1.
125th New York State Legislature
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The 125th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to March 27,1902, during the second year of Benjamin B. Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894,50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in districts, senators for a two-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of counties, except New York County, Kings County, Erie County. The Assembly districts were made up of area, all within the same county. At this time there were two political parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The New York state election,1901, was held on November 5, no statewide elective offices were up for election. The Legislature met for the session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1,1902. S. Frederick Nixon was re-elected Speaker, Note, In 1897, New York County, Kings County, Richmond County and the Western part of Queens County were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County was separated in 1899 as Nassau County, parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature, merton E. Lewis changed from the Assembly to the Senate. Note, For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words. the Committee on, Clerk, James S. Whipple Sergeant-at-Arms, Charles R. Hotaling Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms, William W. Adams Doorkeeper, John E. Gorss First Assistant Doorkeeper, R. C. Gleason Journal Clerk, Ernest A. Fay Index Clerk, A, miner Wellman Clerk of the Finance Committee, Girvease A. Matteson Note, For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words. the Committee on. Clerk, Archie E. Baxter Sergeant-at-Arms, Frank J. Johnston Doorkeeper, Jacob Kemple First Assistant Doorkeeper, Andrew Kehn Second Assistant Doorkeeper, Charles C
2.
127th New York State Legislature
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The 127th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to April 15,1904, during the fourth year of Benjamin B. Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894,50 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in districts, senators for a two-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of counties, except New York County, Kings County, Erie County. The Assembly districts were made up of area, all within the same county. At this time there were two political parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets, the New York state election,1903, was held on November 3. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals, the incumbent Democrat Denis OBrien was re-elected with Republican endorsement. The Socialist candidate received about 33,000 votes, the Prohibition candidate about 19,000, the Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6,1904, and adjourned on April 15. S. Frederick Nixon was re-elected Speaker, note, In 1897, New York County, Kings County, Richmond County and the Western part of Queens County were consolidated into the present-day City of New York. The Eastern part of Queens County was separated in 1899 as Nassau County, parts of the 1st and 2nd Assembly districts of Westchester County were annexed by New York City in 1895, and became part of the Borough of the Bronx in 1898. The asterisk denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Clerk, James S. Whipple Sergeant-at-Arms, Charles R. Hotaling Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms, F. H. Adams Doorkeeper, Christopher Warren Assistant Doorkeeper, Charles H. Barnard Stenographer, sackett Clerk, Archie E. Baxter Sergeant-at-Arms, Frank W. Johnston Doorkeeper, Frank Sherer Jr. First Assistant Doorkeeper, Andrew Kehn Second Assistant Doorkeeper, D
3.
New York State Capitol
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The New York State Capitol, the seat of New York State government, is located in Albany, the capital city of the U. S. state of New York. The capitol building is part of the Empire State Plaza complex on State Street in Capitol Park, housing the New York State Legislature, the building was completed in 1899 at a cost of US$25 million, making it the most expensive government building of its time. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, the New York State Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1979. Legislative sessions had been held at different buildings in different places before Albany was declared the State capital in 1797, from that time until 1811, the State Legislature met at the Old Albany City Hall. The first State Capitol was inaugurated in 1812 and remained in use until 1879 when the current building was inaugurated, the present Capitol was built between 1867 and 1899. Three teams of architects worked on the design of the Capitol during the 32 years of its construction and they were managed by, 1867-75, Thomas Fuller, 1875–83, Leopold Eidlitz and Henry Hobson Richardson, 1883-99, Isaac G. Perry. Fuller, the architect, was an Englishman who also designed the Canadian Parliament buildings of Parliament Hill. The ground floor of the capitol was built in the Classical/Romanesque style. The increasing construction costs became a source of conflict in the legislature. Eidlitz and Richardson, were dismissed by Grover Cleveland upon his election to governorship and he hired Perry to complete the project. The legislative chambers, the floor and roof work were all finished in Victorian-modified Romanesque that was distinctively Richardsons design. It was Richardson who dominated the final outcome of the grand building and it is claimed that Richardson was imitating the Hôtel de Ville in Paris, France. The Chazy limestone for its construction was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County, the central open court is dominated by a shaft intended to support a massive dome. The dome and tower were never completed, as it was found that the weight of the building was already causing stress fractures, to stop this movement, a very large, 166-foot long exterior Eastern Staircase was added to support the front facade. The Capitol exterior is made of granite from Hallowell, Maine. The granite structure is 220 feet tall at its highest point, underground tunnels connect it to the Empire State Plaza and Alfred E. Smith Building. The buildings exterior underwent restoration from 2000 until fall 2014, the Assembly Chamber was built with the largest open arched span in the world. However, this produced very inconvenient acoustic results, a more serious problem was that the shifting foundations of the whole structure made the vaults unstable
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
New York State Senate
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The New York State Senate is considered the upper house in the New York State Legislature. It has 63 members each elected to two-year terms, there are no limits on the number of terms one may serve. The New York Constitution provides for a number of members in the Senate. The current format for apportionment has followed the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, Democrats won 32 of 62 seats in New Yorks upper chamber in the 2008 General Election on November 4, capturing the majority for the first time in more than four decades. Previously, the Republicans had held the chamber for all but one year from 1939 to 2008, however, a power struggle emerged before the new term began. Four Democratic senators—Rubén Díaz, Sr. Carl Kruger, Pedro Espada, Jr. the self-named Gang of Four refused to back Malcolm Smith as the chambers majority leader and sought concessions. Monserrate soon reached an agreement with Smith that reportedly included the chairmanship of the Consumer Affairs Committee, though there were 32 Democrats and 30 Republicans in the Senate, on June 8,2009, then-Senators Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr. The move came after Republican whip Tom Libous introduced a resolution to vacate the chair and replace Smith as temporary president. In an effort to stop the vote, Democratic whip Jeff Klein unilaterally moved to recess, however, they were unable to stop the session. All 30 Republicans plus two Democrats, Monserrate and Espada, voted in favor of the resolution, in accordance with a prearranged deal, Espada was elected temporary president and acting lieutenant governor while Skelos was elected majority leader. Monserrate had backed out of the Gang at the time, being the first of the four to back Smith, the apparent Republican seizure of power was tenuous in any event. Smith claimed the vote was illegal because of Kleins motion to adjourn, however, Smith, Klein, and most of the Democrats walked out before an actual vote to adjourn could be taken. Smith still asserted he was majority leader and would challenge the vote in court and he locked the doors of the state senate chambers in an effort to prevent any further legislative action. The scheduled session was eventually postponed, both Monserrate and Espada faced accusations of unethical or criminal conduct. Monserrate was indicted for assault in March and would have automatically lost his seat if convicted. New York, like most states, has a provision in its constitution which bars convicted felons from holding office. Espada was the target of an investigation into whether he funded his campaign with money siphoned from a nonprofit health care agency he controls. The Bronx County District Attorneys office was investigating charges that Espada actually resided in Mamaroneck
7.
Lieutenant Governor of New York
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The Lieutenant Governor of New York is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the Government of New York State. It is the second highest-ranking official in state government, the lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. The office is held by Kathy Hochul. Most lieutenant governors take on duties as assigned to them by the governor. For example, Mary Donohue took on duties in the areas of business, school violence. Donohues predecessor, Betsy McCaughey Ross, worked on Medicare and education policy, Democrat Stan Lundine, who served under Gov. Mario Cuomo, was active on technology and housing issues during his two terms in office. While governor and lieutenant governor are elected by a joint vote in the general election. In 1982, Mario Cuomo won the Democratic nomination for governor, DelBello was elected with Cuomo, but resigned in 1985 complaining that Cuomo did not give him anything to do. McCaughey Ross had been elected on a ticket with Pataki in 1994 and he dropped her from his 1998 re-election ticket and she became a Democrat and ran for governor on the Liberal ticket. Prior to Paterson succeeding Eliot Spitzer on March 17,2008, Mario Cuomo was the last lieutenant governor to be elected governor. In the 1994 statewide election, Lt. Gov. Stan Lundine sought reelection on the Democratic ticket with Gov. Mario Cuomo, Lieutenant Governor Lundine was unopposed for renomination on the Democratic ticket. In the Republican primary, academic Betsy McCaughey was the only candidate, ms. McCaughey was selected as a running mate by State Sen. George Pataki. Pataki reportedly also considered sofa bed heiress Bernadette Castro and Assembly Minority Leader Clarence Rappalya as possible running mates as well, the Pataki/McCaughey ticket defeated the Cuomo/Lundine ticket in the general election. In 1997, following an out for most of their term. Pataki embarked on a long process to select a new running mate for lieutenant governor. After reportedly considering State Parks Commissioner Bernadette Castro, State Sen. Mary Lou Rath and Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples, Judge Donohue was unopposed for the Republican nomination. Several candidates entered the race for the Democratic lieutenant governor nomination, State Sen. Anthony Nanula of Buffalo reportedly considered the race and then decided against running. Councilwoman Kavanaugh withdrew from the race at the Democratic State Convention, Mr. King received enough support to qualify for the September primary ballot and continued his race
8.
