1.
Roll film
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The term originated in contrast to sheet film. Confusingly, roll film was often referred to as cartridge film because of its resemblance to a shotgun cartridge. The opaque backing paper allows roll film to be loaded in daylight and it is typically printed with frame number markings which can be viewed through a small red window at the rear of the camera. A spool of film is usually loaded on one side of the camera. In 1881 a farmer in Cambria, Wisconsin, Peter Houston and his younger brother David, filed the patents for various components of Peters camera. David Henderson Houston, originally from Cambria, Wisconsin, patented the first holders for flexible roll film, Houston moved to Hunter in Dakota Territory in 1880. He was issued an 1881 patent for a film holder which he licensed to George Eastman. Houston sold the patent outright to Eastman for $5000 in 1889, Houston continued developing the camera, creating 21 patents for cameras or camera parts between 1881 and 1902. In 1912 his estate transferred the remainder of his patents to Eastman, the most popular rollfilm is the type 120 film format, which is used in most medium-format cameras and roll film magazines for large-format cameras. Until the 1950s,120 roll film was used in what was then the most simple of snapshot cameras. The use of film in consumer cameras was largely superseded by 135 and 126 cartridges. Film stock Brownie Category, Film formats Film format List of color film systems List of film formats
2.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
3.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
4.
135 film
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135 is photographic film in a film format used for still photography. It is a film with a film gauge of 35 mm. Its engineering standard for the film is controlled by ISO1007, the term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for the cassette for 35 mm film, specifically for still photography. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film size, despite competition from formats such as 828,126,110, and APS, it remains so today. 135 camera film always comes perforated with Kodak Standard perforations, the size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by many high-end digital single-lens reflex and digital mirrorless cameras, commonly referred to as full frame. Even though the format is smaller than historical medium format and large format film, it is much larger than image sensors in most compact cameras. Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, the film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a slot lined with flocking. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader and it has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film. Most cameras require the film to be rewound before the camera is opened, disposable cameras use the same technique so that the user does not have to rewind. Since the 1980s film cassettes have been marked with a DX encoding pattern, conforming cameras detect this, different films are sensitive to light at different degrees, this film speed is standardised by ISO.135 film has been made in several emulsion types and sensitivities. Since the introduction of digital cameras the most usual films have colour emulsions of ISO 100/21° to ISO 800/30°, films of lower sensitivity and higher sensitivity are for more specialist purposes. There are colour and monochrome films, negative and positive, monochrome film is usually panchromatic, orthochromatic has fallen out of use. Film designed to be sensitive to infrared radiation can be obtained, more exotic emulsions have been available in 135 than other roll-film sizes. The term 135 format usually refers to a 36×24 mm film format, the 36×24 mm format is common to digital image sensors, where it is typically referred to as full frame format. On 135 film, the dimension of the 36×24 mm frame runs parallel to the length of the film. The perforation size and pitch are according to the standard specification KS-1870, for each frame, the film advances 8 perforations. This is specified as 38.00 mm and this allows for 2 mm gaps between frames. Each camera model has a different location for the sprocket which advances the film, therefore, each camera model’s frame will vary in position relative to the perforations
5.
120 film
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120 is a popular film format for still photography introduced by Kodak for their Brownie No.2 in 1901. It was originally intended for photography but was later superseded in this role by 135 film. 120 film and its relative,220 film, survive to this day as the only medium format films that are readily available to both professionals and amateur enthusiasts. The 120 film format is a film which is nominally 60 mm wide. The film is held in an open spool originally made of wood with metal flanges, later with all-metal, the length of film is typically 30 inches up to 32–33 inches, attached to a piece of backing paper longer and slightly wider than the film. The backing paper protects the film while it is wound on the spool, frame number markings for three standard image formats are printed on the backing paper. The 220 format was introduced in 1965 and is the width as 120 film. Unlike 120 film, however, there is no backing paper behind the film itself, just a leader and this results in a longer film on the same spool, but there are no printed frame numbers. Moreover, it cannot be used in unmodified old cameras that have a red window as frame indicator. Also, since the film alone is thinner than a film with a backing paper, a special pressure plate may be required to achieve optimal focus if the film is registered against its back side. Some cameras capable of using both 120 and 220 film will have a two position adjustment of the plate while others will require different film backs e. g. the Pentax 645 or Kowa Six). The specifications for 120 and 220 film are defined in the ISO732 standard, earlier editions of ISO732 also provided international standards for the 127 and 620 film formats. 120 film allows several frame sizes, the 6×9 frame has the same aspect ratio as the standard 36×24 mm frame of 135 film. The 6×7 frame enlarges almost exactly to 8×10 inch paper, for which reason its proponents call it ideal format, 6×4.5 is the smallest and least expensive roll-film frame size, equipment to take photos in this size is also the lightest. The wide 6×12, 6×17, and 6×24 cm frames are produced by special-purpose, most of these cameras use lenses intended for large format cameras for simplicity of construction. Cameras using 120 film will combine the numbers of the frame size in the name e. g. Pentax 6×7, Fuji 617. The number 6 in general, and the six are also commonly used in naming cameras e. g. Kiev 60. The 105 format was introduced by Kodak in 1898 for their first folding camera and was the original 6×9 cm format roll film, the 117 format was introduced by Kodak in 1900 for their first Brownie camera, the No.1 Brownie, 6×6 cm format
6.
