregarded his orders and moved against Nashville instead, which he captured on February 25,1862, against little opposition. At the Battle of Shiloh, Buell reinforced Grant with three of the five divisions of the Army of the Ohio, about 20,000 men, Buell considered that his arrival was the primary reason that Grant avoided a major defeat. But Halleck needed to continually prod Buell to get his army to Pittsburg Landing in order to reinforce Grant, concentrating for a planned attack on the Confederate stronghold at Corinth. Although Buells army was only 90 miles east at Columbia, it one month to reach Pittsburg Landing. Buell considered himself the victor of the battle and denigrated Grants contribution, the commanders operated almost completely independently of each other and Buell proved slow and hesitant to commit himself. Following Shiloh, Henry Halleck arrived in person to command of Grant. The combined Union force,100,000 men strong, began an extremely sluggish pursuit against P. G. T, beauregards Army of Tennessee, which had retreated into northern Mississippi. Despite a more than 2-1 numerical advantage, Halleck took caution to an extreme, the Siege of Corinth ended in the Confederates abandoning the city on May 25. Afterwards, Halleck split up the two armies and sent Buell eastward to capture Chattanooga while Grant remained in the Corinth area
34.
William R. Terrill
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William Rufus Terrill was a United States Army soldier and general who was killed in action at the Battle of Perryville during the American Civil War. His Confederate brother James was also killed during the same war, Terrill was born in Covington, Virginia, and grew up at Warm Springs, in Bath County, Virginia. His father, Colonel William Henry Terrill, was a Virginia lawyer and member of the Virginia Legislature prior to the war and he became a cadet at U. S. Military Academy in 1849 and graduated in 1853, while a cadet, he was involved in a fist-fight with classmate Philip H. Sheridan. The encounter caused a suspension for Sheridan from the academy. Terrill graduated 16th in his class of 1853, after graduation, he was assigned to the 3rd U. S. Artillery and 4th U. S. Artillery, serving in various garrisons and he returned to West Point as an assistant professor of mathematics during 1853–54, served in Florida during the 3rd Seminole War, and the U. S. Coast Survey from 1858 -1861. In 1856 he was promoted to first lieutenant, on May 14,1861, he was appointed captain of the 5th Regular Artillery in Washington, D. C. No one has any authority to tender my resignation, I will be in Washington as soon as possible. ”Terrill was commissioned a captain in the 5th Regiment of Artillery in August 1861. Terrill was commissioned a major of Virginia Infantry and served in the Confederate States Army and their father served the Confederate States as the provost marshal of Bath County, Virginia. William Terrill served as assistant inspector general in Washington, D. C. on September 9,1862 he was appointed as a brigadier general of U. S. volunteers and took command of the 33rd Brigade in the Army of the Ohio. He led his inexperienced fresh troops into their first combat action at the Battle of Perryville, there, he was mortally wounded by a shell fragment while trying to rally his brigade in the face of a Confederate attack, and died later that day. The previous night, Generals Terrill and James S. Jackson, all three would be killed in the following battle. In 1864 during the Overland Campaign, Terrills brother James, by then commanding a brigade, was killed in action at the Battle of Bethesda Church and he was posthumously promoted to brigadier general. Another younger brother, Philip Mallory Terrill of the 12th Virginia Cavalry, was killed near Winchester, Virginia, the fourth brother, Dr. George P. Terrill, a Confederate militia commander, survived the Civil War. God alone knows which was right, William R. Terrill was interred at West Point National Cemetery
35.