Frank W. Higgins
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Frank Wayland Higgins was an American politician who served as the 35th Governor of New York. Higgins was born in Rushford, New York on August 18,1856, given the first name Francis at birth, he called himself Frank from an early age. Higgins father was a merchant who owned a chain of grocery stores in Olean, New York and held mining and timber tracts in Michigan, Wisconsin, Washington, Oregon. Frank Higgins attended Rushford Academy and then Riverview Academy, a school in Peekskill, New York. He then attended a college in Binghamton, New York. In 1879 Higgins returned to New York and became a partner in his fathers business and he was a delegate to the 1888 Republican National Convention. In 1894 Higgins was elected to the New York Senate, and he served for eight years, sitting in the 117th, 118th, 119th, 120th, 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th and 125th New York State Legislatures. In 1902 Higgins was the successful Republican candidate for lieutenant governor, Higgins was the successful Republican nominee for governor in 1904, and he served one term, 1905-06. Higgins was in ill health when he left office, and he died of disease in Olean on February 12,1907. Higgins was buried at Mount View Cemetery in Olean, the Rep. nominees, New York Times, September 16,1904 Frank W. Higgins at Find a Grave
9.
John Raines
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John Raines was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He authored the 1896 Raines Law, which prohibited liquor sales on Sundays, except in hotels and he was born on May 6,1840 in Geneva, Ontario County, New York, the son of Rev. John Raines and Mary Raines. He was educated at Canandaigua Academy and Albany Law School, from where he graduated in 1861, admitted to the bar upon graduation, Raines set up a law practice in Geneva, New York. During the American Civil War, Raines formed and served as captain of Company G, 85th New York Volunteer Infantry and served in both the Army of the Potomac and the Army of North Carolina. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1881,1882 and 1885, in addition he was President of the Board of Education for the Canandaigua school district from 1887 until his death. He was a delegate to the 1888 Republican National Convention and he was elected to the 51st and 52nd United States Congresses, holding office from March 4,1889, to March 3,1893. He was a delegate to the 1900 and 1904 Republican National Conventions. Raines died on December 16,1909 in Canandaigua, Ontario County, Raines was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Canandaigua. New York State Treasurer Thomas Raines and State Senator George Raines were his brothers, two of Raines houses in Canandaigua still stand. His primary home, on the corner of Wood and Gorham Streets, was an Octagon house and his summer home, Thendara, sat along the eastern shore of Canandaigua Lake at Deep Run Cove and is operated today as a restaurant and inn. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, bruce resigned, Raines acting, in NYT on December 6,1906 Thendara Inn - former summer home of John Raines John Raines at Find a Grave
10.
New York State Assembly
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The New York State Assembly is the lower house of the New York State Legislature. The Assembly is composed of 150 members representing a number of districts. Assembly members serve two-year terms without term limits, the Assembly convenes at the State Capitol in Albany. The Speaker of the Assembly presides over the Assembly, the Speaker is elected by the Majority Conference followed by confirmation of the full Assembly through the passage of an Assembly Resolution. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker also has the leadership position. The minority leader is elected by party caucus, the majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District, the Majority Leader is Joseph Morelle of the 136th Assembly District. The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District, the Assembly is dominated by the Democrats, who currently hold a 62-seat supermajority in the chamber. The Democrats have controlled the Assembly since 1975, †Elected in a special election Prominent past Assembly members include U. S. Senator Chuck Schumer, U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore and Theodore Roosevelt, U. S. vice presidents Aaron Burr and George Clinton, and New York governors George Pataki and Al Smith
11.
Speaker of the New York State Assembly
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The Speaker of the New York State Assembly is the highest official in the New York State Assembly, customarily elected from the ranks of the majority party. As in most countries with a British heritage, the speaker presides over the house of the legislature. The position exists in every U. S. state and in the United States House of Representatives, New Yorks Assembly Speaker is very powerful. Effectively, the Speaker of the New York Assembly has the power to much of the business in the Assembly and, in fact. Through this and heavy gerrymandering that has him a near-permanent supermajority. Originally, the legislative term lasted one year, from July 1 until June 30 of the next year. The members were elected at the election in April, but the actual session began ordinarily only in January of the next calendar year. Only if the called for a special session is the Assembly convened earlier. For example, in presidential election years the Assembly convened already in November to elect the presidential electors, the speaker was always elected at the first meeting of the Assembly for the remainder of the term, expiring on June 30. The State Constitution of 1821 moved the election to November, and the beginning of the term to January 1, and from 1823 on, the assembly convened usually on the first Tuesday in January and elected the speaker, who stayed in office until December 31. The elections are held in even-numbered years
12.
S. Frederick Nixon
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Samuel Frederick Nixon was an American businessman and politician. He was educated at Westfield High School and graduated from Hamilton College in 1881 and he had interests in railroad companies, and operated a marble and granite works, a box factory and various other enterprises in and around Westfield. In 1884, he was elected Trustee of the Village of Westfield, in 1886, he was elected Supervisor of the Town of Westfield. Later he was elected Chairman of the Chautauqua County Board of Supervisors for 14 annual terms and he was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1888,1889,1890. He was again a member of the State Assembly in 1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904 and 1905 and he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1904. In the summer of 1905, he travelled to visit the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oregon, a few weeks later he developed blood poisoning and underwent two operations, but died shortly thereafter. His home, the Nixon Homestead, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, SPEAKER NIXON DIES IN WESTFIELD HOME, End Comes Four Hours after Operation
13.
Benjamin Odell (politician)
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Benjamin Barker Odell Jr. was an American businessman and politician who served as the 34th Governor of New York from 1901 to 1904. Born in Newburgh in 1854, Odells father, Benjamin B. Odell Sr. was a leading businessman who served twelve years as the towns mayor. Odell worked his way up to head his fathers ice business, starting as the driver of an ice delivery truck, earning $2 per day. In 1894, Odell was elected as a Republican to the 54th United States Congress, serving New Yorks 17th congressional district, at that time encompassing Orange, Rockland and he ran for, and was reelected in 1896, but declined in 1898. In 1896, at the convention called by Thomas C. In 1898, Odell was the first to suggest to Republican boss Thomas C. Platt that Theodore Roosevelt ought to be the Republican candidate for governor, which met Platts protest. Returning as a hero from the Spanish–American War, Roosevelts campaign, under Odells management, in his biography, then former President Roosevelt would say Odell was one of three men most responsible for his candidacy being pressed on Platt. In the state election of 1900, Thomas C. Platt wanted to rid himself of Theodore Roosevelt from the governorship of New York. Devising a scheme to have Roosevelt nominated to replace the late Garret Hobart as vice president to President William McKinley, Odell would go on to handily defeat John B. Stanchfield in the election to succeed Theodore Roosevelt as Governor of New York. Taking office on January 1,1901, Odell was the first New York governor of the twentieth century, as governor, Odell reduced the state tax, simplified governance of state insane asylums into the State Commission on Lunacy, and broke with allegiance to Thomas C. Platt, making independent decisions for his administration, in the state election of 1902, Odell won reelection to a second term, and Thomas Platts control over Republican politics in the state waned. In his second term as governor, Odell pressed for a referendum to enlarge the Erie Canal and he opposed and vetoed special legislation and personal bills passed by the legislature, which were focused on individual interests. After six months of prolonged illness in late 1925 to early 1926, Benjamin B. Odell died on May 9,1926 in his town of Newburgh. Odells death came with praise from prominent New York politicians, former Secretary of State, future Chief Justice, and fellow former Governor Charles Evans Hughes said of Odell, Governor Odell was a strong character of great resourcefulness. He was a man of principles and courage in applying them. His death is a loss to the State. Former governor and fellow Republican Nathan L. Miller said, Governor Odell was a friend of mine
14.