Folding camera
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A folding camera is a camera type. Folding cameras fold into a compact and rugged package for storage, the lens and shutter are attached to a lens-board which is connected to the body of the camera by a light-tight folding bellows. When the camera is fully unfolded it provides the focus distance from the film. The key advantage of folding cameras is their excellent physical-size to film-size ratio when the camera is folded for storage, portable folding cameras dominated camera design from the 1890s to 1930s and were significant into the late 1940s. Specialized cameras such as the Polaroid SX-70 Instant film camera, the typical amateur camera of the early 20th Century made various postcard sized negatives around 4 ×5. By the 1930s 6cm × 9cm cameras for either the 120 or 620 film size, were highly popular, 35mm film made small-sized cameras practical without using bellows. Lens technology allowed 120/620 cameras to use shorter focal distances, however, some 35mm cameras continued to be built as folding cameras, e. g. the original Kodak Retina. Medium format folders were produced in USSR until the 1960s
7.
126 film
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For the unrelated roll-film format produced from 1906 to 1949, see 126 film. 126 is the given to a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1963, and is associated mainly with low-end point-and-shoot cameras, although 126 was once very popular, as of 2008 it is no longer manufactured, and few photofinishers will process it. In 1963, Kodak introduced a new film, encased in a plastic cartridge, the term 126 was intended to show that images were 26 mm square, using Kodaks common 1xx film numbering system. However the image size is actually 28×28 mm, but usually reduced to approximately 26. 5×26.5 mm by masking during printing or mounting, the 126 film format was defined in ISO3029, which has since been withdrawn. Like the 120 format, there is a backing paper. The cartridge has a captive take-up spool, but no supply spool, the positioning of the image is fixed by the cartridge. The film is 35 mm wide, but unlike 135 film, it is unperforated, except for one registration hole per image, similar to the earlier 828 film. The top edge of the cartridge above the gate has a square notch in a specific position corresponding to the speed of the film in the cartridge. Some of the cameras used this notch to determine the correct exposure, or to set the light meter. Although only film with speeds between ISO 64/19° and ISO 400/27° were ever manufactured in this format, the standard defined 20 different speeds, the film was originally available in 12 and 20 image lengths, at the time regular production stopped it was only available in 24 exposure cartridges. The film does not need to be rewound, and is simple to load and unload. The format was introduced by Kodak under the brand name Kodapak, around ten million cameras were made by Kodak and other companies. However, with a few exceptions, the format was used for fairly simple amateur cameras. Kodak officially discontinued the format on 31 December 1999, Ferrania in Italy, was the last factory producing 126 film. Their product was an ISO200 colour print film marketed under their Solaris brand, the last scheduled production run took place in April 2007, but an unscheduled production run in late 2007 surprised industry observers and raised hopes that it had not actually been discontinued. As of March 2009, Ferrania customer service states that they are producing only 135 format color film in 200 and 400 ASA. Adocolor 126, which was recently available in Europe and was sometimes imported by North American resellers, was manufactured for the German Adox company by Ferrania
8.
110 film
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110 is a cartridge-based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1972,110 is essentially a miniaturised version of Kodaks earlier 126 film format. Each frame is 13 mm ×17 mm, with one registration hole, the film is fully housed in a plastic cartridge, which also registers the image when the film is advanced. There is a backing paper, and the frame number. The film does not need to be rewound and is simple to load and unload. It is pre-exposed with frame lines and numbers, a feature intended to make it easier, unlike later competing formats, such as disc and APS film, processed 110 negatives were returned in strips, without the original cartridge. The 110 cartridge was introduced by Kodak in 1972 with Kodak Pocket Instamatic cameras, the new pocket-sized cameras became immediately popular, and soon displaced competing subminiature cameras, such as the Minolta 16 series, from the market. The 110 film width is 16 mm, a four frame strip measures 111 mm. Fujifilm stopped manufacturing 110 in September 2009. Lomography re-commenced 110 film production in 2011, Lomography sell 110 Black and White, Colour negative, and Colour slide film. Such cameras are capable of making high-quality images on 110 film, some of these cameras are quite small and still hold appeal to subminiature-photography enthusiasts. The small negative size of 110 film makes it difficult to enlarge successfully, for these reasons, the 110 format is associated with prints that are often rather grainy and unsharp. This has led to the misconception that the cartridge itself is incapable of holding film flat enough for making high-quality negatives, the 110 cartridge, as specified by Kodak, has a plastic tab on one end. Camera designers had the option of using this tab to sense film speed, a short tab indicated high-speed film, and a long tab indicated low-speed film. Kodak left it to the manufacturer to decide which film speeds were high or low. Only a few took advantage of this feature, Rollei A110, Canon 110 ED, Minolta 110 Zoom SLR Mark I/II, Minox 110S. The last 110 film that Kodak produced was ISO400 speed packed in a cartridge that senses as low speed, as shown in the photograph to the right, these cartridges can be modified by hand so that they signal the proper speed to the camera. Although the format is associated with print film, Kodak also produced Kodachrome 110 slide film until 1982. In 2012 Lomography re-introduced slide film for 110 with their Peacock 200 ASA model, however, since not all 110 cameras have a settable ASA dial, a ND filter has to be used over the lens or the exposure compensation dial has to be used where available
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