James S. Jackson
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James Streshly Jackson was a U. S. Representative from Kentucky and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in Fayette County, Kentucky, Jackson pursued classical studies at Centre College, Danville and he graduated from Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1844, and the following year from the law department of Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. He was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Greenupsburg, during the Mexican-American War, Jackson enlisted on June 9,1846, as a private in the 1st Kentucky Cavalry, he was elected a third lieutenant one month later. Jackson participated in a duel with Captain Thomas Francis Marshall, fearing a court martial, in 1859, he moved to Hopkinsville from Greenupsburg. He was elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-seventh Congress and served from March 4 to December 13,1861, Jackson raised a cavalry company and was elected colonel of the 3rd Kentucky Cavalry when it was formed on December 13,1861. He was promoted to general of volunteers on July 16,1862. Jackson was placed in command of the 10th Division in the Army of the Ohio and he was killed in action on October 8,1862, during the Battle of Perryville. He was buried at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, but was reinterred on March 24,1863 at Riverside Cemetery in Hopkinsville, list of American Civil War generals Kentucky in the American Civil War United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-02-12 Allen, William B. Bradley & Gilbert. Union General James S. Jackson, Fateful Day at Perryville — Article by Civil War historian/author Bryan S. Bush James S. Jackson and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
36.
Alexander McDowell McCook
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Alexander McDowell McCook was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. McCook was born in Columbiana County, Ohio and his family was prominent in army service—his father Daniel and seven of Alexanders brothers, plus five of his first cousins, fought in the war. They were known as The Fighting McCooks, for whom McCook Field in Dayton and his brothers Daniel McCook, Jr. Edwin Stanton McCook, and Robert Latimer McCook were all Union generals, as were his cousins Anson G. McCook and Edward M. McCook. At the start of the Civil War, McCook was appointed colonel of the 1st Ohio Infantry in April 1861 and he served in the Washington defenses and saw action at the First Battle of Bull Run. On September 3,1861, he was promoted to general of volunteers. He earned the brevet of lieutenant colonel in the army for his part in the capture of Nashville. McCook then commanded the 2nd Division in the Army of the Ohio at the Battle of Shiloh on the day of fighting. He was promoted to general of volunteers on July 17,1862. McCook was given command of the I Corps in the Army of the Ohio and his corps suffered heavy casualties and driven back a mile at the Battle of Perryville in October 1862. Command of the Army of the Ohio was reorganized and his command designated the Right Wing of the XIV Corps in the new Army of the Cumberland and his command again suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Stones River. Once again the structure was reorganized and his corps named the XX Corps. For the third and final time, at Chickamauga, McCooks troops suffered heavily and were driven from the field and he was courtmartialed and partially blamed for the Union disaster at Chickamauga. He was not convicted but relieved of duty in the Army of the Cumberland and he waited almost a year before receiving another command assignment of any kind. It came thanks in part to Confederate General Jubal Early and his threat against Washington, McCook was placed in command of the Defenses of the Potomac River and Washington and was in charge of all forces defending the capital at the Battle of Fort Stevens. The day the battle ended, so did McCooks command of the citys defenses, at the close of the war he was given command of the District of Eastern Arkansas. He received brevet promotions to general and major general in the regular army for service throughout the war. McCook resigned from the service in October 1865 and was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 26th Infantry in March 1867. He served in Texas, mostly in garrison duty, until 1874, from 1875 to 1880, he served as the aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief of the U. S. Army, Gen. William T. Sherman
37.
Munfordville, Kentucky
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Munfordville is a home rule-class city in, and the county seat of, Hart County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 1,615 at the 2010 U. S. census, the settlement was once known as Big Buffalo Crossing. The current name came from Richard Jones Munford, who donated the land to establish the new county seat in 1816, in 1862, the Civil War Battle of Munfordville took place in the town. Munfordville is located at 37°16′36″N 85°53′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.5 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,563 people,698 households, the population density was 619.0 people per square mile. There were 776 housing units at a density of 307.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 33% White,11. 45% Black or African American,0. 13% Asian,0. 13% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 09% of the population. 36. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82. The age distribution was 20. 7% under the age of 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 7% from 25 to 44,24. 3% from 45 to 64, the median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 82.8 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $18,015, males had a median income of $25,417 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,447, about 23. 7% of families and 26. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 9% of those under age 18 and 25. 8% of those age 65 or over. In 2010, Munfordville had the 20th-lowest median household income of all places in the United States with a population over 1,000, several government officials were born in Munfordville. Thomas John Wood, a USA Major General, and Simon B. Buckner Sr, Buckner became Governor of Kentucky and ran unsuccessfully for President. His son, Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. was also born in Munfordville, thelma Loyace Hawkins Stovall was a pioneering female Southern politician who won several statewide elective offices in Kentucky. Munfordville was also home or birthplace to several artists, African American poet and minister, Albery Allson Whitman, was born into slavery at a farm outside Munfordville. Another American poet, Davis McCombs, also grew up in the same region, Hart Countys Newspaper News-Herald - Local newspaper The Sporting Times - The fifth regions monthly youth sports newspaper
38.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
39.