Governor of New York
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The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
15.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
16.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
17.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Social Democratic Party of America
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The Social Democratic Party of America was a short-lived political party in the United States, established in 1898. The group was formed out of elements of the Social Democracy of America, following the defeat of the 1894 American Railway Union strike, the former populist Eugene V. Debs exhaustively read socialist literature provided to him by Milwaukee publisher Victor L. Berger and other independent Socialists and this paper was a major success, quickly gaining a paid subscribership of 80,000 and invigorating the Socialist movement. Debs was named the head of project and the planets were thus aligned for the formation of a new national political organization. A convention of the remnant of the American Railway Union was called for June 15,1897 in Chicago. The convention which gave birth to the new organization actually began as a final conclave of the American Railway Union, director William E. Burns called the meeting to order and A. B. Adair of the Typographical Union presided. President of the ARU Eugene Debs delivered an address to the assembled delegates, the first three days of the convention were occupied with hearing reports of officers and of committees and closing up the affairs of the American Railway Union. On Friday, June 18, the organization changed its name to the Social Democracy of America. The convention was thrown open to delegates representing other organizations. The Social Democracy of America initially did not have an official head — its executive powers were vested in an Executive Board, the unit of organization of the Social Democracy was the Local Branch of at least 5 members. On the first Tuesday in April, each of these Local Branches was to elect a representative to the State Union. An initiation fee of 25 cents was set, and monthly dues pegged at 15 cents per month, office of the organization was established at 504 Trude Building, Corner of Randolph and Wabash Aves. The Social Democracy of America proved to be a short lived and disparate group of Marxists, trade unionists, Owenite socialists, populists, the SDA initially sought to establish socialist cooperative colonies. In August 1897 a three-member Colonization Committee was established, consisting of Col. Richard J. Hinton, Wilfred P. Borland and this trio explored the possibility of establishing a colony to seed the future Cooperative Commonwealth in the Cumberland plateau of Tennessee. The colonization scheme failed to materialize by the time of the convention of the SDA, held in Chicago from June 7–11,1898. Frederic Heath, the first historian of the movement, recounted the gathering in a 1900 book, outwardly the meeting presented the picture of a pleasing and harmonious gathering, creditable to the Socialist movement. Under the surface, however, there was a hostility that meant almost certain rupture, the presence of such well-known Anarchists as Mrs. These branches had been organized by William Burns and the members of the national board
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Prohibition Party
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The Prohibition Party is a political party in the United States best known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is the oldest existing third party in the US, the party was an integral part of the temperance movement. While never one of the parties in the United States, it was once an important force in the Third Party System during the late 19th. It declined dramatically after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, the party received 518 votes in the 2012 presidential election and 5,617 votes in the 2016 presidential election. The Prohibition Party was founded in 1869 and its first National Committee Chairman was John Russell of Michigan. It succeeded in getting communities and also counties in the states to outlaw the production. At the same time, its ideology broadened to include aspects of progressivism, the party contributed to the third-party discussions of the 1910s and sent Charles H. Randall to the 64th, 65th and 66th Congresses as the representative of Californias 9th congressional district. Democrat Sidney J. Catts of Florida, after losing a close Democratic primary, used the Prohibition line to win election as Governor of Florida in 1916, the era during which alcohol was illegal in the United States is known as Prohibition. During the Prohibition era, the Prohibition Party pressed for stricter enforcement of the prohibition laws, during the 1928 election, for example, it considered endorsing Republican Herbert Hoover rather than running its own candidate. However, by a 3/4 vote, its executive committee voted to nominate their own candidate, William F. Varney. They did this because they felt Hoovers stance on prohibition not strict enough, the Prohibition Party became even more critical of Hoover after he was elected President. By the 1932 election, party chairman David Leigh Colvin thundered that The Republican wet plank means that Mr. Hoover is the most conspicuous turncoat since Benedict Arnold. Hoover lost the election, but national prohibition was repealed anyway in 1933, the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote, did not pass until 1920. Yet, in 1869, the Prohibition Party became the first to accept women as party members and this was the first time any party had afforded women this right. These women spoke from the floor, entered debates, introduced resolutions, Womens suffrage appeared on the Prohibition Party platform in 1872. In 1892, the platform included the idea of pay for equal work. By contrast, women’s suffrage did not appear on the platform of either the Democratic or Republican platform until 1916, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, which later became instrumental in the passage of the 18th Amendment, started out as the women’s branch of the Prohibition Party. It went on to more influential than the party itself
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Socialist Labor Party of America
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Originally known as the Workingmens Party of America, the party changed its name in 1877 to Socialistic Labor Party and again sometime in the late 1880s to Socialist Labor Party. It has operated continuously since then, although its current existence is tenuous, despite these organizational efforts, the socialist movement in America remained deeply divided over tactics. In April 1876, a conference took place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bringing together representatives of the union-oriented Internationalists. The gathering agreed to issue a call for a Unity Congress to be held in July to establish a new political party, on Saturday, July 15,1876, delegates from the remaining American sections of the First International gathered in Philadelphia and disbanded that organization. German émigrés dominated the organization, although in Chicago Albert Parsons, in 1877 the Workingmens Party met at Newark, New Jersey in a convention which changed the name of the organization to the Socialist Labor Party. The SLP achieved its most notable success in Chicago, where in 1878-79, its candidates won slots for a state senator. There was an upsurge of support for the new organization, reflected in the proliferation of the socialist press, between 1876 and 1877, no fewer than 24 newspapers were established which either directly or indirectly supported the SLP. Eight of these were English-language publications, including one daily, while 14 were in German, two more papers were published in Czech and Swedish, respectively. Just two years later, in the wake of a crisis, not one of the privately owned English newspapers had survived. The party established its own English-language paper, The National Socialist, in May 1878, the year 1878 saw the establishment of a more enduring newspaper, the German-language New Yorker Volkszeitung. About this same time, the American anarchist movement gained strength, fueled by the economic crisis, both being critics and denouncers of the present system, however, they were able to work together. As a result of the brutalities of the militia and regulars in the strikes of 1877. This found expression in the Lehr und Wehr Verein, an armed and drilled body of workmen pledged to protect the workers against the militia in a strike, the arms-bearing tactics were opposed by the Executive Committee of the SLP, the Secretary of which was Philip van Patten. A fight ensued between the Verbote, which was the edition of the Arbeiter Zeitung, of Chicago, and the Labor Bulletin. The SLP suffered its first split in 1878, members who were displeased with the exclusively political actionist turn of the party who wanted the group to focus more on organizing workers formed the International Labor Union. Members were not barred from belonging to both, but there was some animosity between the two organizations. Amidst economic crisis and factional squabbling, membership in the SLP plummeted, as the 1870s drew to a close, the Socialistic Labor Party could count about 2,600 members—with at least one estimate substantially lower. The party was on the ropes, the years 1880 and 1881 saw a new influx of political refugees from Germany, activists in the socialist movement fleeing the crackdown on radicalism launched with the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878
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New York state election, 1902
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The Liberal Democratic state convention met at Cooper Union in Manhattan. This party was composed of Bryan Democrats, Chicago Platform Democrats, judge Samuel Seabury was Permanent Chairman. They nominated Edgar L. Ryder for Governor, J. C, corbin, of St. Lawrence County, for Lieutenant Governor, John B. Howarth, of Buffalo, for Secretary of State, De Myre S. Fero for Comptroller, the Social Democratic state convention met on July 4 at 64, East Fourth Street in Manhattan. They nominated Benjamin Hanford for Governor, William Thurston Brown, of Rochester, for Lieutenant Governor, abbott for Secretary of State, Gen. Clarke, of New York City, for the Court of Appeals. The Socialist Labor state convention met on August 30 at Utica, the Prohibition state convention met on September 5 at Saratoga, New York. Alfred L. Manierre, of New York City, was Temporary Chairman until the choice of Alphonso A. Hopkins as Permanent Chairman, the Republican state convention met on September 23 and 24 at Saratoga, New York. Timothy E. Ellsworth was Permanent Chairman, Odell, Jr. was re-nominated after a roll call in which all votes were cast for him. All other state officers were nominated by acclamation, the Democratic state convention met on September 30 and October 1 at Saratoga, New York. Martin W. Littleton was Permanent Chairman, six Republicans and two Democrats were elected in a tight race. The incumbents Odell, Miller, Bond and Gray were re-elected,28 Republicans and 22 Democrats were elected to a two-year term in the New York State Senate. 89 Republicans and 61 Democrats were elected for the session of 1903 to the New York State Assembly, the Republican, Democratic, Social Democratic, Prohibition and Socialist Labor parties maintained automatic ballot status
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Edgar T. Brackett
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Edgar Truman Brackett, was a lawyer, businessman, and a member of the New York State Senate. Edgar Brackett was born on July 30,1853 at Emersons Corners in Wilton, New York to William Brackett, after spending his youth in Iowa he returned to Saratoga Springs in 1872 to practice law. In 1882, he married Mary Emma Corliss, and they had several children and he was again a member of the State Senate from 1909 to 1912. Sitting in the 132nd, 133rd, 134th and 135th New York State Legislatures and he died on February 27,1924, in Saratoga Springs, New York. In 1889 Brackett was a founder, with Sidney Rickard and George F. Harvey, Harvey Company, a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Saratoga Springs, and was a director of the company. In 1901, Edgar Brackett founded the Adirondack Trust Company and remained as president until his death in 1924, in 2013 a large cache of Senator Bracketts personal records and correspondence was discovered concealed by a dropped ceiling in Saratoga Springs City Hall, where he had a law office. The records, dating from the 1890s to 1905 are now being digitized and hopefully theyll be available to the public
23.
Walter L. Brown
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Walter Livingstone Brown was an American politician from New York. In 1868, he removed to Albany where he worked in a hardware store, in 1872, he removed to Oneonta and opened there his own hardware store. He also engaged in dairy farming and he served five years as the First-Lieutenant of the Third Separate Company of the New York National Guard. He was Supervisor of the Town of Oneonta from 1882 to 1888, and a member of the New York State Assembly in 1888,1889,1891,1892 and 1893. He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1896 to 1898, the New York Red Book compiled by Edgar L. Murlin New York State Legislative Souvenir for 1893 with Portraits of the Members of Both Houses by Henry P. Phelps
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Nathaniel A. Elsberg
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Nathaniel A. Elsberg was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was born in 1872 in New York City and he graduated from City College of New York in 1891. Then he became a writer, and was associate editor of the American Economist. At the same time he studied law, graduated from New York University School of Law in 1893, and practiced in New York City. Elsberg was a member of the New York State Senate from 1899 to 1906, sitting in the 122nd, 123rd and he died on June 4,1932, at his home at 112 Central Park South in Manhattan, of pneumonia after a long illness
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Thomas C. Platt
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Thomas Collier Platt was a two-term member of the U. S. House of Representatives and a three-term U. S. Senator from New York in the years 1881,1897 to 1909—is best known as the boss of the Republican Party in New York State in the late 19th century. Upon his death, the New York Times stated that no man ever exercised less influence in the Senate or the House of Representatives than he and he considered himself the political godfather of many Republican governors of the state, including Theodore Roosevelt. Platt played a key role in the creation of the City of Greater New York, Platt was born to William Platt, a lawyer, and Lesbia Hinchman, in Owego, New York on July 15,1833. State Senator Nehemiah Platt was William Platts brother, William Platt, a successful attorney and strict Presbyterian, encouraged his son to enter the ministry. Accordingly, the young Platt was prepared for college at the Owego Academy and attended Yale College, where he studied theology, after leaving Yale in 1852, he entered into a variety of employments. He started out as a druggist, was briefly an editor of a newspaper, served as President of the Tioga National Bank. He also acted as President of the Southern Central and other railways, in 1852, he married Ellen Lucy Barstow, with whom he had three sons, Edward T. Platt, Frank H. Platt, and Henry B. Platt became Secretary and a director of the United States Express Co. in 1879 and was elected President of the company in 1880 and he was a member and President of the Board of Quarantine Commissioners of New York from 1880 to 1888. He was President of the Tennessee Coal & Iron Company for several years, two years after his first wife died in 1901, he married Lillian Janeway, whom the New York Times described as young enough in appearance to pass for his daughter. Their legal separation was announced in 1906 and he died in New York City, March 6,1910 and was interred in Evergreen Cemetery, Owego, N. Y. At the time of his death he remained married to Lillian, running as a Republican, he was elected clerk of Tioga County, serving from 1859 to 1861. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third United States Congress and his influence on statewide politics began on his return from Congress in 1877, when he aligned with the Stalwart faction led by U. S. Senator Roscoe Conkling at the state convention, and against the Half-Breed faction loyal to President Rutherford B. In January 1881 he was elected with the support of the Stalwart faction to represent New York in the United States Senate and he became a member of the Forty-seventh Congress and the chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills. However, he served from March 4 to May 16,1881. The immediate occasion of their resignation was Garfields appointment of Half-Breed faction leader William H. Robertson as Collector of the Port of New York. Soon thereafter, however, Garfields assassination by Charles J. Guiteau, Platt and Conkling ran in the special election to fill the vacancies created by their own resignations, and lost
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U.S. Senator from New York
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This is a list of the United States Senators who have represented the State of New York. The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term, New Yorks current Senators are Democrats Kirsten Gillibrand and Democratic Leader of the United States Senate Chuck Schumer. As of October 2016, three former U. S, Senators from New York are alive, two from Class 1 and one from Class 3. The most recent senator to die was Daniel Patrick Moynihan of Class 1 on March 26,2003, the most recent Class 3 senator to die was Jacob K. Javits on March 7,1986. List of United States Representatives from New York United States congressional delegations from New York Elections in New York Byrd, the Senate, 1789-1989, Historical Statistics, 1789-1992
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Staten Island
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Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking
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Suffolk County, New York
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Suffolk County /ˈsʌfək/ is a suburban county on Long Island and the easternmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,493,350, estimated to have increased to 1,501,587 in 2015. Its county seat is Riverhead, though most county offices are located in Hauppauge, the county was named after the county of Suffolk in England, from where its earliest European settlers came. Suffolk County incorporates the easternmost extreme of the New York City metropolitan area, the largest of Long Islands four counties and the second-largest of 62 counties in New York State, Suffolk measures 86 miles in length and 26 miles in width at its widest. Major scientific research facilities in Suffolk County include Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, Suffolk County was an original county of the Province of New York, one of twelve created in 1683. From 1664 until 1683 it had been the East Riding of Yorkshire, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,373 square miles, of which 912 square miles is land and 1,461 square miles is water. It is the second-largest county in New York by total area, Suffolk County occupies the central and eastern part of Long Island, in the extreme east of New York State. The eastern end of the county splits into two peninsulas, known as the North Fork and the South Fork, the county is surrounded by water on three sides, including the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, with 980 miles of coastline. The eastern end contains large bays, the highest elevation in the county, and on Long Island as a whole, is Jaynes Hill in West Hills, at 401 feet above sea level. The population density in 2010 was 1,637 people per square mile, however, by 2012, with an estimated total population increasing moderately to 1,499,273 there were 569,359 housing units. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 2% of the population and those who identified as white alone, not being of Hispanic or Latino origin, represented 69. 3% of the population. In 2006, the racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 83. 6% White, african Americans were 7. 4% of the population. Asians stood at 3. 4% of the population,5. 4% were of other or mixed race. Latinos were 13. 0% of the population, the most common ethnicities in Suffolk County in 2007 were Italian, Irish, and German. 18. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.36. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,23. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, in 2008, Forbes magazine released its American Community Survey and named Suffolk County number 4 in its list of the top 25 richest counties in America
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Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
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Nassau County, New York
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Nassau County /ˈnæsɔː/ is a suburban county on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,339,532. The county seat is in the Village of Garden City, within the boundaries of the Mineola 11501 zip code, Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two cities, three towns,64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county, there are 56 public school districts within the county. Post office districts and school use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them. In 2012, Forbes magazine, in an article based on the U. S and it also ranks as the most expensive county in America. Nassau County has a police department, fire commission. The county colors are also the colors of the House of Orange-Nassau, several alternate names had been considered for the county, including Bryant, Matinecock, Norfolk, and Sagamore. However, Nassau had the advantage of having at one time been the name of Long Island itself. In 1784, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the portions of the Town of Hempstead. When the first European settlers arrived, among the Native Americans to occupy the present area of Nassau County were the Marsapeque, Matinecoc, Dutch settlers in New Netherland predominated in the western portion of Long Island, while English settlers from Connecticut occupied the eastern portion. Until 1664, Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau and Suffolk counties, between the Dutch in the west and Connecticut claiming the east. The Dutch did grant an English settlement in Hempstead, but drove settlers from the present-day eastern Nassau hamlet of Oyster Bay as part of a boundary dispute, in 1664, all of Long Island became part of the English Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Queens and Nassau were then just part of a larger North Riding, in 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved, Suffolk County and Queens County were established, and the local seat of government was moved west from Hempstead to Jamaica. By 1700, very little of Long Island had not been purchased from the native Indians by the English colonists, the courthouse in Jamaica was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks. About 1787, a new Queens County Courthouse was erected in the new Town of North Hempstead, near present-day Mineola, the Long Island Rail Road reached as far east as Hicksville in 1837, but did not proceed to Farmingdale until 1841 due to the Panic of 1837. The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three towns that are now part of Nassau County. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola
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Gravesend, Brooklyn
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Gravesend is a neighborhood in the south-central section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, in the U. S. state of New York. As of 2010, Gravesend had a population of 29,436, Gravesend was one of the original towns in the Dutch colony of New Netherland and became one of the six original towns of Kings County in colonial New York. It was the only English chartered town in what became Kings County and was designated the Shire Town when the English assumed control, courts were removed to Flatbush in 1685. Gravesend is notable for being founded by a woman, Lady Deborah Moody, a prominent early settler was Anthony Janszoon van Salee. When the town was first laid out, almost half were salt marsh wetlands, Gravesend was annexed by the City of Brooklyn in 1894. The derivation of the name Gravesend is unclear, some speculate that it was named after the English seaport of Gravesend, Kent. An alternative explanation suggests that it was named by Willem Kieft for the Dutch settlement of s- Gravesande, there is also a town in the Netherlands called s-Gravenzande. The modern neighborhood of Gravesend lies between Coney Island Avenue to the east, Stillwell Avenue to the west, Kings Highway to the north, to the east of Gravesend is Sheepshead Bay, to the northeast Midwood, to the northwest Bensonhurst, and to the west Bath Beach. To the south, across Coney Island Creek, lies the neighborhood of Coney Island, next to, and parallel with the van Sicklen Family Cemetery is the Old Gravesend Cemetery, where Lady Moody is purported to be interred. Gravesend Cemeterys most exotic occupant is Egyptian émigré Mohammad Ben Misoud, Gravesend is served by three lines of the New York City Subway system. The Coney Island subway yard is in the neighborhood, Gravesend is patrolled by the NYPDs 60th, 61st, and 62nd Precincts. The island and its environs were first inhabited by bands of the Lenape, the first known European to set foot in the area that would become Gravesend was Henry Hudson, whose ship, the Half Moon, landed on Coney Island in the fall of 1609. Due to clashes with the native tribes the town wasnt completed until 1645. But when the charter was finally signed and granted it became one of the first such titles to ever be awarded to a woman in the new world. The town Lady Moody established was one of the earliest planned communities in America and it consisted of a perfect square surrounded by a 20-foot-high wooden palisade. The town was bisected by two roads, Gravesend Road running from north to south, and Gravesend Neck Road. These roads divided the town into four quadrants which were subdivided into ten plots of land each, at the center of town, where the two main roads met, a town hall was constructed where town meetings were held once a month. Today, Lady Moody is believed to be buried in Old Gravesend Cemetery, in 1654 the people of Gravesend purchased Coney Island from the local natives for about $15 worth of seashells, guns, and gunpowder
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Flatlands, Brooklyn
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Flatlands is a neighborhood in the southeast part of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18, originally an independent town, Flatlands became part of the City of Brooklyn in 1896. The neighborhood borders are defined by Avenue H to the north, Avenue U to the south, Ralph Avenue to the east, Flatbush Avenue to the southwest. Crops typically grown in the area were beans, corn, marsh hay, squash, potato bean, oysters and clams were also farmed and harvested from Jamaica Bay, surrounding marshes and basins. Historic homes dated to the 18th century include the Stoothoff-Baxter-Kouwenhaven House, other historic structures are the Hendrick I. Lott House, which was a stop on the Underground Railroad, the town’s growth and development came late because of a lack of a transit system or set of roads connecting it with other parts of Brooklyn. The Junction, at Flatbush Avenue and Nostrand Avenue later replaced the center. Flatlands was annexed by the city of Brooklyn in 1896, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Flatlands was 64,762, a decrease of 1,964 from the 66,726 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,249.32 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 51.8 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 18. 2% White,66. 3% African American,0. 2% Native American,4. 0% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 5% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 9% of the population, household income is $75,949, almost $13,000 higher than the average total income for Brooklyn. The main shopping streets in Flatlands are Utica Avenue, Flatbush Avenue, Avenue N, residents also commonly shop at the nearby indoor mall, Kings Plaza, located by the borders of Flatlands and Marine Park, while being across the water to Mill Basin. No New York City Subway service runs into Flatlands, local and express buses are also used as a means of travel in and around the area. As of June 2013, the buses that serve Flatlands are the B2, B3, B6, B7, B9, B41, B44, B44 SBS, B46, B47, B82, B100, B103, BM1, BM2, Q35. Roy DeMeo, Gambino Crime Family member Chris Mullin, former NBA basketball player, was born, notes Further reading New York Times article on Flatlands History of Flatlands including early Dutch settlers Manbeck, John B. and Jackson, Kenneth T. New Haven, Yale University Press,2004
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Westchester County, New York
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Westchester County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. It is the second-most populous county on the mainland of New York, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 949,113, estimated to have increased by 2. 9% to 976,396 by 2015. Situated in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles, consisting of 6 cities,19 towns, established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, the annual per capita income for Westchester was $47,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $77,006 was the fifth highest in New York, by 2014, the countys median household income had risen to $83,422. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around, the first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in the 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s, Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present day Bronx County, and abutted then-Dutchess County to the north, by 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid, in 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impacts on the growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842, now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, the railroads often determined the growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the county population was 99,000. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, during the latter half of the 19th century, Westchesters transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. In 1874, the portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form their own county, during the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today
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Orange County, New York
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Orange County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 372,813 and this county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. Orange County is included in the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley. The County Executive is Steve Neuhaus, as of the 2010 census the centre of population of New York state was located in Orange County, approximately three miles west of the hamlet of Westbrookville. Orange County was officially established on November 1,1683, when the Province of New York was divided into twelve counties. Each of these was named to honor a member of the British royal family, and Orange County took its name from the Prince of Orange, as originally defined, Orange County included only the southern part of its present-day territory, plus all of present-day Rockland County further south. The northern part of the county, beyond Moodna Creek, was then a part of neighbouring Ulster County. Due to its small population, the original Orange County was not fully independent and was administered by New York County. The first European settlers in the area of the county arrived in 1685. They were a party of around twenty-five families from Scotland, led by David Toshach, the Laird of Monzievaird, and his brother-in-law Major Patrick McGregor and they settled in the Hudson Highlands at the place where the Moodna Creek enters the Hudson River, now known as New Windsor. In 1709, a group of German Palatine refugees settled at Newburgh and they were Protestants from a part of Germany along the Rhine that had suffered during the religious wars. Queen Annes government arranged for passage from England of nearly 3,000 Palatines in ten ships, many were settled along the Hudson River in work camps on property belonging to Robert Livingston. A group of Dutch and English settlers arrived at Goshen in 1712, additional immigrants came from Ireland, they were of Scots and English descent who had been settled as planters there. In 1798, after the American Revolutionary War, the boundaries of Orange County changed and its southern corner was used to create the new Rockland County, and in exchange, an area to the north of the Moodna Creek was added, which had previously been in Ulster County. This caused a reorganization of the administration, as the original county seat had been fixed at Orangetown in 1703. The county court was established in 1801 and it was not until 1970 that Goshen was named as the sole county seat. Due to a dispute between New York and New Jersey, the boundaries of many of the southern towns of the county were not definitively established until the 19th century. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 839 square miles
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Rockland County, New York