John T. Wilder
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John Thomas Wilder was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War, noted principally for capturing a key mountain pass in the Tullahoma Campaign in Central Tennessee in June 1863. Victory at Hoovers Gap was attributed largely to Wilders persistence in procuring the new rifles, Wilder was also an engineer who operated the first two blast furnaces in the South. Wilder was born in the Catskill Mountains in Hunter, Greene County, New York and he was a descendant of a long line of soldiers. His grandfather and great-grandfather, both named Seth Wilder, fought in the American Revolutionary War, after the great-grandfather lost a leg in the Battle of Bunker Hill, Seth, Jr. took his place. Wilders father Reuben fought in the War of 1812, Wilder spent his younger years in Hunter, where he attended school. When he turned nineteen, his school days over, he decided to head west to make it on his own, Wilder soon arrived in Columbus, Ohio, nearly penniless, and found employment as draftsman and then an apprentice millwright at a local foundry. This training would lay the groundwork for his career, in 1857, eight years after he arrived in Columbus, Wilder relocated to Indiana, first to Lawrenceburg and then to Greensburg, where he married Martha Jane Stewart and raised a large family. He established a foundry of his own. Wilder invented many machines that he patented, and he sold equipment, building mills. He also became renowned as an expert in the field of hydraulics. On the outbreak of the Civil War, John Wilder attempted to organize a light company in the Greensburg area. Wilders company was mustered into service but the Federal government declined to accept the company. Instead, Wilder was commissioned Captain, and his men were organized as Company A, when the 17th Indiana left for western Virginia in July 1861, Company A took along the two cannons. In March 1862 Wilder was promoted to Colonel and given command of the 17th Indiana, during the campaign to take Corinth Mississippi, Wilder quickly earned a reputation as a competent, and even gifted, regimental commander. In the 1862 Confederate offensive into Kentucky, Gen. Braxton Braggs army left Chattanooga, Tennessee, bragg approached Munfordville, a station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad where Wilder commanded the Union garrison, which consisted of three regiments with extensive fortifications. This forced the Confederates to conduct siege operations September 15–16, by this time, Wilders 4,000 men were almost completely surrounded by 22,000 Confederates with 100 artillery pieces. Realizing that Union reinforcements were nearby and not wanting to kill or injure innocent civilians, the formal ceremony occurred on September 17. Wilder spent two months as a prisoner of war before being exchanged, Wilder received wide attention for his performance in the Tullahoma Campaign
40.