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Rockland County is the southernmost county on the west side of the Hudson River in the U. S. state of New York, part of the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is New City, the name derives from rocky land, as the area was described by early Dutch and English settlers. Rockland County is the smallest county by area in New York State outside of New York City and it comprises five towns and nineteen incorporated villages, with numerous unincorporated villages and hamlets. Rockland County is designated as a Preserve America Community, and roughly one-third of the county is parkland, the county has the largest Jewish population per capita of any U. S. county, with 31. 4%, or 90,000 residents, being Jewish. Rockland also ranks 9th on the list of counties by median household income in the United States with $75,306 according to the 2000 census. In 2015, Suffern was named as the best place to start a business in New York by NerdWallet, NerdWallet also included the villages of Haverstraw, West Haverstraw and Spring Valley in their report. On February 14,2017 Edwin J. Day, County Executive of Rockland County proclaim February 14,2017 as Rockland County Local History Day, the area that would become Rockland County was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Aboriginals, including Munsees, or Lenni Lenape. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in the area and these settlers, eager to escape city life, moved from Manhattan to Rockland. A number of unique Dutch-style red sandstone houses still stand, when the Duke of York established the first twelve counties of New York in 1683, present-day Rockland County was part of Orange County known then as Orange County South of the Mountains. Orangetown was created at the time under a royal grant. Around this time, as the English began to colonize Nyack and Tappan, the natural barrier of the Ramapo Mountains and the size of the county made it difficult to carry out governmental activities. At one point there were twin governments, one on side of the Ramapo Mountains. For this reason, Rockland split off from Orange in 1798 to form its own county and that same year the county seat was transferred from Tappan to New City, where a new courthouse was built. Haverstraw was separated from Orangetown in 1719 and became a town in 1788, it included the present-day Clarkstown, Ramapo, Clarkstown and Ramapo became towns in 1791, followed by Stony Point in 1865. George Washington had headquarters for a time at John Sufferns tavern, British Major John André met with American traitor Benedict Arnold near Stony Point to buy the plans for the fortifications at West Point. André was captured with the plans in Tarrytown on his way back to the British lines, he was brought to Tappan for trial in the Tappan church, found guilty, two days later Washington visited Sir Guy aboard a British war vessel. On this day the Kings Navy fired its first salute to the flag of the United States of America, in the decades following the Revolution, Rockland became popular for its stone and bricks. These products, however, required quarrying in land that many believed should be set aside as a preserve
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Columbia County, New York
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Columbia County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,096, the name comes from the Latin feminine form of the name of Christopher Columbus, which was at the time of the formation of the county a popular proposal for the name of the United States of America. Columbia County comprises the Hudson, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Albany-Schenectady. It is located on the east side of the Hudson River, at the time of European encounter, the area was occupied by the indigenous Mohican Indians. To the west of the river were the Mohawk and other four tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, the first known European exploration of Columbia County was in 1609, when Henry Hudson, an English explorer sailing for the Dutch, ventured up the Hudson River. An accident to his craft forced him to stop at what is now known as Columbia County, in 1612, the Dutch established trading posts and minor settlements, constructing New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. Fort Orange became a center of the fur trade with the Mohawk people, traders began to stop at midway points along the Hudson River, on their travels between New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. Small settlements arose along the river to supply the traders ships, in 1649, Dutch colonists purchased land near Claverack and in 1667, more land was purchased. As more Dutch arrived, the region slowly developed, in 1664, the English took over New Netherland and renamed it the Province of New York, they also renamed Fort Orange as Albany. He gained much larger grants from the government, for a total of 160,240 acres. He was made lord of the manor by the Crown, with all its perquisites, in 1710, he sold 6,000 acres of his property to Queen Anne of England for use as work camps and resettlement of Palatine German refugees. The Crown had supported their passage to New York, and they were to pay off the costs as indentured labor, some 1200 Palatine Germans were brought to Livingston Manor. New Yorks Governor Hunter had also helped with arrangements, the workers were to manufacture naval stores from the pine trees in the Catskill Mountains. They were promised land for resettlement after completing their terms of indenture and they were refugees from years of religious fighting along the border with France, as well as crop failures from a severe winter. Work camps were established on both sides of the Hudson River, the Germans quickly established Protestant churches at the heart of their community, which recorded their weddings, births and deaths, among the first vital records kept in the colony. In 1799, the boundary of Columbia County was moved southward to include that portion of Livingston Manor located in Dutchess County. In the nineteenth century, the Vermont Central Railway was constructed to the area and it provided transportation north towards Rutland and Burlington, Vermont, and south towards the major junction town of Chatham, New York, for travel to points west, south and east. Voters in Columbia County since the century have mostly elected Republicans to office
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Dutchess County, New York
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Dutchess County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 297,488, the county seat and largest city is Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683 and later organized in 1713, Dutchess County is part of the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley, prior to Anglo-Dutch settlement, what is today Dutchess County was a leading center for the native Wappinger peoples. They had their council-fire at what is now present-day Fishkill Hook, on November 1,1683, the Province of New York established its first twelve counties, with Dutchess County being one of them. Its boundaries at that time included the present Putnam County, the county was named for Mary of Modena, Duchess of York, second wife of James, Duke of York. Dutchess is a form of the word duchess. The Province of New York and the Connecticut Colony negotiated an agreement on November 28,1683, establishing their border as 20 miles east of the Hudson River, north to Massachusetts. The 61,660 acres east of the Byram River making up the Connecticut Panhandle were granted to Connecticut, the eastern half of the stub of land in northeast Dutchess County containing Rudd Pond and Taconic State Park is the northernmost extension of The Oblong. Until 1713, Dutchess was administered by Ulster County, on October 23,1713 Queen Anne gave permission for Dutchess County to elect its own officers from among their own population including a Supervisor, Tax Collector, Tax Assessor and Treasurer. In 2013, Dutchess County celebrated its 300th anniversary of democracy based upon a resolution sponsored by County Legislator Michael Kelsey from Salt Point. In 1812, Putnam County was detached from Dutchess, in the twelve years 1685–1697 lawful patents had been granted securing for their purchasers every foot of Hudson River shoreline in the original county. Three additional patents, to 1706, laid claim to the interior lands. From 1683 to 1715 most of the settlers in Dutchess County were Dutch, many of these moved in from Albany and Ulster Counties. They settled along the Fishkill River and in the areas that are now Poughkeepsie, from 1715 to 1730 most of the new settlers in Dutchess county were Germans. From 1730 until 1775 New Englanders were the new settlers in Dutchess County. Franklin D. Roosevelt lived in his home in Hyde Park. His familys home is now the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, prior to the 1960s, Dutchess County was primarily agricultural
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Putnam County, New York
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Putnam County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 99,710, Putnam County formed in 1812 from Dutchess County and is named for Israel Putnam, a hero in the French and Indian War and a general in the American Revolutionary War. Putnam County is included in the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the lower Hudson River Valley. Midtown Manhattan is around a one-hour drive, and Grand Central Terminal is approximately 1 hour,20 minute train ride from the county, in 1609, a Native American people called the Wappinger inhabited the east bank of the Hudson River. They farmed, hunted, and fished throughout their range, often encountering Dutch traders, from whom they obtained goods such as alcohol and firearms. The colonial Province of New York and the Connecticut Colony negotiated an agreement on November 28,1683, establishing their border as 20 miles east of the Hudson River, Dutchess county was then established as one of New Yorks twelve counties. It included all of todays Putnam County and two towns in the present Columbia county, until 1713, Dutchess was administered by Ulster county. In 1691, a group of Dutch traders purchased a tract of land from the Wappingers spanning from Hudson to the Connecticut border. Six years later sold it to wealthy Dutch-American merchant Adolphus Philipse. After Adolph Philipses death, the Patent was divided in 1754 into nine lots granted to three heirs, Mary Philipse, Philip Philipse, and Susannah Philipse Robinson, during the French and Indian War, many of the Wappingers went to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Putnam was slow to be settled compared to parts of the Hudson Valley. Firstly, it was owned and settlement was limited to tenent farmers willing to pay a portion of their earnings to Phillipse. Secondly, it was hilly and rocky and unattractive to farmers looking for tillable cropland. An early settler was the Hayt family, which built a farm called The Elm in 1720, jacob Haviland settled in the Oblong in 1731 in what became known as Haviland Hollow. The first village in the county was Fredericksburg, now the hamlet of Patterson, during the Revolution, the Philipses stayed loyal to the Crown and were stripped of their lands. The Philipse Patent was sold along with the rest of their holdings, the dispute over The Oblong was resolved in the aftermath of the war, with the heavily settled tract being incorporated as the first of two versions of the Town of Southeast. Also resolved was The Gore, an area near Fishkill Creek above the Hudson Highlands along the northern border of the Phillipse patent. Being geographically similar to the Livingston and Beekman patents it abutted, Putnam was also able to function as a separate county because of the easy transportation provided by the Hudson River
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Greene County, New York