Battle of Munfordville
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The Battle of Munfordville was an engagement in Kentucky during the American Civil War. Victory there allowed the Confederates to temporarily strengthen their hold on the region, on August 26,1862, Confederate Gen. Braxton Braggs army left Chattanooga, Tennessee and marched north through Sparta, TN and then to Glasgow, KY. Pursued by Maj. Gen. Col. John T. Wilder commanded the Union garrison at Munfordville, wilders force was first approached by Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers who marched on Munfordville from Cave City, KY without orders. Upon arriving on September 14, Chalmers demanded a surrender, which was rejected, Chalmers brigade suffered 288 casualties in the attacks before retreating back to Cave City. Braxton Bragg was angry at Chalmers for his unauthorized and injudicious assault, Bragg believed that leaving Munfordville intact would throw a gloom upon the whole army… turn defeat into victory. Thus Braggs army made a march of 25–35 miles the night of September 15–16 to Munfordville. Late on September 16, realizing that Buells forces were near and not wishing to kill or injure innocent civilians, the Confederates sent another demand for surrender. Wilder entered enemy lines under a flag of truce, and Confederate Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner escorted him to view the Confederate strength to convince him resistance was futile, realizing the odds he faced, Wilder agreed to surrender. The formal ceremony took place the day as the paroled federals marched out of Munfordville with new uniforms. Trask, a Confederate soldier, said the federals were well clothed, looked fat and sleek and clean and neat and were in strange contrast to our own hungry, ragged and dirty looking rebels. Despite the capture of over 4,000 federals and stores of supplies at Munfordville, the incident is a good example of how Bragg had little overall vision for the campaign and instead simply reacted from event to event. Three places in the National Register of Historic Places are related to the battle, the entire battlefield is listed in the National Register as the Battle of Munfordville Site. The Unknown Confederate Soldier Monument in Horse Cave marks the grave of a Louisiana soldier accidentally killed while clearing timber for the Confederate advance, the Colonel Robert A. Smith Monument is the only one still on the battlefield. A monument to Colonel Smith also exists in Dean Cemetery in his town of Edinburgh. List of battles fought in Kentucky National Park Service battle description Munfordville battlefield preservation CWSAC Report Update - Kentucky
41.
Army of the Ohio
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The Army of the Ohio was the name of two Union armies in the American Civil War. The first army became the Army of the Cumberland and the army was created in 1863. General Orders No.97 appointed Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell to command the Department of the Ohio, all the forces of the department were then organized into the Army of the Ohio, with Buell in command. Early in 1862, the army fought its first battle at Mill Springs, although only the 1st Division, the whole army marched to reinforce Grants Army of the Tennessee at the Battle of Shiloh. However, Thomas foresaw a major battle and felt it unwise to change an army commander on the eve of battle, thus Buell remained in command of the Army and Thomas was made his second-in-command. The battle Thomas foresaw occurred on October 8,1862, west of Perryville, Confederate General Braxton Bragg had marched into Kentucky to recruit soldiers and take the state from the Union. The full force of Buells command was gathering when Bragg attacked, known as the Battle of Perryville, or the Battle of Chandler Hills, casualties were very high on both sides. Although Union losses were higher, Bragg withdrew from Kentucky when the fighting was over, Buell was subsequently relieved of all field command. Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans was appointed to command the Army of Ohio and he was also appointed to command of the Department of the Cumberland and subsequently renamed his forces the Army of the Cumberland. On 25 March 1863, Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside assumed command of the Department of the Ohio, Burnside consolidated all the forces of the department and created the XXIII Corps, which was also styled the Army of the Ohio, with himself in command. He became one of the few officers to command two completely different armies. The new Army of the Ohio first repelled Morgans Ohio raid, next Burnside moved to Knoxville, Tennessee. Here the IX Corps was added and the army grew to two corps, plus a division of cavalry, Burnside defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Fort Sanders in the Knoxville Campaign. After the battle, he asked to be relieved of command due to illness, Maj. Gen. John G. Foster replaced Burnside as commander of the Army and Department of the Ohio on December 9. Fosters time in command of the Army was short, on February 9,1864, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield assumed command of the Department of the Ohio, and then the Army of the Ohio and the XXIII Corps in April. During this time the XXIII Corps and the Army of the Ohio were synonymous, Schofield led the Army during the Atlanta Campaign and pursued Confederate Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood into Tennessee after the fall of Atlanta. At the Battle of Franklin, Schofield inflicted a defeat on Hoods army before joining with Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas. On February 9,1865, Schofield was transferred to command the Department of North Carolina, when Schofield departed to assume departmental command, Maj. Gen. Jacob D. Cox temporarily assumed command of the Army
42.
Army of the Cumberland
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The Army of the Cumberland was one of the principal Union armies in the Western Theater during the American Civil War. It was originally known as the Army of the Ohio, the origin of the Army of the Cumberland dates back to the creation of the Army of the Ohio in November 1861, under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert Anderson. When Rosecrans assumed command, the army and the XIV Corps were the same unit, general Orders No.168 was the order passed by the Union Army on October 24,1862, that called for the commissioning the XIV Corps into the Army of the Cumberland. The armys first significant combat under the Cumberland name was at the Battle of Stones River, after the battle the army and XIV Corps were separated. The former Center wing became XIV Corps, the Right wing became XX Corps, Rosecrans still retained command of the army. He next led it through the Tullahoma Campaign and at the Battle of Chickamauga, Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant arrived at Chattanooga. Reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the Tennessee also arrived, in the Battles for Chattanooga, Grant had been leery of using the Army of the Cumberland in the main fighting, fearing their morale to be too low after the defeat at Chickamauga. The Army of the Cumberland was given the task of seizing the rifle pits at the base of Missionary Ridge. However, once they achieved their objective, four divisions stormed up the ridge, when Grant angrily asked who had ordered those troops up the ridge both Thomas and Gordon Granger, a corps commander in the army, responded they did not know. Granger then replied, Once those boys get started, all hell cant stop em and he created an army group of the Army of the Cumberland, the Army of the Tennessee, and the Army of the Ohio and marched towards Atlanta in May 1864. On the way to Atlanta they fought in battles and skirmishes including the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain. In September, Atlanta fell to Shermans army group, Hood moved north from Atlanta, Sherman chose not to follow him and instead dispatched some of the Army of the Cumberland and the Army of the Ohio after him. Thomas finally met Hood at the Battle of Nashville and crushed him, other elements of the Army of the Cumberland marched to the sea and north through the Carolinas with Sherman, under the command of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum. These forces became the Unions Army of Georgia and participated in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D. C. before President Andrew Johnson in 1865. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press,2001. Forces in the Civil War Daniel, Larry J, days of Glory, The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,2004, the Good Men Who Won the War, Army of the Cumberland Veterans and Emancipation Memory. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press,2010, all for the Regiment, The Army of the Ohio, 1861–1862. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press,2001, the Army of the Cumberland, Its Organizations, Campaigns, and Battles
43.
William Rosecrans
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William Starke Rosecrans was an American inventor, coal-oil company executive, diplomat, politician, and U. S. Army officer. He gained fame for his role as a Union general during the American Civil War and he was the victor at prominent Western Theater battles, but his military career was effectively ended following his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863. Rosecrans graduated in 1842 from the West Point Military Academy where he served in engineering assignments as well as a professor before leaving the Army to pursue a career in civil engineering. At the start of the Civil War, leading troops from Ohio, in 1862 in the Western Theater, he won the battles of Iuka and Corinth while under the command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. His brusque, outspoken manner and willingness to quarrel openly with superiors caused a rivalry with Grant that would adversely affect Rosecrans career. Besieged in Chattanooga, Rosecrans was relieved of command by Grant, following his humiliating defeat, Rosecrans was reassigned to command the Department of Missouri, where he opposed Prices Raid. He was briefly considered as a vice presidential running mate for Abraham Lincoln in 1864, after the war, he served in diplomatic and appointed political positions and in 1880 was elected to Congress, representing California. William Starke Rosecrans was born on a farm near Little Taylor Run in Kingston Township, Delaware County, Ohio, the second of five sons of Crandall Rosecrans and Jemima Hopkins. Crandall was a veteran of the War of 1812, in which he served as adjutant to General William Henry Harrison, One of Crandalls heroes, General John Stark, was the inspiration for Williams middle name. Rosecrans was descended from Harmon Henrik Rosenkrantz, who arrived in New Amsterdam in 1651 and his mother was the widow of Timothy Hopkins, a relative of Stephen Hopkins, the Colonial Governor of Rhode Island and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. William had little education in his early years, relying heavily on reading books. At the age of 13, he left home to work as a clerk in Utica. Unable to afford college, Rosecrans decided to try for an appointment to the United States Military Academy and he interviewed with Congressman Alexander Harper, who had been reserving his appointment for his own son, but Harper was so impressed by Rosecrans that he nominated him instead. Despite his lack of education, Rosecrans excelled academically at West Point, particularly in mathematics, but also in French, drawing. It was at the academy that he received his nickname, Rosy, or more often Old Rosy. He graduated from West Point in 1842, fifth in his class of 56 cadets, which included future generals such as James Longstreet, Abner Doubleday, D. H. Hill. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the prestigious Corps of Engineers. At his graduation, he met Anna Elizabeth Hegeman of New York City and they were married on August 24,1843
44.