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Greene County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 49,221, the countys name is in honor of the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene. On March 25,1800, Greene County was created by the partitioning of Albany and Ulster counties, on April 3,1801,90 square miles of land was transferred from Delaware and Ulster counties, raising the total area to 710 square miles. This transferred Prattsville, Vly Mountain, Halcott Center, Bushnellsville, Highmount, Shandaken, Lanesville, and Pine Hill within Greene County. On May 26,1812, Greene County lost 20 square miles to Ulster County, lowering the total area to 690 square miles, reassigning Pine Hill, Highmount, and Shandaken to Ulster County. On April 15,1814, the county borders were re-surveyed, on April 17,1822, the border was again surveyed, with no change in area, but Palenville was found to be inside Greene County. On April 23,1823, the border was again resurveyed, on March 3,1836,30 square miles of area was lost to Schoharie County, reducing the total area to 660 square miles, and reassigning Manorkill, producing the Greene County that exists today. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 658 square miles. Greene County is located in southeast central New York State, just west of the Hudson River, the northern and eastern regions are mostly low-lying flatlands. Along the Hudson River the lowest elevation is at sea level, the southern and western areas rise sharply into the Catskill Mountains. Catskill Park takes up much of the central region. The park contains some of the tallest peaks south of the Adirondacks, the entirety of Greene County is in the 19th Congressional District, and is represented by Chris Gibson. The population density was 74 people per square mile, there were 26,544 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 76% White,5. 53% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 54% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 52% from other races, and 1. 36% from two or more races. 4. 31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 8% were of Irish,17. 8% Italian,17. 5% German,8. 6% American and 6. 9% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 92. 3% spoke English,2. 8% Spanish,1. 5% German and 1. 3% Italian as their first language. 27. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.97. In the county, the population was out with 23. 00% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 0% from 25 to 44,24. 8% from 45 to 64
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Ulster County, New York
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Ulster County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 182,493, the county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. Ulster County comprises the Kingston, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley The area of present-day Ulster County was called Esopus by Dutch settlers, it was then part of the New Netherland Colony. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, purchased land at Esopus, in 1683, the Duke of York created twelve counties in his province. Ulster County was one of them and its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County, and portions of the present Delaware, Orange, and Greene Counties. In 1777, the capital of New York State was established at Kingston, in 1797, portions of Otsego and Ulster Counties were split off to create Delaware County. In 1798, the southernmost towns in Ulster County were moved into Orange County, in 1800, portions of Albany and Ulster Counties were split off to create Greene County. In 1809, Sullivan County was split off from Ulster County, during the American Civil War volunteers were recruited from the more affluent families of the County to form the 139th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,161 square miles. Ulster County is in the southeast part of New York State, south of Albany, much of the county is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. The highest point is Slide Mountain, at approximately 4,180 feet above sea level, the lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River. The population density was 158 people per square mile, there were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 per square mile. 7. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 2% were of Italian,16. 8% Irish,15. 5% German,6. 8% English, and 4. 7% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 90. 3% spoke English,4. 5% Spanish,1. 2% Italian, of all households,27. 90% were made up of individuals and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 23. 50% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,29. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.10 males
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Chenango County, New York
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Chenango County is a county located in the south-central section U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 50,477, the countys name originates from an Oneida word meaning large bull-thistle. This was long the territory of the Oneida people, one of the first Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee and they occupied the area until after the Revolutionary War, when they were forced off the land, although they had been allies of the patriot colonists. They were granted a reservation, which settlers continued to encroach on. When English colonists organized counties in 1683 in what is now New York and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. But, territories located to the west of present-day Pennsylvania were under effective French control as part of New France. Albany County was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County has since organized as 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, the British colonial governor of New York, in the years prior to 1776, during the increasing tensions most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Fort Niagara on the Western Frontier. In 1784, following the treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War. He had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, the US residents replaced the name of the former British governor. In 1788 the Oneida Reservation was considerably reduced by what is known as Clintons Purchase, settlers from eastern New York and New England entered the area and started farming. In 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County and it was the practice to establish a large geographic county and divide it as settlement increased. In 1791, Herkimer, Otsego and Tioga counties were organized from land separated from Montgomery County, Chenango County was formed on March 15,1798 from 1,610 square miles of Tioga and Herkimer counties. Its eastern border is formed by the Unadilla River, the land had been purchased the year before from the Oneida, who were forced into a smaller reservation to the north. On April 4,1804,70 square miles of Chenango County was partitioned to expand Oneida County, the communities of Waterville, on March 21,1806,650 square miles of Chenango County was partitioned to produce Madison County. This established the current borders of Chenango County, which have maintained to the early 21st century
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Delaware County, New York
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Delaware County is a county located in the US state of New York. As of 2010 the population was 47,980, the county is named after the Delaware River, which was named in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, appointed governor of Virginia in 1609. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present area of Delaware County was divided between Albany and Ulster Counties. Albany County was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. In 1791, Otsego was one of three counties that were split off from Montgomery, Delaware County was formed in 1797 by combining portions of Otsego and Ulster counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,467 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in New York by land area, Delaware County is located in the southern part of the state, separated from the state of Pennsylvania by the Delaware River. It is east of Binghamton and southwest of Albany, the county contains part of the Catskill Mountains. The county is within a region called the Southern Tier of New York State, the highest point is an approximately 3, 520-foot summit of Bearpen Mountain along the Greene County line. The lowest point is along the Delaware River, the county is drained by the headwaters of the Delaware. It has a surface, and the soil in the valleys is exceedingly fertile. The Delaware and Susquehanna rivers are navigable by boats. The population density was 13/km², making it the least densely populated in the state outside of the Adirondacks, there were 28,952 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 44% White,1. 18% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 53% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 53% from other races, and 0. 99% from two or more races
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Sullivan County, New York
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Sullivan County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,547, the countys name honors Major General John Sullivan, who was a hero in the American Revolutionary War. The county was the site of hundreds of Borscht Belt hotels and resorts, in 2010, New Yorks center of population was at the southern edge of Sullivan County. When the colony that is now New York State established its first twelve counties in 1683, in 1809, Sullivan County was split from Ulster County. In the late 19th century, the Industrial Revolution and the advent of factories driven by water power along the streams, as industry restructured, many of those jobs left before the middle of the twentieth century. Resort hotels featured a variety of entertainers, some nationally known. At the beginning of period, visitors traveled to the area by train. The areas natural resources provided a setting for numerous summer camps frequented by the children of immigrants. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 997 square miles. Sullivan County is in the part of New York State, southeast of Binghamton. It is separated from Pennsylvania along its southwest boundary by the Delaware River, the county, which starts about 70 miles northwest of New York City, is in the Catskill Mountains. Its northeastern corner is within the Catskill Park, the highest point in the county is a 3, 118-foot peak unofficially known as Beech Mountain, near Hodge Pond, a subsidiary summit to Mongaup Mountain across the Ulster County line. The lowest point is along the Delaware River, in 2004, Republican George Bush defeated Democrat John Kerry by a margin of 49. 47% to 48. 55% or a difference of 285 votes. In 2008, however, it was won by Democrat Barack Obama over Republican John McCain by a margin of 54% to 45%, there are thirty six town and village courts in Sullivan County. Legislative authority is vested in the county legislature consists of 9 members each elected from single member districts. Currently, there are 5 Republican and 4 Democrats, as of the census of 2000, there were 73,966 people,27,661 households, and 18,311 families residing in the county. The population density was 76 people per square mile, there were 44,730 housing units at an average density of 46 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 85. 31% White,8. 51% Black or African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 12% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 89% from other races, and 1. 87% from two or more races