Joseph J. Reynolds
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Joseph Jones Reynolds was an American engineer, educator, and military officer who fought in the American Civil War and the postbellum Indian Wars. Reynolds was born in Flemingsburg, Kentucky and he briefly attended Wabash College before he received an appointment in 1839 to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. After graduating tenth of thirty-nine cadets in the Class of 1843, Reynolds was brevetted as a second lieutenant, on December 3 of that same year, he married Mary Elizabeth Bainbridge. He left West Point in 1857 and subsequently returned to frontier duty and he resigned his army commission and taught engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, for a time. In 1860, he moved to the state of Indiana, where he owned a business with one of his brothers. After receiving a commission from Governor Oliver P. Morton, Reynolds was placed in command of Indianas Camp Morton. Reynoldss 10th Indiana Volunteer regiment was sent to western Virginia, where it played a decisive role repulsing Confederates under Robert E. Lee at Cheat Mountain. Although promoted to general, Reynolds resigned in January 1862. After serving as the chief of staff before Chattanooga, Reynolds was transferred to the Gulf of Mexico. He was later promoted to the command of the XIX Corps and he was the brother-in law of Brevet Brigadier General Jules C. After the war, Reynolds remained in the army as the Colonel of the 27th U. S. Infantry Regiment and was assigned command of the Department of Arkansas. He later was transferred to duty in Texas during Reconstruction, replacing Charles Griffin in charge of the Department of Texas, when military rule in Texas ceased in 1870, Reynolds again returned to frontier garrison duty, and was made the Colonel of the 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment. Native American leaders in the village at the time were Two Moon, He Dog, Little Wolf, during the battle, He Dog rode a horse belonging to Crazy Horse, who was camped only about 15 miles to the north during the battle on St. Patricks Day. Reynoldss winter campaign of March,1876, ended in failure and he was found guilty of all of the charges and given the sentence of suspension of rank and pay for one years period. Joseph Reynolds resigned from the United States Army on June 25,1877, Joseph Jones Reynolds died on February 25,1899, in Washington, D. C. at the age of 77, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. List of American Civil War generals Boatner, Mark Mayo, III, miller, Francis Trevelyan, Robert S. Lanier, and James Verner Scaife, eds. The Photographic History of the Civil War, New York, Review of Reviews Co.1911
45.
George Henry Thomas
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George Henry Thomas was a United States Army officer and a Union general during the American Civil War, one of the principal commanders in the Western Theater. Thomas served in the Mexican-American War and later chose to remain with the U. S. Army for the Civil War, despite his heritage as a Virginian. He won one of the first Union victories in the war, at Mill Springs in Kentucky and his stout defense at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863 saved the Union Army from being completely routed, earning him his most famous nickname, the Rock of Chickamauga. He followed soon after with a breakthrough on Missionary Ridge in the Battle of Chattanooga. Thomas had a record in the Civil War, but he failed to achieve the historical acclaim of some of his contemporaries, such as Ulysses S. Grant. He developed a reputation as a slow, deliberate general who shunned self-promotion, after the war, he did not write memoirs to advance his legacy. He also had a personal relationship with Grant, which served him poorly as Grant advanced in rank. Thomas was born at Newsoms Depot, Southampton County, Virginia and his father, John Thomas, of Welsh descent, and his mother, Elizabeth Rochelle Thomas, a descendant of French Huguenot immigrants, had six children. George had three sisters and two brothers, the family led an upper-class plantation lifestyle. By 1829, they owned 685 acres and 24 slaves, John died in a farm accident when George was 13, leaving the family in financial difficulties. George Thomas, his sisters, and his mother were forced to flee from their home. This was an event in the formation of his views on slavery. Christopher Einholf, in contrast wrote For George Thomas, the view that slavery was needed as a way of controlling blacks was supported by his experience of Nat Turners Rebellion. Thomas left no record of his opinion on slavery. A traditional story is that Thomas taught as many as 15 of his familys slaves to read, violating a Virginia law that prohibited this, Thomas was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1836 by Congressman John Y. Mason, who warned Thomas that no nominee from his district had ever graduated successfully, entering at age 20, Thomas was known to his fellow cadets as Old Tom and he became instant friends with his roommates, William T. Sherman and Stewart Van Vliet. He made steady progress, was appointed a cadet officer in his second year. He was appointed a lieutenant in Company D, 3rd U. S. Artillery
46.
Spencer repeating rifle
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The Spencer repeating rifle was a manually operated lever-action, seven shot repeating rifle produced in the United States by three manufacturers between 1860 and 1869. Designed by Christopher Spencer, it was fed with cartridges from a magazine in the rifles buttstock. The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version, the design for a magazine-fed, lever-operated rifle chambered for the. 56-56 Spencer rimfire cartridge was completed by Christopher Spencer in 1860. Called the Spencer Repeating Rifle, it was fired by cocking a lever to extract a used case, like most firearms of the time, the hammer had to be manually cocked in a separate action before the weapon could be fired. The weapon used copper rimfire cartridges based on the 1854 Smith & Wesson patent stored in a tube magazine. A spring in the tube enabled the rounds to be fired one after another, when empty, the spring had to be released and removed before dropping in fresh cartridges, then replaced before resuming firing. Cartridges were loaded with 45 grains of powder, and were also available as. 56-52. 56-50, and a wildcat. 56-46. The fact that several Springfield rifle-muskets could be purchased for the cost of a single Spencer carbine also influenced thinking. Lincoln was impressed with the weapon, and ordered Gen. James Wolfe Ripley to adopt it for production, after which Ripley disobeyed him and stuck with the single-shot rifles. The Spencer repeating rifle was first adopted by the United States Navy, and subsequently adopted by the United States Army, and used during the American Civil War, where it was a popular weapon. As the war progressed, Spencers were carried by a number of Union cavalry and mounted infantry regiments, president Lincolns assassin John Wilkes Booth was armed with a Spencer carbine at the time he was captured and killed. The Spencer showed itself to be reliable under combat conditions. Compared to standard muzzle-loaders, with a rate of fire of 2–3 rounds per minute, however, effective tactics had yet to be developed to take advantage of the higher rate of fire. Similarly, the chain was not equipped to carry the extra ammunition. One of the advantages of the Spencer was that its ammunition was waterproof and hardy, the story goes that every round of paper and linen Sharps ammunition carried in the supply wagons was found useless after long storage in supply wagons. Spencer ammunition had no such problem, in the late 1860s, the Spencer company was sold to the Fogerty Rifle Company and ultimately to Winchester. Many Spencer carbines were sold as surplus to France where they were used during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Even though the Spencer company went out of business in 1869, later, many rifles and carbines were converted to centerfire, which could fire cartridges made from the centerfire. 50-70 brass