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Fulton County, New York
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Fulton County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 55,531, the county is named in honor of Robert Fulton, who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton County comprises the Gloversville, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Albany-Schenectady, in 1838, Fulton County was split off from Montgomery, shortly after the Montgomery county seat was moved to Fonda, New York. The creation of Fulton County was engineered by Johnstown lawyer Daniel Cady, Fulton County was created on April 18,1838 by a partition of Montgomery County, resulting in a county with an area of 550 square miles. The old Tryon County courthouse, later the Montgomery County courthouse, became the Fulton County Courthouse, one adjustment has been made to the area of Fulton County. On April 6,1860,10 square miles on the border was transferred to Hamilton in the vicinity of Sacandaga Park. This resulted in the Fulton County that exists today, in the mid-18th century, Sir William Johnson, founder of Fort Johnson in Montgomery County and of Johnstown, arrived in what would become Fulton County. Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, was an Irish pioneer and army officer in colonial New York, and his homes, Fort Johnson and Johnson Hall are current New York State Historic Sites. Fulton County was also home to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a pioneer in Americas womens rights movement. Shortly after the American Revolutionary War, the manufacture of gloves, at one point, Johnstown and Gloversville were known as the worlds Glove and Leather capital. The largest rise in population and growth came as a result of the fruits of these businesses, many residents of Fulton County can trace their ancestry to the glove and leather trades. Today few glovers, tanners and leather dressers remain in the area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 533 square miles, of which 495 square miles is land and 37 square miles is water. Fulton County is in the part of the state, northwest of Albany. Approximately 58% of the county is within the boundaries of Adirondack Park, the population density was 111 people per square mile. There were 27,787 housing units at a density of 56 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 99% White,1. 80% Black or African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 53% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 56% from other races, and 0. 91% from two or more races. 1. 61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 17. 2% were of Italian,16. 4% German,13. 2% Irish,10. 0% English,8. 3% American,5. 8% French and 5. 7% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000
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Hamilton County, New York
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Hamilton County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,836 and its county seat is Lake Pleasant. The county was created in 1816 and organized in 1847, Hamilton County is one of only two counties that lie entirely within the Adirondack Park. Because of its situation in the Adirondack Park, any development in the county is restricted by the New York State Constitution, there is no permanent traffic light in the county. The organization process was completed by summer 1847, on April 6,1860, Fulton County was partitioned, with 10 square miles of land in Sacandaga Park transferred to Hamilton County. On May 24,1915, land was swapped between Hamilton and Essex counties, with Hamilton ceding Fishing Brook Mountain for Indian Lake, Hamilton gained an additional 20 square miles, whereas Essex County lost 30 square miles. This left Hamilton with its present size of 1,830 square miles, the former town of Gilman was dissolved in 1860. The original county seat was Sageville, now part of Lake Pleasant, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,808 square miles, of which 1,717 square miles is land and 90 square miles is water. It is New Yorks third-largest county by area and fifth-largest by total area. Hamilton County is in north central part, northwest of Albany. It lies entirely within Adirondack Park and consists mostly of publicly owned parkland, the population density was 1/km², both the total population and population density rank lowest in the state of New York. There were 7,965 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 73% White,0. 45% Black or African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 67% from other races, and 0. 69% from two or more races. 1. 06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 9% were of Irish,15. 7% German,15. 2% English,10. 9% French,7. 3% American and 5. 7% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 97. 5% spoke English and 1. 7% French as their first language,29. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the family size was 2.74. In the county, the population was out with 19. 70% under the age of 18,5. 20% from 18 to 24,24. 20% from 25 to 44,30. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 100.00 males
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Montgomery County, New York
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Montgomery County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 50,219, the county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec. It was created in 1772 as Tryon County and in 1784 was renamed Montgomery County, Montgomery County comprises the Amsterdam, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county borders the north and south banks of the Mohawk River, in 1784, following end of the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County. This change was to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and it replaced the name formerly honoring the last provincial governor of New York. In 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery, in 1791, Herkimer, Otsego, and Tioga counties were split off from Montgomery. In 1802, portions of Clinton, Herkimer, and Montgomery counties were combined to form St. Lawrence County, in 1816, Hamilton County was split off from Montgomery. In 1838, Fulton County was split off from Montgomery, in 2012, Montgomery County voters approved a charter, making it the 21st county in New York to do so. In 2013, Matthew L. Ossenfort was elected the first County Executive in the countys history, Ossenfort took office in 2014, the same year the charter went into effect. Under the terms of the charter, the Board of Supervisors was replaced by a nine-member County Legislature, thomas L. Quackenbush was elected the first Chairman of the new Legislature. 1789-1797 - None 1797-1803 - NY9 1803-1809 - NY13 1809-1813 - NY9 1813-1823 - NY14 1823-1833 - NY16 1833-1843 - NY15 1843-1853 - NY17 1853-1873 - NY18 1873-1875 - NY19 1875-1893 - NY20 1893-1913 -. 1913-1945 - NY30 1945-1953 - NY31 1953-1963 - NY32 1963-1971 - NY35 1971-1973 - NY28 & NY29 1973-1983 - NY28 & NY31 1983-1993 - NY23 &, Montgomery County is located in the central part of the state, west of the city of Schenectady and northwest of Albany. Overall, the canal connected Great Lakes shipping with the Hudson River, several towns and villages developed along the canal, as it carried much trade and passenger traffic during its peak years. After the railroad was built through the state, along the river plain, it superseded the canal. At the time of the construction, Montgomery County was the only place where there was a break in the Appalachian Mountains. Called The Noses because of construction, it became known as the gateway to the West. In the mid-twentieth century, the NYS Thruway was constructed parallel to the former east-west routes of the canal, today the Erie Canal and its lock system is used primarily for recreational boat use among locals and tourists. Montgomery County is located in the heart of the states Mohawk Valley region, foothills of the Catskill Mountains dot the southern part of the county, while foothills of the Adirondack Mountains dot the north
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Schoharie County, New York
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Schoharie County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,749, the name of the county and the county seat come from a Mohawk word meaning floating driftwood. Schoharie County is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, the large territory of the county was long occupied by the Mohawk Indians and, to the west, other four tribes of the Iroquois League. Some Palatine Germans, who worked in camps on the Hudson to pay off their passage in 1710, in addition, Scots-Irish immigrants settled in the present Schoharie County area before the American Revolutionary War, especially near Cherry Creek. After Great Britain defeated the Dutch and took over their colony in 1664, the present Schoharie County was first part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont. In theory, it extended westward to the Pacific Ocean, as the wanted to keep their options open. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, Tryon County was formed from the western portion of the territory. The area then designated as Tryon County was eventually organized into what are now 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, as social and political tensions rose in the colony, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County, then on the frontier, fled to Canada. In 1784, following the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and establishment of states. They renamed it as Montgomery County to honor United States General Richard Montgomery, the state continued to organize new counties. In 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County, in 1791, Otsego County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery. In 1795, Schoharie County was created by joining portions of Otsego and this was an area of fighting during the American Revolutionary War. On the frontier, colonists were subject to raids by British, four of the six tribes allied with the British, hoping to repel the colonists from their territory. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 626 square miles. Schoharie County is in central New York State, west of Albany, much of the southern portion of the county lies within the Catskill Mountains. Land rises in both directions quite rapidly from Schoharie Creek in the middle of the county, in contrast, the northern part of the county is predominately small hills and valleys