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Christopher Miner Spencer
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He developed the first fully automatic turret lathe, which in its small- to medium-sized form is also known as a screw machine. Spencer worked for Samuel Colt’s factory, where he learned the arms-making trade, although the Spencer rifle had been developed as early as 1859, it was not initially used by the Union. On August 18,1863, Christopher Spencer walked into the White House carrying one of his rifles and he walked past the sentries, and into Abraham Lincolns office. Near the site of the Washington Monument, they engaged in target shooting, subsequent to that meeting, the US ordered some 13,171 rifles and carbines, along with some 58 million rounds of ammunition. General Ulysses S. Grant declared Spencer rifles the best breech-loading arms available, total wartime production approached 100,000 rifles. Many veterans took these rifles home with them after the war, with so many military surplus rifles available, there was little post-war demand for new rifles, and Spencer was unable to recover investments made in manufacturing machinery. Spencer Repeating Rifle Company declaring bankruptcy in 1868, and assets were acquired by Oliver Winchester for $200,000 in 1869, in 1868, while at the Roper Repeating Arms Company in Amherst, Massachusetts, he worked with Charles E. Billings, and Sylvester H. Roper. Around 1882, Spencer started a new company, the Spencer Arms Company, in Windsor and its most remarkable product was likely the Spencer Pump-Action Shotgun. Produced between 1882 and 1889, this was the first commercially successful slide-action shotgun, most were manufactured in 12-gauge with 10-gauge being an uncommon variant. Roe, Joseph Wickham, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London,1926, and by Lindsay Publications, Inc. A Short History of Machine Tools, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, MIT Press, flayderman, Norm, Flaydermans Guide to Antique American Firearms. and their values, 5th Edition, Northbrook, Illinois, USA, DBI Books, Inc.1990. Christopher Miner Spencer Collection page from the Windsor Historical Society Christopher Spencer’s Horizontal Shot Tower
48.
John Bell Hood
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John Bell Hood was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Hood had a reputation for bravery and aggressiveness that sometimes bordered on recklessness, Hoods education at the United States Military Academy led to a career as a junior officer in both the infantry and cavalry of the antebellum U. S. Army in California and Texas. At the start of the Civil War, he offered his services to his state of Texas. He achieved his reputation for leadership as a brigade commander in the army of Robert E. Lee during the Seven Days Battles in 1862. He led a division under James Longstreet in the campaigns of 1862–63, at the Battle of Gettysburg, he was severely wounded, rendering his left arm useless for the rest of his life. Hood returned to service during the Atlanta Campaign of 1864. There, he dissipated his army in a series of bold, calculated, but unfortunate assaults, Gen. George H. Thomas, after which he was relieved of command. After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and worked as a cotton broker, John Bell Hood was born in Owingsville, Kentucky, the son of John Wills Hood, a doctor, and Theodosia French Hood. He was a cousin of future Confederate general G. W. Smith, French obtained an appointment for Hood at the United States Military Academy, despite his fathers reluctance to support a military career for his son. Hood graduated in 1853, ranked 44th in a class of 52 that originally numbered 96, at West Point and in later Army years, he was known to friends as Sam. McPherson and John M. Schofield, he received instruction in artillery from George H. Thomas and these three men became Union Army generals who would oppose Hood in battle. The superintendent in 1852–55 was Col. Robert E. Lee and he was later promoted to first lieutenant in August 1858. Hood resigned from the United States Army immediately after the Battle of Fort Sumter and, dissatisfied with the neutrality of his native Kentucky and he joined the Confederate army as a cavalry captain, then was promoted to major and sent to command Brigadier General John B. Magruders cavalry in the lower Virginia Peninsula, Hood and his horsemen took part in a brilliant July 12 skirmish at Newport News, capturing 12 men of the 7th New York Regiment of Volunteers as well as two deserters from Fort Monroe. They received high praise from Generals Lee and Magruder, by September 30, the Texan was promoted to be colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry. At the Battle of Elthams Landing, his men were instrumental in nullifying an amphibious landing by a Union division, Hood replied, I suppose, General, they would have driven them into the river, and tried to swim out and capture the gunboats. The Texas Brigade was held in reserve at Seven Pines, while Hood escaped the battle without an injury, every other field officer in his brigade was killed or wounded. In the pursuit of Union forces, Hood was involved in a dispute over captured ambulances with a superior officer, Evans arrested Hood, but Gen. Lee intervened and retained him in service
